IN abdominal cavity Allocate visceral (domestic) and parietal (cloth) lymphatic nodes.

Visceral lymph nodes

Curl lymph nodes,nodi. lymphatici. coeliaci.are localized near the crust on the line of Lymphs from many visceral lymph nodes Abdominal cavity.

Gastric lymph nodes,nodi. lymphatici. gastrici.. Left gastric lymph nodes,nodi. lymphatici. gastrici. sinistri.Located near the left gastric artery and its branches, fit to the small curvature of the stomach and its walls (front and rear). The lymphatic vessels of the small curvature of the stomach fall into these nodes.

Right gastric lymph nodes,nodi. lymphatici. gastrici. dextri., non-permanent, are located in the course of the type of artery over the gatekeeper.

Pilorary lymphaticnodes nodi. lymphatici. pilorici., are above the gatekeeper, behind it and under it, next to the upper gastrointestinal artery. Lymphatic vessels from the gatekeeper of the pancreas playing gladers are flowing into the pylorical nodes.

Along the great curvature of the stomach are located right and left gastrointestinal nodes. They lie in the form of chains near the same-name arteries and veins and take lymphatic vessels in which Lymph is coming from the stomach walls, adjacent to great curvature, as well as from the Big Self.

Spleen lymph nodes,nodi. lymphdtici. liendles., are located at the gate of the spleen, near the branching of the spleen artery, in the thickness of the gastrointestinal bundle. Lymphatic vessels are sent to these nodes from the bottom of the stomach, left gastrointestinal lymph nodes and from the spleen capsule.

Liver lymph nodes,nodi. lymphdtici. hepdtici., are in the thickness of the hepatic and duodenal bunch in the course of the general hepatic artery and the portal vein. They are also near the neck of the gallbladder - this bile lymph nodes,nodi. lymphatici. cysstici.. They take lymphatic vessels from the liver and gallbladder. Driving lychers and bile lymphatic vessels of hepatic and bile lymph nodes are sent to the curl and lumbar lymph nodes.

Parietal lymph nodes

Lower left lymph nodes,nodi. lymphatici. epigastrici. inferiores., pair, lie in the thickness of the front abdominal wall in the course of the same name blood vessels. They collect lymphs from the adjacent parts of the straight, transverse and oblique muscles of the abdomen, the peritoneum, lining the front abdominal wall, and from the subvershiteline fiber.

Numerous lumbar lymph nodes,nodi. lYM.­ phathici. lumbdles., located all over the back of the abdominal wall (retroperitone) around the aorta and the lower hollow vein. Due to the position of these nodes in relation to major vessels, they are divided into left, right and intermediate lumbar lymph nodes.

On the back abdominal wall, near the bottom diaphragmal artery, the polar non-permanent single names are distinguished lower diaphragmal lymph nodes,nodi. lymphatici. phrenici. inferiores.. The lymphatic diaphragm vessels, the rear of the right and the left lobe of the liver fall into these nodes.

Lymph nodes of the abdominal cavity We are divided into viscerals, located along the trunks and branches of the ventricular barrel, the upper and lower mesenteric arteries, and parietal, or lumbar, lying around the aorta and the lower hollow vein. Lumbar nodes (NODI Lymphatici Lumbales) in turn are divided into left and right lateroautical and pre-retro-actival.

Left latero-soldered nodes (including from 2 to 14) are located in one or two rows along the left surface of the aorta, from its bifurcation to the aortic hole of the diaphragm. They are a continuation of the outdoor chain of the left upper iliac nodes and the Truncus Lumbalis Sinister arises in the form of one or more stems. If there are several left lumbar trunks, then that of them, which is connected to the right lumbar barrel, is the main one, the same - extensive. The latter most often flow into the chest dump.

Right latero-soldered nodes consist of laatero, pre- and returkatal and instextocaval nodes. The laaterocavral node chain (1-8) begins on the node lying in the corner between the overall iliac artery and the lower hollow vein, and ends above the right renal leg on the CRUS dextrum diaphragm. The vessels of the nodes go to the returkatal nodes, in the right transdiaphragmal path and take part in the formation of the main roots of the chest duct. The extension vessels from the lower drock assemblies (among 1-7) above the beginning of the lower mesenteric artery enter or into interatokavalny, or in the pre-utteral, or in retur curb nodes. The upper non-permanent 1-2 drock assemblies lie on the front surface of the vein between the shift of the renal vein and the beginning of the lower mesenteric artery.

Right crop nodes (in quantity 1-9) are located behind the lower hollow vein. Of these, it is possible to distinguish the largest and permanent node (main), which flows below the level of liner into the lower hollow vein of the left renal vein. The existing vessels of the lower robbar nodes are most often in the main returder assembly, which is the main sources of a single or double right lumbar trunk, less often in the right lumbar lymphatic barrel. Inteathedral lymph nodes (in quantity 1-5) are located between the aorta and the lower hollow veins throughout the level of removal of the lower mesenteric artery to the vent. Immediately below the left renal vein lies the main node of this chain, in which the lymphatic vessels of eggs (or ovary) are poured, bringing the vessels of central mesenteric and rear pancreatododenal knots, kidneys, liver. The discharge vessels of the node are most often falling in Truncus Lumbalis Dexter.

Pre-routes are located on the front surface of the aorta at different levels: immediately above the aorta bifurcation (from 1 to 4 nodes), around the beginning of the lower mesenteric artery (from 1 to 7 nodes). On the site from the lower mesenteric artery to the lower edge of the left renal vein lie from 1 to 5 knots. Large, vessels from central mesenteric nodes, rear pancreatyododenal and retro pancreatic nodes fall into them. Above and behind the pancreas, at its lower edge, and above the left renal veins are pre-aircraft retropancreatic nodes (1-4), in which lymph leather from curl, hepatic, spleen and mesenteric nodes. At the base of Truncus, the Liacus is located 1-2 large nodes, which are part of NODI Lymphatici Coeliaci lying along the branches of the ventricular barrel. Their discharge vessels are sent to the upper left lateroactive, retro and laaterocaval knots and to preoperative retropancreatic nodes. Retro-aortic nodes (1-4) are located behind the aorta at all its length, connecting the left latero-solder nodes with returkatar or intero-shut-circuit nodes.

The right lumbar lymphatic barrel (Truncus Lumbalis Dexter) arises from the reducing vessels of the right latero-soldered and even pre-router nodes, which are connected in various combinations and form a single or multiple (up to three) trunk. Additional trunks fall into the chest duct. The right lumbar trunk is more often located between the abdominal aorta and the lower hollow vein, less often behind the veins or aorts. The fusion of lumbar trunks forms the chest duct.

Located mainly in mesenters, gates internal organs, along large blood vessels. The outflow of lymph - from the organs of the abdominal cavity to organ lymph nodes, and from them to the lumbar trunk and lumbar tank (Fig. 324).

1. Lumbar lymphcentre - JC. Lumbale includes:

1) Aortic lumbar lymph nodes - Inn. Lumbales Aortici.

In large cattle In the amount of 10-25 are preservatively located from the aorta (left) and the caudal hollow vein (right), as well as the intervertebral holes. The dimensions of lymph nodes from 0.5 to 2 cm. Pigs are 8-20 lymph nodes, at the horse 30-160, the dog has a number of them are inconstant.

Fig. 324. Lymph nodes of the abdominal cavity, pelvis and cow basic limbs

The influx of lymphs is from the loin, aortic, urinary organs; outflow - to the lumbar trunk;

2) Renal lymph nodes - Inn. Renales are located on renal arteries.

Cattle in quantity of 3-5 up to 2-4 cm. Horses 10-18 lymph nodes;

3) The library's lymphatic node - in. Ovaricus is inconsistency, concluded in the ovarian bundle. The lymph nodes of the seeds are available only in a boar. The outflow of lymphs - in deep groin lymph node.

2. Clawed LymphCenter - LC. Celiacum includes:

1) Curl lymph nodes - Inn. Celiaci is located around the beginning of the curl artery.

Cattle 2-5 nodes in size of 1-2 cm. Pigs 2-4 knots, horses - 12-30.

Lymph outflow - through an english barrel into a lumbar tank;

2) gastric lymph nodes - Inn. Gastrici.

In a large horned with to about t and in large quantities along the vessels of each ventricular separation of 0.4 to 4 cm. Different scar, renewed lymph nodes, etc.

In animals with a single-chamber stomach located in the area of \u200b\u200bits cardiac part and small curvature, in the pig - single and groups. Horse - 15-30 nodules, some of them are red. The dog has small nodes, non-permanent, lie closer to the pilor;

3) liver (portal) lymph nodes - Inn. Hepatici (Portales) lie in the liver.

Cattle has 5-15 livestock;

4) spleen lymph nodes - Inn. Lienales are located at the spleen gate.

Cattle has no livestock; Pigs have up to 8 knots; Horse 10-30, red; Dog up to 5 knots;

5) Lymph nodes - Inn. Omentales are located in the gastrointestinal bundle.

The dog is inconvenient;

6) Pancreatic and duodenum lymph nodes - Inn. Rap Creaticoduodenales.

Cattle has the number of their inconstantly; Pigs have 8-9 lymph nodes, a horse is 5-15, a dog has one small lymph node.

3. Cranial mesenter lymphcentre - LC. Mesenttericum Craniale includes lymph nodes located in bowel mesentery:

1) Cranial mesenteric lymph nodes - Inn. Mesentterici Cra-Niales is located at the beginning of the artery of the same name.

Lymph outflow - through the intestinal duct into the lumbar tank;

2) Torshkeeper lymph nodes - Inn. Yeyunales are located in the mesentery of the hectic intestine.

In cattle, 30-50 large lymph nodes are drawn in the form of a ribbon along the place of attachment of the mesentery to the small intestine. Pigny knots are located along the cranical mesenteric artery. A horse from 35 to 90 red or brown-colored nodes with a size of 0.3-6 cm are located in the root mesentery. The dog has 2 lymph nodes;

3) Lymph nodes of the blind intestine - Inn. Cecales. Enlarged horned with to about t and are located along the ligaments of the intestine, the horse is along the shades;

4) iliac lymph nodes - Inn. Ileocolici. Cattle is located between the blind intestine and the colon, in the pig - in the mesentery of the cushion. The horse has up to 1000-1400 lymph nodes with dimensions of 0.2-2 cm, located mainly along the shades;

5) Limph nodes of the sister -inn. Colici are located in the mesentery of the colon.

Cattle and pigs have between the climbs of the labyrinth. The horse is up to 6000 from 0.1 to 2.5 cm in size, lie on a large colon along the coloning arteries, as well as in a blind bunch. The dog has 3-8 lymph nodes in the mesentery.

4. Caudal mesenter lymph centered Mesenttericum Caudale combines:

1) Caudal mesenteric lymph nodes - Inn. Mesentterici Caudales.

The horse has 160-180 knots, located along the place of attachment of the mesentery to the small colon and along the caudal mesenteric artery. The dog has 2-5 knots;

2) Bubble lymph nodes - Inn. Vesicales is rarely found in the side binding of the bladder.

Abdominal lymphadenopathy is an increase in the size of the nodes of the lymphatic system as a result of the inflammatory process in them. As a rule, lymphadenopathy is one of the manifestations of symptom complex pathologies various etiology, not an independent disease. But chronic inflammation in lymphatic nodes can lead to the development of independent pathology, which causes severe complications.

Mechanism of origin

The lymphadenopathy of the abdominal cavity arises as a result of adventures with flowing lymph materials, which are caused in the tissues of lymph nodes in the abdominal cavity inflammatory response. The pathogens can be:

• pathogenic microorganisms and their toxins;
• fabric decay products (plasmolem lipids and melatonin pigment);
• foreign materials (soot, smoke particles, silicone elastomers) and cellular debris.

Implementation infectious agent The lymph nodes occurs when leaning sharp, subacute, chronic local inflammatory processes (colitis, ulcers duodenal gut etc.), less often this happens with common infectious pathologies. The pathogens fall into the lymphatic assembly of lymphogenic, hematogenic and contact paths. When injuring the lymph node, the infectious agent is possible.

The inflammatory process is protective reaction In response to the stimulus. Interacting with lymphocytes and other cells immune systemThe infectious agent causes the formation of specific substances and launches the protective mechanism. Penetrated through the gate of infection into the lymphatic assembly, the infectious agent meets sinus histiocytes. If it is not absorbed by settled macrophages, then there is a typical picture of acute inflammation.

Lymphadenopathy is accompanied by an increase in the size of the lymph nodes. However, the cause of hypertrophy is the process of node tissue hyperplasia. In the acute stage of lymphadenopathy in lymph nodes localized in the intra-abdominal area, the following processes occur:

• hyperemia of knot fabrics;
• expansion of its cavities;
• having lunned by his epithelium;
• diffusion of the serous separated in the parenchyma and the education of edema;
• proliferation processes of lymphoid tissue;
• infiltration of tissues of node lymphocytes.

Causes of appearance

Further progression of pathology may be accompanied by purulent separated. Depending on the time, the strength and quantities of the acting factors, the process of lymphadenopathy quickly passes all stages. As an infectious agent causing lymphadenopathy abdominal lymph nodes, agents causing:

• tuberculosis:
• toxicoplasmosis;
• brucellosis;
• helmintosis;
• giardiasis;
• mycoses, etc.

In addition, pathological condition may be provoked by diseases connective tissue and serum pathology of medicinal nature.

Lymphadenopathy in children often accompanies cortex, rubella, vapotitis, etc. The cause of hyperplasia of intra-painted lymph nodes can become a malignant process or mesadenit - inflammation of lymph nodes in mesentery thin gut. The child is experiencing symptoms similar to acute appendicitis.

In the abdominal cavity, the lymph nodes are located along the aorta and the lower hollow vein (intricate) and near the hollow and parenchymal organs (insompector). Symptoms of pathology correspond to inflammatory process, and severity - the severity of his current.

Classification of pathological condition

Depending on the number of lymph nodes involved in the process, and their location, it is customary to classify lymphadenopathy on:

• local;
• regional;
• generalized.

Generalized lymphadenopathy is the hardest, since pathological changes affect not a separate node, as under local form, and several minutes at once. Moreover, these groups can be in the unacceptably among themselves the regions of the human body. Reactive lymphadenopathy is diagnosed with a massive introduction of an infectious agent. At the same time, the symptoms are not expressed, and the increased lymph nodes are painless.

For a long time, pathology is divided into acute, chronic and recurrent. In addition, each of the above forms can take a type of tumor or non-tuch pathology. For the convenience of estimating the pathological process, some authors identify the following degrees of the increase in lymph nodes in diameter:

• I degree - 50-150 mm;
• II degree - 150-250 mm;
• III degree - 250 mm and more.

Parents often do not consider an increase in lymph nodes in a child an alarm signal, written off the pathology on the symptoms of viral, colds and infectious diseases. Therefore, doctors advise to conduct a survey in children often ill respiratory diseaseshaving a history of inflammation in the field of rotogling, bronchitis and croup.

Symptoms and signs of pathology

The most important diagnostic sign of lymphadenopathy is the increase in the nodes of the lymphatic system. As additional symptoms of localization of pathology in the abdominal cavity can be:

• long-term increase in body temperature;
• night sweating;
• structural changes marked on radiograph or ultrasound;
• weight loss;
• pathological increase in liver (hepatomegaly) and spleen (splenomegaly);
• nausea and vomiting;
• dyspeptic disorders;
• total weakness.

The listed symptoms are not characteristic of this pathology and may mean other pathologies. In addition, additional symptoms differ depending on the type of infectious agent that caused lymphadenopathy. For example, infectious mononucleosis It causes not only the symptoms listed above, but also accompanied by such signs as the rashes of a maculopapulous nature that independently pass in 2-3 days. In the introduction of an infectious HIV agent in the initial stage, the appearance of rashes and ORZ-like symptoms is noted.

When infecting the body, the causative agent of hepatitis B, except characteristic signs, feverish phenomena, dyspeptic syndrome, jaundice are noted. Some pathogens cause symptoms of arthritis, conjunctivitis, arthralgia, urticaria, etc. With such a variety of symptom complex, diagnosis of lymphadenopathy is difficult, especially if the main symptom is not visualized, such as when localitizing the pathological process in the abdominal cavity and retroperitoneal space. If this pathology is suspected, differential studies are carried out, excluding diseases with similar symptoms.

Methods of diagnosis of pathology

To identify the cause of lymphadenopathy, the organization and epidemiological data is carried out. The patient is asked questions about possible blood transfusion, carrying out transplantation, random sexual relations, intravenous administration Narcotic drugs, contact with animals (cats) and birds, specific professional activity (Fishermen, hunters, farms workers and scotch, etc.), migration to foreign countries, etc.

It is of great importance to the age of the patient, since some forms of pathology are more inherent in children. The clinical examination includes a thorough palpator study of lymph nodes and determining them:

• localization;
• quantities and size;
• connections with each other;
• soreness;
• consistency.

The next stage of diagnostics becomes the delivery of laboratory tests:

• biochemical and clinical blood tests;
• general urine analysis;
• analyzes for HIV infection and RW;
• serological blood test.

In addition, cytological and histological studies are appointed:

• bone marrow biopsy
• excision biopsy of lymph nodes.

Hardware diagnostics includes:

• radiography;
• MRI and CT;
• ostoscintigraphy (if necessary).

After confirming the diagnosis and detection of the causes of the pathological process, an individual treatment scheme is developed.

Therapy of the pathological state

Often the therapy of pathology that caused inflammation of lymph nodes leads to their decrease. In the treatment of lymphadenopathies of various etiologies, prescribe medicia treatment using:

• antibiotics;
• anti-inflammatory drugs of the NSAID group;
• antiviral agents;
• immunomodulators.

In the treatment of lymphadenopathies in children, good indicators were noted when appointing antibacterial drugs From the group of macrolides: Roxitromycin, Josamamicina, Midekamycin. When detecting herpetic infection, acyclovir, arbidol, etc. are prescribed.

Immunomodulators are prescribed to raise immunity after the course of antibiotics, chemotherapy or radiotherapy: cycloferon, viriferon, lycopid, etc.

If drug therapy is ineffective or the cause of pathology is a malignant process, then the surgical removal of affected lymph nodes with subsequent chemotherapy courses or radiotherapy are shown. Which method to choose, solves only the attending physician, based on the history of the history, the obtained results of the diagnosis and individual characteristics of the patient. Timely identification of pathology on early stage Allows you to do without radical therapy methods.

The lymphatic system of a person is a complex plexus of special tissues and organs. Complicated anatomy reveals in front of a person some riddles of the formation of certain deviations in the course of life. Knowing the location of the lymph nodes of the retroperitoneal space and the abdominal cavity will help in understanding the causes of diseases, features of pain syndrome, which occurs when inflammation.

Features of the structure

The system is included in the cardiovascular network. It forms a Lymph current - a substance that will distribute fluid on all tissues and organs, providing full and proper nutrition. It consists of lymphatic vessels, ducts and capillaries, as well as nodes through which fluid flows and filtered.

Lymph - "Clean Water", not having a shade. Without this fluid, it would be impossible to fully power with water tissues and useful insoluble substances. Lymph is closely related to the bloodstream, but it moves not as fast as arterial liquid.

The nodes that are included in the system are classified as immune organs, the main function of which is to protect the person through filtering of the separated liquids. In lymph nodes, immunity cells are multiplied - lymphocytes. They are responsible for the destruction of pathogenic microorganisms, bacteria, viruses. If it fails to develop this flora, severe immunodeficiency is developing, including HIV or AIDS.

In the abdominal and retroperitoneal space, as in other human body compartments, the nodes are located in one or groups. Normally, they have a pink shade and a soft structure, while retaining elasticity and a smooth shift shape. In old age, they are slightly expanding, becoming segments of segments or tarts. This is due to the merger of neighboring lymph nodes, but the pathological process is not considered.

The largest nodes of the abdominal cavity reaches size 15 mm, while small conglomerates in diameter do not exceed 0.5 mm. With age, educated groups can reach large sizes - up to 50 mm. In children, immune links are less.

Classification of groups

The lymphatic system is located in the direction of blood vessels, it is branched off from each organ and is very extensive. At its turn, large and small nodes are located, preventing the spread of infections and the fluid cleansing fluids every minute.

There are two types of nodes: Parietal are located in the walls of the cavities, and viscerals - next to the organs. The entire system can be divided into several subgroups of nodes:

• upper limbs;
• chest;
• heads;
• pelvis;
• abdominal cavity;
• lower limbs.

The dimensions of lymph nodes may differ, but their structure is usually identical. The situation depends on the group. The cervical elements are better than palpation. When inflammation, pain in them is determined quite accurately, and with the help of visualization you can identify an increase - additional diagnostics not required.

The lymph nodes of the abdominal cavity are more difficult to visualize and diagnose. To clarify their increase, it is necessary to ultrasound, in suspected oncological processes and other diseases can assign CT, MRI. The pain in these elements is not amenable to accurate description and is often confused with appendicitis, diseases of the stomach.

The structure of lymph nodes

Outside, immune links covers a thin sheath consisting of connecting cells. Parenchima is the main elements of each organ of the lymphatic system. It consists of reticular cells in which there are several structures:

• the cortical substance is in the periphery zone;
• brain fabric - located in the center of the capsule.

The cortex area includes a surface zone containing follicles, as well as a deep bark area (parakoctal). It connects the brain and cortical layer. It is in this area that the T-lymphocytes are produced necessary to combat all diseases and viruses.

From the capsule inside the node, in the parenchyma, the beams of connective tissue - Trabecules are departed. They look like small plates and partitions forming the core. In this area, the lymphatic fluid passes through the sines of the cortical and cerebral layer. The main function of these membrane membrane membranes is cleaning water from foreign elements.

The structure of the protective links is not characterized by tremendous complexity, but the slightest failure in it is able to lead to severe autoimmune processes. Damage to filtering membranes - the path to the development of deaths for the human immunodeficiency.

Anatomy of the lymph system of the retroperitoneal zone

To facilitate the diagnosis, treatment and study of the lymphatic system, all nodes in the abdominal cavity are divided into several subgroups:

• Curl. They are numbered from 10 to 15 pieces, located at the base of the ventricle. Most often, their size does not exceed 10 mm in diameter, but sometimes units are detected to 20 mm. They are attributed to visceral elements, although some studies of the 20th century insist on the opposite classification - parietal.
• Gastric. These elements are on the stomach curvature line - large and small. Also groups of immune links are located in the area of \u200b\u200bthe gatekeeper.
• Upper and lower pancreatic. Immune links are around the perimeter of the pancreas, top and bottom.
• Spleen. Elements are grouped in the body of the organ.
• Hepatic. Affect the area of \u200b\u200bthe gallbladder and the gate of the liver.
• Mesenteric. There are between the leaflets of the mesentery of the small intestine.
• Colonse. Located mainly near the lymphatic vessels, intestinal loop.
• Lumbar. Rarely grouped, represented by single structures located along the aorta.
• Diaphragimental bottoms. Localized near the legs of the diaphragm.
• Upper bottom. Located at the beginning of the left artery.

Each node has a unique feature that is responsible for cleansing the liquids entering a nearby organ or structure. If a person suffers from a disease, for example, a stomach, then the gastric nodes are inflated primarily. But with a long and acute course of the disease, the defeat of remote links is possible.

Parapoortal lymph nodes located in the abdominal cavity near the stomach, intestines and pancreas are most often exposed to the growth of cancer cells. They detect metastases. Parapoortal nodes may appear pathological formations emanating from prostate, ovaries, uterus, bladder.

Causes of inflammation of abdominal nodes

If the size of the lymphatic element increases, this indicates the development of the disease and inflammation. The pathological process may begin with the active development of lymphocytes, which is associated with the activation of the immune system to combat the body's disease located nearby. An increase in protective links is characteristic of a variety of diseases and infections:

• lymphadenitis - purulent inflammation of the node, accompanied by pain, redness of the skin;
• tuberculosis - may suffer the upper links included in the network of the abdominal lymphatic system;
• HIV - elements are increased on the stomach, in the aircraft zone, in the upper parts of the body;
• venusal diseases - not only inguinal links are affected, but also lower nodes of the abdominal system;
• oncological diseases - peritoness links increase and hurt with the defeat of organs located in this cavity;
• infectious diseases - Salmonella, Dieseneria, Shigellosis;
• autoimmune diseases and infections - mononucleosis, histiocytosis;
• intrably inflammations that may affect the organs of the reproductive system are diseases of the appendages, uterus, prostate.

It is impossible to determine only by the state of the nodes. To confirm the diagnosis, a number of surveys are assigned.

An increase in lymph nodes is never spontaneous and requires the close attention of doctors. This condition does not always hide dangerous and incurable diseases. Timely examination helps to identify statiya Violations and quickly eliminate it.

Diagnostics of the system

In addition to ultrasound and MRI in suspected infection, viruses and oncological processes are prescribing additional examination methods:

• laboratory blood tests, urine;
• x-ray - with its help you can exclude peritonitis in the abdominal cavity;
• laparoscopy is assigned in the absence of sufficient information from other surveys. With this procedure you can take biological material and send it to histological examination to eliminate the presence of cancer cells.

Deciphering received data is engaged in the attendance - oncologist, infectious player, surgeons, or all specialists together.