Salonic acid - (hydrochloric acid, aqueous hydrogen chloride solution), known as a HCl formula - a caustic chemical compound. Since ancient times, a person uses for different purposes this colorless liquid emitting lightly light smacks outdoors.

Properties of chemical compound

HCl is applied in various fields of human activity. It dissolves metals and their oxides, absorbed in benzene, ether and water, does not destroy fluoroplast, glass, ceramics and graphite. Its safe use is possible during storage and work in the correct conditions, in compliance with all safety standards.

Chemically clean (HF) hydrochloric acid is formed with a gaseous synthesis of chlorine and hydrogen, giving hydrogen chloride. It is absorbed in water, obtaining a solution with an HCl content of 38-39% at +18 C. The aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride is used in a variety of spheres of human activity. The price of hydrochloric acid HC is variable, and depends on many components.

Scope of an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride

The use of hydrochloric acid was distributed due to its chemical and physical properties:

• in metallurgy, when producing manganese, iron and zinc, technological processes, metal cleaning;
• in galvanoplasty - when etching and decapping;
• in the production of soda water to regulate acidity, in the manufacture of alcoholic beverages and syrups in the food industry;
• for skin handling in light industry;
• when cleaning not drinking water;
• to optimize petroleum wells in the oil producing industry;
• in radio engineering and electronics.

Chloride hydrochloric acid (HCl) in medicine

The most famous property of hydrochloric acid solution is the alignment of the acid-alkaline balance in the human body. Weak solution, or preparations, the reduced acidity of the stomach is treated. It optimizes food digestion, helps to fight microbes and bacteria penetrating from outside. Hrolh hydrochloric acid contributes to the normalization of low levels of gastric juice acidity and optimizes the digestion of proteins.

Oncology applies HCl for the treatment of neoplasms, and braking their progression. Preparations of hydrochloric acid are prescribed for the prevention of gastric cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, asthma, urticaria, gallstone disease and others. In folk medicine, a weak solution is treated with hemorrhoids.

You can learn more about properties and types of hydrochloric acid.

As acid. The education program provides for memorizing the names of the titles and the formulas of six representatives of this group. And, browsing the table provided by the textbook, you notice in the list of acids that it costs the first and interested you in the first place - salt. Alas, in school, neither properties nor any other information about it is studied. Therefore, thirsty to get knowledge outside the school program are looking for additional information in every source. But often many do not find the necessary information. And therefore the topic of today's article is dedicated to precisely by these acid.

Definition

Salonic acid is a strong mono large acid. In some sources, it can be called chloro and chloride hydrogen, as well as hydrogen chloride.

It is a colorless and smoky in the air caustic liquid (photo on the right). However, technical acid due to the presence of iron, chlorine and other additives in it has a yellowish color. The largest concentration at a temperature of 20 ° C is 38%. The density of hydrochloric acid with such parameters is 1.19g / cm 3. But this connection in varying degrees of saturation has completely different data. When a concentration decreases, a decrease in the numerical value of molar, viscosity and melting point, however, the specific heat capacity and boiling point increases. Harding hydrochloric acid of any concentration gives various crystallohydrates.

Chemical properties

All metals that cost to hydrogen in the electrochemical series of their voltage can interact with this compound, forming salts and highlighting hydrogen gas. If they are replaced by metal oxides, the reaction products will be soluble salt and water. The same effect will also be the interaction of hydrochloric acid with hydroxides. If it is added to it any metal salt (for example, sodium carbonate), the residue of which was taken from a weaker acid (coal), then chloride of this metal (sodium), water and gas corresponding to acid residue are formed (in this case - carbon dioxide) .

Obtaining

The compound currently discussed is formed when the gaseous hydrogen gas is dissolved in water, which can be obtained by burning hydrogen in chlorine. Salonic acid, which was obtained using this method, is called synthetic. Also, the source for the mining of this substance can be abgazes. And such hydrochloric acid will be called abgaznaya. Recently, the production level of hydrochloric acid using this method is much higher than its obtaining synthetic method, although the latter gives a compound in a cleaner form. These are all the ways to prevent it in industry. However, in laboratories, hydrochloric acid is obtained in three ways (the first two differ only in the temperature and reaction products) with various types of interaction of chemicals, such as:

1. The effects of saturated sulfuric acid on sodium chloride at a temperature of 150 o C.
2. The interaction of the above substances under conditions with a temperature of 550 o C and higher.
3. Hydrolysis of aluminum or magnesium chlorides.

Hydrometallurgy and galvanoplasty can not do without the use of hydrochloric acid, where it is needed to clean the surface of the metals during tinning and soldering and receive chlorides of manganese, iron, zinc and other metals. In the food industry, this compound knows how the E507 food additive is there is a regulator of the acidity required in order to make the seller (soda) water. Concentrated hydrochloric acid is also in the gastric juice of any person and helps to digest food. During this process, its degree of saturation decreases, because This composition is diluted with food. However, with prolonged starvation, the concentration of hydrochloric acid in the stomach is gradually increasing. And since this connection is very caustic, it can lead to a stomach ulcer.

Conclusion

Salonic acid can be both useful and harmful to humans. Its entering the skin leads to the appearance of strong chemical burns, and the pairs of this compound annoy the respiratory tract and eyes. But if you treat this substance carefully, it may not come in handy in

1,2679; KRT 51.4 ° C, P Crete 8.258 MPa, D Crete 0.42 g / cm 3; -92,31 kJ / mol, DH PL 1,9924 kJ / mol (-114.22 ° C), DHP is 16,1421 kJ / mol (-8.05 ° C); 186.79 J / (mol · TO); Pressure Pressure (PA): 133.32 · 10 -6 (-200,7 ° C), 2,775 · 10 3 (-130,15 ° C), 10.0 · 10 4 (-85.1 ° C), 74.0 · 10 4 (-40 ° C), 24.95 · 10 5 (° C), 76.9 · 10 5 (50 ° C); the temperature dependence of the pressure of the LGP pair (kPa) \u003d -905.53 / t + 1,75LGT- -500.77 · 10 -5 T + 3,78229 (160-260 K); Coef. compressibility 0.00787; G 23 MN / cm (-155 ° C); R 0.29 · 10 7 Ohm · M (-85 ° C), 0.59 · 10 7 (-114.22 ° C). See also Table. one.

The solubility of HCl in hydrocarbons at 25 ° C and 0.1 MPa (mol.%): In pentane-0.47, hexane-1.12, heptane-1.47, Octane-1.63. The radiation of the NS1 in alkyl and arylganids is small, for example. 0.07 mol / mol for 4 H 9 C1. R-Reliability in the range from -20 to 60 ° C decreases into a row of dichloroethane-three-chloroethane-tetrachloroethane-trichlorethylene. R-Reliability at 10 ° C in a number of alcohols is approximately 1 mol / mole of alcohol, in the aces of carbon K-T 0.6 mol / mol, in carbo-new K-TAX 0.2 mol / mol. In ethers, resistant adducts R 2 O · HCl are formed. The R-Reliability of the NS1 in the melt of chlorides is subject to the law of Henry and is for CCL 2.51 · 10 -4 (800 ° C), 1.75 · 10 -4 mol / mol (900 ° C), for NaCl 1.90 · 10 -4 mole / mol (900 ° C).

Salt kian. The dissolution of HCl in water is highly expo thermal. The process for infinitely solid. aqueous p-ra D H 0 dissolution of NSL -69.9 kJ / mol, ion Sl -- 167,080 kJ / mol; NS1 in water completely ionized. The radiation of NS1 in water depends on T-ry (Table 2) and the partial pressure of NS1 in the gas mixture. The density of hydrochloric acid is broken. Concentration and H at 20 ° C are presented in Table. 3 and 4. With an increase in T-ry H hydrochloric acid, eg: for 23.05% hydrochloric acid at 25 ° C H 1364MP · C, at 35 ° C 1,170 MPa · S.Solenic acid containing H moles Water per 1 mol Ns1, is [kJ / (kg · k)]: 3,136 (n \u003d 10), 3,580 (n \u003d 20), 3,902 (n \u003d 50), 4,036 (n \u003d 100), 4,061 (n \u003d 200 ).

HCL forms azeotropic mixture with water (Table 5). In the HCl-water system there are three eutectic. Points: - 74.7 ° C (23.0% by weight of HCl); -73.0 ° C (26.5% NCL); -87.5 ° C (24.8% NS1, metastable phase). Known crystallohydrates NSL · NN 2 O, where n \u003d 8, 6 (t. Pl. -40 ° C), 4, 3 (so pl. -24.4 ° C), 2 (m. -17, 7 ° C) and 1 (so pl. -15.35 ° C). The ice is crystallized from 10% hydrochloric acid at -20, out of 15%-at -30, from 20%-at -60 and from 24%-at -80 ° C. The radiation of metals halides with an increase in the concentration of HCl in hydrochloric acid falls, which is used to plant them.

Chemical properties. Clean dry nsl begins to dissociate above 1500 ° C, chemically passive. MN. Metals, C, S, P are not correct. Even with liquid nsl. With nitrides, carbides, borides, sulphides reacts above 650 ° C, with Si hydrides, GE and in-in at present. ALSL 3, with transition oxides, at 300 ° C and higher. Oxidized O 2 and HNO 3 to CL 2, with SO 3 gives C1SO 3 H. On the R-изs with Org. For compounds, see Hydroalogeneration.

FROM oilic acid is chemically very active. It dissolves with the release of H 2 all metals that have denied. Normal potentialwith me. Oxides and hydroxides of metals forms chlorides, allocates free. K-you are from such salts, like phosphates, silicates, borates, etc.

Getting.In the prom, the NSL is obtained. Sulfate methods, synthetic. and from abgas (side gas) of a number of processes. The first two methods lose their meaning. Thus, in the USA in 1965, the proportion of abgazine hydrochloric acid was 77.6% in the total volume of production, and in 1982-94%.

Production-in hydrochloric acid (reactive, obtained by sulfate method, synthetic., Abgaznaya) is to obtain HCl with the last. Its absorption with water. Depending on the method of removal of the heat of absorption (reaches 72.8 kJ / mol) processes are divided into isothermich., Adiabatich. and combined.

The sulfate method is based on the completions. NaCl with conc. H 2 SO 4 at 500-550 ° C. Reaches. Gases contain from 50-65% NCL (muffle furnaces) to 5% HCl (boiling layer reactor). It is proposed to replace H 2 SO 4 with a mixture of SO 2 and O 2 (T-ra process OK. 540 ° C, CAT.-FE 2 O 3).

At the heart of the direct synthesis of NCl lies a chain level of combustion: H 2 + CL 2 2NSL + 184.7CH The equilibrium constant to p is calculated according to the UR, LGK P \u003d 9554 / T- 0.5331G T + 2.42.

The r application is initiated by light, moisture, solid porous (charcoal, porous Pt) and ne-fish miner. You (quartz, clay). Synthesis, led with excess H 2 (5-10%) in the combustion chambers made of steel, graphite, quartz, refractory brick. Naib Sovr. Material preventing pollution of HCL, -Graphite, impregnated fa-nolo-formald. resins. To prevent the explosive nature of combustion, the reagents are mixed directly in the flame torch burner. At the top. The burning chamber zone is installed heat exchangers for cooling reactors. Gas up to 150-160 ° C. SOCK power. Graphite furnaces reaches 65 t / day (in terms of 35% hydrochloric acid). In the case of the N 2 deficit, the Split is applied. modifications of the process; For example, a mixture of CL 2 with water vapor through a layer of porous hot coal is passed:

2SL 2 + 2N 2 O + C: 4nsl + CO 2 + 288.9 kJ

The process of process (1000-1600 ° C) depends on the type of coal and the presence of impurities in it, which are catalysts (eg, Fe 2 O 3). Perspectively using a mixture with water vapor:

CO + H 2 O + SL 2: 2NCL + CO 2

More than 90% hydrochloric acid in developed countries is obtained from abgasic HCL, formed during chlorination and dehydrochlo-rings of the Org. compounds, pyrolysis chlororg. Waste, metal chlorides, receiving potash nechloride. Fertilizers and other abgazes contain RP. NCH1, inert impurities (N 2, H 2, CH 4), unintended org water. B-VA (chlorobenzene, chloromethane), water-soluble in-Va (acetic K-Ta, chloral), acid impurities (SL 2, HF, O 2) and water. Application isothermich. Absorption is advisable at low content of NS1 in abgashas (but with an inert impurities of less than 40%). Naib Perspective film absorbers, allowing to extract from the initial abgaz from 65 to 85% NCl.

Naib Adiabatich schemes are widely used. Absorption. Abgazy is introduced into the bottom. Part of the absorber, and water (or diluted hydrochloric acid) in the opposite. Salonic acid is heated to boiling T-Ry, due to the heat dissolving NCl. Changing the t-glans of absorption and the HCl concentration is given in Fig. 1. T-Ra of absorption is determined by T-very boiling to-you appropriate concentration (max. T-ra-t. Kip. Azeotropic mixture - approx. 110 ° C).

In fig. 2 Dana Typical Adiabatich scheme. HCL absorptions from abgazes formed during chlorination (eg, obtaining chlorobenzene). HCL is absorbed in absorber 1, and the remnants of the or-soluble org water. B-B is separated from water after condensation in the apparatus 2, fed in the tail column 4 and separators 3, 5 and get carbon hydrochloric acid.

Fig. 1. Distribution scheme T-P (curve 1) and

Salonic acid is an inorganic substance, monosocondary acid, one of the strongest acids. Other names are also used: hydrogen chloride, chloride acid, hydrochloric acid.

Properties

Pure acid is a liquid without color and smell. Technical acid usually contains impurities that give it a slightly yellowish tint. The hydrochloric acid is often referred to as "smoking", as it highlights the pairs of chloride-produce, react with water moisture and forming an acid fog.

It is very well soluble in water. At room temperature, the maximum possible content of chloride-produce -38%. The acid concentration is greater than 24% is considered concentrated.

Chloride hydrochloric acid actively reacts with metals, oxides, hydroxides, forming salts - chlorides. HCl interacts with sheals of weaker acids; with strong oxidizing agents and ammonia.

To determine hydrochloric acid or chlorides, a reaction with AGNO3 silver nitrate is used, as a result of which a white cotton sediment drops.

Safety technique

The substance is very caustic, corrosive skin, organic materials, metals and their oxides. In the air, there is a pair of chloride-producing pairs, which cause choking, skin burns, mucous membranes and nose, damage the respiratory organs, destroy the teeth. Salonic acid refers to substances of 2 degrees of danger (highly hazardous), reagent PDC in the air is 0.005 mg / l. It is possible to work with hydrogen chloride only in filter gas masks and protective clothing, including rubber gloves, apron, footwear.

With a spilling of acid, it is washed with plenty of water or neutralized with alkaline solutions. The affected from the acid should be taken out of the danger zone, rinse the skin and eyes with water or soda solution, cause a doctor.

Transport and store Chemical reagent is allowed in a glass, plastic container, as well as in a metal container coated from the inside with a rubber layer. Tara must be sealed.

Obtaining

In an industrial scale, hydrochloric acid is obtained from gaseous chloride (HCl). The chloride itself is produced by two main ways:
- the exothermic reaction of chlorine and hydrogen - thus obtain a high purity reagent, for example, for the food industry and pharmaceuticals;
- Of the associated industrial gases - acid based on such HCl is called abgaznaya.

This is curious

It is hydrochloric acid "instructed" the process of food cleavage in the body. The concentration of acid in the stomach is only 0.4%, but it turns out to be enough to digest the razor blade in a week!

Acid is produced by the cells of the stomach itself, which is protected from this aggressive substance by the mucous membrane. However, its surface is updated daily to restore damaged areas. In addition to participating in the process of digestion of food, the acid also performs a protective function, killing pathogenic microorganisms entering the body through the stomach.

Application

In medicine and pharmaceuticals - to restore the acidity of gastric juice in its insufficiency; Under anemia to improve the absorption of iron-containing drugs.
- In the satellite, this is a nutritional supplement, an E507 acidity regulator, as well as the ingredient of the seller (soda) water. Used in the manufacture of fructose, gelatin, citric acid.
- in the chemical industry - the basis for obtaining chlorine, soda, sodium glutamicate, metals chlorides, for example, zinc chloride, manganese chloride, iron chloride; synthesis of chlororganic substances; Catalyst in organic synthesis.
- Most of the whole hydrochloric acid produced in the world is spent in metallurgy for cleaning billets from oxides. For these purposes, inhibited technical acid is used, which introduced special inhibitors (moderators) of the reaction, due to which the reagent dissolves oxides, but not the metal itself. Also, metals etching hydrochloric acid; Purify them before the logging, soldering, galvanizing.
- Processing the skin before twin.
- in the extractive industry is in demand for cleaning drilling fluids from deposits, for processing ores and mining formations.
- In laboratory practice, hydrochloric acid is used as a popular reagent for analytical studies, to clean the vessels from difficult pollution.
- used in rubber, pulp and paper industry, in ferrous metallurgy; for cleaning boilers, pipes, equipment from complex deposits, scale, rust; For cleaning ceramic and metal products.

Salonic acid (synonym: hydrochloric acid, acidum hydrochloricum; NCl) is a strong monosocondary acid. It is obtained by dissolving gaseous hydrogen chloride in water (HCl). In aqueous solutions, hydrochloric acid dissociates to ions: HCl↔h + + Cl -. In the pure form of hydrochloric acid. Colorless liquid with a sharp smell. Technical hydrochloric acid containing iron impurities, arsenic and other substances, painted in yellowish green. A saturated aqueous HCl solution containing about 42% hydrogen chloride, heavily smokes in air (smoking hydrochloric acid), since the released HCl forms the smallest droplets of hydrochloric acid with water vapor. Concentrated hydrochloric acid, manufactured in sale, contains about 38% NCL.

Salonic acid dissolves many metals, oxides and hydroxide metals, while hydrochloric acid salts (chlorides) are formed.

In the gastric juice of man, there is about 0.2% hydrochloric acid, which contributes to the transition of dietary masses from the stomach into a duodenum and neutralizing microbes falling into the stomach from the external environment. Salonic acid activates pepsinogen, participates in the formation of secretine and some other hormones, stimulating the activity of the pancreas.

Salonic acid is widely used in the technique and laboratories. The smallest droplets of hydrochloric acid, as well as the Gaseous NCLs annoy the mucous membranes, cause cough and choking. Chronic poisoning leads to the destruction of teeth and gastrointestinal disorders. If the hydrochloric acid causes burns on the skin.

First aid: Inhalation of 2% reduction in sodium biccarbonate). When the burn, the affected place is washed with water immediately, then a solution of bicarbonic soda and again with water.

The maximum permissible concentration of HCl in the air of 5 mg desktops per 1 m 3.

See also acid, poisoning.

Preparations of hydrochloric acid. Divorced salt acid (Acidum Hydrochloricum Dilutum, Acidum Muriaticum Purum Dilutum). Contains 1 part of pure hydrochloric acid and 2 parts of water. The content of hydrogen chloride is 8.2-8.4%. Apply in drops and medicines with hypo-and anacid gastritis, the Achilia of the stomach, dyspepsia. In hypochromic anemia in order to improve the absorption of iron diluted hydrochloric acid. Appointed with iron preparations (10-15 drops 2-4 times a day, during or after meals; higher doses: one-time - 30 drops, daily - 90 drops). Storage:, in flasks with fit plugs.

Often, hydrochloric acid preparations are prescribed in combination with (see). Acidin-pepsin tablets (Acidin-pepsinum) contain 1 part of pepsin and 4 parts of betaine hydrochloride. In the stomach, betaine hydrochloride separates free hydrochloric acid. 0.4 g of betaine hydrochloride corresponds to about 16 drops of diluted hydrochloric acid. Release form: Tablets of 0.25-0.5 g. They are prescribed inside 0.5 g 3-4 times a day, while eating or after meals. Tablet pre-dissolve in 1/4 glasses of water.