The human body is a reasonable and fairly balanced mechanism.

Among all the well-known science of infectious diseases, a special place is given to infectious mononucleosis ...

About the disease that official medicine calls "angina region", the world has already been known for a long time.

Pig (scientific name - epidemic vapotitis) is called an infectious disease ...

The hepatic colic is a typical manifestation of gallstone disease.

The edema of the brain is the consequences of excessive loads of the body.

There are no people in the world who have never been sick orvi (acute respiratory viral diseases) ...

A healthy human body is able to assimage as many salts obtained with water and food ...

Burst of the knee joint is a widespread disease among athletes ...

IN thin intestines Which environment

Small intestine

The delicate intestine is made to divide on a duodenum, skinny and small intestine.

Academician A. M. Vodelv called the duodenum "Hypothalamic-pituitary system abdominal cavity" The following factors are produced in it that regulate the body's energy exchange and appetite.

1. Transition from gastric digestion to intestinal. Outside the digestive period, the duodenal content has a weakly alkaline reaction.

2. There are several important digestive ducts from the liver and pancreas in the cavity of the duodenum from the liver and pancreas and their own Brunner and Liborkyanovs, located in the thickness of the mucous membrane.

3. Three main types of digestion: Handy, membrane and intracellular under the action of secrets of the pancreas, bile and its own juices.

4. Suction of nutrients and selection of some unnecessary blood.

5. Development of intestinal hormones and biologically active substances that have both digestive and non-usevatory effects. For example, hormones are formed in the mucous membrane of the duodenum: secretine excites the secretion of the pancreas and bile; Cholecystokinin stimulates the gallbladder motorcy, opens the bull duct; Willoccinin excites the motorcy of the pork of the small intestine, etc.

Skinny and small intestines have a length of about 6 m. The glands are isolated up to 2 liters of juice per day. The total surface of the inner shell of the intestine, taking into account the villi, is about 5 m2, which is about three times the outer surface of the body. That is why processes occur here, requiring a large amount of free energy, that is, associated with the assimilation (absorption) of food - a honey and membrane digestion, as well as suction.

The delicious intestine is the most important body of the internal secretion. It discovered 7 types of different endocrine cells, each of which produces a certain hormone.

The walls of the small intestine have a complex structure. The cells of the mucosa have up to 4000 grows - microvones that form a rather dense "brush". By 1 mm2 of the surface of the intestinal epithelium of them about 50-200 million! Such a structure is called brush border - not only sharply increases the suction surface of intestinal cells (20-60 times), but also determines the many functional features of processes in it.

In turn, the surface of the microvascular is covered with glycocalix. It consists of numerous thin winding threads forming an additional premium layer, which fills the pores between microvills. These threads are the product of the activity of intestinal cells (enterocytes) and "grow" from the membranes of microvones. The diameter of the threads is 0.025-0.05 μm, and the layer thickness along the outer surface of the intestinal cells is approximately 0.1-0.5 μm.

Glycocalix with microwaves plays the role of a porous catalyst, its value is that it increases the active surface. In addition, microvils are involved in the transfer of substances during the operation of the catalyst in cases where the pores have approximately the same dimensions as the molecules. In addition, microvils are able to shrink and relax in the rhythm 6 times a minute, which increases the speed of both digestion and suction. The glycocalix is \u200b\u200bcharacterized by significant aqueous insight (hydrophilicity), gives the transfer processes a directional (vector) and qualifying (selective) character, and further reduces the flow of antigens and toxins into the inner medium of the body.

Digestion in the small intestine. The process of digestion in the small intestine is complicated and easy to break. With the help of heavy digestion, mainly the initial stages of hydrolysis of proteins, fats, carbohydrates and other nutrients (food substances) are carried out mainly. In the brush bucks the hydrolysis of molecules (monomers) flows. On the membrane, the microwaves are concluding stages of hydrolysis, followed by suction.

What are the features of this digestion?

1. High free energy appears on the border of water - air, oil - water, etc. Due to the large surface of the small intestine, there are more powerful processes here, so a large amount of free energy is required.

The condition in which the substance is located (food mass), on the border of the phases (about the brush kayma in the pores of the glycocalcalis) differs from the state of this substance in the amount (in the oral cavity) in many terms, in particular in terms of energy. As a rule, surface food molecules have greater energy than in the phase depth.

2. Organic substances (food) reduce surface tension and, therefore, assemble at the phase border. Favorable conditions are created for the transition of food substances from the middle of the chimus (food mass) to the surface of the intestine (intestinal cell), that is, from the strip-to-membrane digestion.

3. The selective separation of positive and adversely charged foods on the border of the phases leads to the emergence of significant phase potential, while the molecules on the boundary of the surface are in most in the oriented state, and in the depths in chaotic.

4. Enzymatic systems that provide private digestion are included in the cell membranes in the form of ordered in space systems. From here, the necessary molecules of food monomers oriented due to the presence of phase potential are sent to the active center of enzymes.

5. At the final stage of digestion, when monomers are formed, affordable bacteria that inhabit the intestine, it occurs in the ultrastructures of the brush border. Bacteria do not penetrate there: their size is a few microns, and the size of the brush kayma is much less - 100-200 angstroms. Brush kaym performs the functions of a peculiar bacterial filter. Thus, the final stages of hydrolysis and the initial stages of suction occur in sterile conditions.

6. The intensity of membrane digestion varies widely and depends on the speed of fluid movement (chimus) relative to the surface of the small intestinal mucosa. Therefore, the normal intestinal motor plays an extreme role in maintaining the high speed of clutch digestion. If even the enzymatic layer is preserved, then the weakness of the mixing movements of the small intestine or too fast passage of food through it reduces the wear digestion.

The above mechanisms contribute to the fact that with the help of extension digestion, mainly the initial stages of cleavage of proteins, fats, carbohydrates and other food substances are carried out mainly. The cleavage of molecules (monomers) flows in the brush kaym, that is, an intermediate stage. On the membrane, microorusok are the final stages of splitting with subsequent suction.

So that food in the small intestine is processed effectively, the amount of dietary mass should be well balanced over time of its movement along the entire intestine. In this regard, the digestive processes and suction of nutrients are divided throughout the small intestine unevenly, respectively, enzymes, processing those or other food components are located. So, fat, in food, significantly affects the suction and assimilation of foods in the small intestine.

Next chapter

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Signs for the disease of the small intestine

The most common diseases of the small intestine are the causes of their occurrence, the main manifestations, the principles of diagnosis and correct treatment. Is it possible to cure these diseases yourself?

A few words in the anatomy and physiology of the small intestine as a department of the human digestive system

In order for a person to be able to understand the essence of the diseases and the basic principles of their treatment, it is necessary to understand at least the most basics of the morphology of the bodies and the principles of their functioning. The delicious intestine is located mainly in the epigastric and mesogastheal departments of the abdomen (that is, in the upper and medium), consists of three conditional departments (duodenal, skinny and iliac), in the downward duodenum duodenum opens the liver and pancreatic ducts (they highlight the lumen The intestines are their secrets in order to carry out the normal process of digestion). The slim intestine binds the stomach and a large intestine. A very important feature that affects the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract is that in the stomach and in a thick intestine an acidic medium, and in the small intestine - alkaline. This feature is provided by a pyloric sphincter (on the border of the stomach and duodenum), as well as the ileocecular valve - the boundary between the thin and thick intestines.

It was in this anatomical department of the gastrointestinal tract that the processes of cleavage of proteins, fats and carbohydrates to molecules of monomers (amino acids, glucose, fatty acids) that are absorbed by special cells of the system of intricate digestion and with blood current are spread throughout the body.

The main manifestations and symptoms, which are characterized by any pathology of the small intestine

Like any other disease of the gastrointestinal tract, all pathologies of the small intestine are manifested by dyspeptic syndrome (that is, this concept includes the bloating, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, rumbling, flatulence, stool violation, weight loss and so on). It is amazed to understand what the small intestine is amazed by an unetebled alone is quite problematic, for several reasons:

1. The symptoms of the manifestations of the diseases of the thin and large intestines have a lot of common among them;
2. In addition to the fact that there may be problems directly with the delicate intestine itself, often pathology is associated with a violation of the functioning of other organs with which the delicious intestine is associated anatomically and functionally (in most cases, it is a liver, pancreas or stomach).
3. Pathological phenomena can have a mutually precious effect, it can significantly affect the clinic. So, as a rule, a person far from medicine will say that he simply has a stomach hurts, and there are no incomprehensible problems with the small intestine.

What are the diseases of the small intestine and what can they be connected with?

In most cases, pathological manifestations arising from problems with the small intestine due to two moments:

1. Maldigesty - disruption of digestion;
2. Malabsorption is a violation of suction.

It should be noted that these pathologies may have a rather difficult course. With a pronounced violation of digestion or absorption, there will be signs of a significant lack of nutrients, vitamins, macro and trace elements. The person will begin to lose weight, the pallor of the skin will be marked, hair loss, apathy, instability to infectious diseases.

It is necessary to understand that both of these syndromocomplex are manifestations of some etiological process, that is, phenomena, secondary. There is, of course, congenital enzymatic failure (for example, unsuccessful lactose), but this process is a severe hereditary pathology that is necessarily manifested in the first days of life. In most cases, all disorders of digestion and suction have their own root causes:

1. Enzymatic insufficiency, due to any pathology of the liver, pancreas (or the Fatter Pacific, which opens into the lumen of the duodenum - through it it enters the delicate intestine bile and pancreas juice; what is the most interesting - the lion's share of all malignant formationsarising in the small intestine due to the defeat of this structure).
2. Resection (removal by conducting surgery) of a large portion of the small intestine. In this case, all problems are associated with the fact that the suction area is simply not large enough to supply the human body with the necessary amount of nutrients.
3. Endocrine pathology affecting metabolism processes can also cause digestive impairment (in most cases it is diabetes or disruption thyroid gland).
4. Chronic inflammatory processes.
5. Irregular nutrition (consumption of a large amount of oily and fried food, irregular nutrition).
6. Psychosomatic nature. Everyone perfectly remembers the saying that all our diseases are from the "nerves". It is all that is. Short-term strong stress, and constant neuropsychiatric overvoltage at work and at home, with a large share of probability can cause a digestive syndrome associated with impaired absorption or digestion. It should be noted that in this case, Maldigesty and Malabsorption can be considered independent nosological units (that is, diseases, it is easier to express). In other words, a kind of diagnosis is exhibited - an exception. That is, when carrying out additional methods of the examination, it is impossible to identify any root cause of the factor, which makes it possible to talk about a certain etiology (origin) of pathological changes in the functioning of the small intestine.

Another, more dangerous and fairly common disease of the subtle intestine is the duodenal ulcer (its bulbaric department). The same chelicobacter pylori, as in the stomach, everything is unchanged, similar symptoms and manifestations. Headaches, belching and bleeding of blood in feces. Very dangerous complications are possible, such as perforation (the holes in the duodenum with the ingress of its contents into the sterile abdominal cavity and the development of peritonitis in the subsequent) or the pennomation (due to the progression of the pathological process, the so-called "soldering" with a nearby organ) occurs. Naturally, it is preceded by an ulcer of a duodenal duodenitis duodenitis, developing, as a rule, due to improper power - its manifestations will be in periodic abdominal pain, belching and heartburn. It should be noted that due to the peculiarities of the modern lifestyle, this pathology becomes increasingly distributed, especially in developed countries.

A few words regarding all other diseases of the small intestine

The above lists pathologies that make up the lion's share of all diseases from all diseases that may be associated with this department of the gastrointestinal tract. However, it is necessary to remember other pathologies - gliscate invasions, neoplasms of various divisions of the small intestine, foreign bodies that can get into this gastrointestinal department. To date, the helminthoses are relatively rare (mainly in children and residents of the countryside). The frequency of damage to malignant neoplasms of the small intestine is negligible (most likely, this is due to the high specialization of cells, lining the inner wall of this intestinal department), foreign bodies They reach the duodenal intestine very rarely - in most cases, their "Promotion" ends in the stomach or esophagus.

What do you need to do a person if it has notes a dyspeptic syndrome for a long period of time?

The most important thing is to respond in time on the alarming symptoms (pain, belching, heartburn, blood impurities in feces) and will contact a doctor. Understand the most important thing, gastroenterological pathology is not the area where it can "go through itself" or can be eliminated by self-treatment. This is not a runny nose and not chickenpoxwhere the human immunity itself will destroy the disease.

Initially, you must pass several analyzes and pass additional examination methods. Mandatory complex includes:

• General blood test, biochemical blood test with the determination of the renal and hepatic complex;
• General urine analysis;
• Analysis of the feces on the eggs of worms and a coprocytogram;
• Ultrasound of the abdominal organs;
• Consultation of the gastroenterologist.

This list of surveys will allow you to confirm or eliminate most of the most common diseases of the small intestine, establish the cause of pain, belching, meteorism, weight loss and other, most typical symptoms. However, it is also necessary to remember the need for differential diagnosis with other diseases having similar clinical picture And clarifying the root causes of any disease.

For this (as well as in the case of the slightest suspicion of the tumor process), it is necessary to conduct an endoscopic biopsy with the subsequent histological research, if the pathology of the Fatter Pacific is suggested, with the aim of excluding the concomitant pathology of the Tolstoy Intestine - RectorOnososcopy.

Just making sure 100% is that the correct diagnosis is made, you can proceed to the treatment of the patient, prescribe medicinal products from pain and other symptoms.

Basic principles of therapy (treatment)

Considering that the treatment of gastroenterological pathology should be engaged in the therapist together with the gastroenterologist, then any specific recommendations in terms of drugs of drug therapy (treatment of pills and injections, it is easier to express) not entirely correctly. The most important thing is that the patient must remember - the basis of the treatment of most causes of dyspeptic syndrome is the correction of nutrition and psychological balance, elimination of stress factors. Preparations will only be prescribed by the attending physician. Other drugs are strictly prohibited, self-treatment can lead to irreparable consequences.

So we exclude fried, oily, smoked food and all fast food from the diet and all fast food, go to four-time meals. More rest and smaller stress, positive attitude and strict implementation of all medical destinations - such treatment will bring the expected result.

ATTENTION! All information about medicinal and folk remedies Laid only for familiarization purposes. Be carefull! It is impossible to use drugs without a consultation of the doctor. Do not self-medicate - uncontrolled drugs entails complications and side effects. At first signs of the intestinal disease, be sure to consult a doctor!

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12. Thin Kish

14.7. Digestion in the small intestine

The general patterns of digestion, fair for many species of animals and humans, are the initial digestion of food substances in an acidic medium in the gastric cavity and their subsequent hydrolysis in the neutral or weakly alkaline medium of the small intestine.

The octication of the acidic gastric chimus in the twelfth gum with bile, pancreas and intestinal juices, on the one hand, ceases the effect of gastric pepsin, and on the other, it creates the optimum pH for pancreatic and intestinal enzymes.

The initial hydrolysis of foodstuffs in the small intestine is carried out by the enzymes of the pancreas and intestinal juices with a strip digestion, and its intermediate and end stages - with the help of cloth digestion.

The nutrients formed as a result of digestion in the small intestine (mostly monomers) are absorbed into blood and lymph and are used to meet the energy and plastic needs of the body.

14.7.1. Secretor activity of the small intestine

The secretory function is carried out by all the departments of the subtle intestines (duodenum, skinny and iliac).

A. Characteristics of the secretory process. In the proximal part of the duodenum, in its sublifting layer, there are brunner glands, which, in terms of structure and functions, are largely similar to stomach pylorical glands. The juice of the brunner gland is a thick colorless liquid of a weakly alkaline reaction (pH 7.0-8.0), which has a small proteolytic, amylolytic and lipolytic activity. Its main component is mucin, which performs a protective function, covered with a thick layer of the duodenal mucosa. The secretion of the Brunner glands is sharply intensified under the influence of food intake.

Intestinal crypts, or Liborkyovy gland, are laid in the mucous membrane of the duodenal and the rest of the small intestine. They surround every vile. Not only crypts, but also the cells of the entire mucous membrane of the small intestine possess secretory activity. These cells have proliferative activity and replenish the rejected epithelial cells on the vertices of the veins. Within 24-36 hours, they move from the crypt of the mucous membrane to the top of the veins, where the des-quamations are subjected (the morphonotic type of secretion). Entering the cavity of the small intestine, epithelial cells disintegrate and give the enzymes contained in them into the surrounding fluid, due to which they are involved in a strip digestion. A complete update of the cells of the surface epithelium in humans occurs on average for 3 days. Intestinal epitheliocytes that cover the Village on the apical surface is a barreered kaima formed by microvills with glycocalix, which increases their absorption capacity. In the membranes, microvones and glycocalce are intestinal enzymes transported from entero-quits, as well as adsorbed from the cavity of the small intestine, which take part in the ribbon digestion. Boxing cells produce a mucosa secret with proteolytic activity.

Intestinal secretion includes two independent process - separation of liquid and dense parts. The dense part of the intestinal juice is insoluble in water, it represents

it is mostly deskvamany epithelial cells. It is the dense part that contains the bulk of enzymes. The abbreviations of the intestine contribute to the haunted cells close to the renewal stage, and the formation of pieces of lumps. Along with this, the small intestine is capable of intensively separateing liquid juice.

B. Composition, volume and properties of intestinal juice. Intestinal juice is a product of the entire mucous membrane of the small intestine and is a turbid, viscous liquid that includes a dense part. During the day, humans are separated by 2.5 l of intestinal juice.

The liquid part of the intestinal juice separated from the dense part by centrifugation consists of water (98%) and dense substances (2%). The dense residue is represented by inorganic and organic substances. The main anions of the liquid part of the intestinal juice are SG and NSOs. The change in the concentration of one of them is accompanied by the opposite shift in the content of another anion. Significantly less concentration in the juice of inorganic phosphate. Among the cations are dominated by Na +, K + and Ca2 +.

Liquid part of the intestinal juice of isosmo-tich blood plasma. The pH value in the upper portion of the small intestine is 7.2-7.5, and with an increase in the speed of secretion can reach 8.6. Organic substances of the liquid part of the intestinal juice are represented by mucus, proteins, amino acids, urea and lactic acid. The content in it enzymes is small.

The dense part of the intestinal juice is a yellowish-gray mass, having a type of mucous lumps, which include disintegrating epithelial cells, their fragments, leukocytes and mucus produced by glass-like cells. The mucus forms a protective layer that protects the intestinal mucosa from an excessive mechanical and chemical irritant effect of intestinal chimus. In the composition of intestinal mucus there are adsorbed enzymes. The dense part of the intestinal juice has significantly greater enzymatic activity than liquid. More than 90% of the entire secrecy enterocinate and most of other intestinal enzymes are contained in a dense part of the juice. The main part of the enzymes is synthesized in the mucous membrane of the small intestine, but some of their number enters its cavity from the blood by recreation.

B. Falcant's enzymes and their role in digestion. In the intestinal secret and mucous

the shell of the small intestine contains more than 20 enzymes participating in digestion. Most of the enzymes of intestinal juice exercise the final stages of digestion of foodstuffs started under the action of enzymes of other digestive juices (saliva, gastric and pancreas). In turn, the participation of intestinal enzymes in a strip digestion prepares the initial substrates for the on-sleep digestion.

The composition of the intestinal juice contains the same enzymes that are formed in the mucous membrane of the small intestine. However, the activity of enzymes involved in a strip and ribbon digestion can differ significantly and depends on their solubility, the ability to adsorption and the strength of communication with the membranes of the microorocyte microorocytes. Many enzymes (leucine-nonopeptidase, alkaline phosphatase, nuclease, nucleotidase, phospholipase, lipase], synthesized by epithelial cells of the small intestine, show their hydrolytic effect at first in the brush border crossing zone of enterocytes (membrane digestion), and then after their rejection and decay, enzymes go to The contents of the small intestine and are involved in a strip digestion. Enterokinaza, well-soluble in water, easily moves from deskvamated epitheliocytes into a liquid part of the intestinal juice, where the maximum proteo-lithic activity shows, ensuring the activation of trypsinogen and ultimately all the proteases of the pancreas. in large The quantities are present in the secret of the delictine leucinopeptidide, which cleaves the peptides of various values \u200b\u200bto form an amino acid. In the intestinal juice, there is a cathps, hydrolyzing proteins in a weakly acidic medium. Alkaline phosphatase guide-rolls mono esters of orthophosphoric acid. Sour phosphatase has a similar effect. E in an acidic environment. In the secreet of the small intestine there are nucleases, depolymeric nucleic acids, and nucleotidase, dephosphorylating mononucleotides. Phospholipase splits phospholipids of the most intestinal juice. Cholesterinesterase splits cholesterol esters in the bowel cavity and thereby prepares it to suck. The secret of the small intestine has a weakly pronounced lipolytic and amylolithic activity.

The main part of the intestinal enzymes takes part in the tribal digestion. As a result of a strip

digestions Under the action of Os-amylase of the pancreas juice, hydrolysis of carbohydrates are subjected to further cleavage of intestinal oligosaccharidases and disaccharide-omnocytes on the membranes of brush kayma enterocytes. Enzymes that carry out the final stage of hydrolysis of carbohydrates are synthesized directly in intestinal cells, localized and firmly fixed on the membranes of microorocytes. The activity of membrane-bound enzymes is extremely high, therefore, the limiting link in the absorption of carbohydrates is not their splitting, but the absorption of monosaccharides.

In the small intestine continues and ends on the membranes of the brush border of enterocytes, the hydrolysis of peptides under the action of amino-nopeptidase and dipeptidases, resulting in amino acids entering the blood vein blood.

Priest hydrolysis of lipids carry out intestinal monoglyceridlipase.

The enzyme spectrum of the mucous membrane of the small intestine and intestinal juice changes under the influence of power regimes to a lesser extent, rather than the stomach and pancreas. In particular, the formation of lipase in the intestine mucous membrane does not change with neither elevated nor with a reduced fat content in food.

14.7.2. Regulation of intestinal secretion

Meal intake brakes the separation of intestinal juice. This reduces the separation of both liquid and dense parts of the juice without changing the concentration of enzymes in it. Such a reaction of the secretory apparatus of the small intestine for food intake is biologically advisable, because eliminates the loss of intestinal juice, including enzymes, until the chims flow into this intestinal section. In this regard, in the process of evolution, regulation mechanisms were produced, providing a separation of intestinal juice in response to local irritation of the mucous membrane of the small intestine during its direct contact with intestinal chimus.

The oppression of the secretory function of the small intestine during meals is due to the brake influences of the CNS, which reduce the reaction of the ferrous apparatus on the effect of humoral and local stimulating factors. The exception is the secretion of the brunner duodenal gland, which is enhanced during the act of food.

Excitation wandering nerves Enhances the secretion of enzymes in intestinal juice, but does not affect the amount of juice separated. Ho-linomimetic substances have a stimulating effect on intestinal secretion, and sympathomimetic substances - inhibiting influence.

In the regulation of intestinal secretion, local mechanisms have leading importance. Local mechanical irritation of the mucous membrane of the small intestine causes an increase in the separation of the liquid part of the juice, which is not accompanied by a change in the content of enzymes in it. Natural chemical stimulants of the secretion of the small intestine are products of digestion of proteins, fats, pancreas juice. The local exposure to food digestion products causes an intestinal juice that is rich in enzymes.

Hormones enterocrinin and duokrinin, produced in the mucous membrane of the small intestine, stimulate the secretion of librice and brunner glands, respectively. Enhance the intestinal secretion of the High, VIP, Motin, whereas somatostatin has an inhibitory effect on it.

The hormones of the adrenal cortex (cortisone and deoxykorticosterone) stimulate the secretion of adaptable intestinal enzymes, contributing to a more complete realization of nerve influences governing the intensity of the production and the ratio of various enzymes in the composition of intestinal juice.

14.7.3. Hanging and trim digestion in the small intestine

Hard digestion occurs in all digestive tract. As a result of heavy digestion in the stomach partial hydrolysis, up to 50% of carbohydrates and up to 10% proteins are subjected to partial hydrolysis. The forms of maltose and polypeptides in the composition of the gastric chimus are coming to the duodenum. Together with them are evacuated by carbohydrates, proteins and fats with hydrolysis.

Admission to the small intestine of the bile, pancreas and intestinal juices containing a complete set of enzymes (carbohydresses, proteases and lipases) necessary for hydrolysis of carbohydrates, proteins and fats, provides high efficiency and reliability of the strip digestion with optimal values \u200b\u200bof the pH of intestinal content throughout the small intestine (about 4 m). By-

the salmon digestion in the small intestine occurs both in the liquid phase of the intestinal chimus, and on the border of the phases: on the surface of food particles, unfolded epitheliocytes and floccula (flakes) formed by the interaction of acidic gastric chimus and alkaline duodenal content. Extensive digestion provides hydrolysis of various substrates, including large molecules and supramolecular aggregations, resulting in mainly oligo-measures.

Priest digestion is consistently carried out in the layer of mucous overlays, glycicalce and on the apical membranes of enterocytes.

Pancreatic and intestinal enzymes that are adsorbed from the cavity of the small intestine with a layer of intestinal mucus and glycocalix, implement mainly intermediate stages of hydrolysis of food substances. The oligomers are formed by the resulting digestion pass through a layer of mucous overlays and the glycicalis zone, which is subjected to partial hydrolytic cleavage. Hydrolysis products come on the apical membranes of enterocytes in which intestinal enzymes are built, carrying out the membrane digestion - hydrolysis of dimers to the monomer stage.

The membrane digestion occurs on the surface of the brush border of the epithelium of the small intestine. It is carried out by enzymes fixed on the membranes of the microorocytes - on the border separating the extracellular medium from intracellular. Enzymes synthesized by intestinal cells are transferred to the surface of the membranes of microvones (oligo and disachary-dhadase, peptidase, monoglyceridelipase, phos fatases). The active centers of enzymes are definitely oriented towards the surface of the membrane and cavity, which is a characteristic feature of membrane digestion. The membrane digestion is ineffective in relation to major molecules, but is a very effective mechanism for splitting small molecules. With the help of membrane digestion, hydrolyas are up to 80-90% of peptide and glycoside ties.

Hydrolysis on the membrane - on the border of intestinal cells and chimus occurs on a huge surface with submicroscopic porosity. Microhovers on the surface of the intestine turn it into a porous catalyst.

The intestinal enzymes are located on the enterocyte membranes in close proximity to the transport systems responsible for suction processes, which ensures the conjugation of the final stage of digestion of the nutrients and the initial stage of the absorption of monomers.

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Microflora gt.

The normal microflora (normoflora) of the gastrointestinal tract is a prerequisite for the life of the body. The microflora of the gastrointestinal tract in modern understanding is considered as a man's microbi ...

Normoflore (microflora in good condition) or normal microflora (eubiosis) is a qualitative and quantitative relationship of various populations of individual organs and systems that support biochemical, metabolic and immunological equilibrium necessary to preserve human health. The most important feature of microflora is its participation in the formation of the body's resistance to various diseases and ensuring the prevention of the colonization of the human body with outsiders in foreign microorganisms.

In any microbiocenosis, including intestinal, there are always permanent inhabiting types of microorganisms belonging to the so-called. bond microflora (synonyms: main, autochthonne, indigenous, resident, mandatory microflora) - 90%, as well as additional (concomitant or optional microflora) - about 10% and transient (random species, alchton, residual microflora) - 0.01%

Those. The entire intestine microflora is divided into:

• bondnut - Home or Mandatory Microflora. The composition of permanent microflora includes anaerobics: bifidobacteria, propionibacteria, bacteroids, peptopulation and aerobes: lactobacteria, enterococci, escherichia (intestinal sticks), which make up about 90% of the total number of microorganisms;
• optional - concomitant or added microflora: saprophistic and conditionally pathogenic microflora. Presented by saprophytes (peptococci, staphylococci, streptococci, bacillos, yeast mushrooms) and aero and anaerobic bacillos. Patogenic Enterobacteriums include representatives of the family of intestinal bacteria: Klebsiella, protea, citrobacter, enterobacter, etc. is about 10% of the total number of microorganisms;
• residual (including transient) - random microorganisms, less than 1% of the total number of microorganisms.

In the stomach, microflora contains little, much greater than it in the subtle intestinal department and especially many in the colon. It is worth noting that the suction of fat-soluble substances naive vitamins And trace elements takes place mainly in the Torkychka. Therefore, the systematic inclusion in the diet of probiotic products and biodeadows, which contain microorganisms, regulating the processes of intestinal suction, becomes a very effective tool in the prevention and treatment of alimentary diseases.

Intestinal suction is the process of receipt of various compounds through the cell layer in blood and lymph, as a result of which the body receives all the substances they need.

The most intense absorption occurs in the small intestine. Due to the fact that small arteries are penetrated into each intestinal cessink, the absorbed nutrients easily penetrate into liquid mediums of the body. Glucose and split proteins sprung to amino acids are absorbed into blood media. Blood, carrier glucose and amino acid, is sent to the liver, where carbohydrate deposition occurs. Fatty acids and glycerin - a product of fats refining under the influence of bile - absorbed in lymph and already from there fall into the circulatory system.

In the figure on the left (the scheme of the plot of the small intestine): 1 - cylindrical epithelium, 2 - central lymphatic vessel, 3 - cape network, 4 - mucous membrane, 5 - submucous shell, 6 - muscle mucosal plate, 7 - intestinal iron, 8 - lymphatic channel.

One of the values \u200b\u200bof the microflora of the large intestine is that it is involved in the final decomposition of renewable foods. In the thick intestine, the digestion is completed by hydrolysis of non-digestible residues of food. During hydrolysis in the thick intestine, enzymes are involved, which come from the small intestine, and the enzymes of intestinal bacteria. The absorption of water, mineral salts (electrolytes), splitting plant fiber, formation kALOV MASS..

Microflora plays a significant (!) Role in the peristalsis, secretion, suction and cellular composition of the intestine. Microflora participates in the decomposition of enzymes and other biologically active substances. The normal microflora provides colonization resistance - protection of the intestinal mucosa from pathogenic bacteria, suppressing pathogenic microorganisms and preventing the initiation of the body. Bacteria enzymes split fiber fibers, untapped in the small intestine. Intestinal flora synthesizes vitamin K and group vitamins, a number of essential amino acids and enzymes the necessary organism. With the participation of microflora in the body, proteins, fats, carbon, bile and fatty acids, cholesterol, are inactivated by procancelogens (substances that can cause cancer), excess foods are recycled and cavalous masses are formed. The role of normoflora is extremely important for the host organism, which is why its violation (dysbacteriosis) and the development of dysbiosis as a whole leads to serious diseases Metabolic and immunological nature.

The composition of microorganisms in certain intestinal departments depends on many factors:

lifestyle, nutrition, viral and bacterial infections, as well as medicia treatment, especially acceptance of antibiotics. Many gastrointestinal diseases, including inflammatory, can also disturb the intestinal ecosystem. The result of this imbalance is frequently encountered digestive problems: bloating, dyspepsia, constipation or diarrhea, etc.

See additionally:

Composition of normal microflora

The intestinal microflora is an unusually complex ecosystem. One individual has at least 17 families of bacteria, 50 bodies, 400-500 species and an indefinite number of subspecies. The intestine microflora is divided into obligate (microorganisms that are constantly included in the normal flora and playing an important role in metabolism and anti-infective protection) and optional (microorganisms often found from healthy people, but being conditionally pathogenic, i.e. capable of causing diseases with a decrease in the resistance of macroorganism). The dominant representatives of bond microflora are bifidobacteria.

Barrier Action and Immune Protection

It is difficult to overestimate the importance of microflora for the body. Thanks to the achievements of modern science, it is known that the normal intestinal microflora takes part in the splitting of proteins, fats and carbohydrates, creates conditions for the optimal flow of digestive and suction processes in the intestine, takes part in the maturation of the cells of the immune system, which ensures the increase in the protective properties of the body, etc. . The two main functions of normal microflora are: barrier from pathogenic agents and stimulation of response immune response:

Barrier action. The intestinal microflora has an overwhelming effect on the reproduction of pathogenic bacteria and thus prevents pathogenic infections.

The process of attaching microorganisms to epithelium cells includes complex mechanisms. Bacteria of intestinal microflora suppress or reduce the adhesion of pathogenic agents by competitive exception.

For example, the bacteria of the trim (mucous) microflora occupy certain receptors on the surface of the epithelial cells. Pathogenic bacteria that could be attached to the same receptors are eliminated from the intestine. Thus, microflora bacteria prevent the penetration into the mucous membrane of pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microbes. Also, bacteria permanent microflora help to maintain intestinal peristalsis and intestinal intestinal integrity. It should be noted that propionic acid bacteria have pretty good adhesive properties and are attached to the intestinal cells very securely, creating a mentioned protective barrier ...

Immune intestinal system. In the intestines of humans, more than 70% of immune cells are concentrated. The main function of the immune system of the intestine is to protect against the penetration of bacteria into the blood. The second function is the elimination of pathogens (pathogenic bacteria). It provides two mechanisms: congenital (inherited by a child from the mother, people from birth have antibodies in the blood) and acquired immunity (appears after entering the blood of alien proteins, for example, after transfer infectious disease).

When contacting with pathogens, it is stimulated by immune protection of the body. The intestinal microflora affects the specific clusters of lymphoid tissue. Due to this, the cellular and humoral immune response is stimulated. The cells of the intestine immune system are actively producing immunolobulin A - protein, which is involved in providing local immunity and is an essential immune response marker.

Antibiotic-like substances. Also, the intestinal microflora produces many antimicrobial substances that depress the reproduction and growth of pathogenic bacteria. With dysbiotic disorders, the intestines are observed not only excessive growth of pathogenic microbes, but also a general decrease in immune protection of the body. Normal intestinal microflora plays a particularly important role in the life of the organism of newborns and children.

Thanks to the production of lysozyme, hydrogen peroxide, milk, acetic, propionic, oil and row of other organic acids and metabolites that reduce the acidity (pH) of the bacterium medium normal microflora are effectively struggling with pathogens. In this competitive struggle of microorganisms for the survival, antibiotic substances of the type of bacteriocinnes and microcins occupy a leading place. Below in the figure on the left: the colony of the acidophilic stick (x 1100), on the right: the destruction of Shigella Flexneri (A) (Schigella Flexner is the form of bacteria, pathogens of dysentery) under the action of bacteriocinproductic acidic chopsticks (x 60000)

See also: Functions of normal intestinal microflora

History of study of the composition of microflora GTS

The history of studying the composition of the microflora of the gastrointestinal tract (gastrointestinal tract) began in 1681, when the Dutch researcher Antoni Van Levenguk for the first time reported on his observations regarding bacteria and other microorganisms found in human feces, and put forward a hypothesis about joint existence different species Bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract.

In 1850, Louis Paster developed the concept about the functional role of bacteria in the fermentation process, and the German doctor Robert Koh continued research in this direction and created a methodology for the release of pure crops, which makes it necessary to identify specific bacterial strains, which is necessary for the distinction of pathogens and useful microorganisms.

In 1886, one of the founders of the teachings on intestinal infections F. Esherich first described the intestinal wand (Bacterium Coli Communae). Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov in 1888, working at the Louis Pasteur Institute, argued that a complex of microorganisms live in the intestine of a person, which put on the body "autointoxic effect", believing that the introduction of the "Justice" bacteria can modify the effect of intestinal microflora and counteracting intoxication . The practical embodiment of the ideas of Mechnikov was the use of acidophilic lactobacilli with therapeutic objectives, started in the United States in 1920-1922. Domestic researchers have begun to study this issue only in the 50s of the 20th century.

In 1955, Pertz L.G. It showed that the intestinal wand of healthy people is one of the main representatives of the normal microflora and plays a positive role due to the strong antagonistic properties in relation to pathogenic microbes. Started more than 300 years ago studies of the composition of the intestinal microbiocenosis, its normal and pathological physiology and the development of methods of positive influence on the intestinal microflora continue and at present.

Man like bacteria habitats

The main biotopes are: gastrointestinal tract (mouth cavity, stomach, small intestine, thick intestine), leather, airways, urogenital system. But the main interest for us here are the authorities digestive systembecause The bulk of a variety of microorganisms dwells there.

The microflora of the gastrointestinal tract is the most representative, the mass of kiishechny microflora in an adult is more than 2.5 kg, with a number - up to 1014 koe / g. It was previously believed that the microbiocenosis of the GCT includes 17 families, 45 clay, more than 500 types of microorganisms (the latest data - about 1500 species) are constantly adjusted.

Taking into account the new data obtained in the study of microflora of various gastabase biotopes using molecular genetic methods and a gas-liquid chromato-mass spectrometry method, the total genome of the BCC bacteria has 400 thousand genes, which is 12 times the size of the human genome.

It was analyzed on the homology of sequenced genes 16S PRNA for antenna (mucous) microflora 400 of various sections of the gastrointestinal tract, obtained during an endoscopic study of various departments of the entire intestine of volunteers.

As a result of the study, it was shown that the intricate and shift microflora includes 395 phylogenetically separate groups of microorganisms, of which 244 are completely new. At the same time, 80% of new taxa identified in a molecular genetic study belong to non-cultivated microorganisms. Most of the alleged new philotypes of microorganisms are representatives of the generics of Firmicutes and Bacteroides. The total number of species is approaching 1500 and requires further clarification.

The gasts through the sphincter system is reported to the external environment of the world around us and simultaneously through the intestinal wall - with an internal environment of the body. Thanks to this feature, the gastrointestinal gastrointestinal tract created its own medium, which can be divided into two separate niches: chimus and mucous membrane. The human digestive system interacts with various bacteria that can be denoted as "endotrofny microflora of a human intestinal biotope." The human endotrophic microflora is divided into three main groups. The first group includes a human-beneficial eubiotic indigenic or eubiotic transient microflora; to the second - neutral microorganisms, constantly or periodically sowing from the intestines, but not affecting human activity; Third - pathogenic or potentially pathogenic bacteria ("aggressive populations").

Hanging and clutch microbiotopes gasts

In the microecological plan, the gastrointestinal biotop can be divided into tiers (mouth cavity, stomach, intestinal deposits) and microbiotop (strip, cloth and epithelial).

The ability to appliqués in the cluster microbiotope, i.e. Histadgeziness (property is fixed and colonized tissues) determine the essence of transitivity or indigracy of bacteria. These signs, as well as belonging to the eubiotic or aggressive group, are the main criteria characterizing the microorganism interacting with the GPC. Eubiotic bacteria are involved in the creation of the organism colonization resistance, which is a unique mechanism of the system of anti-infective barriers.

Landy microbiotop over the tract of the gastrointestinal tract, its properties are determined by the composition and quality of the contents of a tier. Taruses have their own anatomical and functional features, therefore their contents differ in the composition of substances, consistency, pH, movement speed and other properties. These properties determine the qualitative and quantitative composition of the strip microbial populations adapted to them.

Priest microbiotope is an essential structure that limits the inner medium of the body from external. It is represented by mucous overlays (mucosa gel, mucin gel), glycocalix located above the apical membrane of enterocytes and the surface of the apical membrane itself.

Priestly microbiotop represents the greatest (!) Interest from the position of bacteriology, since it is in it that a useful or harmful interaction for humans with bacteria is that we call symbiosis.

It should be noted that in the microflora, the intestines distinguish 2 of its form:

• mukozny (m) flora - Mukoznaya microflora interacts with the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract, forming a microbial-fabric complex - microcolonium bacteria and their metabolites, epithelial cells, mucin of glassoid cells, fibroblasts, immune cells of resin plaques, phagocytes, leukocytes, lymphocytes, neuroendocry cells;
• translucent (P) flora - translucent microflora is in the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract, does not interact with the mucous membrane. The substrate for its livelihood is unsecured dietary fibers, on which it is fixed.

To date, it is known that the microflora of the intestinal mucous membrane is significantly different from the microflora of the intestinal lumen and the roaming masses. Although each adult person inhabits a certain combination of prevailing types of bacteria, microflora composition may vary depending on the lifestyle, nutrition and age. A comparative study of microflora in adults consisting in genetic kinship to one degree or another revealed that the composition of intestinal microflora genetic factors influence more than food.

To external influences, the mucous microflora is more stable than a shift microflora. The ratios between the mucous and shift microflora are dynamic, and are determined by many factors:

Endogenous factors - the influence of the mucous membrane of the digestive channel, its secrets, motility and microorganisms themselves; Exogenous factors - affect directly and indirectly through endogenous factors, for example, the reception of one or another food changes the secretory and motor activity of the digestive tract, which transforms its microflora.

Microflora of the oral cavity, esophagus and stomach

Consider the compositions of the normal microflora of various gastrointestinal departments.

The mouth cavity and the pharynx are pre-mechanical and chemical treatment and give an estimate of bacteriological hazards relative to the bacteria penetrating into the human body.

Salus is the first digestive fluid processing foods and affecting the penetrating microflora. The total content of bacteria in saliva is variable and average 108 MK / ml.

The normal microflora of the oral cavity includes streptococci, staphylococci, lactobacilli, coreinbacteria, a large number of anaerobes. Total microflora of the mouth has more than 200 types of microorganisms.

On the surface of the mucous, depending on the hygienic agents used by an individual, about 103-105 MK / mm2 is found. The colonization resistance of the mouth is carried out mainly streptococci (S. Salivarus, S. Mitis, S. Mutans, S. Sangius, S. Viridans), as well as representatives of skin and intestinal biotopes. At the same time, S. Salivarus, S. Sangius, S. Viridans adhere to the mucous membrane and the dental flare. These alpha hemolytic streptococci possessing high degree Histadgesia, restrain the colonization of the mouth of the genus of the genus of Sandida and staphylococci.

The microflora, transiently passing through the esophagus, is unstable, the histadhesiviness to its walls does not exhibit and is characterized by an abundance of temporarily located species falling from the oral cavity and pharynx. The stomach creates relatively adverse conditions for bacteria due to increased acidity, the effects of proteolytic enzymes, the rapid motor-evacuator function of the stomach and other factors that limit their growth and reproduction. Here, microorganisms are contained in an amount not exceeding 102-104 in 1 ml of content. Eubiotics in the stomach are masterful in the mainly expensive biotop, the cloth microbiotope is less accessible for them.

The main microorganisms active in the gastric medium are acid-resistant representatives of the genus Lactobacillus, which possess or do not have a hystadgesic attitude towards mucin, some types of soil bacteria and bifidobacteria. Lactobacilli, despite the short time of stay in the stomach, are capable, except for antibiotic action in the cavity of the stomach, temporarily colonize the clutch microbiotop. As a result of the joint action of protective components, the main mass of microorganisms falling into the stomach dies. However, in disruption of the operation of the mucous and immunobiological components, some bacteria are in the stomach of their biotop. So, due to the factors of pathogenicity in the gastric cavity, the Helicobacter Pylori population is fixed.

A little about the acidity of the stomach: the maximum theoretically possible acidity in the stomach is 0.86 pH. The minimum theoretically possible acidity in the stomach is 8.3 pH. Normal acidity in the lumen of the body of the stomach of an empty stomach of 1.5-2.0 pH. Acidness on the surface of the epithelial layer facing the lumen of the stomach 1.5-2.0 pH. Acidness in the depth of the epithelial stratum of the stomach of about 7.0 pH.

The main functions of the small intestine

The slim intestine is a pipe of about 6m long. It takes almost the entire lower part of the abdominal cavity and is the longest part of the digestive system, connecting the stomach with a thick bowel. Most of the food is already digested in the small intestine with the help of special substances - enzymes (enzymes).

The main functions of the small intestine include stripe and cloth hydrolysis, suction, secretion, as well as barrier-protective. In the latter, in addition to chemical, enzymatic and mechanical factors, an indigenous microflora of the small intestine plays a significant role. It takes an active part in the stripe and clutch hydrolysis, as well as in the processes of suction of food substances. The small intestine is one of the most important links that provide long-term preservation of eubiotic interface microflora.

There is a difference in the population of the eubiotic microflora of a stripe and clutch microbiotop, as well as the sequestment of tiers along the intestinal length. The strip microbiotope is subject to fluctuations in the composition and concentration of microbial populations, the clutch microbiotope has a relatively stable homeostasis. In the thickness of the mucous superteps, populations are preserved with histadage properties to mucin.

The proximal department of the small intestine normally contains a relatively small amount of gram-positive flora consisting mainly of lactobacilli, streptococcal and mushrooms. The concentration of microorganisms is 102-104 per 1 ml of intestinal content. As it approaches the distal ports of the small intestine, the total number of bacteria increases to 108 per 1 ml of content, at the same time additional species appear, including enterobacteria, bacteroids, bifidobacteria.

Basic intestinal functions

The main functions of the colon are the redundancy and evacuation of the chimus, the residual digestion of food, the release and absorption of water, the absorption of some metabolites, the residual nutrient substrate, electrolytes and gases, the formation and detoxification of the carts, the regulation of their allocation, maintenance of barrier and protective mechanisms.

All listed functions are carried out with the participation of intestinal eubiotic microorganisms. The number of colon microorganisms is 1010-1012 by 1 ml of content. On bacteria accounts for up to 60% of the carte masses. Through a healthy person, anaerobic species of bacteria prevail (90-95% of the total composition): bifidobacteria, bacteroids, lactobacillia, fuzobacteria, eubacteria, Weillousella, peptopulationococci, Klostridia. From 5 to 10%, the microflora of the colon is the aerobic microorganisms: the echryochia, enterococci, staphylococci, various types of conditionally pathogenic enterobacteria (protein, enterobacter, citrobacter, serration, etc.), non-enzyme bacteria (pseudomonads, acinobacter), yeast-like mushrooms of the genus Sandida Dr.

Analyzing the species composition of the microbiota of the colon, it is necessary to emphasize that in its composition, in addition to these anaerobic and aerobic microorganisms, there are representatives of non-pathogenic simple birth and about 10 intestinal viruses. Thus, in healthy people in the intestine there are about 500 species of various microorganisms, most of which are representatives of the so-called bond microflora - bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, non-pathogenic intestinal wand, etc. At 92-95% of the intestinal microflora consists of bonde anaerobes.

1. Prevailing bacteria. Due to the anaerobic conditions in a healthy person in the normal microflora in the thick intestine prevail (about 97%) anaerobic bacteria: bacteroids (especially Bacteroides Fragilis), anaerobic lactic acid bacteria (for example, bifidumbacterium), clostridium perfringens, anaerobic streptococci, fuzobacteria , Eusacteria, Weiliella.

2. A small part of the microflora is aerobic and optional-anaerobic microorganisms: gram-negative coliform bacteria (first of all intestinal wand - E. coli), enterococci.

3. In a very small number: Staphylococci, protea, pseudomonades, mushrooms of the genus Candida, individual types of spirochet, mycobacteria, mycoplasmas, simplest and viruses

The qualitative and quantitative composition of the main microflora of the large intestine in healthy people (CFU / G FEKALY) varies depending on their age group.

The figure shows the features of the growth and enzymatic activity of bacteria in the proximal and distal divisions of the thick bowel under various conditions of molar, mm (molar concentration) of short-chain fatty acids (KSZHK) and the magnitude of the hydrogen indicator, pH (acidity) of the medium.

"Floor for bacteria settlement"

For a better understanding of the topic, we will give brief definitions of the concepts that such aerobes and anaeroba

Anaeroba - Organisms (including microorganisms), resulting in energy in the absence of access of oxygen by substrate phosphorylation, finite products of incomplete oxidation of the substrate at the same time can be oxidized to obtain more energy in the form of ATP in the presence of finite protons acceptor by organisms exercising oxidative phosphorylation .

Optional (conventional) anaerobics - organisms whose energy cycles pass through an anaerobic path, but capable of exist and when accessing oxygen (i.e., both anaerobic and aerobic conditions are growing), unlike bonde anaerobes for which oxygen is destroyed .

Bond (strict) anaerobes - organisms living and growing only in the absence of molecular oxygen in the medium, it is destroyed for them.

Aircomes (from Greek. Aer - Air and BIOS - Life) - Organisms with aerobic breathing type, that is, the ability to live and develop only in the presence of free oxygen, and growing, as a rule, on the surface of nutrient media.

Anaerobam includes almost all animals and plants, as well as a large group of microorganisms, which exist at the expense of energy exempted in the oxidation reactions occurring with the absorption of free oxygen.

In relation to the airbones to oxygen they are divided into obligate (strict), or aerofiles, which cannot develop in the absence of free oxygen, and elective (conditional) capable of developing reduced content Oxygen in the environment.

It should be noted that bifidobacteria, as the most stringent anaeros colonize the closest to the epithelium zone, where negative redox potential is always supported (and not only in the colon, but also in other, more aerobic biotopes of the body: in the rotoglot, vagina, on the skin Covers). Propionic acid bacteria belong to the less strict anaerobam, i.e. Optional anaerobam and can be transferred only to the low tape pressure of oxygen.

Two biotope differing in the anatomy-physiological and environmental characteristics - a thin and large intestine separates an efficiently functioning barrier: a Baugiine valve that opens and closes, passing the intestinal contents in only one direction, and keeps the sistemicity of the intestinal tube in the quantities needed by a healthy organism.

As the content inside the intestinal tube is promoted, the partial oxygen pressure is reduced and the polar value of the medium is reduced, and therefore "floors" of the resettlement of various types of bacteria vertical appears: the above all airflows are located, below optional anaerobes and even lower - strict anaerobes.

Thus, although the content of bacteria in the mouth can be quite high - up to 106 CFU / ml, it decreases to 0-10 CFU / ml in the stomach, rising by 101-103 CFU / ml in a taking intestine and 105-106 CFU / ml in distal departments The ileum, followed by a sharp increase in the number of microbiotes in the colon, reaching the level 1012 of CFU / ml in the distal separations.

Conclusion

The evolution of man and animals passed with constant contact with the world of microbes, as a result of which the close relationship between macro and microorganisms was formed. The effect of the microflora of the GTS for maintaining human health, its biochemical, metabolic and immune equilibrium is undoubtedly and proven by a large number of experimental work and clinical observations. Its role in the genesis of many diseases continues to actively study (atherosclerosis, obesity, irritable bowel syndrome, nonspecific inflammatory diseases of the intestines, celiac disease, colorectal cancer, etc.). Therefore, the problem of correction of microflora disorders, in fact, is the problem of preserving human health, forming a healthy lifestyle. Preparations Probiotics and probiotic products provide the restoration of the normal intestinal microflora, increase the nonspecific resistance of the organism.

We systematize general information about the importance of normal microflora GCC for man

Microflora GCT:

• protects the organism from toxins, mutagens, carcinogens, free radicals;
• it is injected with a biosorbent accumulating many toxic products: phenols, metals, poisons, xenobiotics, etc.;
• suppresses grinding, pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic bacteria, pathogens intestinal infections;
• inhibits (suppresses) the activity of enzymes involved in the formation of tumors;
• strengthens the body's immune system;
• synthesizes antibiotic-like substances;
• synthesize vitamins and indispensable amino acids;
• plays a huge role in the process of digestion, as well as in exchange processes, promotes the absorption of vitamin d, iron and calcium;
• is the main processor of food;
• restores the motor and digestive functions of the gastrointestinal tract, prevents meteorism, normalizes the peristaltics;

Before moving on, I repeat the questions that, it seems to me, is now not difficult to answer thanks to the information about digestion. 1. What is due to the need to normalize the pH of the medium (weakly alkaline) large intestine? 2. What variants of the acid-alkaline state are possible for the wedge of the large intestine? 3. What is the reason for the deviation of the acid-alkaline state of the internal medium of the fat intestine from the norm? So, alas and ah, it is necessary to state that of the whole thing that has been said about the digestion of a healthy person, it is not necessary to normalize the pH of its large intestine. There is no such problem with the normal operation of the gastrointestinal tract, it is quite obvious. The thick intestine in the filled state has a moderately acidic medium with a pH of 5.0-7.0, which makes it possible to representatives of the normal microflora of the large intestine to actively split the fiber, participate in the synthesis of vitamins E, K, groups in (in V. ") and others Biologically active substances. PRI of the friendly intestinal microflora performs a protective function, exercising the destruction of optional and pathogenic microbes, causing an ardent. Thus, the normal microflora of the casualtio determines the production of natural immunity. Consider another situation when the large intestine is not Interested in intestinal content. Yes, in this case, the reaction of its internal medium will be determined as weakly alkaline, due to the fact that a small amount of weakly alkaline intestinal juice is distinguished into the lumen of the large intestine (approximately 50-60 ml per day with a pH of 8.5-9.0 ). But in this time it is not the slightest foundation, because if in the Tolstaya intestine There is nothing, so, in fact, and nothing to rot. And even more so, there is no need to deal with such a snap-eyed, because it is the physiological norm of a healthy body. I believe that nothing but harm, unjustified actions for the acidification of a large intestine can not bring a healthy person. Where does the problem of the latch of the large intestine, with which you need to fight, what is it for? It seems to me that the whole thing is that, to great regret, this problem is presented as independent, whereas, despite its significance, it is only a consequence of the unhealthy functioning of the entire gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, it is necessary to seek the causes of deviation from the norm not at the level of the thick bowel, but much higher - in the stomach, where the full-scale process of preparing the food components for suction is deployed. It is from the quality of food processing in the stomach directly dependent - it will be subsequently assimilated by the body or in an undigestrated form will go on utilization into the colon. As you know, hydrochloric acid plays a crucial role in the process of digestion in the stomach. It stimulates the secretory activity of the gastric glands, contributes to the transformation of incapable of influencing the proteins of pepsinogen proteins into the pepsin enzyme; Creates an optimal acid-alkaline balance for the action of gastric juice enzymes; causes denaturation, pre-destruction and swelling of food proteins, ensures their splitting by enzymes; Supports the antibacterial effect of the gastric juice, i.e. the destruction of pathogens and putrid microbes. Salonic acid also contributes to the transition of food from the stomach into the duodenum and in the future participates in the regulation of secretion of the duodenal glands, stimulating their motor activity. Gastric juice quite actively splits proteins or, as they say in science, has a proteolytic action, activating the enzymes in a wide range of pH from 1.5-2.0 to 3.2-4.0. With optimal acidity, the pepsin environment has a splitting effect on proteins, tearing peptide bonds in a white-bone molecule formed by groups of various amino acids. "As a result of this effect, the complex protein molecule disintegrates into simpler substances: peptides, peptides and proteases. Pepsin provides hydrolysis of the main protein substances included in meat products, and especially collagen - the main component of the fibers of the connective tissue. Under the influence of pepsin, proteins splitting begins. However In the stomach, the splitting reaches only to peptides and albumosis - large fragments of the protein molecule. Further cleavage of these derivatives of the protein molecule occurs in the small intestine under the action of the enzymes of the intestinal juice and the pancreatic juice. In the small intestine of amino acids formed during the final digestion of proteins, dissolve in the intestinal Content and absorbed in blood. And it is quite natural that if the body is characterized by any parameter, there will always be people who have or increased, or reduced. The deviation towards the increase has a prefix "hyper", and towards the reduction - "hypo ". Do not make up exceptions In this regard, patients with impaired secretory function of the stomach. In this case, the change in the secretory function of the stomach, characterized by an increased level of hydrochloric acid with its excessive release - hypersecrection, is called hyperacid gastritis or gastritis with increased acidity of gastric juice. When, on the contrary and hydrochloric acid, there are less than the norm, we are dealing with hystheus gastritis with reduced gastric juice acidity. In the event of a complete absence of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice, they speak an anacid gastritis or gastritis with zero acidity of gastric juice. The same disease "gastritis" is defined as inflammation of the gastric mucosa, in chronic form accompanied by the restructuring of its structure and progressive atrophy, disruption of secretory, motor and incredor (absorption) function of the stomach. I must say that gastritis is much more common than it seems to us. According to statistics, in one or another form, gastritis is detected during a gastroenterological examination, i.e.cassing the gastrointestinal tract, almost every second patient. In the case of hypoxide gastritis due to the decrease in the acid-forming function of the stomach and, consequently, the activity of the gastric juice and a decrease in the level of its acidity, the food cashem coming from the stomach into the small intestine will not be so acidic as in normal acid formation. And then, throughout the intestine, as shown in the chapter "Fundamentals of the digestion process", it is possible only to see its seeding. If, with normal acid formation, the level of acidity of the contents of the large intestine is reduced to a weakly acid and even to a neutral reaction of pH 5-7, then in the case of low acidity of jelly-daughter juice - in the thick intestine, the reaction of the content will already be either neutral or low-alkaline, with pH 7-8 . If the federation cashem not containing animals in the stomach in the stomach does not contain an alkaline reaction in the thick intestine, then if there is an animal protein, which is a pronounced alkaline product, the contents of the large intestine are seriously ill and for a long time. Why for a long time? Because due to the alkaline reaction of the internal medium of the large intestine, its peristalistic is sharply weakened. Let's remember which environment in a blank intestine? - Alkaline. It is true and the opposite statement: if the medium is alkaline, it means that the large intestine is empty. And if it is empty, a healthy body will not be in vain to spend the forces on peristaltic work, and the large intestine is resting. The rest is completely natural for a healthy intestine ends with a change in the chemical reaction of its inner medium on the sour, which in the chemical language of our body means - a fat intestine is full, it's time to work, it's time to seal, dehydrate and promote closer to the output of the evil masses. But when the large intestine is filled with an alkaline content, a chemical signal to the end of recreation and the beginning of work is not a large intestine. And moreover, the body still believes that the large intestine is empty, and in the meantime the fat intestine is allowed to fulfill everything and fill. And it is already serious, since the consequences can be the most severe. The notorious constipation will probably be innocuous of them. In the case of the complete absence of free hydrochloric acid in gastric juice, as it occurs during an anacid gastritis, the pepsin enzyme is not produced in the stomach at all. The process of digesting animal proteins in such conditions is even theoretically impossible. And then, almost the entire eaten animal protein in undigested form turns out to be in a thick intestine, where the reaction of the carte masses will be strong. It becomes quite obvious that rotting processes simply not to avoid. This weightless forecast is aggravated by another sad condition. If at the very beginning of the gastrointestinal tract due to the lack of hydrochloric acid there was no antibacterial effect of the gastric juice, then the pathogens not destroyed with the gastric juice and rotten microbes, falling into a fat intestine on a well-latched "soil", get the best conditions for Life and begin to breed violently. At the same time, possessing pronounced antagonistic activity in relation to representatives of the normal microflora of the large intestine, pathogenic microbes suppress their livelihoods, which leads to a violation of the normal digestion process in the Tolstoy intestine with all the consequences of this. It suffices to say that the finite products of the penetration bacterial decomposition of proteins are toxic toxic and biologically active substances such as amines, hydrogen sulfide, methane, which have a poisoning effect on the entire human body. The consequence of this abnormal situation becomes constipation, colitis, enterocolitis, etc. Poblo, in turn, give rise to hemorrhoids, and hemorrhoids provokes constipation. Given the revenue properties of excrement, the appearance of various types of tumors in the future, up to malignant. In order for undergoing circumstances to suppress grinding processes, restore the normal microflora and the motor function of the thick bowel, of course, it is necessary to fight for the normalization of the pH of its inner medium. And in this case, the purification and abominations of the thick intestine according to the N. Walker method by enema with the addition of lemon juice is perceived by me as a reasonable solution. But at the same time, all this seems rather cosmetic than a radical means of combating the thick intestinal grinding means, since in itself it in no way can eliminate the root causes of the occurrence of such a distinguished position in our organism.

The human pH blood is maintained within 7.35-7.47, despite entering the blood of acidic and basic metabolic products. The constancy pH of the inner environment of the body is a necessary condition for the normal flow of vital processes. The pH values \u200b\u200bof the blood leaving for the indicated limits indicate significant violations in the body, and the values \u200b\u200bbelow 6.8 and above 7.8 are incompatible with life.

Products that reduce acidity and are alkaline (main), contain metals (potassium, sodium, magnesium, iron and calcium). As a rule, they contain a lot of water and little protein. Acid-forming products, on the contrary, usually contain a lot of protein and little water. Non-metallic elements are usually in protein.

Increased acidity slows down digestion

In our digestive tract, the pH value acquires a variety of values. This is necessary to sufficiently split the components of food. For example, saliva in our calm condition is slightly sour. If with intensive chewing food, more saliva is released, its pH changes, and it becomes weakly alkaline. With such a pH of alpha-amylase, the beginning of the digestion of carbohydrates is already in the oral cavity, it acts especially effectively.

An empty stomach has a weakly acidified pH. When food gets into the stomach, to digest the proteins contained in it and the destruction of the microbes begins to release the acid of the gastric juice. Because of this, the pH of the stomach goes into a more acidic area.

The bile and secretion of the pancreas, having pH 8, give an alkaline reaction. For optimal activities, these digestive juices need an intestinal environment from neutral to a slightly alkaline.

The transition from the acidic medium of the stomach to the alkaline intestine occurs in the duodenum. To flow from the stomach of large masses (with abundant food), did not make an intestine in the intestine with an acidic, duodenum with a powerful ring-shaped muscle, gastric gatekeeper, adjusts the tolerance and the number of stomach content allowed into it. Only after the secrets of the pancreas and the gallbladder were quite neutralized by the "acid" food cleaner, a new "arrival from above" is allowed.

Excess acids leads to illness

If a lot of acid is involved in metabolism, the body is trying to eliminate this excess different ways: Through the lungs - exhaling carbon dioxide, through the kidneys - with urine, through the skin - from then and through the intestine - with the feces. But when all the possibilities are exhausted, acids accumulate in the connective tissue. Under the connecting cloth in naturopathy understands tiny gaps between individual cells. Through these gaps, the entire supply and discharge occurs, as well as a full information exchange between cells. Here, in the connective tissue, acidic slags become a strong interference. They gradually convert this fabric, sometimes called the "primitive sea" of the body, in a real garbage dump.

Saliva: digestion of long-term action

With coarse food, mixing foods with gastric juice occurs very slowly. Only in an hour and two pH inside the casis falls below 5. However, at this time in the stomach, digestion of alpha-amylase saliva continues.

Acquided in the junction tissue of acid act as foreign bodies, creating a constant risk of inflammation. The latter can take the form of various diseases; The consequences of acid exchange deposits in the connective tissue are: muscle "rheumatism", fibromyalgia syndrome, as well as arthrosis. Strong slad deposition in connective tissue is often visible and naked eye: it is cellulite. This word means not only a typical "orange skin" on the buttocks, thighs and shoulders. Because of the deposits of slags, even a person may look "worst".

Recalculation of metabolism negatively affects blood flowing. Red blood tales, passing through the perishable fabric, lose elasticity, stick together and form small clots, the so-called "coin columns". Depending on which vessels these small blood clots appear, there are various illegals and violations: myocardial infarction, brain hemorrhage, temporary violations of the cerebral circulation or local blood circulation in the lower limbs.

The consequence of the reservoir of the body, which is beginning to be aware of only now, is osteoporosis. In contrast, the bases of acid cannot be easily derived from the body. They must first balance, "neutralize". But that the acid with its pH moves into a neutral region, its antagonist is needed, the base that binds acid.

When the possibilities of the body's buffer system are exhausted, it is in force to neutralize acids, the mineral salts with an alkaline reaction, primarily - calcium salts. Calcium main reserve in the body of bones. It is like a quarry of the body, from where it can extract calcium in the case of reaction. With a tendency to osteoporosis, it is pointless to focus only on the supply of a calcium, without achieving an acid-alkaline balance.

Chronic body overload with acids is often expressed in the form of thin transverse cracks in the language.

Protection against peroxidation

You can protect the body from reservation in two ways: either limit the intake of acid-containing food, or stimulate the removal of acids.

Food. In the diet, the principle of acid-alkaline equilibrium should be observed. True, a small preponderance of the foundations is recommended. For normal metabolism, we need acids, but let the acid-containing food serves simultaneously by the supplier of many other vital substances, such as complete flour or dairy products. About which food products contain acids and what grounds, it will be discussed below.

Drink.Kidney is one of the main allocation organs through which acids are derived. However, acids can leave the body only in the formation of a sufficient amount of urine.

Traffic. Motor activity contributes to the withdation of acids with sweat and breathing.

Alkaline powder. In addition to the above measures, the valuable alkaline mineral salts in the form of an alkaline powder can be administered into the body, which is manufactured in particular in pharmacies.

Sour, alkaline and neutral products

Which of the products are sour and what alkaline?

Acid products

Acid for metabolism gives the so-called acid suppliers. This, for example, containing protein products like meat, fish, cheese, cottage cheese, as well as legumes, like peas or lentils. Natural coffee and alcohol Also belong to acid suppliers.

An acid action has the so-called base emours. These are products for whose splitting the body has to spend valuable grounds. The most famous "Eaters of the foundations" - sugar and products of its processing: chocolate, ice cream, candy and so on. Bases are absorbed and products from white flour - white bread, confectionery and pasta, as well as solid fats and vegetable oils.

Acidness suppliers for metabolism: meat, sausage, fish, seafood and crustaceans, dairy products (cottage cheese, yogurt and cheese), grain and grain products (bread, flour), legumes, brussels, kale,artichoka , asparagus, natural coffee, alcohol (primarily liqueurs), egg protein.

Base ladies causing the body peroxide: white sugar, confectionery, chocolate, ice cream, grain and grain products like bread, flour, vermicellies, canned food, ready-to-eat products, fast food, lemonade.

Alkaline products

The bases are spent on digesting grain products, cottage cheese and yogurt. The latter, however, supply the body with vital vitamins and microelements.

Alkaline products are, in particular,

• potatoes,
• milk goat and soy
• cream,
• vegetables,
• ripe fruit
• leaf salad,
• ripe fruit
• greens,
• cereals,
• egg yolk,
• nuts
• herbal teas.
• mineral alkaline water

Neutral food

Neutral products include

• vegetable cold pressing oils
• butter,
• water.

Balanced diet

For balanced nutrition in your diet, acidic and alkaline products should always be combined.

Breakfast consisting of white bread, jam, sausages and natural coffee, can become for your metabolism first per day attack acids. It is more useful and less burdensome for metabolism. The following combination: a small portion of the Muesli from raw grain with milk and fruit, a slice of grain bread from a coarse grinder with oil and green cottage cheese, herbal or not too strong black tea.

For lunch, instead of the usual combination of meat and noodle, canned vegetables and sugar-containing dessert sugar, there is a small portion of meat, fish, birds, or game with potatoes, stewed vegetables and fruit cottage cheese - from them the body longer will retain a good shape. As for acidic products, it is necessary to choose those that contain not "empty" calories, but biologically valuable.

Alkaline soups. As simple as an effective opportunity to introduce valuable bases into the body is alkaline soups. For their preparation, welcome about a cup of finely chopped vegetables in 0.5 liters of water. After 10 minutes, there are vegetables in mashed potatoes. Add cream taste, sour cream and fresh greens. Many vegetables are suitable for alkaline soup: potatoes, carrots, onions, celery, zucchini, fennel, broccoli. Calling for help fantasy, you can combine different types. Maybe from residual vegetables stored in the refrigerator, will you create a real masterpiece?

Products ready for use contain few vital substances, because in the manufacture and storage of such products, many vitamins are lost. In addition, a large amount of preservatives and taste additives are harmful to intestinal flora and can cause allergic reactions. If you are not in "Zeietnote", you should prepare food from non-meraged raw products.

Milk and dairy products. Milk and dairy products - Important protein suppliers for the body. In addition, these products are supplied with calcium, preventing the decomposition of the bone substance. Fresh cow's milk belongs to weakly acidic products, but cottage cheese, skis, yogurt and cheese like products laminating fermentation - to acid-containing, however, include nutrients for metabolism. But consume only fresh dairy products (no homogenized milk!). If possible, avoid sugar-containing fruit yogurts ("fruits" here - this is a drop of jam), it is better to add fresh fruits into natural yogurt.

Eggs, meat, fish, bird.An animal protein can be added to vegetable protein substances. True, it is necessary to beware of its excess: it causes rotting in the intestine. There is nothing against one or two small meat or fish dishes a week. With regard to meat, it is necessary to especially follow his quality. Buy meat only in those places where it is checked. Pork comes mainly from fattening enterprises, therefore contains many exchange slags; This meat is better to avoid. In vegetarian food, diversity can make dishes prepared using eggs.

Vegetables and fruits - The most important sources of foundations. They also contain many vitamins and mineral salts. True, some kinds of vegetables are not well absorbed. This is, first of all, legumes (peas, beans, lentils) and cabbage. People prone to meteorism and intestinal disadvantages should prefer more easily digestible vegetables: carrots, potatoes, celery, zucchini, fennel.

According to some celebrities, doctors and self-pricing experts in the field of health, an alkaline recovery system eliminates the need for whatever medical treatment. According to scientific research, everything is much more complicated. Although in fact an alkaline environment contributes to health, you should not consider it panacea from all diseases. Try an alkaline system of recovery, and you can make a conclusion for how effective this diet is.

Steps

Alkaline diet

Drink alkaline water. Doctors and nutritionists advise to drink plenty of water. Nutritionists recommending an alkaline diet advise to drink alkaline water. Some studies show that alkaline water can help slow the loss of bone mass, but additional research is needed to confirm this fact.

• Alkaline water will not harm your body, so give preference to such water.

1. Include in your diet a variety of alkaline products. The above-mentioned tips are the fundamental principles of this nutrition system. In addition to the products mentioned aboveInclude in your diet the following options:

   • nuts and seeds: Almonds, chestnuts, cedar nuts, pumpkin seeds, sunflower seeds;
   • sources of protein: Tofu, soy, millet, pace, serum protein;
   • spices and seasonings: sea \u200b\u200bsalt, chili pepper, curry, mustard, ginger, cinnamon, stevia;
   • dried fruits: Date, raisins, fig.

2. Reduce the consumption of oxygen-containing products. Although many people refuse meat, dairy products and eggs, when they begin to follow an alkaline diet, there are a number of other products that should also be excluded. In addition to meat, dairy products and eggs Exclude from your diet the following products:

   • Grain Products: Pasta, rice, bread, cereals, crackers, ripe and so on;
   • processed products: Sweet / fat snacks, carbonated drinks, desserts, jams, jelly and so on;
   • some fruits and vegetables: Shopping juices, blueberries, coconut chips, olives, plums, prunes.

3. 80/20 is an alkaline diet success formula. This means that 80 percent of your diet must be alkalicized, and 20 percent is acid-containing. You should not use only alkaline foods if you hold this power system. Adhere to the 80/20 ratio in your diet; 80% of products must fit your alkaline diet plan, the remaining 20% \u200b\u200bcan be "prohibited" food.

   • You can choose products yourself for your diet. For example, you can try to plan each meal meal so that about 20% of calories come from alkaline products. In addition, you can try to stick to this diet most of the time, making a "break" only every fifth eating.

4. Do not fall into the trap of scammers. Often, fraudsters argue that in order to properly follow an alkaline diet, it is important to buy special (usually expensive) products. This is a fraud. When making a menu, follow the product list mentioned above. Take ordinary products in stores, instead of buying their dubious substitutes.

   Lifestyle

   1. Try to minimize stressful situations. Stress is either the cause or a result of high acid Balance. However, this connection is not confirmed by science. Nevertheless, it can be confidently argued that life without stress is a healthy life. If you try to reduce the level of stress in your life, you can prevent the development of many diseases, such as heart disease.

      Rest after training. Classes exercise Extremely important for well-being. However, if you experience pain in the muscles after training in the gym, reduce the intensity of workouts, since intense exercises can lead to the accumulation of lactic acid in the muscles. Reduce the intensity of workouts if you start experiencing pain in the muscles. The body needs time to bring the disintegration of lactic acid and restore damaged tissues; If you do not give the body enough time to restore, painful spasms can not be avoided.

      • If you follow intense training schedule, try working out various muscle groups in different days. This is necessary in order for each group to have the opportunity to relax. For example, if you work on the muscle group of the upper limbs on Monday, on Tuesday you can work out the lower part of your body.

   2. Limit alcohol, tobacco, caffeine and drugs. Nutritionists say that these substances increase acidity. Perhaps this is the case, but as for the caffeine, this statement sounds very doubtful. Nevertheless, it is worth listening to this advice - probably following this rule will be beneficial to your health. Using the aforementioned substances, you may encounter serious health problems.

   Common delusion

   Do not believe the statement that alkali cures all diseases. Some nutritionists believe that an alkaline diet is the prevention of such health problems like cancer. There is no less at the moment not There is a scientific evidence of this approval. If you have serious health problems, not Consider an alkaline diet with panacea from all troubles. Take advantage of qualified medical help.

   • As confirmation of the aforementioned hypothesis, nutritionists lead the fact that some Cancer cells grow faster in acidic solutions. Nevertheless, these studies were carried out in test tubes, and not in human organism. Agree, there is a huge difference between the conditions in the test tube and in the human body. Therefore, it is impossible to say with completely confidently, as a cancer tumor behaves in an alkaline medium in the human body.

Working mechanism and physiology of the gastrointestinal tract

The digestion is a complex multifunctional process, which can be divided into two parts: external and internal.

External factors include: feeling hunger, desire to eat, smell, vision, taste, tactile sensitivity. Each factor, at its level, informs the central nervous system.

Internal factor - digestion. It is an irreversible process of food processing, it starts with mouth and stomach. If food satisfies your aesthetic needs, and the satisfaction of the appetite, and the level of saturation depend on the act of chewing. The point is here in which: any food carries not only the material substrate, but also the information nested in it (taste, smell, appearance), which you must also "eat". This is the deep meaning of chewing: so far, the specific smell of the product will not disappear in the mouth, it is impossible to swallow it.

With careful chewing food, the feeling of satiety comes faster and overeating, as a rule, is excluded. The fact is that the stomach begins to signal to the brain on saturation only 15-20 minutes after the food goes into it. The experience of long-livers confirms the fact that "who is chewing for a long time, he lives for a long time," even mixed nutrition does not significantly affect the duration of their lives.

The importance of thorough feeding of food is also that digestive enzymes interact only with those parties of foods that are on the surface, and not inside, therefore the digestion rate of food depends on the total area of \u200b\u200bits area, which inhibited the juices of the stomach and intestines. The more you chew food, the larger the surface area and the more effective processing of food throughout the gastrointestinal tract, which works with minimal voltage. In addition, when feeding food heats up, which enhances the catalytic activity of enzymes, while cold and poorly kneaded food inhibits their selection and, therefore, enhances the gluing of the body.

In addition, the parole iron produces mucin that plays a large role in the protection of the mucosa of the mouth from the action of acids and the strong alkalis coming from food. In case of poor chewing food, saliva is produced little, the mechanism of the production of lysozyme, amylase, mucin and other substances does not fully, which leads to stagnation in salivary and parole glands, the formation of dental sediments, the development of pathogenic microflora. Sooner or later, this will affect not only the oral organs: teeth and mucous membranes, but also on the processing process.

With saliva, toxins, poisons are also removed. The pot of the cavity plays a peculiar role of the mirror of the domestic state of the gastrointestinal tract. Note, if you found in the morning in the morning white flag - It signals the dysfunction of the stomach, gray - pancreatic gland, yellow - liver, abundant saliva selection at night in children - dysbacteriosis, melting invasion.

Scientists are estimated that hundreds of small and large glands are in the oral cavity, which are allocated to 2 liters per day. saliva. There are about 400 varieties of bacteria, viruses, ameb, fungi, which is rightly associated with many diseases of various organs.

It is impossible not to mention such important bodies in the mouth like almonds, they form the so-called pyrogov-valtera ring, a kind of protective barrier for penetrating infection. Official medicine believes that the inflammation of almonds is the cause of the development of diseases of the heart, kidneys, joints, so doctors sometimes recommend to remove them; At the same time, almonds are a powerful protective factor used by the body to combat various infections and toxins. That is why almonds can not be removed, especially in childhoodSince this significantly weakens the immune system, reducing the generation of immunoglobulins and substances affecting the ripening of genital cells, which in some cases is the cause of infertility.

Briefly focus on the anatomical structure of the gastrointestinal tract.

This is a kind of conveyor for processing raw materials: mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, thin, iliac, thick, sigmoid, straight intestine. In each of them, the reaction is characteristic only by them, therefore, in principle, the food is not recycled to the necessary state in a particular department, it should not flow into the next. Only in the throat and esophagus automatically operate valves when moving food in the stomach; There is a kind of chemical dispensers between the stomach, duodenal and small intestines, which "open gateways" only under certain pH conditions of the medium, and starting with the small intestine, the valves are opened under the pressure of the food mass. There are valves between different gastrointestinal departments, which normally open only one way. However, with improper power, a decrease in the tone of muscles and other disorders in the transition between the esophagus and the stomach, a diaphragmal hernia is formed, in which the komok food can move again into the esophagus, the oral cavity.

The stomach is the main body in the way of processing food received from the oral cavity. A weak alkaline medium that fell from the mouth, in the stomach after 15-20 minutes becomes acidic. Acosite wedge of gastric juice, and this is 0.4-0.5% hydrochloric acid At pH \u003d 1.0-1.5, together with enzymes, it contributes to the splitting of proteins, disinfects the body from microbes and fungi falling together with food, stimulates the censin hormone, exciting the secretion of the pancreas. Gastric juice contains hemamine (the so-called castel factor), which helps assimilate in the body of vitamin B 12, without which the normal ripening of erythrocytes is impossible, and there is also a depot of a protein compound of iron - ferritin, which participates in hemoglobin synthesis. Those who have problems with blood, should pay attention to the normalization of the work of the stomach, otherwise you do not get rid of these problems.

The scheme of the gastrointestinal tract: a solid line - the state of the intestine is normal, the stroke - the sishet will break.

After 2-4 hours, depending on the nature of the food, it enters the duodenum. Although the duodenum is relatively short - 10-12 cm, it plays a huge role in the process of digestion. Here are formed: a hormone secretine, which stimulates the secretion of pancreas and bile and cholecystokinin, stimulating the motor-evacuation function of the gallbladder. It is from the duodenum that the regulation of secretory, engine and evacuator functions of the gastrointestinal tract depends on the duodenal. The contents have a weakly alkaline reaction (pH \u003d 7.2-8.0).

From the stomach in the duodenal estate of food only when the processing process with the full use of gastric juice will be completed and its acidic content will become weakly acid or even neutral. In the duodenalist of the food lump - chimus - with the help of the secrets and bile, it should also turn into a mass with a neutral or slightly alkaline medium; This medium will be maintained to a thick bowel, where with the help of organic acids contained in plant food will turn into a weakness.

In addition to the gastric juice in the lumen of the duodenum, bile and juice of the pancreas are entered.

The liver is an essential body involved in all exchange processes; Violations in it immediately affect all organs and systems of the body, and vice versa. It is in the liver that neutralizing toxic substances and removing damaged cells occurs. The liver is a blood sugar regulator, synthesizing glucose and transforming its excess in glycogen - the main source of energy in the body.

The liver is an organ removing excess amino acids by decomposing them on ammonia and urea, the synthesis of fibrinogen and prothrombin are carried out here, the main substances affecting blood coagulation, the synthesis of various vitamins, the formation of bile and much more. The liver itself but does not cause pain, unless there are changes in bile bubble.

It is necessary to know that increased fatigue, weakness, weight loss, obscure pain or sensation of gravity in the hypochondrium on the right, swelling, itching and joint pain is manifestations of violations of the liver.

An equally important function of the liver is that it forms a watershed between the gastrointestinal tract and the cardiovascular system. The liver synthesizes the necessary organism of the substance and supplies them in vascular systemAnd also removes metabolic products. The liver is the main cleaning system of the body: per day through the liver is about 2,000 liters of blood (the circulating fluid is filtered here 300-400 times), there is a factory of bile acids involved in the digestion of fats, in the intrauterine period, the liver acts as a hematome organ. In addition, the liver has (odd a person) ability to regenerate - recovery, it comes to 80%. There are cases when after removing one lobe of the liver after half a year it completely restored.

Pancreas is closely related to the hormones of pituitary glands, thyroid and parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, its work is affected on a common hormonal background. The juice of the pancreas (pH \u003d 8.7-8.9) neutralizes the acidity of the gastric juice entering the lumen of the digestive tract, is involved in the regulation of acid-alkaline balance and water-salt metabolism.

It should be noted that the absorption in the oral cavity and the stomach is insignificant, only water, alcohol, carbohydrate cleavage products and part of salts are absorbed. The bulk of the nutrients is absorbed in thin and, especially in the colon. Special attention should be paid that the renewal of the intestinal epithelium, according to some sources, occurs within 4-14 days, that is, on average, the intestine is updated at least 36 times a year. With the help of a large number of enzymes, there is quite significant processing of the food mass and its absorption due to the hasty, client and membrane digestion. The share of the thick intestine remains absorption of water, iron, phosphorus, alkali, a small part of the nutrients and the formation of carts due to organic acids contained in the tissue.

It is especially important that almost all organs of the human body are projected on the wall of the large intestine and any changes in it affect them. The large intestine is a kind of corrugated tube, which from the stagnant of the roaming masses not only increases in volume, but also stretches, creating "intolerable" conditions for the work of all organs of the chest, abdominal and pelvic regions, which leads first to functional and then pathological changes.

It should be noted that Appendix is \u200b\u200ba kind of "intestinal almond", which contributes to the delay and destruction of pathogenic microflora, and the enzymes allocated to them are a normal pastocrine peristalsis. The rectum has two sphincter: upper, when moving from sigmid gut In the straight, and bottom. Normally, this site should always be empty. However, during constipation, sitting the lifestyle and the like, the feces are filled with an ampoule of the rectum, and it turns out that you are always sitting on an unclean post, which, in turn, squeezes all the organs of the small pelvis.

The colon and its relationship with various organs:

1 - abdominal brain; 2 - Allergies; 3 - Appendix; 4 - nasopharynk; 5 - connection of the small intestine with thick; 6 - eyes and ears; 7 - Milk iron (Timus); 8 - upper respiratory tract, asthma; 9 - dairy glands; 10 - thyroid gland; 11 - parathyroid iron; 12 - liver, brain, nervous system; 13 - gallbladder; 14 - heart; 15 - Lungs, bronchi; 16 - stomach; 17 - spleen; 18 - pancreas; 19 - adrenal glands; 20 - kidneys; 21 - sex glands; 22 - testicles; 23 - bladder; 24 - genitals; 25 - prostate iron.

In the small pelvis there is a powerful circulatory network, covering all organs located here. Of the carte masses, which are delayed here and contain many poisons, pathogenic microbes, through a gate vein from under the mucous membrane, the inner and outer rings of the rectum toxic substances enter the liver, and from the lower rings of the rectum located around the anus, through the hollow vein Immediately go into the right atrium.

Avalanche that arrives in the liver toxic substances violate its detoxification function, as a result of which a network of anastomoses, according to which the flow of dirt comes without cleaning immediately into the hollow vein. This is directly connected with the state of the gastrointestinal tract, intestines, liver, sigmoid, rectakes. You did not think why some of us often occur inflammatory processes in the nasopharynk, almonds, lungs, allergic manifestations, pain in the joints, not to mention the diseases of the pelvis organs and the like? The reason is in the state of the lower gastrointestinal department.

That is why, until you bring order in a small pelvis, do not clean the intestine, the liver, where the origins of the common gloveness of the body are "seating" of various diseases - you will not be healthy. The nature of the disease does not play any role.

If we consider schematically the intestinal wall, then it looks like this: Outside the intestine is a serous shell, under which there are circular and longitudinal layers of muscles, then the submucous shell, where the blood and lymphatic vessels and the mucous membrane pass.

The total length of the small intestine is up to 6 m, and the movement of food on it takes 4-6 hours; Tolstoy - about 2 m, and food is delayed in it to 18-20 hours (normally). Per day gastrointestinal It produces more than 10 liters of juice: the mouth cavity is about 2 l, the stomach is 1.5-2 liters, the bile is released 1.5-2 liters, the pancreas - 1 l, a thin and thick intestine - up to 2 liters of digestive juice, and It is allocated to the feces of only - 250 g. The intestinal mucosa has up to 4 thousand growers, where microvilles are located, 1 mm 2 is accounted for up to 100 million. These porks together with the intestinal mucosa have the total area of \u200b\u200bmore than 300 m 2, so that there is a conversion of one substances into other, the so-called "cold thermonuclear synthesis". It is here that a long and membrane digestion is performed (A. Corner). There are also cells that are synthesizing and distinguishing hormones, which are as if the hormonal human hormonal system.

Microhrovinki, in turn, coated with glycocalix, product of the life of intestinal walls - enterocytes. Glycocalix and microwaves perform the functions of the barrier and normally impede or reduce the flow into the body toxins, including allergens. It is here that the root cause of allergic disorders is located. Poverty The microflora of the stomach, duodenum and the small intestine is explained by the antibacterial properties of the gastric juice and the mucous membrane of the small intestine. With the diseases of the small intestine of the microflora from the large intestine, it can be moved to thin, where, due to the rotor-ferrous processes, the pathological process is generally aggravated by the pathological process.

Recall that the human life largely depends on the only type of bacteria - intestinal sticks. It disappears or change its structure to the pathological, the body will lose the ability to process, assimilate food, therefore, to replenish energy spending, and sore. In front of the first glance, the dysbacteriosis is a formidable disease, when the ratio of normal intestinal microflora (bifidobacteria, lactic acid bacteria, bacteroid useful types of intestinal sticks) and pathogenic flora changes.

The processes of cleavage of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, the production of vitamins, hormones, enzymes and other biologically active substances, the regulation of the intestinal motor function depend directly from normal microflora. In addition, the microflora is engaged in disposal of toxins, chemical reagents, salts of heavy metals, radionuclides. Thus, the intestinal flora is the most important component of the gastrointestinal tract - is maintenance normal level cholesterol, regulation of metabolism, gas composition intestines, an obstacle to the formation of gallstones and even the development of substances that destroy cancer cells is a natural biosorbent that absorbs various poisons and much more.

In some cases, hyperbands of children are treated with soothing means, and in fact the cause of the disease lies in the activity of the intestinal microflora.

Most frequent cause Dysbiosis is: taking antibiotics, refined products consumption, deterioration of the environmental situation, the absence of fiber food. It is in the intestines that the synthesis of vitamins of the group B, amino acids, enzymes, substances stimulating the immune system, hormones occur.

In the thick intestine, absorption, reabsorption of trace elements, vitamins, electrolytes, glucose and other substances occurs. Violation of one of the activities of the Tolstoy Intestine can lead to pathology. For example, a group of Latvian scientists proved that in the rotting of proteins in a thick intestine, in particular during constipation, methane is formed that destroys the vitamins of group B, which, in turn, perform the functions of anti-cancer protection. At the same time, the formation of the Homocysteine \u200b\u200benzyme is disturbed, which can lead to atherosclerosis.

In the absence of the enzyme of the draft produced by the intestine, uric acid does not turn into urea, and this is one of the reasons for the development of osteochondrosis. For normal operation of a large intestine, food fibers are needed and a weakly acidic medium.

As already noted, the large intestine is distinguished by one important feature: one or another organ of the human body is projected on each of its sites, the violation in which leads to their disease. Intestinal flora, especially a large intestine, is more than 500 types of microbes, the entire life depends on the state. Currently, according to its role and significance, mass of the intestinal flora, achieving the weight of the liver (up to 1.5 kg), is considered to be an independent iron.

Take the same ammonia that is formed in the norm from nitrogen-containing products of plant and animal origin and is the strongest neurotoxic poison. Ammonia is engaged in two types of bacteria: some "work" in protein - nitrogen-dependent, other carbohydrates - sharac-dependent. The more badly fierce and untapped food, the more ammonia and pathogenic microflora are formed. At the same time, with the decomposition of ammonia, nitrogen is formed, which is used by bacteria to build its own proteins.

At the same time, sharac-dependent bacteria utilize ammonia, why they are called useful; And the concomitant bacteria more produce it than they consume. With violation of the work of the ammonia gastrointestinal trading, a lot is formed, and since neither the microbes of the thick intestine nor the liver is not able to neutralize it, then it enters the bloodstream, which is the cause of such a formidable disease as hepatic encephalopathy. This disease is observed in children up to 10 years and in adults after 40, a characteristic feature is the disorder of the nervous system, the brain: a violation of memory, sleep, static, depression, hand shake, head. Medicine in such cases is cycled on the treatment of the nervous system, the brain, and it turns out that the whole thing is in the state of the thick bowel and the liver.

The great merit of Academician A. M. Corner is that it has made substantial adjustments to the study of the power supply system, in particular, established the role of fiber and ballast substances in the formation of the microbial intestinal flora, a strip and membrane digestion.

Our health care, for decades, preaching a balanced nutrition ("how much spent, so much came"), actually made people with patients, because ballast substances were excluded from food, and refined products, like monomeric food, did not require significant work of the gastrointestinal tract.

Scientists from the Institute of Food with perseverance, worthy of better use, continue to repel that energy value The diet must comply with human energy costs. But how to consider the views of G. S. Shatalova, which offers to consume 400 to 1000 kcal per day, spending 2.5-3 times more energy, and manages not only to be healthy, but also to treat patients who are official Medicine can not cure?

Atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes and other diseases are, first of all, the lack of fiber in food; Refined products are practically turned off the membrane and strip digestion, which does not fulfill its protective role, not to mention the fact that the loads on enzyme systems are significantly reduced, and they are also outlined. That is why dietary food (mean diet as a lifestyle, rather than certain dishes), used for a long time, is also harmful.

The thick intestine is multifunctional, its tasks: evacuator, absorption, hormone, energy-, heat and stimulating.

Especially should be highlighted on heat-forming and stimulating functions. Microorganisms inhabiting a fat intestine, recycle each product, regardless of where it is: in the center of the intestinal lumen or closer to the wall. They distinguish a lot of energy, bioplasm, due to which in the intestine the temperature is always above the body temperature by 1.5-2 ° C. The bioplasma process of thermonuclear synthesis heats not only flowing blood and lymph, but also organs located on all sides of the intestine. Bioplasma charges water, the electrolytes are absorbed into the blood and, being good batteries, carry energy throughout the body, recharged it. Eastern medicine The abdomen area calls Hara furnace, near which all heat and where physico-chemical, bioenergetic, and then mental reactions are performed. Surprisingly, but in the Tolstaya intestine, at all of its distance in the respective sites there are "representatives" of all organs and systems. If in these areas everything is in order, microorganisms, multiplying, form bioplasm, which has a stimulating effect on one or another organ.

If the intestine does not work, clogs with wheel stones, protein shutters, the active micro-educational process is stopped, the normal heat generation and stimulation of organs, the reactor of the cold thermonuclear synthesis is turned off. The "Supply Department" ceases to provide the body not only with energy, but also with everything necessary (by trace elements, vitamins and other substances), without which it is impossible to flow of redox processes in the tissues at the physiological level.

It is known that each gastrointestinal body has its own acid-alkaline environment: in the oral cavity it is neutral or slightly alkaline, in the stomach - sour, and outside meals - weakly acidic or even neutral, in the duodenum - alkaline, closer to neutral, in The small intestine is slightly alkaline, and in a thick - weakly acidic.

When using flour, sweet dishes in the oral cavity becomes acidic, which contributes to the appearance of stomatitis, gingivitis, caries, diathesis. With mixed food and insufficient number of plant food in a duodenum, a thin intestine - weakness, in a thick - weakly alkaline. As a result, the gastrointestinal tract is completely out of order, all subtle food processing mechanisms are blocked. Treat person from any disease is useless until you bring order in this area.

The special importance of the normal operation of the gastrointestinal tract is that it is a huge hormonal iron, from which all hormonal authorities depend on the activity. For example, a neurotenzine hormone is produced in the ileum, in turn affecting the brain. You probably noticed that some people, promoting, eat a lot: in this case, food acts as a kind of drug. Here, in the ileum and duodenalist, a hormone serotonin is produced, from which our mood depends: little serotonin - depression, with constant violation - a manic-depressive state (sharp excitement is replaced by apatine). The membrane and honey digestion work does not work - the synthesis of vitamins of the group B, especially folic acid, and this means the lack of developing the hormone insulin, from which it turns out, the entire chain of the formation of any hormones, blood formation, the work of the nervous and other organism systems is suffering.

Conditionally, our food can be divided into three groups:

proteins: meat, fish, eggs, milk, legumes, broths, mushrooms, nuts, seeds;

carbohydrates: bread, flour, cereals, potatoes, sugar, jam, candy, honey;

plant food: Vegetables, fruits, juices.

It should be said that all the specified products, in addition to refined, which have passed special processing, in which there is no fiber and almost all useful, contain proteins, and carbohydrates, only in different percentage. For example, in bread, there are carbohydrates, and proteins, as well as in meat. In the future, we will talk primarily about protein or carbohydrate food, where the product components are in their natural equilibrium.

Carbohydrates begin to digest in the oral cavity, proteins are mainly in the stomach, fats - in the duodenum, and vegetable food - only in a thick intestine. Moreover, carbohydrates in the stomach are also delayed relatively long, as it requires significantly less acidic gastric juice for their digestion, because their molecules are simpler compared to proteins.

With separate nutrition, the gastrointestinal tract works as follows: thoroughly cheered and abundantly moistened saliva food creates a weakly alkaline reaction. Then the food lump comes to the top of the stomach, in which after 15-20 minutes the medium changes to acid. With the movement of food to the pH of the pH of the medium becomes closer to the neutral. In the duodenalist of food at the expense of bile and pancreas, having sharply pronounced alkaline reactions, quickly becomes slightly alkaline and in this form enters the delicate intestine. Only in the thick intestine, it becomes weak again. This process takes place particularly actively if you are 10-15 minutes before taking the main food drank water and eaten vegetable food, which provides optimal conditions for microorganisms in the thick intestine and creating an acidic environment there due to organic acids contained in it. At the same time, the body works without any tension, since the food is homogeneous, the process of its processing and assimilation passes to the end. The same thing happens with protein food.

It is necessary to pay attention to the following circumstance: Recently, it is noted that in the first place in women and the second men coming out the disease of the esophagus cancer. One of the main reasons for this is the reception of hot food and beverages, which is characteristic, for example, for the peoples of Siberia.

Some experts recommend taking food as follows: first eat protein food, after a short time - carbohydrate, or vice versa, believing that these products during digestion will not interfere with each other. This is not quite so.

The stomach is a muscular organ, where, as in a washing machine, everything is mixed, and that the corresponding enzyme or digestive juice finds its product, you need time. The main thing that happens in the stomach when taking mixed food is fermentation. Imagine a conveyor in which a mixture of various products is moving, requiring not only specific conditions for its processing (enzymes, juices), but also time. According to I. P. Pavlov, if the digestion mechanism is running, it is impossible to stop it, the entire complex biochemical system with enzymes, hormones, trace elements, vitamins and other substances began to work. In this case, the specific dynamic effect of food is included when after its admission, the metabolic rate of substances occurs, in which the entire body takes part. Fats, as a rule, enhance it slightly or even depress, carbohydrates increase to 20%, and protein food - up to 40%. During meals, food leukocytosis also increases, that is, the immune system is included in the work, when any product entering the body is perceived as a foreign body.

Carbohydrate food, promoting fermentation, eaten together with protein, is processed in the stomach much faster and is ready to move on, but it is mixed with proteins, which only began to be processed and not fully used the sour gastric juice selected for them. Carbohydrates, capturing this protein mass with an acidic medium, arrive at the beginning in the pyloric department, and then in the duodenum, irritating it. And in order to quickly lower the sour food content, a lot of alkaline medium, bile and pancreatic juice are needed. If this happens often, the constant voltage in the pylorarial part of the stomach and in the twelfth gauge leads to a disease of the mucous membrane, gastritis, perideodenitis, ulcerative processes, gall-eyed disease, pancreatitis, diabetes. It is no less important that the lipase enzyme secreted by the pancreas and intended for splitting of fats, in an acidic medium loses activity with all the consequences arising from here. But the main trouble is ahead.

As you remember, protein food arrived in the duodenum, the processing of which was to end in an acidic medium that is absent in the underlying intestinal departments. Well, if some part of protein food will bring out of the body, but the rest is a source of rotting, fermentation in the intestine. After all, proteins eaten by us are alien elements for the body, they represent a danger, changing the alkaline medium of the small intestine on the acid, which contributes to even greater rotting. But the body is trying to make all the protein food from protein food, and as a result of osmosis processes, the protein mass sticks to microvins, disturbing the trim and membrane digestion. The microflora changes to the pathological, there are dysbacteriosis, constipation, the thermal sequel function is not working in normal mode. Against this background, protein residues begin to rot and contribute to the formation of honeystones, which accumulate especially actively in the ascending division of the large intestine. The tone of the intestine muscles changes, the latter stretches, its evacuation and other functions are disturbed. The temperature in the intestines is increased due to grinding processes, it enhances suction of toxic substances. As a result of overflow, especially a large intestine, hiding stones and his inflating, displacement and squeezing organs of the abdominal, chest and small pelvis.

At the same time, the diaphragm shifts up, pressing the heart, lungs, in the iron visits there are liver, pancreas, spleen, stomach, urinary and sexual system. Due to the squeezing of vessels, it is stagnant in the lower limbs, in a small pelvis, in the abdomen, in chestthat additionally leads to thrombophlebitis, endarteards, hemorrhoids, portal hypertension, that is, to the disorders in small and big circles blood circulation, lymphostase.

This also contributes to the inflammatory process in various organs: appendix, genitalia, bustling bubble, kidneys, prostate and others, and then the development of pathology there. The barrier function of the intestine is broken, and toxins, entering the blood, gradually disseminate the liver, kidneys, in which the intensive formation of stones is also underway. And until it will be put in the intestine order, it is useless to treat the liver, kidneys, joints and other organs.

In the intestine, especially a thick, there are honeystones according to some data, up to 6 or more kilograms. Those who spent the cleaning of the intestine, are sometimes amazed: where does the path of the body sometimes contain so many honeystones? How to get rid of such dawns? Official medicine, for example, against the intestines to purify with the help of enema, believing that its microflora is disturbed. Against the background of the adoption of mixed food, as can be seen from the said, there has been no normal microflora in the intestines for a long time, and there is a pathological, and it is difficult to say that it is more useful: not to touch it or clean it all and restore the normal microflora, while moving on separate meals. We chose the intestine cleaning from two angry, especially since the ancient has already known it for a long time and did.

Do not be afraid that the microflora will not recover. Of course, if you adhere to and in the future the habit is mixed and fried food, then the result will not be any. But if you take more coarse, vegetable food, which is the basis for the development of normal microflora and the main source of organic acids that contribute to maintenance, especially in the thick intestine, the weakness reaction, then there will be no problems with the restoration of microflora.

Remember that mixed food, fried, oily, predominantly protein, shifts the medium of the small intestine in acid, and thick - in the alkaline side, which favors rotting, fermentation and, therefore, the body's self-defense. The body of the body is shifted into the acidic side, which contributes to the emergence of various diseases, including cancer. It is possible to restore the intestine microflora in addition to separate nutrition (of course, after cleaning the intestine and the liver), it is possible with the help of short-term or long starvation. But fasting should certainly be carried out after careful preparation and in full compliance with the recommendations, best under the supervision of the doctor.

The essential addition to the proposed power scheme is the need to eliminate roasted, smoked, greasy, very saline, milk. Local products (kefir, cottage cheese, cheeses) can be consumed, but only separately from other food. Fats can be used both with proteins and with carbohydrates.