The human body consists of various chemical elements that perform certain functions in the body. Chemical elements are in equilibrium, which allows you to maintain normal functions of organs and systems. Violation of such a balance leads to pathological processes and various diseases.

The human body by 60% consists of water, 34% are organic substances and 6% - inorganic substances. The organic substances include carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and others. Inorganic substances contain 22 chemical elements - Fe, Ca, Mg, F, Cu, Zn, Cl, I, SE, B, K, and others.
All inorganic substances are divided into trace elements and macroelements. It depends on the mass fraction of the element. Microelements include iron, Copper, zinc and others. To macroelements - calcium, sodium, potassium and others.

Iron ( FE.) Refers to trace elements. Despite not small content Iron in the body, he plays a special role in maintaining its livelihoods. The lack of iron in the human body, as well as its excess, negatively affects many functions of the body and human health as a whole.

With complaints of the patient on increased fatigue, malaise, a rapid heartbeat doctor prescribes the analysis of serum iron. This analysis helps to assess the exchange of iron in the body and identify many pathological processes associated with the exchange of iron. In order to understand what kind of serum iron is for which it needs and how it appears, it is necessary to consider the functions of iron and its exchange in the human body.

Why is iron in the body?

Iron - this is a universal chemical elementwhich performs vital functions in the body. The body cannot produce iron, so it receives it from food. The human nutrition should be balanced containing the daily rate of vitamins and chemical elements. The disadvantage or excess of vitamins and minerals leads to the development of diseases and deterioration of health.

Iron, which is contained in the body, are divided into:

• Functional iron.Functional iron is part of hemoglobin ( iron-containing protein of erythrocytes, breathtaking and carrying oxygen to organs and tissues of the body), Mioglobin ( oxygen-containing protein of skeletal muscles and heart muscles creating oxygen reserves), enzymes ( specific proteins that change the speed of chemical reactions in the body). Functional iron is involved in many processes of the body and is constantly used.
• Transport iron.Transport iron is the amount of an item that is transferred from the source of iron intake into the body to each cell. Transport iron is not involved in the functions of the body, it is included in the carrier proteins - transferrin ( main protein-carrier iron ions in blood plasma), Laktorrin ( the protein-carrier contained in breast milk, tears, saliva and other secretory fluids) And Mobilferrin ( squirrel-carrier iron ions in a cage).
• Deposited iron.Part of the iron received in the body is postponed "about the supply". Iron deposit in various organs and tissues, mainly in the liver and spleen. Iron is deposited in the form of ferritin ( water soluble complex protein complex, which is the main intracellular depot of iron) or hemosiderrine ( iron-containing pigment formed during the decay of hemoglobin).
• Free iron.Free iron or free pool is unrelated with glands of iron inside the cells formed as a result of iron outlet from the triple complex - iron, Apotransferrin ( transferrin precursor protein) and the receptor ( molecules on the cell surface connecting molecules of various chemicals and transmitting regulatory signals). In the free form of iron is very toxic. Therefore, free iron is transferred inside the cell by a mobilferrian or deposited with ferritin.

Localization in the body distinguish:

• Ham iron ( cellic). The gem iron is the main part of the total content of iron in the human body - up to 70 - 75%. Participates in the internal exchange of iron ions and is part of hemoglobin, myoglobin and many enzymes ( substances accelerating chemical reactions in the body).
• Negham iron.Negham iron is divided into extracellular and deposited iron. The extracellular gland includes free glazers plasma and iron binding transport proteins - transferin, lactoferrin, mobilferrine. Deposited iron is in the body in the form of two protein compounds - ferritin and hemosiderin.

The main functions of iron are:

• oxygen transport to fabrics - The composition of the erythrocyte includes hemoglobin, the molecules of which contain 4 atoms of iron; The iron in the composition of hemoglobin binds and transfers oxygen from the lungs to all cells of the body;
• participation in blood formation processes - The bone marrow uses iron for the synthesis of hemoglobin, which is part of the erythrocytes;
• disinfection of the body - Iron is necessary for the synthesis of liver enzymes involved in the destruction of toxins;
• regulation of immunity and an increase in body tone -iron affects the composition of the blood, the level of leukocytes necessary to maintain immunity;
• participation in the process of dividing the cell - Iron is part of proteins and enzymes involved in the synthesis of DNA;
• synthesis of hormones - Iron is necessary for the synthesis of thyroid hormones, which regulates the metabolism in the body;
• ensuring energy cells - Iron delivers oxygen into protein energy molecules.

Iron enters the human body from the external environment together with food. It is contained in red meat ( especially in rabbit meat), dark poultry meat ( especially in turkey meat), dried mushrooms, in bean, vegetables, fruits, cocoa. The daily need of iron is an average of 6 - 40 milligrams. The toxic dose of iron is 150 - 200 mg, a fatal dose - 7 - 35 g.

The daily need of iron

Floor	Age	The daily need of iron
Children (regardless of gender)	1 - 3 years	6.8 mg per day
	3 - 11 years	10 mg per day
	11 - 14 years	12 mg per day
Female	14 - 18 years	15 mg per day
	19 - 50 years	18 mg per day
	Over 50 years old	8 mg per day
Pregnant women	-	38 mg per day
Nursing women	-	33 mg per day
Male gender	14 - 18 years	11 mg per day
	Older 19 years old	8 mg per day

The iron in the body is contained in different concentrations, depending on the type of iron, as well as on the floor.

The distribution of iron in the human body

Type of iron	Iron concentration ( mg Fe / kg)
	women	men
The total number of iron
The total iron content in the human body is 4.5 - 5 grams.	40 mg Fe / kg	50 mg Fe / kg
Functional iron
Hemoglobin ( HB.). Of the total amount of iron in the body 75 - 80% ( 2.4 g) falls on hemoglobin iron ( hemoglobin - iron-containing protein transporting oxygen to fabrics).	28 mg Fe / kg	31 mg Fe / kg
Mioglobin. Mioglobin ( oxygen - binding squirrel skeletal muscles and heart muscles) It includes 5 - 10% of the total amount of iron.	4 mg Fe / kg	5 mg Fe / kg
Hem and non-hymmal enzymes ( chemicals accelerating chemical reactions occurring in the human body). The respiratory enzymes account for about 1% of the total amount of iron in the body.	1 mg Fe / kg	1 mg Fe / kg
Transport iron
Transfirin ( specific protein - Iron carrier in blood plasma).	0.2) mg Fe / kg	0.2) mg Fe / kg
Iron depot ( iron stocks in the body). Reserve iron is 20 - 25% of the total amount of iron in the body.
Ferritin.	4 mg Fe / kg	8 mg Fe / kg
Hemosiderian.	2 mg Fe / kg	4 mg Fe / kg

Iron exchange in the human body

Metabolism ( exchange) Iron is a very well organized process. The body is clearly regulated by the processes of receipt and reutelation of iron, as this is a very valuable trace element.

Iron absorption occurs in three stages. First stage - the initial stage ( suspension in the small intestine), the second is intracellular transport with the formation of iron reserves, the third is the liberation of iron in the blood plasma.

Iron enters the body with food. When incurring 10 - 20 milligrams of iron with food per day, only 10% iron is absorbed, which is 1 - 2 milligrams. From food, the body gets the hem iron ( meat, liver) and nonsense iron ( milk, Vegetables, Fruits). The hemskoy iron enters the body in the composition of hemoglobin and myoglobin from meat foods and by 20-30% is efficiently absorbed by the body ( regardless of the secretion of gastric juice and other factors). Mostly food comes non-mile iron ( 80 – 90% ). The absorption of such iron occurs passively and in small quantities ( 1 – 7% ). Many external factors also affect this process.

Substances overwhelming the absorption of non-hymatic iron are:

• fitins - contained in cereals, legumes, manna and oatmeal;
• tanina - contained in tea, cocoa, coffee, quince, dark grapes, currants;
• phosphoproproteins - complex proteins contained in milk egg squirrel;
• oxalates - contained in corn, rice, grain, spinach, milk;
• some medicines -calcium preparations, oral contraceptives.

Improving iron absorption occurs when eating:

• vitamin C ( ascorbic acid) – It is contained in a white cabbage, spinach, red and green pepper, black currant, dried rose hips;
• copper - It is contained in the liver, peanut, hazelnut, shrimp, peas, buckwheat, lentil;
• meat products -beef, veal, rabbit and others;
• seafood -fish, oysters, shrimp;
• amino acids - It is contained in legumes, nuts, fish, meat, milk, peanuts, eggs.

In the food iron is mainly in the oxidized state ( Fe 3+) and is part of proteins and organic acids. But suction is better than bivalent iron ( Fe 2+), therefore in the stomach, under the action of gastric juice, trivalent iron ( Fe 3+) is released from food and turns into a bivalent iron ( Fe 2+). This process is accelerated by ascorbic acid and copper ions. Basically, the absorption of iron occurs in the departments fine intestine - up to 90% in the duodenum and the initial departments of the cushion. With the diseases of the stomach and intestines, the process of normal absorption of iron is disturbed.

After receipt of bivalent iron ( Fe 2+) in the subtletile departments, it falls into enterocytes ( epithelial cells of the small intestine). Iron absorption to enterocytes occurs with special proteins - mobilferrin, integrin and others. In the cells of the small intestine are transfererin and ferrine. These two proteins regulate the absorption and distribution of iron by the body.

In case of iron in the body through enterocytes, part of it is deposited ( postponed about the supply), part is transported using transferin protein and is used by the organism for the synthesis of the heme ( hemoglobin parts containing iron), erythropois ( education Erythrocytes B. bone marrow ) and other processes.

Deposit ( reservation) Iron occurs in two forms - in the composition of ferritin and hemosiderin. Ferritin is a water-soluble protein complex, which is synthesized ( produced) Cells of liver, bone marrow, small intestine and spleen. The main function of this protein is the binding and temporary storage of iron in non-toxic form for the body. Ferritin liver cells is the main depot of iron in the body. Ferrithin cells of the small intestine is responsible for the transfer of iron enterocytes to the blood plasma transfer enterium. Hemosiderer - iron-containing water-soluble pigment, which deposits an excess of iron in tissues.

The transport of iron in the blood plasma is carried out by a special protein-transfer - transferrin. Transferrin is synthesized by liver cells. Its main function is the transport of iron, which has been in the intestinal cells, and iron from destroyed red blood cells ( red blood cells responsible for the transfer of oxygen to tissues and organs) To reuse. In the norm, transferin is saturated with iron only by 33%.

The body loses daily iron - up to 1 - 2 milligrams per day. The physiological losses of iron in the norm occurs when iron is removed in the composition of the bile through the intestines, when having sent the epithelium gastrointestinal tract (Zhkt.), during desquamation ( exfoliance) skin, women with menstrual blood ( from 14 mg to 140 mg per month), when losing hair and cut off the nails.

What is a serum iron and what is the norm of iron in the blood? What is the analysis of serum iron?

Whey or plasma iron is the concentration of iron in the serum or blood plasma, which does not include iron as part of hemoglobin and ferrine iron. Blood plasma - liquid part of blood ( 60% ) Light yellow color, not containing uniform elements ( erythrocytes, platelets, leukocytes, lymphocytes and others). The blood plasma consists of water and dissolved proteins, gases, mineral substances, fats and others. Blood serum is a blood plasma that does not contain fibrinogen - blood protein involved in the formation of thrombus.

Iron in blood can not be in a free state, as it is very toxic. Therefore, the level of iron is determined in carrier proteins - transferrin. To do this, with the help of special chemical reactions, iron is isolated from a transferin complex. Material for research is deoxygenated blood. More often to analyze the concentration of serum iron applies a colorimetric method. The essence of the method is to determine the concentration of iron in serum in the intensity of the color of the solution. The intensity of the color of the solution is directly proportional to the concentration of the painted chemical trace element. This method allows you to determine the concentration of trace element with high accuracy.

Indications for the analysis of serum concentration are:

• diagnostics, differential diagnostics ( the difference between one pathology from another with similar symptoms) and control of anemia treatment ( pathological condition characterized by low hemoglobin in red blood cells);
• diagnosis of hemochromatosis ( hereditary disease characterized by impaired iron exchange);
• intoxication diagnostics ( poisoning) gland;
• defective nutrition, hypovitaminosis ( lack of vitamins);
• various diseases the gastrointestinal tract in which the normal absorption of iron is disturbed;
• revealed deviations in the results of general blood test ( erythrocytes, hematokrita);
• bleeding various etiology (abundant long-term menstruation, bleeding gum, bleeding from hemorrhoidal nodes, stomach ulcers or duodenal and other).

Analysis on serum iron is carried out for:

• estimates of iron reserves in the body;
• calculating the percentage of transferlic iron saturation ( that is, the determinations of the concentration of iron carrying blood);
• differential diagnosis of anemia;
• control of treatment of anemia;
• treating iron treatment;
• diagnosis of genetic diseases of the irrigination of iron exchange.

Iron rate in the blood, depending on age and gender

Age	Floor	Iron norm
	female	5.1 - 22.6 μmol / l
	male	5.6 - 19.9 μmol / l
from 1 to 12 months	female	4.6 - 22.5 μmol / l
	male	4.9 - 19.6 μmol / l
from 1 to 4 years	female	4.6 - 18.2 μmol / l
	male	5.1 - 16.2 μmol / l
from 4 to 7 years	female	5.0 - 16.8 μmol / l
	male	4.6 - 20.5 μmol / l
from 7 to 10 years	female	5.5 - 18.7 μmol / l
	male	4.9 - 17.3 μmol / l
from 10 to 13 years	female	5.8 - 18.7 μmol / l
	male	5.0 - 20.0 μmol / l
from 13 to 16 years	female	5.5 - 19.5 μmol / l
	male	4.8 - 19.8 μmol / l
from 16 to 18 years	female	5.8 - 18.3 μmol / l
	male	4.9 - 24.8 μmol / l
\u003e 18 years old	female	8.9 - 30.4 μmol / l
	male	11.6 - 30.4 μmol / l

When receiving tests, the doctor focuses on the floor and the patient's age. The results obtained can be within the normal range below or above the norm. In the event that the level of iron is below the norm, the patient has a deficiency of iron. If the level of iron is above the norm - in the patient's body excess iron. In the interpretation of the results obtained, many factors should be considered - meals, drugs, medication, menstrual cycle in woman and others. Do not forget about the daily oscillation of the concentration of iron in the blood. So, the maximum daily concentration of iron in the blood is observed in the morning hours. In women in the period before and during menstruation, the index of iron concentration in the blood is higher than after the end of menstruation. Therefore, it follows the analysis to serum iron after stopping menstruation. Casual oscillations of iron levels in the blood can also be observed, for example, with a sharp increase in the use of meat in the patient's diet.

Medicinal preparations that increase the level of iron in the blood are:

• acetylsalicylic acid ( aspirin) – non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent;
• methotrexate - antitumor agent;
• multivitamins containing iron;
• oral contraceptives - birth control pills;
• antibiotics - Methicillin, chloramphenicol, cefotaxim;
• preparations containing estrogens ( female sex hormones) .

Medicinal preparations that reduce iron levels in the blood are:

• acetylsalicylic acid in large doses - non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent;
• allopurinol - a drug that reduces blood uric acid;
• cortisol - glucocorticoid hormone;
• metformin - Tableled hypoglycemic agent ( reduced blood sugar level);
• corticotropic - drug adrenocorticotropic hormone;
• cholestramine - hypolipidemic agent ( blood Fat Level);
• asparaginaz - antitumor agent;
• testosterone Preparations - Male sex hormone.

In order to obtain reliable iron level results in the blood, it is necessary to properly prepare the patient to diagnose.

How to prepare for the delivery of an analysis on whey iron?

To avoid distortion of the resulting results of iron concentration in serum, it is necessary to properly prepare the patient.

For proper training To the diagnosis of iron level in the blood is necessary:

• a week before the analysis of the analysis to serum iron, cancel the reception of drugs and complexes of iron-containing vitamins;
• transfer serum iron analysis a few days after hemotransphusion ( blood transfusion);
• explain to the patient that for the analysis of serum iron it will be necessary to take the blood sample, explain the essence of the procedure, to prevent the unpleasant sensations when the harness and puncture is applied ( piercing) Vienna;
• describe a day and nutrition mode that the patient must follow.

Common requirements for testing blood for serum iron is:

• taking the blood under study on an empty stomach;
• exclusion of smoking, alcohol and oily food, physical activity 12 hours before analysis;
• taking the test material before any diagnostic procedures ( radiography, computed tomography);
• the absence of viral and inflammatory patients.

What should be the level of serum iron during pregnancy?

Pregnancy is a very important and difficult period in the life of any woman. At this time, serious physiological changes occur in the body. The fruit uses trace elements and macroelements of the mother as "building particles". Therefore, a woman is very important to follow their nutrition. It must be balanced and ensure the flow of vitamins, minerals, proteins and other substances in sufficient quantities. Usually the need for these substances exceeds the daily rate of a non-remote woman, as they are used for the functional needs of the organism of the mother and fetus.

The reasons for increasing the need for gland during pregnancy are:

• an increase in blood volume by 50%, and, consequently, 2 times the need for iron to generate hemoglobin increases ( iron-containing protein transporting blood);
• significant iron consumption from Mother's Iron Depot to the formation of placenta, red blood cells ( red Blood Taurus Transport Oxygen) fetal;
• iron-deficiency anemia ( anemia - a condition characterized by low blood hemoglobin) Before pregnancy, which aggravates the deficiency of iron during pregnancy.

In addition to the normal physiological loss of iron in pregnant women, the daily caller is increasing. In the trimester, additional iron costs make up 0.8 milligram per day, in the II trimester - 4 - 5 milligrams per day, in the 3th trimester - up to 6.5 milligrams per day. The development of the fetus requires 400 milligrams of iron, to an increase in the uterus - 50 - 75 milligrams of iron, on the construction of the placenta, through which the life of the fetus is supported, 100 milligrams of iron are needed. In general, for the normal flow of pregnancy and labor of the future mother, about 800 milligrams of iron are needed additionally. During pregnancy and childbirth ( without complications) About 650 milligrams of iron are consumed.

The normal level of serum iron level in pregnant women - from 13 μmol / l to 30 μmol / l. The daily need of iron in pregnant women is up to 30 - 38 milligrams.

For a pregnant woman and her future kid equally dangerous as a lack of iron and its excess. If a pregnant woman does not receive the necessary daily iron rate of iron, then its reserves are quickly depleted. This leads to a lack of iron ( level of serum iron) and the development of iron deficiency anemia ( pathology at which blood hemoglobin is reduced). As a result of anemia and fruit, and the mother suffer from lack of oxygen. Conductible anemia leads to weakening immunity, increased fatigue, dizziness, weakness. The development of iron deficiency anemia in the I or II trimester of pregnancy significantly increases the risk of premature births, the birth of a child with a low body weight, still-breeding or the death of a newborn.

Also, the deficiency of iron in the mother contributes to the development of iron deficiency anemia in a newborn, which can negatively affect his mental and physical development. During childbirth, a woman can lose a large amount of blood. If before that there was already a deficiency of iron, then bleeding can lead to the development of a severe degree of anemia and the need for blood transfusion. It has been scientifically proven that the lack of iron is one of the reasons for the development of postpartum depression.

Iron excess ( serum iron level\u003e 30 μmol / l) Also negatively affects the course of pregnancy and health of the fetus. Excess Iron can be observed in hereditary diseases with impaired iron exchange and redundant iron intake in the body ( uncontrollable reception of iron-containing drugs). Excessive iron content in the blood in a pregnant woman can cause the development of gestational diabetes ( pathology at which there is a high blood sugar content in the blood of a pregnant woman), preeclampsia ( complications of pregnancy after 20 weeks characterized by high arterial pressure and high protein content in the urine), miscarriage. Therefore, iron preparations must be taken under the strict control of the doctor.

The deficiency of iron of pregnant women is much more common than excess iron. The lack of iron can be compensated for by a diet rich in iron, or receiving iron-containing drugs. In the diet of a pregnant woman should be red meat ( the richest source of iron), rabbit meat, chicken, turkey, as well as grain, legumes, spinach, cabbage, cereal and others.

In the event that iron intake with food does not satisfy the needs of the body, the doctor may additionally assign the reception of iron preparations. Reception of iron preparations are carried out under the strict control of serum iron. Dosage of drugs picks up the attending physician depending on the patient's laboratory indicators ( wherming iron level, hemoglobin). Often pregnant, calcium preparations are prescribed, which worsen the absorption of iron. Therefore, during the treatment of gland preparations, it is worth canceling or limiting the use of calcium preparations. If it is impossible, then calcium should be taken in the interruptions between the meal and iron preparations.

Iron preparations appointed during pregnancy are:

• Sorbifer Duruless.In tablet this drug It contains 100 milligrams of iron and vitamin C to improve the absorption of iron in the intestine. During pregnancy, with the aim of preventing iron deficit, 1 tablet per day is prescribed for treatment - 1 tablet in the morning and in the evening.
• Ferroplex.Dragee contains 50 milligrams of iron and vitamin C. Take 2 stages 3 times a day.
• Totema.Totema is a solution containing 50 milligrams of iron. Prevention is prescribed inside 1 ampoule per day from 4 months of pregnancy. In large doses, the TEME is prescribed only with laboratory confirmed iron deficiency anemia. Assigns 2 to 4 ampoules per day.
• Feneuls.Capsules contain 45 milligrams of iron. For prophylaxis, take 1 capsule per day from 14 weeks of pregnancy. After a daily intake of the drug, within 2 weeks make a weekly break, and then the drug continues again.

The side effects of iron preparations are nausea, abdominal pain, constipation or diarrhea. Also, the chair will acquire a black color, which is the norm. When appearance side Effects It is necessary to consult a doctor. The doctor will reduce the dose of the drug iron or will cancel it at all ( if the condition of the patient and laboratory research indicators will allow).

What diseases lead to a decrease in blood iron level?

Many diseases, habits and nutrition character affect the concentration of iron in the blood, namely reduce its level in the blood.

Symptoms of iron deficiency in the body

The deficiency of iron leads to deterioration of the organs and systems, lack of oxygen, violation of the synthesis of enzymes and hormones. But the deficiency of iron does not immediately lead to the appearance of symptoms. At first, the body uses iron from its stocks. Gradually, after exhaustion of iron reserves, symptoms begin to manifest themselves, which over time become more pronounced.

Distinguish latent ( hidden) and explicit signs of lack of iron in the blood. Latent signs appear with a minor iron deficiency. Often the level of serum iron is normal or close to the border lower value ( women - 8.9 μmol / l, men - 11.6 μmol / l). In this case, the body uses iron reserves.

The symptoms of the latent stage of iron deficiency in the blood are:

• reduced performance;
• increased fatigue;
• severe malaise, weakness;
• heart palpitations ( tachycardia);
• increased irritability;
• depression;
• headaches and dizziness;
• hoping;
• glossite ( inflammatory language process);
• hair loss;
• nail fragility;
• pallor skin;
• worsening memory, attention, mental processes, learning abilities;
• frequent respiratory infections;

When weaning iron from stocks and its insufficient admission to the body, many processes in the body are broken into the organism. Symptoms become more pronounced. Heavy iron deficiency leads to diseases and serious complications.

The symptoms of a pronounced iron deficit are:

• reduced immunity - The patient often sicks viral and respiratory diseases;
• reduced temperature Body, Zyability - The body temperature is below 36.6 ° C, the person has uncomfortable at low temperatures, it has constantly cold limbs;
• worsening memory, attention, pace of training - With iron deficiency, the patient is difficult to focus, remember information, there is frequent forgetfulness;
• reduced performance -the patient constantly feels tired, "broken", even after a full sleep;
• disorder of the gastrointestinal tract - Impairment of appetite, difficulty swallowing, stomach pain, constipation, meteorism ( excessive accumulation of gases in the intestinal lumen), the appearance of belching and heartburn;
• increased fatigue, weakness in the muscles -the patient observes increased fatigue even after a short activity, also notes the weakness in the muscles at physical Loads and alone;
• neurological disorders -increased irritability, hot temper, depressive states, plastic, migratory pains ( head, in the heart);
• delay mental and physical development in children - The lack of iron leads to oxygen starvation, which negatively affects the central nervous system of the child, development of cardio-vascular system and others;
• geofagia ( power perversion) – with the deficiency of iron, a person can start eating inedible objects - chalk, earth, sand;
• dry, pallor of skin and mucous membranes -the skin becomes dry, begins to peel, cracks and pronounced wrinkles appear, rings are formed in the corners of the mouth ( haleit), Stomatitis ( inflammation of the mucous epithelium oral cavity );
• suhness, nail and hair fragility -with a lack of iron, hair becomes dull, brittle, losing shine and volume, nails are loose and easy to break;
• dizziness, loss of consciousness ( fainting) – as a result of a reduction in the level of hemoglobin in the blood, the body suffers from oxygen starvation, it affects the brain, which is manifested by dizziness, short-term loss of consciousness, in the eyes;
• dyspnea, rapid heartbeat - The deficiency of iron leads to a lack of oxygen, which the body is trying to compensate for the increase in breathing and heartbeat.

How to increase the level of iron in the blood?

Before starting the therapy of iron deficiency in the body, it is necessary to determine the reason for its occurrence and eliminate it. If you cannot eliminate the cause of iron loss, then the treatment will only bring a temporary effect. This will lead to the need for repeated courses of treatment.

Before applying iron-containing drugs or power changes, it is necessary to undergo a survey, led the analysis of the serum iron. If the laboratory has confirmed the deficit of iron, the doctor can individually select treatment tactics for the patient. The principle of treatment will depend on the level of iron level, patient state ( for example, pregnancy) concomitant diseases ( in some diseases, elevated iron losses may be observed.).

With a minor flaw in iron, the patient's nutrition will be adjusted, increasing the number of products rich in iron in the diet. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the costs of iron in the patient's body. In some cases ( in chronic bleeding, pregnancy, breastfeeding, intensive growth) The amount of iron coming from food may not be enough. Then the therapy is complemented by the reception of iron preparations.

With severe iron deficit, treatment is starting immediately from the reception of drugs in the form of capsules, tablets and dragee. In particularly severe cases, iron preparations are appointed intravenously under the strict control of the attending physician.

Diet with iron deficiency

With food in the human body, gem and non-brass iron comes. Ham iron ( the source is hemoglobin) It is several times more efficiently absorbed by the body as opposed to non-chemistry. Ham iron organism gets from meat products, and non-protein - from products of plant origin.

Sources of gem glage

Product (100 grams)	(mg.)
beef	2,7
pork	1,7
indyustena	3,7 – 4,0
chicken	1,6 – 3,0
veal	2,8
Pig liver	19,0
Liver calf	5,5 – 11,0
Kidney beef.	7,0
sea \u200b\u200bfish	1,2
a heart	6,3
mackerel	2,4
cod	0,7
Mollusks	4,2
Mussels	4,5
Oysters	4,1

Of the products of plant origin, the body receives non-hymmal trivalent ( Fe 3+) and bivalent iron ( Fe 2+). Neghemmer iron is much worse than the organism.

Sources of nonsense gland

Product (100 grams)	Iron content in milligrams (mg.)
apricots	2,2 – 4,8
peas	8,0 – 9,5
Boby	5,6
buckwheat	8,0
Nuts ( almonds, Funduk)	6,1
Dried mushrooms	35
Dried pear	13
Beans.	11,0 – 12,5
Apples	0,6 – 2,3
Dried apples	15,0
Shipovnik	11,0

For better absorption of iron you need:

• Use products rich in vitamin C, group vitamins in and folic acid.Vitamin C 6 times improves iron absorption in the intestine. Therefore, for better assimilation of this trace element, it is necessary to increase the method of products rich in vitamin C. These products include spinach, cauliflower, citrus, broccoli and others. Sources folic acid are peanuts, almonds, walnuts, Flax seeds and others. Vitamins of group B are contained in equal milk products, nuts, yeast, egg yolk.
• Reduce tea and coffee.Tanin, which is contained in tea and coffee, significantly reduces the absorption of iron. Therefore, you should not use these drinks immediately after meals, as they reduce iron absorption by 62%. You should not forget that only 10% of the iron received from food is absorbed by the body.
• Limit the use of products rich in calcium and calcium preparations.Calcium also slows down the absorption of iron by the human body. Therefore, under therapy of iron deficiency conditions, it is necessary to limit the use of solid cheese, milk, sesame, greenery and others. Also, if the patient receives calcium preparations, then you should cancel or limit its reception. If it is impossible, it follows calcium in breaks between meals.

Charity preparations

If it fails to increase the level of serum iron using a diet, then the patient is prescribed iron medications. The dosage and duration of the course of treatment, the doctor picks up individually. Therapy with iron preparations should be carried out under the control of the level of serum iron defined under the conditions of the laboratory.

Iron preparations appointed with iron deficiency

A drug	Dose, treatment duration
Malto	Solution for intake. For the treatment of iron deficit, 1 bottle are taken ( 100 mg of iron) From 1 to 3 times a day. The duration of treatment is from 3 to 5 months. After that, continue to take 1 bottle per day for 1 - 3 months to restore iron reserves. For the prevention of iron deficiency, 1 bottle are taken within 1 - 2 months.
Biofer	For the treatment of iron deficiency, 1 tablet is taken ( 100 mg of iron) From 1 to 3 times a day for 3 - 5 months. Then for several months take 1 tablet per day to restore iron reserves. For the prevention of iron deficiency, 1 tablet takes over 1 - 2 months. Contains folic acid that improves the absorption of iron.
Ferro Folgamma	For the treatment of iron deficiency anemia take 1 capsule ( 37 mg of iron) 3 times a day. The duration of treatment is from 3 to 16 or more weeks ( depending on the severity of iron deficiency). For prophylaxis - 1 capsule 3 times a day for a month. Contains vitamin B 12 and folic acid.
Ferretab	In the treatment, it is used from 1 to 3 capsules ( 50 mg of iron) per day. Treatment continues until the level of iron in the blood is normalized. Then continues to support therapy for 4 weeks. Contains folic acid.
Hemofer	Take inside in the interruptions between meals 46 drops ( the drop contains 2 mg of iron) 2 times a day together with juice or water. The duration of treatment is at least 2 months.
Sorbifer Durules	Inside 1 tablet ( 40 mg of iron) 1 - 2 times a day. If necessary, the dose increases to 3 to 4 tablets per day in 2 receptions. The course of treatment is 3 - 4 months. Contains ascorbic acid.
Tardiferon	Inside 1 tablet ( 80 mg of iron) 2 times a day before meals or during food intake. Treatment duration - from 3 to 6 months.
Ferrum	Injection shape This preparation is used only intramuscularly. Initially, a test dose is introduced. In the absence of reaction, the entire dose is introduced. Assign 1 to 2 ampoules ( 100 mg of iron) per day.
Wennifer	Applied intravenously. Intramuscular administration is unacceptable. Enter slowly after the test - dose. The dose is selected individually depending on the severity of iron deficiency. One ampoule contains 40 mg of iron.
Cosmofer.	Preparation for intramuscular and intravenous administration. One ampoule contains 100 mg of iron. The dose and the duration of treatment are selected individually.
Totema	Solution for intake. 1 ampoule contains 50 mg of iron. Assign 1 ampoule inside 2 - 3 times a day by a course of treatment until six months.
Hematogen	In the form of chewing paste or tiles. The iron content varies. Take 1 - 2 Pastel 2 - 3 times a day.

Iron preparations are prescribed intravenously with extremely heavy iron deficiency states. Also indications for intravenous administration are diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, in which the absorption of iron is significantly reduced. First, the test is introduced - a dose to exclude adverse Reactions. The introduction of the drug is carried out only in the presence of a doctor.

For the treatment and prevention of iron deficiency states in children, syrups, tiles and chewing plates are used.

What does the elevated iron level say?

The level of serum iron is considered elevated if it is greater than the upper permissible boundary - 30.4 μmol / l. An increase in the level can be observed in various pathologies, as well as in the overdose of iron preparations. Increasing the level of iron occurs when iron flow into the body exceeds its flow and selection.

Depending on the cause of the appearance of an excess of iron, they are divided into primary and secondary. The primary excess of iron is caused by hereditary pathology - hemochromatosis. Diseases lead to secondary excess of iron internal organs And many external factors.

Increased iron level in the blood can occur when:

• Hemochromatosis.Hemochromatosis is a hereditary disease in which the normal metabolism of iron is disturbed with its accumulation in organs and tissues. The accumulation of iron in organs leads to a violation of their structure and function. Subsequently develop various diseases - liver cirrhosis ( replacement of healthy liver tissue on a rubric), arthritis, diabetes and others.
• Various types of anemia ( hemolytic, hypoplastic, aplastic, sideroblastic and other). An increase in iron content different types Anemia arises for many reasons. It depends on the type of anemia. For example, with hemolytic anemia, enhanced destruction of red blood cells occurs. At the same time, iron from red blood cells enters the blood. During sideroblastic anemia, the disposal of iron bone marrow for the synthesis of hemoglobin is disturbed.
• Thalassemia.Thalassemia is hereditary pathologywhich is characterized by a violation of the synthesis of components ( chains) Hemoglobin structures. As a result, a smaller amount of iron is consumed on the hemoglobin synthesis.
• Acute poisoning iron.Acute iron poisoning occurs with a significant overdose of iron preparations - reception to 200 milligrams of iron. To this can cause an uncontrolled reception of iron products, self-treatment, taking iron-containing drugs in large quantities ( whole package).
• Liver diseases ( viral hepatitis, necrosis of the liver), spleen, pancreas.Diseases of various organs lead to disruption of metabolism, to impaired absorption of vitamins and trace elements, to hormonal failures. One of the consequences is the excess accumulation of iron in the blood.
• Iron exchange disorders.Various diseases and pathological processes can lead to impairment of iron exchange. It can manifest as a decrease in its level and increase.
• Excessive intake of iron into the body.Excessive intake of iron in the body may independent treatment Iron preparations. Also, in the normal intake of iron to the organism and the violation of its exchange, an increase in serum iron may be observed.
• Premenstrual period.Improving iron level in the premenstrual period is a norm option. Therefore, to donate the analysis of the serum iron is better after the end of menstruation.
• Frequent blood transfusions.With frequent blood transfusions and a short gap between them, it is possible to increase the level of serum iron.

The symptoms of the increased level of iron in the blood are:

• nausea, vomiting, heartburn, constipation or diarrhea;
• damage to the intestinal mucosa;
• loss of appetite, decrease in body weight;
• apathy, reduced performance;
• the appearance of pain, swelling in the joints;
• arthritis appearance ( inflammatory process), atherosclerosis ( deposits atherosclerotic plaques on the walls of the vessel), diabetes ( increased blood sugar level);
• decrease in immunity;
• skin hyperpigmentation, gray-brown shade of skin and mucous membranes;
• hair loss;
• pain in muscles;
• delay of the physical and mental development of the child;
• reduced libido ( sexidation).

How to reduce iron levels in the blood?

An excess of iron in the blood can lead to many diseases - myocardial infarction, liver failure, diabetes, arthritis, oncological diseases. In severe cases, even to the death of man. Therefore, with a laboratory confirmed excess of iron in the blood, it is necessary to take measures to reduce its level.

Reduce iron level in the blood will help:

• The use of special drugs.TO medicinal preparationsaccelerating iron elimination include hepatoprotectors, zinc drugs, iron-binding drugs - deferoxamine ( descharial), calcium thetacine.
• Compliance with a special diet. With an excess of iron from the diet, products rich in these microelement are excluded. It is meat, beans, dried mushrooms, dried apples and pears, seafood and others. Also, you should not take vitamins that contribute to improving the absorption of iron - vitamins of group B, vitamin C, folic acid. It is recommended to use more products deteriorating iron absorption - coffee, tea, food rich in calcium, calcium and zinc drugs.
• Periodic bloodletting. The procedure consists in a weekly fence of about 350 milliliters of blood in a patient. If desired, the patient can become a blood donor.
• Hirudotherapy ( treatment of leeches). Treatment with leeches can also help reduce iron levels in blood. This happens as a result of the nutrition of human blood. It is lost hemoglobin and iron in its composition.
• Blood exchange. Blood exchange transfusion is used in severe iron poisoning. The procedure consists in the simultaneous blood fence from the bloodstream of the patient and blood transfusion of the donor.

Why is hemoglobin low at the normal level of serum iron?

With some pathological conditions, the hemoglobin level may be reduced at normal or increased level Whey gland. In these cases, anemia ( condition characterized by low blood hemoglobin) Develops with sufficient iron intake into the body. When does this happen, is it dangerous to human health? The low level of hemoglobin affects all systems and human organs in the form of oxygen starvation of cells. And hereinafter, this can lead to a violation of metabolism in the body tissues. But why at a normal iron level in the body is not produced by hemoglobin?

One of the reasons for low hemoglobin at the normal level of serum iron is the disadvantage in the body of vitamin B 12 and folic acid, which participate in the formation of the erythrocyte.

The treatment method is intramuscular administration of a vitamin solution in 12 at a dose of 500 -1000 μg daily for 10 days, and then the use of drug 2 - 3 times a month with preventive goal. Folic acid is applied at a dose of 50 - 60 mg per day.

Another reason for the development of anemia when normal content Iron is the problem of insufficient erythrocyte or inferiority of hemoglobin protein.

The reason for the insufficient number of erythrocytes or the inferiority of the hemoglobin protein is:

• Sickle-cell anemia. Sickle-cell anemia is a congenital disease associated with a violation of the grimoglobin structure in which it acquires a characteristic sulfur form. Clinical manifestations Sick-cell anemia are thrombosis of vessels of various organs with sickle erythrocytes, hemolytic anemia, pallor and yellowness of the skin, repeated thrombosis of various organs, splenomegaly ( pathological increase in spleen in size), hepatomegaly ( increased liver in size), shortness of breath, total weakness and malaise. Sick-shaped cell anemia is an incurable disease. Symptomatic treatment for crisis is adequate hydration ( saturation of the body liquid), the transfusion of the erythrocyte mass ( blood preparation consisting of red blood cells), as well as intravenous administration Antibiotics.
• The destruction of red blood cells under the influence of some chemicals. The destruction of the erythrocytes occurs when the compounds of arsenic, lead, nitrite, amines, some organic acids, alien sera, poisons of insects and snakes. The mechanism of the damaging action is due to the destruction of the erythrocyte membranes and in the plasma of a large amount of hemoglobin. This leads to an intense protein decay with subsequent damage to the bodies of the renal and liver. The first aid is to introduce specific antidotes, for example, in the bite of snake - anti-ray serums.
• Diseases of blood formation. Insufficient amount of erythrocytes can be observed in some diseases of blood formation organs, in particular with blood cancer - lymphosarcoma, lymphogranulomatosis and others. In such cases, pathological cells are developing faster and replaced by erythrocyte precursor cells and other uniform elements.

What are the consequences of iron deficiency?

About 30% of the world's population suffers from lack of iron in the body. And at the same time about 20% do not even realize this, having a latent ( hidden) Iron deficiency. What is this trace element important for the human body? The iron is part of a very important protein - hemoglobin, which plays the role of an oxygen carrier from the lungs to all organs and tissues. The lack of iron leads to iron deficiency anemia. Conducting anemia is a state characterized by a violation of hemoglobin synthesis due to insufficient iron content.

With a lack of oxygen, chronic oxygen starvation of tissues and organs at the cellular level occurs. This leads to functional and structural changes in these organs. The iron is also included in many enzyme systems, is in liver cells, spleen, in the muscles, in the bone marrow. That is why his deficit affects the general well-being of a person - there is general weakness, indisposition, dizziness, decrease in working capacity ( as a result of metabolic disorders). Functional and regenerator are also worse ( recovery) The ability of organs and tissues, the production of enzymes and hormones decreases. Immunity is noticeably reduced, which is manifested by frequent colds.

At the level of skin and their appendages, the deficiency of iron is manifested in pallor and dryness of the skin and mucous membranes, which leads to dermatitis and eczema ( inflammatory I. allergic diseases Skin), stomatitam ( ulcerative lesions of the mucous membrane of the mouth), Haleitam ( cars in the corners of the mouth).

With iron deficiency, the patient often sick bronchitis ( inflammation of bronchi), tracheitis ( inflammatory processes In the trachea), rhinitis ( inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose). At the cardiovascular system level appear stick pain in the heart lowered arterial pressure, shortness of breath during exercise.

With a lack of iron, thinning and atrophy of the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract occurs, which is manifested by pain or burning in the language, the perversion of taste ( patients eat chalk, clay, land, lime), the acidity of gastric juice decreases with the formation of erosion and ulcers.

Muscular weakness with a lack of iron leads to false urges on urination, urine incontinence with cough, laughter, physical tension.
In children, chronic iron deficiency anemia leads to a delay in growth, memory violation, attention, difficulty learning, night diuresis ( spontaneous urination in a dream).

In pregnant women, the lack of iron leads to premature gods, miscarriage, stillbirth.

Iron - vital trace element. Its disadvantage or excess leads to the defeat of absolutely all organs and tissues. This negatively affects the quality of human life. In some cases, iron deficiency can lead to irreversible consequences. And severe cases of excess or lack of iron can lead to human death.

But what does this mean, a few know. Why is hemoglobin decrease, iron deficiency appears and doctors recommend the treatment in this case?

Our expert is responsible for these questions. hematologist Lyudmila Papush.

Below the planks

What is anemia? Nine people out of ten will answer: anemia. This concept so worried about everyday life that no one thinks over its decoding. But "little" does not mean that blood in your body is missing. With its number just everything is in order. Problems with "Quality": under blood anemia lacks full red blood cells - red blood tauros. And they contain hemoglobin, which is responsible for the "delivery" of oxygen into each cell of the body tissues. And if its level is lowered, very unpleasant things are occurring: organs and fabrics are experiencing oxygen starvation, and therefore, unable to work in full force.

Anemia can be hereditary blood disease, and maybe a temporary "abnormal" state. For example, when the body is experiencing a deficiency of vitamin B12, folic acid, after injury with large blood loss, etc. But 90% of anemia is the so-called iron deficiency: the name itself says that the body lacks the iron. Why? Let's try to figure out.

And adults and children

With iron deficiency anemia, balance is broken: the loss of iron in the body exceeds its suction. It happens in children during periods rapid growth (on the second year of life and in adolescence) or due to the infection of worms. Anemia is a frequent companion of pregnant women and lactating women who have needed the need for hardware - because they have to "share" them with the child.

But the most frequent cause Iron deficiency in adults is often repetitive small bleeding (from 5-10 ml per day). Motherly diseases can cause them: from bleeding ulcers and hemorrhoids to gastric cancer. Women have the main reason for the lack of iron - uterine bleeding (caused by endometriosis or other gynecological diseases) I. abundant menstruation, men have bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract.

Often, we ourselves rob themselves: unloading days, self-sufficient diets are a very short way to iron deficiency.

Obviously or hidden?

Anemia is not flu: infected and ill. It develops slowly, and for a long time a person does not even suspect that the "process went." And it is important to catch anemia at the start, then it will be easier to cope with her easier. There is a lot of disturbing symptoms of this disease, but it is important to know about the main - this is a light color of the tongue and gum, the brittleness of the nails, the general weakness. In the elderly, anemia can cause shortness of breath, a rapid heartbeat, brainwater disorders - darkening in the eyes, noise in the ears, dizziness.

Suspicions of anemia arise from a doctor when a patient has a general blood test shows low level Hemoglobin in the blood and a decrease in the number of erythrocytes. But the details are always important, you need to get to the reasons for such a state. Especially in the elderly - they are often "combined" different types anemia.

Diagnosis begins with blood tests. For example, to install iron deficiency anemia, it is necessary to check the level of serum iron blood. If the deficiency of vitamin B12 is suspected - determine its level in the blood, and with a lack of folic acid - its level in serum and red blood cells. But be prepared for what you need much more analyzes and will have to pass surveys, for example, the stomach and intestines, and the woman to check the gynecologist.

Anemia in adult people for a doctor always a signal to begin searching for the main disease, because, as a rule, anemia is only his companion.

Iron iron Rotn

It is believed that the best way to raise the level of hemoglobin - there are more products containing iron. Old folk recipes We advise: Prepare dishes from the liver, eat carrots, beets, walnuts, apples, drink pomegranate juice, and you quickly raise hemoglobin.

In fact, it is not. Because iron is different. Indeed, in many fruits and vegetables, a lot of legumes, but absorbed it badly. As from the liver, where iron compounds are presented in the form of complex proteins that are not easy to pick up the body. It is best absorbed by the so-called hem iron, contained only in meat and a bird.

But that it learns, it is important and what meat is. For example, if there is much less on the garnish of pasta or porridge: much less: in cereals they contain fitats that bind it. Excellent partner of meat dishes - vegetable sides of zucchini, broccoli, onions, greenery (they contain substances that stimulate blood formation). It makes it difficult for the absorption of iron and calcium, so dairy and meat products are poorly compatible.

Fats are depressing blood formation, so fat varieties of meat and fish and the greater the larger are excluded. But butter and any vegetable is sunflower, olive, corn, pumpkin, etc. - must be on your desk. Do not drink tea immediately after eating - the tannin connects the iron, without letting it be absorbed. And do not get too fond of coffee - this drink "flushes" iron from the body.

Help the absorption of iron vitamins, especially C. Useful every day to drink orange and tomato juice. And eat more fruits and vegetables: Best ascorbic acid suppliers - Black currant, citrus, kiwi, Bulgarian sweet pepper. In winter when the content of vitamin C in fresh fruce And vegetables fall sharply, perfectly fill its sauer cabbage and infusion of rosehip.

In letter and in spirit

If, during repeated blood tests, hemoglobin remains at the same level or continues to decline, it is necessary to move on iron preparations. For children, they are produced in the form of dragee, capsules, syrups (there are solutions for injections). For adults - in tablets and injection. There are monocomponent drugs - that is, those that contain only iron (they are usually prescribed to those who suffer allergies) and combined, where iron is combined with different vitamins that contribute to its better absorption.

Injections The doctor may appoint in those cases if the absorption of iron in the intestines is dramatically impaired (with inflammatory bowel diseases, strong diarrhea).

But we, as a rule, preference are given to tablets. Because, on the one hand, the iron "in the rank" is digested worse, on the other (paradox!) - You can overdo it with its dosage. What is also not good. Because iron, once hitting the body, is not excreted from it, but lies in the so-called "depot". Superior spare hardware can provoke development sugar diabetes, severe liver diseases, hearts and even breast cancer.

Do not make mistakes!

So that the pills worked well, it is important to take them correctly. Best of all - in the second half of the day, it is at that time the iron is absorbed more actively. And no later than an hour before meals, - hitting the intestines, it should absorb without contacting food.

The duration of treatment depends on the severity of anemia. During the reception of iron-containing drugs, the chair may be dark color - this is normal. But sometimes there are constipation or a liquefied chair, nausea appears. If such symptoms are saved for a long time, it is necessary to replace the drug or reduce the dose. If with anemia you picked up ORVI or influenza, then iron preparations do not take it during the disease.

After a month of treatment, blood control is made. If during this time the hemoglobin level did not increase or continues to decline, the doctor suspends treatment and sends a patient to a new examination, since the diagnosis must be specified - perhaps anemia is not caused by a deficiency of iron, but by other reasons.

If you smoke a lot, you may have anemia, despite the fact that the blood test shows: the hemoglobin level is normal. And this is because the carbon monoxide contained in cigarettes is connected to hemoglobin and its special form is formed. Such hemoglobin is not able to transfer oxygen. And in order to fill it with a shortage, the body increases the production of hemoglobin, its level is high, but there is little sense from this. Therefore, abroad, for example, the level of hemoglobin in smokers are calculated depending on the number of cigarettes smokers.

Many have heard iron with hemoglobin. It is a structural element of this protein. There is even an erroneous opinion that the lack of hemoglobin in the blood is certainly associated withiron deficiency. This is not true. There may be a lot of reasons. Hemoglobin can be low, despite normal iron indicators.
Also possible and the reverse case -low iron in blood with normal hemoglobin. This is your explanations.

Hemoglobin. What is it for what he answers

What is hemoglobin?

The human blood contains red tales, also called red blood cells. They differ from all other cells with their own unique structure - they have no kernel. Instead of it, the hemoglobin molecules occupy most of the Red Taurus. The level of hemoglobin in the blood depends onthe number of erythrocytes.

Hemoglobin is quite complicated in structure. It consists of four protein chains (globins) and four iron-containing structures (gems). The iron in the composition of the erythrocytes is the most important element, since it has the ability to connect with oxygen. With the help of iron atoms in hemoglobin molecules, the body captures air entering into the lungs, and provides oxygen all its cells. And with the help of the same element, by the same compound reactions, an oxygen exchange by-product is derived - carbon dioxide.

Where is it produced?

IN human organism There is a special place where the continuous process of creating new blood cells flows. This is a red bone marrow. How can you understand from the name, it is located inside the bones. Most of this substance is in pelvic bones. It also contains epiphysis of long tubular bones and vertebrae, but in smaller quantities.

Blood calves are formed from stem cells that are filled with a red bone marrow. These are undifferentiated cells, in structure close to embryonic. They can "dive" and transform into that kind of blood taurus (all of their three - red blood cells, platelets and leukocytes), which is needed by the body.

The formation of erythrocytes occurs in the erythrological islands of the bone marrow. To turn stem cells into red blood tales, the body needs to be simplified, to remove the kernel from them and build several hundred hemoglobin molecules on the released place. For the latter it is necessary iron. This substance organism gets with food, from iron-containing products, such as meat. thereforehemoglobin concentration in blood Depends, first of all, from the human diet.

What does this protein answer?

As mentioned above, hemoglobin is involved in the process of breathing. First, the air comes through the upper and lower airways To the lungs alveol. From there, the oxygen molecules fall into the blood and bind to iron in the gems of the erythrocyte (some of them dissolves in the blood plasma).

In this form, oxygen diverges through allorganms and tissues . It is necessary for the aerobic oxidation of cells (the main method of obtaining the energy necessary in all processes of vital activity). This is a complex chemical reaction, as a result of which carbon dioxide unnecessary organism is produced. It also utilizes thanks to the atoms of iron, which enter with it into the connecting reaction and deliver it to the lungs, from where it goes out when exhaling.

In the blood of a person constantly present glucose. It is needed by the body as one of the sources of energy. Glucose has an attachment to join the protein molecules. This phenomenon is called gliking. Red tanks can also be born with glucose. In the blood of any person there is always a certain percentage of erythrocytes with glycated hemoglobin.

Sugar level is regulated by a substance called insulin. If a person is healthy, the content of glucose in its blood always keeps normally, and, accordingly, the percentage glicated hemoglobin He has low. But patients with diabetes insulin is not produced or does not act. In this case, the amount associated with glucose red blood cells increases sharply. Their percentage measurement is the most accurate way to diagnose diabetes.

Why, with normal hemoglobin, iron level may be reduced?

If there is not enough iron in the body, the number of red blood cells produced is reduced, and anemia develops. But there are cases when a person suffers from a lack of iron, with normalhemoglobin indicators. The fact is that iron deficiency Develops gradually. For a while, the process of creating red blood cells is maintained at the expense of iron, which normally should not participate in blood formation (approximately 18% of the total amount of this substance is stored as a margin inside the cells, in the so-called ; some percentage of the percentage is associated with transferrin, and 70% is contained by red tales). Iron deficiency disease passes several stages:

1. Prelatenary stage. There is not enough iron to the body, its reserves in the depot begin to be spent. Deterioration of well-being (weakness, dizziness, fast fatigue) is observed at this stage, howeverhemoglobin content in blood It remains within the normal range.
2. Latent stage. Iron in the body is becoming less. The amount of red taucas still holds within the normal range, but it happensreduced All types of nonsensegland (not included in the erythrocyte). Symptoms of the disease are aggravated. Weakness and fatigue grows. There is increased dryness of the skin and mucous membranes, hair loss. Problems with iron enzymes can manifest themselves in taste perversions, for example, in some patients there is a desire to eat raw meat or clay.
3. Iron deficient anemia. Iron stocks are dried, and the body can no longer create red blood cells in the right amount. Oxygen starvation begins.

Thus, hemoglobin is already falling on the latter, the most severe stage of the iron deficiency. At first, the lack of this substance manifests itself only in the general deterioration of well-being. Therefore, for the diagnosis of this disease, there is not enough blood test for hemoglobin. Also biochemical is also necessarystudy blood that will determine the amount of ferritiniron level in blood Serum and overall ironing ability.

General blood analysis

Signs of reduced and increased hemoglobin

Symptoms Increased and reduced content of erythrocytes, for the most part, coincide. May be observed:

• Weakness, shortness of breath, chronic fatigue;
• Sharp movements are accompanied by dizziness;
• Drowsiness;
• Skin pallor. With high hemoglobin is possible, on the contrary, of red.
• When anemia, the language in the mouth can be bright red.
• Bad appetite;
• Low hemoglobin hypotension. With high rather there is a tendency to hypertension.
• Under anemia Possible propensity to faint.

Not everything can be observed, but only some of the listed symptoms. Problems with hemoglobin mainly manifest itself in weakness, lethargy and rapid fatigue.

Table of normal hemoglobin in the blood for men and women

The table below is given normal indicators hemoglobin (g / dl), including gender andage:

Age	Among women	In men
The first two weeks of life	13,4 – 19,8	Same
Then up to mid 4 weeks	10,7 – 17,1	Same
Before middle 8 weeks	9,4 – 13,0	Same
Up to 4 months	10,3 – 14,1	Same
4-6 months	11,1 – 14,1	Same
6-9 months	11,4 – 14,0	Same
9-12 months	11,3 – 14, 1	Same
1-5 years old	11,0 — 14,0	Same
5-10 years old	11,5 – 14,5	Same
10-12 years old	12,0 – 15,0	Same
12-15 years old	11,5 – 15, 0	12,0 – 16,0
15-18 years old	11,7 – 15,3	11,7 – 16,6
18-45 years old	11,7 – 15,5	13,2 – 17, 3
45-65 years old	11,7 – 16,0	13,1 – 17,2
After 65 years	11,7 – 16,1	12,6 – 17,4

As can be seen from the table, in mennorms of hemoglobin in blood Average higher than women. And its highest indicators are in newborns. It can also be noted thathemoglobin rate in an adult year decreases over the years.

The table shows the optimal indicators. But there are also a certain border, which should not be disturbed, otherwise a very dangerous state comes for a person. This is the so-called critical level Hemoglobin in the blood. It is 6.0 g / dl. If the indicators fall below, the likelihood of a deadly outcome is high.

Hemoglobin and pregnancy

In the body of a woman, fewer red blood cells are formed than in men, because a male hormone is involved in their development. In addition, women periodically lose blood during menstruation. Due to such physiological featuresThey more than men are inclined to anemia. In addition, a woman is experiencing a huge burden duringpregnancy . Its organism should supply with oxygen and nutrients not only itself, but also a growing embryo.

Therefore, for pregnant women there is a special rate of hemoglobin - 11.0-15.5 g / dl. It is important to watch theseindicators It was not falling below 11.0 g / dl, especially during the first trimester, since at this stage the most important kids bodies occur, and the oxygen deficiency may have detrimental consequences.

Normalization of hemoglobin levels

The level of blood erythrocytes can go beyond the norm due to a variety of diseases, among which are very serious. For example, bone marrow tumors or congenital pathologies in the structure of the body. Therefore, it is impossible to engage in self-medication. It is necessary to survey and establish the exact cause of the disease. If it turns out that these violations are a consequence of an inferior nutrition or an improper lifestyle, bring the composition of the blood to the norm is quite simple.

How to raise the number of red Taurus?

Anemia is often caused by a lack of substances needed for blood formation. In addition to iron, Vitamin B12 is very important to create erythrocytes. Its deficiency is also a common cause of Malokrovia. For rapid filling of iron, the doctor may assign traditional hematogen or preparations such as sorbitol. Vitamin B12 is often assigned in the form of injections.

It is very important to use meat and fish. Iron, which is contained in their composition, absorbs best. Anemia can exacerbate alcoholism, because because of it is disturbedsuction in the stomach of iron and vitamins.

How to downgrade them?

Because of the large number of blood cells, blood becomes condensed. Therefore, you shouldtake medicationwhich is diluted. Such as a chief or vazonit. A doctor should appoint them.

To reduce the content of erythrocytes in the blood, you need special nutrition, worsening hardware. This is, first of all, dairy products, as well as cereals and flour products.

Hemoglobin can rise due to smoking. With tobacco smoke, blood receives excess carbon dioxide, which leads to oxygen starvation. Wishing it to compensate, the body begins to produce red blood cells to produce. In order for blood to return to the norm, the cigarette should be abandoned.

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The human body contains almost all elements of the D. I. I.Nendeleev table, but not all of them carry such biological significance as iron. Iron in the blood is most concentrated in red blood tales -, namely, in their important component - hemoglobin: gem (Fe ++) + protein (globin).

A certain amount of this chemical element is permanently present in plasma and tissues - as a complex compound with protein and composition and hemosiderin. In the body of an adult, the norm must be from 4 to 7 grams of iron. The loss of the element for some reason entails the iron deficiency condition called anemia. To identify this pathology in laboratory diagnostics Such a study is provided as the definition of serum iron, or iron in the blood, as patients themselves say.

Organization rate

In the serum, iron is found in a protein complex, its binding and transporting - transferrin (25% FE). Usually, the reason for calculating the concentration of the element in the blood serum (serum iron) is the low level of hemoglobin, which is known to be among the main parameters.

The iron level of blood fluctuates during the day, its average concentration for men and women is different and amounts to: 14.30 - 25.10 μmol in lithra of men's blood and 10.70 - 21.50 μmol / l in the female half. Similar differences are most due to menstrual cyclewhich concerns only persons of a particular floor. With age, the differences are erased, the amount of the element is reduced in men, and in women, and iron deficiency can be observed in both sexes. The norm of iron in the blood of babies, as well as children and adults of men and female people differ, so that the reader is more convenient, it is better to imagine in the form of a small table:

Meanwhile, it should be borne in mind that, like other biochemical indicators, normal level Iron in the blood in various sources can be somewhat different. In addition, we consider it unimportant to remind the reader the rules for passing the analysis:

• Blood is given on an empty stomach (preferably cheerful hours 12);
• A week before the study, pills are canceled for treatment WD;
• After blood transfusion, the analysis is postponed for several days.

To determine the level of iron in the blood, serum is used as biological material, that is, blood is taken without anticoagulant in dry new Test tube, never in contact with detergent.

Functions of iron in the blood and biological value of the element

Why is such close attention to the gland in the blood, why do this element relate to vital components and why without it can not do a living organism? It's all about the functions that iron performs:

1. Ferrum concentrated in the blood (hemoglobin gem) participates in tissue breathing;
2. The microelement (as part of) in the muscles provides normal activity of skeletal muscles.

The main functions of iron in the blood coincide with one of the main tasks of the blood itself and contained in it. Blood (erythrocytes and hemoglobin) takes off from the external environment into light oxygen and transports it to the most remote corners of the human body, and the carbon dioxide resulting as a result of the respiratory fabrics to remove from the body.

scheme: MyShared, Efremova S.A.

In this way, the gland belongs to the key role in the respiratory activities of hemoglobin, moreover, this applies only to a bivalent ion (Fe ++). The conversion of bivalent iron into the trivalent and formation of a very strong compound called methmoglobin (Methb) occurs under the influence of strong oxidizers. Degeneratively altered erythrocytes containing Methb begin to collapse (), so they cannot perform their respiratory functions - for the body fabrics it comes acute hypoxia.

The person himself synthesize this chemical element does not know how to bring iron in its body: meat, fish, vegetable and fruit. However, we can absorb iron from plant sources with difficulty, but vegetables and fruits containing ascorbic acid in large quantities increase the absorption of a trace element from animal products in 2-3 times.

FE is absorbed in the 12-risen intestine and in the course of the small intestine, and the iron deficiency in the body contributes to enhanced suction, and the surplus causes the blocking of this process. The thick intestine is not sucking. During the day, we assimilate an average of 2- 2.5 mg Fe, but the female body of this element needs almost 2 times more than male, because monthly losses are quite tangible (1 mg of iron is lost with 2 mg of blood).

Increased content

The increased iron content in, exactly, as well as the lack of a serum element, indicates certain pathological conditions of the body.

Given that we have a mechanism that prevents the suction of the extra amount of iron, it can be reduced by the formation of ferrum as a result of pathological reactions somewhere in the body (enhanced decay of red blood cells and the release of iron ions) or a breakdown of the mechanism regulating receipt. Increasing the level of iron makes it seems:

• of various origins (, aplastic,);
• Excessive absorption in the gastrointestinal tract with a disturbance of the restrictive mechanism (hemochromatosis).
• due to multiple blood transfusion or overdose of ferrum-containing drugs used to treat and prevent iron deficiency states (intramuscular or intravenous administration).
• Failure of blood formation in the bone marrow at the stage of incorporating iron into erythrocyte predecessors (Sideroichreniic anemia, lead poisoning, the use of oral contraceptives).
• Liver lesions (viral and acute hepatitis Any origin, acute liver necrosis, chronic cholecystitis, various hepatopathy).

When determining iron in the blood, it is necessary to bear in mind the cases when the patient for a long time (2 - 3 months) received iron-containing drugs in tablets.

Lack of iron in the body

Due to the fact that this trace element we ourselves do not produce, we often do not look behind the nutrition and composition of the products (only it was tasty), over time, our body begins to experience the deficit of iron.

FE disadvantage is accompanied by various symptoms of Malokrovia:, dizziness, flickering flies in front of the eyes, pallor and dry skin, hair loss, nail fragility and many other troubles. The reduced value of iron in the blood may be a consequence of many reasons:

1. An alimentary deficit that develops as a result of a low intake of the element with food (veganness preference or, on the contrary, the passion for fatty products that do not contain iron, or the transition to a dairy diet containing calcium and preventing FE absorption).
2. High needs of the body in any microelements (children up to 2 years of life, teenagers, pregnant women and nursing mothers) lead to reduced content Their in the blood (iron is in the first place).
3. Iron deficiency anemia as a result of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract that impede normal iron absorption in the intestine: gastritis with reduced secretory ability, enteritis, enterocolites, neoplasms in the stomach and intestines, operational interventions with resection of the stomach or plot thin gut (resorption deficit).
4. Redistributive deficit on the background of inflammatory, purulent-septic and other infections, fast-growing tumors, osteomyelitis, (absorption of iron from plasma by cellular elements of the mononuclear phagocytic system) - In the analysis of blood, the amount of FE will, of course, reduced.
5. Excessive accumulation of hemosiderin in the tissues of internal organs (hemosiderosis) entails a low level of iron in the plasma, which is very noticeable in the examination of the patient's serum.
6. Lack of erythropoietin in kidneys as a manifestation of chronic renal failure (CPN) or other kidney pathology.
7. Enhanced iron removal with urine with nephrotic syndrome.
8. The cause of the low content of iron in the blood and development of the Waiver can be long bleeding (nasal, gantry, during menstruation, from hemorrhoidal nodes, etc.).
9. Active blood formation with significant use of the element.
10. Cirrhosis, liver cancer. Other malignant and some benign (uterine mioma) tumors.
11. Stagnation of bile in biliary ways (cholestasis) with the development of a common jaundice.
12. The lack of ascorbic acid in the diet, which contributes to the absorption of iron from other products.

How to raise?

In order to increase the level of iron in the blood, you need to accurately designate the reason for its decline. After all, you can use how many trace elements with food, but all the efforts will be in vain, if their suction is broken.

Thus, we will only provide a transit on the gastrointestinal tract, but we will not recognize the true cause of the low content of Fe in the body, so first you need to go through a comprehensive examination and listen to the recommendations of the attending physician.

And we can only advise to increase the diet with a saturated iron:

• Eating meat products (veal, beef, hot lamb, rabbit). The poultry meat is not particularly rich in the element, but if you choose, the turkey and goose will fit better. Lard Absolutely does not contain iron, so it should not be considered.
• Many Fe in the liver of various animals, which is not surprising, she is a hematopoietic organ, however, while the liver is a detoxification body, therefore, an excessive passion can be unpleasant.
• There are no iron in the eggs or not enough, but they marked a large content of vitamins B12, B1 and phospholipids.

• Buckwheat is recognized as a better cereal.
• Cottage cheese, cheese, milk, white breadBeing calcium-containing products, iron absorption is inhibited, so these products should be consumed separately from a diet aimed at combating low farrum.
• To increase the absorption of the element in the intestine, you will have to dilute the protein diet with vegetables and fruits containing ascorbic acid (vitamin C). It concentrates in citrus (lemon, orange) and sauerkraut in large quantities. In addition, some vegetable products themselves are rich in iron (apples, prunes, peas, beans, spinach), but from food not animal origin Iron is absorbed very limited.

With increasing iron with the help of a diet, you do not need to be afraid that it will be too much. This will not happen, because we have a mechanism that will not allow an excessive increase if, of course, it works correctly.

Video: Plot about iron and iron deficiency anemia

Iron is one of the most important trace elements for the body, as it participates in the process of blood formation, immune protection, is part of the composition of hormones and various enzymes. General analysis Hemoglobin blood (iron content) is an indicative method of detecting deviations in health. In women, due to the peculiarities of their physiology, the lack of iron in the body may arise due to abundant monthly, during pregnancy or diseases of the organs of the sexual sphere. Therefore, it is especially important to eat correctly to replenish the deficit.

1. Transportation of oxygen. The iron is part of the hemoglobin of blood, the protein from which red blood cells are built. Hemoglobin is capable of reversible reaction with oxygen, carrying it with a blood flow from the lungs to the tissues of other organs. Here he gives oxygen necessary for the flow of vital biochemical processes. The resulting carbon dioxide with hemoglobin is displayed through light outwards. Provides "breathing" cells.
2. Synthesis of proteins and enzymes. Participates in the reactions of the formation of proteins and enzymes necessary for the implementation of metabolism, the destruction of toxins in the liver, the creation of DNA, the synthesis of blood cells. The composition of blood, the level of leukocytes that perform the function of protection against infection depends on the content of iron.
3. Synthesis of hormones. Iron is a necessary component of the creation of hormones thyroid gland. With the help of these hormones and with the participation of the nervous and immune systems The work of the heart, kidneys, brain and other organs is regulated.

The daily need for gland for women is 18 μg (for men - 10 μg). During pregnancy, it is twice as much. The reason for this is hormonal changes that lead to a fluid delay, blood dilution, a decrease in hemoglobin concentration. The body begins to spend iron from "stocks" contained in muscle tissue, bone marrow, liver. This leads to increased fatigue, susceptibility to infectious diseases, disorder nervous system. For fetal growth, cell construction is also required iron. The deficit affects its development.

Iron is contained in the blood (about 68%), as well as liver, muscles, brain, spleen. The total amount in the tissues is approximately 3.5 grams.

Causes of iron deficiency in women

Lack of iron in the body may result from two factors: increased iron consumption and its insufficient receipt.

Increased consumption of iron

One of the reasons for increasing the flow rate in the body can be a big loss of blood. In women, during one menstruation, about 80 ml of blood stands out in the norm. If there are dysfunctional disorders associated with diseases of the reproductive system (endometriosis, uterine mioma, adenomyosis), uterine bleeding occurs. They also appear due to damage to blood vessels, abortion, childbirth. Reducing the volume of circulating blood leads to iron deficiency anemia (Malokrovia).

Video: symptoms of anemia how to increase hemoglobin

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