All causes of pollution of the body are also to the tolstoy intestine. Consider a little more in detail the cause of his problems. It is known that on the way to the fat intestine, food should be recycled in the stomach, in the 12-robberian and in the small intestine, the bile of the liver and the gallbladder and the pancreas juice. Any problems in these organs will instantly affect the tolstish intestine. For example, bile is involved not only in the digestion of fats, but also stimulates the peristaltics of the colon. Due to the stagnant process in the bustling bubble, there is less than bile. Consequently, as a result of a decrease in the peristaltics in the Tolstaya intestine, constipation will begin, that is, the residues of food will be stated in the intestine. Insufficient digestion of fats will also lead to the fact that these fats will fall into a thick intestine and change the acid-alkaline balance in it, which will negatively affect the activity of microflora. Maintaining the relative constancy pH in all departments of the gastrointestinal tract is of great importance for all digestion and for the thick bowel in particular. Thus, the lack of acid in the stomach causes insufficient processing of Komka food, which will affect further digestion in other departments of the gastrointestinal tract. As a result, an alkaline reaction is created in the thick intestine instead of weakly acid.

It is known that the weakly acidic medium is most favorable for the vital activity of bacteria and, in addition, such an environment contributes to the peristaltic intestinal movements necessary for the conclusion of feces outwards. With the presence of an alkaline medium, the peristalistic is significantly reduced, which makes it difficult kALOV MASS. and leads to stagnant processes in the thick intestine. Constipation, stagnant processes are posture and suction in blood toxic substances. In addition, due to the weak acidity in the stomach, rotten microbes are not completely destroyed, which then fall into a thick intestine.

Excess an acid in the stomach leads to spasms of mucous membranes throughout the entire gastrointestinal tract and to elevated acidity in the thick intestine. Increased acidity causes reinforced peristaltic movements of thick intestines and, as a result, frequent and abundant dians, which dehydrate the body. Frequent diarrhea, in addition, expose the intestinal mucosa, leading to chemical burns Her and to the spasm. Repeating spasms over time can cause constipation with all the ensuing consequences. Thus, often problems with a thick intestine begin with a stomach, or, more precisely, with its acidity. The main cause of problems is the violation of the life of beneficial bacteria, and the pH of the medium has a strong influence.

Improper nutrition (mainly boiled and starch food, devoid of minerals, vitamins), and most importantly, the absence of fiber is also unknown act on the microflora. Violation of microflora activity is called dysbacteriosis. Dysbacteriosis creates stagnant processes in the thick intestine, due to which there are harvested masses in the fold-pockets (diverticulas). These masses are then, with dehydration, turn into stones, which are in the intestines in the intestines and are constantly sent toxins into the blood. Long-term contact with wheel stones leads to inflammation of the walls of the intestine with the development of colitis. As a result of religion blood vessels Haliac masses and stagnation of blood arises with hemorrhoids, from the overvoltage of the walls of the rectum during defecation - the cracks of the rear passage. Stones and stagnant processes are thinned by the walls of the thick bowel, there may be holes through which toxins go to other organs. There are such skin diseases, accompanied by large acne, which are held for years, and no medicine helps. Only cleaning and restoring normal functions of the thick bowel can cure this disease. The scuba of the thick intestine with wheel stones blocks some reflexogenic zones and disrupts the stimulating role of the intestine. For example, the foundation of the stone in the ovarian zone can affect them and cause inflammatory processes. And last. Microflora problems (as it synthesizes important vitamins Group B) strongly affect immunity, leading to various serious diseases, including cancer. The influenza epidemic in recent times also testifies to the violation of immunity in the population, and therefore on dysbacteriosis. As you can see, dear reader, there is something to fight!

The violation of the work of the large intestine is confirmed by the following symptoms:

- constipation, nasty smell from the mouth, from the body;

- various problems with skin, chronic runny nose, problems with teeth;

- papillomas under the mouse and the neck signals the presence of polyps in the colon; After the disappearance of the polyps, they disappear by themselves;

- Black raid on the teeth testifies to the presence of mold in the intestine;

- constant cluster of mucus in the throat and in the nose, flipping;

- Hemorrhoids;

- frequent colds;

- accumulation of gases;

- Frequent fatigue.

Cleaning procedure

Before you begin cleansing with an ideasotor method, you need to make rough cleaning, especially those people who have obvious problems. Do not think of anything better than the enema series. Although I have to express my point of view here. I am an opponent of frequent use of enema, firstly, because it is impossible to teach the body to this kind of impacts, despite the fact that they are useful. Any artificial procedures weaken the natural functions of the body. In this case, frequent use Physis natural peristalism deteriorates and it may again lead to constipation. Secondly, interfering in the inner medium can change the acid-alkaline equilibrium, and here it particularly affects the solution with which the washing is made. Since it is necessary to put the enemas to avoid unpleasant consequences, it is necessary to make the right solution for enema. The intestine will not be lazy, as the ideasotor movements that we will do after the enema will quickly restore its motor abilities. The athlete after a long break restores the muscles, training them, and we, making intestinal ripples, train his muscles.

Rough cleaning

2 liters of water;

20-30 grams of salt;

100-150 milliliters of lemon juice.

The solution should be sucking from the walls of the thick intestine dirt. It can be done according to the law of osmosis, i.e., the liquid with a smaller concentration of salt goes into a liquid with a greater concentration. The blood plasma has a salt concentration of 0.9%, so the walls of the thick bowel suck water and all solutions with a smaller concentration. But not suck, for example, salty sea water. Therefore, being in the sea without fresh water, you can die from thirst.

To clear the wifths of the intestine, you need to take a solution that would not be absorbed there, but, on the contrary, sucking water. The concentration of the solution should be slightly larger than that of blood plasma - 1% or 1.5%. It is impossible to take anymore, because a large excess salt will make an intestinal medium alkaline, which means suppressing microflora. The alkalinity of the solution compensates lemon juice. Such a solution, on the one hand, will suck the dirt from the walls of the thick bowel, and on the other hand, it will not break the inner medium, or the pH.

So, we make the enema for 2 weeks every other day, it will work 6-7 times. This is enough for coarse cleaning. Time for enema is better to choose in the morning, between 7-9 in the morning. But you can and in the evening, before bedtime. How to put an enema?

Prepare the specified solution (it is desirable that it is warm), pour it into the circle of esmark and hang a mug on the wall. Moisten the tip in oil or petroleum, just as lubricate the rear pass. Insert the tip in the rear pass about 7-10 centimeters, while in the position on the elbows and the knees. First let all the water, then you need to lie on the left side and try to hold water 5-7 minutes, after which it is released. With a very polluted intestine, let all 2 liters of mortar will be difficult. In this case, you can make the first week in the following proportions:

1 liter of water;

10-15 grams of salt;

50-75 milliliters of lemon juice.

People with strongly increased acidity of gastric juice and cracks in back pass I do not recommend doing the enemas. But this also applies to the enema, yet the rest can and need.

In order for cleaning to go better, I recommend the following additional events. Each morning an empty stomach drink 1 glass of juice consisting of 3/4 of carrots and 1/4 of beets. Juice needs to be prepared. This mixture gives a wonderful cleaning effect. Then eat 2 apples and nothing else to lunch. Otherwise, food should be normal, but with minimal meat consumption and increasing the number of salads, especially with the predominance of cabbage. Juices and apples in the morning and meat minima is desirable to continue for 1 month. By the way, about nutrition. I am not a supporter of vegetarianism, but a supporter of a variety of food with minimal meat consumption. The reason is that some indispensable amino acids are only in meat. In addition, vitamin A is mainly contained in the animal food, and it is very necessary for us, in particular, to protect against cancer. In the plant, there is little food.

Simultaneously with the beginning of all cleansing, make the abdominal belly in the morning according to the technique described above. Jobs need to be introduced into daily life as gymnastics of the abdomen. Then select 30 minutes to ideomotor cleaning and spend it every day for two weeks.

The digestion is a complex multistage physiological process, during which food (source of energy and nutrients for the body), entered the digestive tract, undergoes mechanical and chemical treatment.

Features of the digestion process

Digestion of food includes mechanical (moisturizing and grinding) and chemical processing. The chemical process includes a number of consecutive stages of cleavage of complex substances on simpler elements, which are then absorbed into the blood.

This happens with the obligatory participation of enzymes, accelerating processes in the body. Catalysts are produced and included in the juice allocated. The formation of enzymes depends on which environment in the stomach, oral cavity And other sections of the digestive tract set at a particular moment.

Having passed the mouth, a throat and esophagus, food enters the stomach in the form of a mixture of liquid and chopped teeth, this mixture under the influence of the gastric juice passes into a liquid and semi-liquid mass, which is thoroughly mixed due to the peristaltics of the walls. Next enroll in a duodenum, where its further processing of enzymes occurs.

From the nature of food depends on which environment in the mouth and the stomach will be established. Normally in the oral cavity is a weakly alkaline environment. Fruits and juices cause a decrease in the pH of the oral fluid (3.0) and the formation of products containing ammonium and urea (menthol, cheese, nuts) are capable of bringing saliva to alkaline (pH 8.0).

Stomach structure

The stomach is a hollow organ in which food accumulates, partially digested and absorbed. The body is located in the upper half of the abdominal cavity. If you hold a vertical line through the navel and the chest, then approximately 3/4 of the stomach will be left of it. In an adult, the capacity of the stomach is 2-3 liters. When consuming a large number of food, it increases, and if the person is starving - decreases.

The shape of the stomach may vary according to its filled with food and gases, as well as depending on the state of neighboring organs: pancreas, liver, intestines. The shape of the stomach has an influence and the tone of its walls.

The stomach is an extended part of the digestive tract. At the entrance is a sphincter (gatekeeper valve) - a portion of eating from the esophagus in the stomach. The part adjacent to the entrance to the esophagus is called cardiac. To the left of it is located the bottom of the stomach. The middle part is called the "body of the stomach".

Between the antral (end) department of the organ and the duodenum is another gatekeeper. Its discovery and closure control chemical stimuli distinguished from fine intestine.

Features of the structure of the stomach wall

The wall of the stomach is lined with three layers. The inner layer is the mucous membrane. It forms folds, and its entire surface is covered with iron (all of them are about 35 million), which highlight gastric juice, digestive enzymes intended for chemical processing of food. The activity of these glands determines which environment in the stomach is alkaline or sour - will be established during a certain period.

The submucous shell has a rather thick structure, penetrated by nerves and vessels.

The third layer is a powerful shell, which consists of smooth muscle fibers needed for processing and pushing food.

Outside the stomach is covered with a dense shell - peritoneum.

Gastric juice: composition and features

Gastric juice plays the main role at the digestion stage. The glands of the stomach are diverse in its structure, but the main role in the formation of a gastric fluid is played by cells secreting pepsinogen, hydrochloric acid and mucoid substances (mucus).

Digestive juice is an uncooked liquid odorless and determines which medium should be in the stomach. It has a pronounced acid reaction. When conducting a study on the detection of pathologies, a specialist is easy to determine which environment exists in empty (empty stomach) stomach. It takes into account that, in normal, the acidity of the juice is on an empty stomach relative to low, but when stimulating secretion, it increases much.

In a person who adheres to a normal food diet, 1.5-2.5 liters of gastric fluid is produced during the day. The main process occurring in the stomach is the initial splitting of proteins. Since the gastric juice affects the secretion of the catalysts of the digestion process, it becomes clear in which the stomach enzymes are active in acidic.

Enzymes generated by glaze mucous membranes

Pepsin is the most important enzyme of the digestive juice involved in the splitting of proteins. It is produced under the action of hydrochloric acid from its predecessor - pepsinogen. The effect of pepsin is about 95% splitting juice. How high is its activity, actual examples say: 1 g of this substance is enough to digest 50 kg in two hours egg protein And sfing 100,000 liters of milk.

Muzin (gastric mucus) is a complex protein substance complex. It covers the gastric mucosa over the entire surface and protects it both from mechanical damage and on self-extinguishing, since it is able to weaken the effect of hydrochloric acid, in other words - neutralize.

Lipase is also present in the stomach - the gastric lipase is low-active and mainly affects the fats of milk.

Another substance that deserves mention is the contributing to the absorption of vitamin B 12, the internal factor of Castle. Recall that Vitamin B 12 is necessary for the transfer of hemoglobin with blood.

The role of hydrochloric acid in digestion

Salonic acid activates the enzymes of the gastric juice and contributes to the digestion of the proteins, since it causes their swelling and breaking. In addition, it kills bacteria entering the body with food. Salonic acid stands out in small doses, regardless of which environment in the stomach, whether there is food or it is empty.

But its secretion depends on the time of day: it was established that the minimum level of gastric secretion is observed in the period from 7 to 11 am, and the maximum - at night. When feeding food in the stomach, the secretion of acid is stimulated by increasing activity wandering nerve, stretching the stomach and chemical effects of food components on the mucous membrane.

What environment in the stomach is considered standard, norm and deviation

Speaking about which medium in the stomach of a healthy person should be borne in mind that different parts of the organ have different acidity values. So, the greatest value It is 0.86 pH, and minimum - 8.3. The standard acidity index in the body of the stomach of an empty stomach is 1.5-2.0; On the surface of the inner mucosa layer, the pH 1.5-2.0 indicator, and in the depths of this layer - 7.0; In the final area of \u200b\u200bthe stomach varies 1.3-7.4.

The diseases of the stomach develop as a result of an imbalance of acid products and neolyization and directly depend on which environment in the stomach. It is important that the pH values \u200b\u200bare always normal.

Prolonged hypersecretion of hydrochloric acid or defective acid-demitralization leads to an increase in the acidity in the stomach. At the same time, acid-dependent pathology develop.

Reduced acidity is characteristic of (gastroduodenitis), cancer. An indicator with reduced acidity gastritis is 5.0 pH and more. Diseases are mainly developing in atrophy of the cells of the gastric mucosa or their dysfunction.

Gastritis with pronounced secretory insufficiency

Pathology occurs in patients of mature and elderly. Most often it happens secondary, that is, develops against the background of another preceding disease (for example, a benign stomach ulcers) and is the result of which environment in the stomach is alkaline, in this case.

For the development and course of the disease, the absence of seasonality and clear frequency of exacerbations is characterized, that is, the time of their occurrence and duration is unpredictable.

Symptoms of secretory failure

• Permanent belching with a rotten taste.
• Nausea and vomiting during the exacerbation period.
• Anorexia (lack of appetite).
• Feeling severity in the epigastric area.
• Alternation of diarrhea and constipation.
• Meteorism, rice and transfusion in the stomach.
• Dumping syndrome: a feeling of dizziness after receiving carbohydrate food, resulting from the emergence of chimus from the stomach in the duodenum, with a decrease in gastric activity.
• Slimming (loss of mass is up to several kilograms).

Gastrogen diarrhea can be caused:

• poorly digested food entering the stomach;
• sharp imbalance in the process of tiling of fiber;
• accelerated gastric emptying in violation of the closure function of the sphincter;
• disruption of the bactericidal function;
• pathologies

Gastritis with a normal or elevated secretory function

This disease is more often celebrated in young people. It has a primary character, that is, the first symptoms appear unexpectedly for the patient, since before that he did not feel any pronounced discomfort and subjectively considered himself healthy. The disease proceeds with alternating exacerbations and respites, without a pronounced seasonality. To accurately determine the diagnosis, you need to refer to the doctor in order for it to prescribe a survey, including instrumental.

In the aggravation phase, pain and dyspeptic syndromes prevail. Pains are usually clearly related to which environment in the stomach of a person at the time of meals. Pain syndrome occurs almost immediately after eating. Less frequently bumpy late pains (after some time after meals), they can combine them.

Symptoms with elevated secretory function

• Pains are usually moderate, sometimes accompanied by pressure and severity in the epigastric area.
• Late pains are intensive.
• Dyspeptic syndrome is manifested by an exterior of "sour" air, an unpleasant flavor in the mouth, disorders of taste sensations, nausea that facilitates pain with vomiting.
• Patients are experiencing heartburn, sometimes painful.
• The syndrome is manifested by constipation or diarrhea.
• Typically, neurasthenic syndrome is pronounced, characterized by aggressiveness, mood changes, insomnia and overworkability.

Dysbacteriosis - any changes in the quantitative or qualitative normal composition of intestinal microflora ...

... as a result of changing the pH of the intestinal environment (reduction of acidity), arising against the background of a decrease in the number of bifidide, lacto and propionic acids for various reasons ... If the amount of bifido-, lacto-, propyonobacteria decreases, then, accordingly, the amount of acid metabolites produced is reduced With these bacteria to create an acidic intestine in the intestine ... The pathogenic microorganisms are used by this and begin to reproduce actively (pathogenic microbes do not endure the acidic environment) ...

... Moreover, the pathogenic microflora itself produces alkaline metabolites, which increase the pH of the medium (reduction of acidity, an increase in alkalinity), occurs in intestinal content, and this is a favorable medium for habitat and reproduction of pathogenic bacteria.

Metabolites (toxins) pathogenic flora varies pH in the intestine, indirectly causing dysbacteriosis, since as a result, it becomes possible to introduce alien to intestines of microorganisms, and the normal filling of the intestine by bacteria is violated. Thus, there is a kind vicious circle , only aggravating the course of the pathological process.

On our diagram, the concept of "dysbacteriosis" can be described as follows:

For various reasons, the number of bifidobacteria and (or) lactobacilli decreases, which manifests itself in the reproduction and growth of pathogenic microbes (staphylococci, streptococci, clostridium, fungi, etc.) residual microflora with their pathogenic properties.

Also, a decrease in bifido- and lactobacilli can manifest itself with an increase in the concomitant pathogenic microflora (intestinal chopstick, enterococci), as a result of which they begin to show pathogenic properties.

And of course, in some cases, the situation is not excluded when the useful microflora is completely absent.

This is actually the variants of various "plexuses" of the intestinal dysbiosis.

What is pH and acidity? Important!

Any solutions and fluids are characterized by hydrogen indicator PH (PH - Potential Hydrogen - potential hydrogen), quantitatively expressing them acidity.

If the pH level is within

- from 1.0 to 6.9, then the environment is called sour;

- equal to 7.0 - neutral Wednesday;

- at the pH level of from 7.1 to 14.0, the environment is alkaline.

The lower the pH factor, the higher the acidity, the higher the pH, the higher the alkalinity of the medium and below the acidity.

Since the human body is 60-70% consists of water, the pH level has a strongest influence on the chemical processes occurring in the body, and, accordingly, on human health. A unbalanced PH factor is the pH level, in which the medium of the body becomes too acidic or too alkaline for a long period of time. Indeed, the pH level control is so important that the human body itself has developed control functions acid-alkaline balance in each cell. All the regulatory mechanisms of the body (including breathing, metabolism, production of harmony) are aimed at balancing the pH level. If the PH level becomes too low (sour) or too high (alkaline), then the cells of the body poison themselves with their toxic emissions and die.

In the body, the pH level regulates blood acidity, urine acidity, vaginal acidity, sperm acidity, skin acidity, etc. But we are now interested in the pH level and the acidity of colon, nasopharynx and mouth, stomach.

Acidity in the colon

Acidity in the colon: 5.8 - 6.5 pH, this is an acidic medium that is supported by a normal microflora, in particular, as I have already mentioned, bifidobacteriums, lactobacteriums and propionic acids due to the fact that they neutralize alkaline products of metabolism and produce their acidic metabolites - lactic acid and other organic acids ...

... When producing organic acids and reducing the pH of intestinal content, the normal microflora creates conditions under which pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microorganisms cannot multiply. Actually, therefore, streptococci, staphylococci, Klebsiella, Klostridia Mushrooms and other "bad" bacteria constitute only 1% of the entire intestinal microflora of a healthy person.

• The fact is that pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microbes cannot exist in an acidic environment and specially produce the most alkaline products of metabolism (metabolites) aimed at covering intestinal content by increasing the pH level to create a favorable existence environment (led. PH - Consequently - the smartness. Acidity - therefore - Latching). Once again, I repeat that bifido, lacto and propyonobacteria neutralize these alkaline metabolites, plus they themselves produce acid metabolites that reduce the pH level and increasing the acidity of the medium, thereby creating favorable conditions for its existence. From here, there is an eternal opposition of "good" and "bad" microbes, which is regulated by Darwinian law: "Survives the strongest"!

For instance,

• Bifidobacteria is able to reduce the pH of the intestinal environment to 4.6-4.4;
• Lactobacillia to 5.5-5.6 pH;
• Propionocteria is capable of lowering the pH level to 4.2-3.8, this is actually their main function. Propionic acid bacteria produce organic acids (propionic acid), as the final product of its anaerobic metabolism.

As you can see, all these bacteria are acid-forming, it is for this reason that they are often called "acid formers" or often simply - "lactic acid bacteria", although the same propionic bacteria are not dairy, but propionic acid bacteria ...

Acidness in the nasopharynk, in the mouth

As I have already noted in the chapter, in which we disassemble the microflora of the upper respiratory tract: one of the functions of the microflora of the nose, pharynx and the throat is the regulatory function, i.e. The normal microflora of the upper respiratory tract participates in the regulation of maintaining the level of the pH environment ...

... but if the "regulation of pH in the intestine" performs only the normal intestinal microflora (bifido-, lacto and propionic acid), and this is one of its main functions, then in the nasopharynk and in the mouth, the function "PH Regulation" performs not only the normal microflora of these organs as well as mucous secrets: saliva and snot ...

• You have already noticed that the composition of the microflora of the upper respiratory tract is significantly different from the intestinal microflora, if the useful microflora (bifido- and lactobacteria) predominate in the intestines of a healthy person, then in the nasopharynk, in the throat, conditionally pathogenic microorganisms (neasery, Corinbacteria, etc. are predominant. ), lacto and bifidobacteria are present there in minor quantities (bifidobacteria by the way may not be absent anymore). This difference in the intestinal microflora and respiratory tract is due to the fact that they are performed. different functions and tasks (microflora functions of the upper respiratory tract, see GL.17).

So, acidity in the nasopharynk It defines its normal microflora, as well as mucous secrets (snot) - isolations that produce glands of the epitial tissue of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. Normal pH (acidity) mucus is 5.5-6.5, it is an acidic medium.Accordingly, pH in the nasopharynk in a healthy person has the same meanings.

Acidity of the mouth and throat Determines their normal microflora and mucous secrets, in particular, saliva. Normal pH saliva is 6.8-7.4 pH, accordingly, pH in the mouth and in the throat takes the same values.

1. The pH level in the nasopharynk and mouth depends on it normal microflorawhich depends on the state of the intestine.

2. The pH level in the nasopharynk and in the mouth depends on the pH of the mucous secrets (snot and saliva), this PH in turn also depends on the balance of the state of our intestines.

Acidity of the stomach

The acidity of the stomach on average is 4.2-5.2 pHThis is a very acidic medium (sometimes depending on food that we take the pH can fluctuate in the range of 0.86 - 8.3). The microbial composition of the stomach is very poor and is represented by a small number of microorganisms (lactobacteria, streptococci, helicobacteria, mushrooms), i.e. Bacteria capable of withstanding so strong acidity.

In contrast to the intestines, where acidity creates a normal microflora (bifido-, lacto and propionobacteria), as well as in contrast to the nasopharynx and mouth, where the acidity is created by the normal microflora and mucous secrets (snot, saliva), the main contribution to the general acidity of the stomach introduces Gastric juice - hydrochloric acid, which produces the cells of the stomach gland, located mainly in the field of the bottom and body of the stomach.

So, it was an important digression about the "PH", now we continue.

In scientific literature, there are usually four microbiological phases in the development of dysbacteriosis ...

What exactly there are phases in the development of dysbacteriosis, you will learn from the next chapter, also learn about the forms and the causes of this phenomenon, and about this form of dysbiosis, when there are no symptoms on the part of the gastrointestinal tract.

14.11.2013

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In the small intestine, there is almost complete splitting and absorption in the bloodstream and lymphotock of food proteins, fats, carbohydrates.

From the stomach in 12 pk Only chimus can be received - food treated to a state of liquid or semi-liquid consistency.

Digestion in 12 pk It is carried out in a neutral or cloth medium (an empty stomach of pH 12 pk is 7.2-8.0). It was carried out in an acidic environment. Therefore, the contents of the stomach has an acidic reaction. Neutralization of the acidic medium of gastric content and the setting of the pitch medium is carried out in 12 pk. Due to the secrets of the pancreas in the intestine (juice), thin gut And bile that have a pitch reaction due to the bicarbonate present in them.

Himus from the stomach in 12 pk. Enters small portions. The irritation of the hydrochloric acid of the pyloric sphincter receptors by the stomach leads to its disclosure. Irritation of hydrochloric acid of the phayloric sphincter receptors from 12 pk leads to its closure. As soon as the pH in the pyloric part 12 P.K. Changes in the acidic side, the pylorial sphincter is reduced and the arrival of chimus from the stomach in 12 pk. stops. After the recovery of the phenum pH (on average for 16 seconds), the pylorial sphincter misses the next portion of the chimus from the stomach and so on. In 12 pk PH ranges from 4 to 8.

In 12 pk After neutralization of the acidic medium of the gastric chimus, the action of pepsin - the enzyme of the gastric juice stops. In the small intestine, it continues on a pitch medium under the action of enzymes that enter the intestinal lumen as part of the secrets (juice) of the pancreas, as well as the composition of the intestinal secret (juice) from enterocytes - cells of the small intestine. Under the action of the pancreas enzymes, a honey digestion is carried out - splitting in the cavity of the intestine of food proteins, fats and carbohydrates (polymers) to intermediate substances (oligomers). Under the action of enzymes of enterocytes, an adhesive (near the inner wall of the intestine) of oligomers to monomers is carried out, that is, the final splitting of food proteins, fats and carbohydrates into components components that come (absorbed) into the circulatory and lymphatic system (in blood flow and lymphotok).

For digestion in the small intestine, which is also needed, which is produced by cells of the liver (hepatocytes) and enters the thin intestine on the bull (raging) paths (hydraulic paths). The main component of bile - yellow acids and their salts are necessary for emulsifying fats, without which it is disturbed, the process of fats splitting slows down. Rights are divided into intra and extra-erased. Intrahranny raging pathways (ducts) are a tree-like system of tubes (ducts), according to which bile hepatocytes. Small gall ducts are connected to a larger duct, the totality of larger ducts forms even larger duct. This union is completed in the right lobe of the liver - the horizontal duct of the right lobe of the liver, in the left - the yellow dump of the left lobe of the liver. The horizontal duct of the right lobe of the liver is called the right yellow duct. The refrigeration dump of the left lobe of the liver is called the left horizontal duct. These two duct form a general liver duct. At the gate of the liver, the overall liver duct will be connected to a bubble yellow duct, forming a general horizontal duct, which is sent to 12 pk. Through the bubble gall duct, the yellow bubble reaches. The horizontal bubble is a bile storage tank formed by the liver cells. The horizontal bubble is located on the lower surface of the liver, in the right longitudinal furrow.

The secret (juice) is formed (synthesized) by acinquic pancreocytes (pancreatic cells), which are structurally combined into acins. The cells of the acinus form (synthesized) the pancreas juice, which enters the output of the acinus. Neighboring acins are separated by thin layers connective tissuein which the blood capillaries and nerve fibers of the vegetative nervous system are located. The ducts of neighboring acinuses merge into the mezhaqinosic ducts, which, in turn, fall into larger intra-robes and interdollastic ducts lying in the connecting partitions. The latter, merging, form a total output duct, which passes from the tail of the gland to the head (structurally in the pancreas, highlight the head, body and tail). Lifolding duct (VirsUngiyev dumped) of the pancreas together with the general yellow bias duct permanently the wall of the descending part 12 P.K. and opens inside 12 pk On the mucous membrane. This place is called a large (fae) papilla. In this place there is a smooth muscle sphincter Oddi, which also functions on the principle of nipple - passes from the duct bile and pancreas juice in 12 pk. and overlaps the receipt of the contents of 12 pk. in duct. Sphinteer Approve a complex sphincter. It consists of a common sphincter harvested duct, the sphincter of pancreatic duct (pancreatic duct) and the sphincter of Westfel (the sphincter of a large duodenal papilla), which provides disagreement of both ducts from 12 pk .. Sometimes 2 cm above from large papillary is small papilla - formed by additional, non-permanent small (santorinium) pancreatic duct. In this place is the Sphinter Helly.

The pancreas juice is a colorless transparent liquid, which has a cloth reaction (pH 7.5-8.8) due to the content of hydrocarbonates in it. The pancreas juice contains enzymes (amylase, lipase, nuclease and others) and pro-estimation (tripsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, prokarboxypeptidase A and B, elastases and profolypase and others). Profers are an inactive form of the enzyme. Activation of pancreatic proferred (transformation into an active form - enzyme) occurs in 12 pk.

Epithelial cells 12 pk - Enterocytes are synthesized and excreted into the intestinal lumen of the kinasegen enzyme (Propriment). Under the action of refractory acids, the kinasegen turns into enteropeptide (enzyme). Enterokinase clears the heekoppeptide in trypsinogen, as a result of which the tripsin enzyme is formed. To implement this process (to convert the inactive form of the enzyme (tripsinogen) to the active (tripsin)), a cloth medium is necessary (pH 6.8-8.0) and the presence of calcium ions (Ca2 +). The subsequent transformation of trypsinogen in trypsin is carried out in 12 pk. Under the action of the resulting trypsin. In addition, trypsin activates other protected pancreatic. The interaction of trypsin with pro-prodses leads to the formation of enzymes (chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase A and B, Elastaz and phospholipas and other). TRIPSIN shows its optimal effect in a low-rise medium (at pH 7.8-8).

Tripsin and chimothrixin enzymes carry out the splitting of food proteins to oligopeptides. Oligopeptides are an intermediate product splitting of proteins. Trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastas destroy the inseptide bonds of proteins (peptides), resulting in high molecular weight (containing a lot of amino acids) proteins decompose on low molecular weight (oligopeptides).

Nucleases (DNA Aza, RNA-Ase) break off nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) to nucleotides. Nucleotides under the action of pitch phosphatases and nucleotidases are transformed into nucleosides that are absorbed from digestive system in blood and lymph.

Pancreatic lipase splits fats, mainly triglycerides, to monoglycerides and fatty acids. The lipids also apply phospholipase A2 and Esterase.

Since food fats are insoluble in water, lipase acts only on the surface of fat. The larger the surface of the contact of fat and lipase, the more actively the fat is cleavage of lipases. Increases the surface of the contact of fat and lipase process emulsification of fat. As a result of emulsification, fat is divided into a plurality of small drops of 0.2 to 5 microns. Fat emulsification begins in the oral cavity as a result of grinding (facing) food and wetting her saliva, then continues in the stomach under the influence of the stomach peristals (stirring in the stomach) and the final (basic) emulsification of fats occurs in the small intestine under the influence of yellow acids and their salts. In addition, formed as a result of splitting triglycerides, fatty acids interact with the flushes of the small intestine, which leads to the formation of soap, which additionally emulsifies fats. With a lack of grain acids and their salts, insufficient emulsification of fats occurs, and, accordingly, their splitting and absorption. Fats are removed with the feces. At the same time, the calorie becomes fat, cascum-shaped white or gray. This condition is called steamer. Bile suppresses the growth of rented microflora. Therefore, with insufficient education and admission to the intestine of bile, it develops a pending dyspepsia. Diarrhea occurs at a rotary diarrhea \u003d diarrhea (feces of dark brown, liquid or cascidular with a sharp grinding smell, foamy (with gas bubbles). Rotation products (dimethylmercaptan, hydrogen sulfide, indole, scatol and others) worsen overall health (weakness, loss of appetite , malaise, cognition, headache).

The activity of lipase is directly in proportion to the presence of calcium ions (Ca2 +), gorgeous salts, coolant enzyme. Under the action of lipase, usually incomplete hydrolysis of triglycerides; At the same time, a mixture of monoglycerides (about 50%), fatty acids and glycerol (40%), di- and triglycerides (3-10%) is formed.

Glycerin and short fatty acids (containing up to 10 carbon atoms) are independently absorbed from the intestine to the blood. Fatty acids containing more than 10 carbon atoms, free cholesterol, monoacylglycerol water-soluble (hydrophobic) and cannot independently get from the intestine to the blood. This becomes possible after their combustible acid compounds with the formation of complex compounds that are called micelles. The size of the micelles is very small - in diameter about 100 nm. The core of the hydrophobine micelles (pushes water), and the sheath is hydrophilic. Handic acids serve as a conductor for fatty acids from the cavity of the small intestine to enterocytes (cells of the small intestine). The surface of the enterocytes of micelles disintegrate. Fatty acids, free cholesterol, monoacilglycerol come inside enterocyte. The absorption of fat-soluble vitamins is interrelated with this process. Parasympathetic vegetative nervous system, hormones of adrenal screws, thyroid gland, pituitary gland, hormones 12 pk Secretin and cholecystokinin (HCC) increase suction, sympathetic vegetative nervous system reduces suction. The freed yellow acids, reaching the large intestine, is absorbed into the blood, mainly in the ileum, and further absorbed (withdrawn) from the blood cells of the liver (hepatocytes). In enterocytes, with the participation of intracellular enzymes from fatty acids, phospholipids are formed, triacylglycerol (tag, triglycerides (fats) - compound of glycerol (glycerol) with three fatty acids), cholesterol esters (compound of free cholesterol with fatty acid). Next, complex compounds with protein - lipoproteides are formed from these substances in the enterocytes, and in smaller quantities - high density lipoproteins (HDL). HDP from enterocytes enroll in blood flow. Hmm have a large size and therefore can not get directly from enterocyte in blood system. From the Entrocytes of Hmm enter lymph, in the lymphatic system. From the thoracic lymphatic duct hmm fall into the circulatory system.

Pancreatic amylase (α-amylase), splits polysaccharides (carbohydrates) to oligosaccharides. Oligosaccharides - an intermediate product cleavage of polysaccharides consisting of several monosaccharides, connected by intermolecular connections. Among the oligosaccharides formed from food polysaccharides, disaccharides, consisting of two monosaccharides and trisaccharides, consisting of three monosaccharides prevail under the action of pancreatic amylase. α-amylase shows its optimal effect in the neutral medium (at pH 6.7-7.0).

Depending on the food used, the pancreas produces a different amount of enzymes. For example, if there is only fatty food, the pancreas will produce a predominantly enzyme to digest fats - lipase. In this case, the development of other enzymes will be significantly reduced. If there is only one bread, then the pancreas will produce enzymes that split carbohydrates. It should not be abused by a monotonous diet, since permanent imbalance in the development of enzymes can lead to diseases.

Epithelial cells of the small intestine (enterocytes) are isolated into the intestinal lumen, which is called intestinal juice. Intestinal juice has a pitching reaction due to the content of hydrocarbonates in it. The pH of the intestinal juice ranges from 7.2 to 8.6, contains enzymes, mucus, other substances, as well as the energized enterocytes. In the mucous membrane of the small intestine, there is a continuous change of layer of cells of the surface epithelium. The complete update of these cells in humans is performed for 1-6 days. Such an intensity of the formation and rejection of the clerks becomes the cause of their large amounts in intestinal juice (a person during a day is rejected by about 250 g of enterocytes).

Enterocyte synthesized mucus forms a protective layer that prevents excessive mechanical and chemical impact Himus on the intestine mucous membrane.

In the intestinal juice, more than 20 different enzymes participating in digestion. The main part of these enzymes takes part in the proper digestion, that is, directly at the surface of the Village, the microwaves of the small intestine - in glycicalce. Glycocalix is \u200b\u200ba molecular sieve that passes to the cells of the intestinal epithelium of the molecule, depending on their size, charge and other parameters. Glycocalix contains enzymes from the intestinal cavity and synthesized by the enterocytes themselves. In Glycalcis, the final splitting of intermediate products of cleavage of proteins, fats and carbohydrates into components components (oligomers to monomers) occurs. Glycocalix, microville and apical membrane are called a tallery.

The carbohydresses of the intestinal juice consist mainly of disaccharidases, which split disaccharides (carbohydrates consisting of two monosaccharide molecules) into two monosaccharide molecules. Sakaraza splits the sucrose molecule on the glucose and fructose molecule. Maltaza splits the maltose molecule, and the track is tregalosis into two glucose molecules. Lactase (α-galactasidase) splits the lactose molecule on the glucose and galactose molecule. The synthesis deficiency of one or another disaccharidase cells of the mucous membrane of the small intestine causes the intolerance to the corresponding disaccharide. Genetically enshrined and acquired lactase, triad, sahacerase and combined disaccharidase lactases are known.

The peptidases of the intestinal juice split the peptide relationship between two specific amino acids. The intestinal juice peptases are completed by the hydrolysis of oligopeptides, as a result of which amino acids are formed - the final products of cleavage (hydrolysis) of proteins that come (absorbed) from the small intestine in blood and lymph.

Nucleases (DNA-Aza, RNA-Aza) intestinal juice cleaved DNA and RNA to nucleotides. Nucleotides under the influence of pitch phosphatases and nucleotide of intestinal juice are converted into nucleosides, which are absorbed from the small intestine in blood and lymph.

The main lipase of intestinal juice is intestinal monoglyceridlipase. It hydrolyzes monoglycerides with any length of the hydrocarbon chain, as well as short-chain di- and triglycerides, at least triglycerides from the average chain length and cholesterol esters.

The secretion of the pancreatic juice, intestinal juice, bile, motor activity (peristaltics) of the small intestine is carried out by neuro-humoral (hormonal) mechanisms. The control is carried out by the vegetative nervous system (VNS) and hormones that are synthesized by Gastroenteropancreatic cells. endocrine system - Parts of the diffuse endocrine system.

In accordance with the functional features, parasympathetic VNS and sympathetic VNS are distinguished. Both of these RENTS departments are managed.

Which are managed, come to the state of excitation under the influence of pulses, which come to them from the oral cavity receptors, nose, stomach, small intestine, as well as from the cortex of the brain (thoughts, conversations about food, food type, and the like). In response to these pulses, excited neurons are sent by efferent nerve fibers pulses to controlled cells. Near axon cells of efferent neurons form numerous branching, ending with tissue synapses. When the neuron is excited from the tissue synapse, the mediator is released - a substance with which the excited neuron affects the function of the cells-controlled cells. Mediator of the parasimptic vegetative nervous system of acetylcholine. Mediator of the sympathetic vegetative nervous system of norepinephrine.

Under the action of acetylcholine (parasympathetic VNS), there is an increase in the secretion of intestinal juice, the pancreatic juice, bile, amplification of the peristaltic (motor, motor function) of the small intestine, the raging bubble. Efferent parasympathetic nerve fibers are suitable for the small intestine, to the pancreas, to the liver cells, to the hydraulic paths in the composition of the wandering nerve. Acetylcholine has its effect on cells through M-cholinoreceptors located on the surface (membranes, shells) of these cells.

Under the action of norepinephrine (sympathetic VNS), the peristalistic of the small intestine decreases, decreases the formation of intestinal juice, pancreatic juice, bile. Noraderenalin has its effect on cells through β-adrenoreceptors located on the surface (membranes, shells) of these cells.

In the management of the motor function of the small intestine, Auerbakhovo plexus is participating - the intraongoral department of the autonomic nervous system (intramural nervous system). The basis of management is local peripheral reflexes. Auerbakhovo plexus is a thick continuous network of nerve nodes, connected by nervous hill. Nervous components are a totality of neurons (nerve cells), and nervous traction - the processes of these neurons. In accordance with the functional features of Auerbakhovo, the plexus consists of neurons of parasympathetic VNS and sympathetic VNS. Nervous nodes and nerve thrust Auerbakhova The plexus is located between the longitudinal and circular layers of smooth muscle bunches of the intestine walls, go in the longitudinal and circular direction and form a continuous nervous network around the intestine. Nervous cells of Auerbakhov plexus innervate longitudinal and circular bundles of smooth muscle cells, adjusting their abbreviations.

In the management of the secretory function of the small intestine, two nerve plexuses of the intramural nervous system (intraigan vegetative nervous system) are also involved: subseroic nervous plexus (Sparrow's plexus) and sublifting nervous plexus (Maisner's plexus). Management is based on local peripheral reflexes. These both plexuses, like Auerbakhovo, the plexus constitutes a thick continuous network of nerve nodes, connected by nervous hills, consists of neurons of parasympathetic VNS and sympathetic VNS.

Neurons of all three plexuses have a synaptic connection among themselves.

The motor activity of the small intestine is controlled by two autonomous sources of rhythm. The first is located at the place of failure of the overall grain duct in the duodenum, and the other - in the ileum.

The motor activity of the small intestine is controlled by reflexes that excite and brake the motorcycle intestine. Reflexes that excite the motility of the small intestine include: esophageal, gastrointestinal and intestinal reflexes. Reflexes that brake the motility of the small intestine include: intestinal-intestinal, rectuent, reflex receptor relaxation (braking) of the small intestine during food.

Motor activity of the small intestine depends on physical and chemical properties Himus. The large content of fiber, salts, intermediate hydrolysis products (especially fats) in the chimus is enhanced by the peristaltics of the small intestine.

S-cells of the mucous membrane 12 pk Synthesize and stand out in the intestinal lumen, Proskretin (Rogormon). Protectin mainly under the action of hydrochloric acid gastric chimus turns into secretine (hormone). The most intense conversion of objectin in secretine occurs at pH \u003d 4 and less. With an increase in the pH, the transformation rate decreases directly proportionally. Sertin is absorbed into the blood and with blood current reaches the cells of the pancreas. Under the influence of the cells of the pancreas cell increase the secretion of water and bicarbonates. Secretin does not increase the secretion of the pancreas of enzymes and pro-estimation. Under the action of secretin, the secretion of the pitch component of the pancreas juice is increasing, which enters 12 pk. The greater the acidity of the gastric juice (the smaller the pH of the gastric juice), the greater the seventine is formed, the more stands out in 12 pk. Pancreatic juice with plenty of water and bicarbonates. The hydrocarbonates neutralize hydrochloric acid, the pH increases, the formation of secretine decreases, the secretion of the pancreas juice with a high content of hydrocarbonates decreases. In addition, the action of secretine increases the yelling, secretion of the glands of the small intestine.

Transformation of leakage in secretine is also occurring under action ethyl alcohol, fatty, gorgeous acids, spice components.

The largest number of S-cells are located in 12 pk. And in the upper (proximal) part of the turntable. The smallest amount of S-cells is located in the most remote (bottom, distal) part of the cushion.

Secretin is a peptide consisting of 27 amino acid residues. Chemical structure similar to secretine, and accordingly, a similar effect may have a vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), glucagon-like peptide-1, glucagon, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (hypodes), calcitonin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, pararate hormone, rilizing growth hormone factor , Corticotropin Rilizing Factor and others.

Upon admission of chimus from the stomach in the small intestine of I-cells located in the mucous membrane 12 pK. And the upper (proximal) part of the one's intestine is beginning to synthesize and highlight a hormone cholecystokinin in the blood (HCC, SSK, pancreatimine). Under the action of HCC there is a relaxation of the sphincter Oddi, the reduction of the horizontal bubble and, as a result, increasing the arrival of bile in 12.p.K. The HCC causes a reduction in the pyloric sphincter and limits the flow of the gastric chimus in 12 pk, enhances the motility of the small intestine. The strongest stimulant synthesis and highlighting of the HCC are food fats, proteins, alkaloids of yellow herbs. Food carbohydrates do not have a stimulating effect on the synthesis and the allocation of the HCC. Hastin-rilizing peptide is also related to the synthesis and highlighting of HCC.

Synthesis and the release of HCC decreases under the action of somatostatin - peptide hormone. Somatostatin is synthesized and stands out in blood D-cells, which are located in the stomach, intestines, among endocrine pancreatic cells (in Langerhans islands). Somatostatin will also synthesize the cells of the hypothalamus. Under the action of somatostatin, not only the synthesis of HCC decreases. Under the action of somatostatin, the synthesis and allocation of other hormones are reduced: gastrin, insulin, glucagon, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, insulin-like growth factor-1, somatotropin-rilizing hormone, tireotropic hormones And others.

Reduces gastric, gall and pancreatic secretion, peristaltics of the gastrointestinal peptide yy path. The YY peptide is synthesized by L-cells, which are placed in the mucous membrane of the colon and in the ultimate portion of the small intestine - in the ileum. When Himus reaches the ileum of fats, carbohydrates and chims of chimus act on L-cell receptors. L-cells begin to synthesize and highlight the peptide yy into the blood. As a result, the peristalistic of the gastrointestinal tract slows down, gastric, gorgeous and pancreatic secretion decreases. The phenomenon of slowing the peristaltics of the gastrointestinal tract after achieving the chimney of the ileum obtained the name of the iliac brake. A stimulator secretion of the peptide yy is also gastrin-rilizing peptide.

D1 (h) -tiles, which are located mainly in the islands of Langerhans pancreas and, in smaller quantities, in the stomach, in thick and in the small intestine are synthesized and isolated into the blood vazoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). The VIP has a pronounced relaxing effect on the smooth muscle cells of the stomach, thin, colon, the gorge bubble, as well as the vessels of the gastrointestinal tract. Under the action of the VIP, the blood supply to the gastrointestinal tract increases. Under the action of the VIP, the secretion of pepsinogen, intestinal enzymes, pancreatic enzymes, the content of hydrocarbonates in the pancreas juice, decreases the secretion of hydrochloric acid.

The secretion of the pancreas increases under the action of gastrine, serotonin, insulin. It is also stimulated by the release of the pancreas juice of salt acid salts. Reduce the secretion of the pancreas glucagon, somatostatin, vasopressin, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), calcitonin.

Moton Motilin hormone belongs to endocrine regulators of the motor (motor) function of the gastrointestinal tract. Motilin is synthesized and excreted into the blood of enterochromaffine cells of the mucous membrane 12 pk. And the cuisine. The synthesis of synthesis and isolation in the blood of Mothilina are handicacious acids. Motilin stimulates the peristaltics of the stomach, fine and colon than the mediator of parasympathetic Azetylcholine VNS. Motilin along with Holicystokinin, manages the contractile function of the gully bubble.

The endocrine regulators of the motor (motor) and the secretory function of the intestine include sulfur hormone, which is synthesized by the intestinal cells. Under the action of this serotonin, the peristalistic and secretory activity of the intestine is enhanced. In addition, intestinal serotonin is a growth factor for some species of symbiotic intestinal microflora. At the same time, the symbontic microflora takes part in the synthesis of intestinal serotonin decarboxylation tryptophan, which is a source, raw materials for serotonin synthesis. With dysbacteriosis and some other intestinal diseases, the synthesis of intestinal serotonin decreases.

From the small intestine, chimus portions (about 15 ml) enters the colon. It regulates this intake of the Ileocecal Sphinteer (Bauginiyev Valley). The disclosure of the sphincter occurs reflexively: the peristalistic of the ileum (final part of the small intestine) increases the pressure on the sphincter from the small intestine, the sphincter is relaxing (opens), the chimus enters the blind intestine (the initial colon section). When filled with a blind intestine and its tension, the sphincter closes, and the chimus is not returned back into the small intestine.

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Working mechanism and physiology of the gastrointestinal tract

The digestion is a complex multifunctional process, which can be divided into two parts: external and internal.

External factors include: feeling hunger, desire to eat, smell, vision, taste, tactile sensitivity. Each factor, at its level, informs the central nervous system.

Internal factor - digestion. It is an irreversible process of food processing, it starts with mouth and stomach. If food satisfies your aesthetic needs, and the satisfaction of the appetite, and the level of saturation depend on the act of chewing. The point is here in which: any food carries not only the material substrate, but also the information nested in it (taste, smell, appearance), which you must also "eat". This is the deep meaning of chewing: so far, the specific smell of the product will not disappear in the mouth, it is impossible to swallow it.

With careful chewing food, the feeling of satiety comes faster and overeating, as a rule, is excluded. The fact is that the stomach begins to signal to the brain on saturation only 15-20 minutes after the food goes into it. The experience of long-livers confirms the fact that "who is chewing for a long time, he lives for a long time," even mixed nutrition does not significantly affect the duration of their lives.

The importance of thorough feeding of food is also that digestive enzymes interact only with those parties of foods that are on the surface, and not inside, therefore the digestion rate of food depends on the total area of \u200b\u200bits area, which inhibited the juices of the stomach and intestines. The more you chew food, the larger the surface area and the more effective processing of food throughout the gastrointestinal tract, which works with minimal voltage. In addition, when feeding food heats up, which enhances the catalytic activity of enzymes, while cold and poorly kneaded food inhibits their selection and, therefore, enhances the gluing of the body.

In addition, the parole iron produces mucin that plays a large role in the protection of the mucosa of the mouth from the action of acids and the strong alkalis coming from food. In case of poor chewing food, saliva is produced little, the mechanism of the production of lysozyme, amylase, mucin and other substances does not fully, which leads to stagnation in salivary and parole glands, the formation of dental sediments, the development of pathogenic microflora. Sooner or later, this will affect not only the oral organs: teeth and mucous membranes, but also on the processing process.

With saliva, toxins, poisons are also removed. The pot of the cavity plays a peculiar role of the mirror of the domestic state of the gastrointestinal tract. Note, if you found in the morning in the morning white flag - It signals the dysfunction of the stomach, gray - pancreatic gland, yellow - liver, abundant saliva selection at night in children - dysbacteriosis, melting invasion.

Scientists are estimated that hundreds of small and large glands are in the oral cavity, which are allocated to 2 liters per day. saliva. There are about 400 varieties of bacteria, viruses, ameb, fungi, which is rightly associated with many diseases of various organs.

It is impossible not to mention such important bodies in the mouth like almonds, they form the so-called pyrogov-valtera ring, a kind of protective barrier for penetrating infection. Official medicine believes that the inflammation of almonds is the cause of the development of diseases of the heart, kidneys, joints, so doctors sometimes recommend to remove them; At the same time, almonds are a powerful protective factor used by the body to combat various infections and toxins. That is why almonds can not be removed, especially in childhoodSince this significantly weakens the immune system, reducing the generation of immunoglobulins and substances affecting the ripening of genital cells, which in some cases is the cause of infertility.

Briefly stop on anatomical structure gastrointestinal tract.

This is a kind of conveyor for processing raw materials: mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, thin, iliac, thick, sigmoid, straight intestine. In each of them, the reaction is characteristic only by them, therefore, in principle, the food is not recycled to the necessary state in a particular department, it should not flow into the next. Only in the throat and esophagus automatically operate valves when moving food in the stomach; There is a kind of chemical dispensers between the stomach, duodenal and small intestines, which "open gateways" only under certain pH conditions of the medium, and starting with the small intestine, the valves are opened under the pressure of the food mass. There are valves between different gastrointestinal departments, which normally open only one way. However, with improper power, a decrease in the tone of muscles and other disorders in the transition between the esophagus and the stomach, a diaphragmal hernia is formed, in which the komok food can move again into the esophagus, the oral cavity.

The stomach is the main body in the way of processing food received from the oral cavity. A weak alkaline medium that fell from the mouth, in the stomach after 15-20 minutes becomes acidic. Acosite gastric juice medium, and this is 0.4-0.4% hydrochloric acid at pH \u003d 1.0-1.5, together with enzymes contributes to the splitting of proteins, disinfects the body from microbes and fungi, falling together with food, stimulates Hormone Secretin, exciting pancreatic secretion. Gastric juice contains hemamine (the so-called castel factor), which helps assimilate in the body of vitamin B 12, without which the normal ripening of erythrocytes is impossible, and there is also a depot of a protein compound of iron - ferritin, which participates in hemoglobin synthesis. Those who have problems with blood, should pay attention to the normalization of the work of the stomach, otherwise you do not get rid of these problems.

The scheme of the gastrointestinal tract: a solid line - the state of the intestine is normal, the stroke - the sishet will break.

After 2-4 hours, depending on the nature of the food, it enters the duodenum. Although the duodenum is relatively short - 10-12 cm, it plays a huge role in the process of digestion. Here are formed: a hormone secretine, which stimulates the secretion of pancreas and bile and cholecystokinin, stimulating the motor-evacuation function of the gallbladder. It is from the duodenum that the regulation of secretory, engine and evacuator functions of the gastrointestinal tract depends on the duodenal. The contents have a weakly alkaline reaction (pH \u003d 7.2-8.0).

From the stomach in the duodenal estate of food only when the processing process with the full use of gastric juice will be completed and its acidic content will become weakly acid or even neutral. In the duodenalist of the food lump - chimus - with the help of the secrets and bile, it should also turn into a mass with a neutral or slightly alkaline medium; This medium will be maintained to a thick bowel, where with the help of organic acids contained in plant food will turn into a weakness.

In addition to the gastric juice in the lumen of the duodenum, bile and juice of the pancreas are entered.

The liver is the most important body participating in all exchange processes; Violations in it immediately affect all organs and systems of the body, and vice versa. It is in the liver that neutralizing toxic substances and removing damaged cells occurs. The liver is a blood sugar regulator, synthesizing glucose and transforming its excess in glycogen - the main source of energy in the body.

The liver is an organ removing excess amino acids by decomposing them on ammonia and urea, the synthesis of fibrinogen and prothrombin are carried out here, the main substances affecting blood coagulation, the synthesis of various vitamins, the formation of bile and much more. The liver itself but does not cause pain, unless there are changes in the bustling bubble.

It is necessary to know that increased fatigue, weakness, weight loss, obscure pain or sensation of gravity in the hypochondrium on the right, swelling, itching and joint pain is manifestations of violations of the liver.

An equally important function of the liver is that it forms a water seducing between the gastrointestinal tract and cardiovascular system. The liver synthesizes the necessary organism of the substance and supplies them into the vascular system, and also removes the products of metabolism. The liver is the main cleaning system of the body: per day through the liver is about 2,000 liters of blood (the circulating fluid is filtered here 300-400 times), there is a factory of bile acids involved in the digestion of fats, in the intrauterine period, the liver acts as a hematome organ. In addition, the liver has (odd a person) ability to regenerate - recovery, it comes to 80%. There are cases when after removing one lobe of the liver after half a year it completely restored.

Pancreas is closely related to the hormones of pituitary glands, thyroid and parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, its work is affected on a common hormonal background. The juice of the pancreas (pH \u003d 8.7-8.9) neutralizes the acidity of the gastric juice entering the lumen of the digestive tract, is involved in the regulation of acid-alkaline balance and water-salt metabolism.

It should be noted that the absorption in the oral cavity and the stomach is insignificant, only water, alcohol, carbohydrate cleavage products and part of salts are absorbed. The bulk of the nutrients is absorbed in thin and, especially in the colon. Special attention should be paid that the renewal of the intestinal epithelium, according to some sources, occurs within 4-14 days, that is, on average, the intestine is updated at least 36 times a year. With the help of a large number of enzymes, there is quite significant processing of the food mass and its absorption due to the hasty, client and membrane digestion. The share of the thick intestine remains absorption of water, iron, phosphorus, alkali, a small part of the nutrients and the formation of carts due to organic acids contained in the tissue.

It is especially important that almost all organs of the human body are projected on the wall of the large intestine and any changes in it affect them. The large intestine is a kind of corrugated tube, which from the stagnant of the roaming masses not only increases in volume, but also stretches, creating "intolerable" conditions for the work of all organs of the chest, abdominal and pelvic regions, which leads first to functional and then pathological changes.

It should be noted that Appendix is \u200b\u200ba kind of "intestinal almond", which contributes to the delay and destruction of pathogenic microflora, and the enzymes allocated to them are a normal pastocrine peristalsis. The rectum has two sphincter: upper, when moving from sigmid gut In the straight, and bottom. Normally, this site should always be empty. However, during constipation, sitting the lifestyle and the like, the feces are filled with an ampoule of the rectum, and it turns out that you are always sitting on an unclean post, which, in turn, squeezes all the organs of the small pelvis.

The colon and its relationship with various organs:

1 - abdominal brain; 2 - Allergies; 3 - Appendix; 4 - nasopharynk; 5 - connection of the small intestine with thick; 6 - eyes and ears; 7 - Milk iron (Timus); 8 - Upper airways, asthma; 9 - dairy glands; 10 - thyroid gland; 11 - parathyroid iron; 12 - liver, brain, nervous system; 13 - gallbladder; 14 - heart; 15 - Lungs, bronchi; 16 - stomach; 17 - spleen; 18 - pancreas; 19 - adrenal glands; 20 - kidneys; 21 - sex glands; 22 - testicles; 23 - bladder; 24 - genitals; 25 - prostate iron.

In the small pelvis there is a powerful circulatory network, covering all organs located here. Of the carte masses, which are delayed here and contain many poisons, pathogenic microbes, through a gate vein from under the mucous membrane, the inner and outer rings of the rectum toxic substances enter the liver, and from the lower rings of the rectum located around the anus, through the hollow vein Immediately go into the right atrium.

Avalanche that arrives in the liver toxic substances violate its detoxification function, as a result of which a network of anastomoses, according to which the flow of dirt comes without cleaning immediately into the hollow vein. This is directly connected with the state of the gastrointestinal tract, intestines, liver, sigmoid, rectakes. You did not think why some of us often occur inflammatory processes in the nasopharynk, almonds, lungs, allergic manifestations, pain in the joints, not to mention the diseases of the pelvis organs and the like? The reason is in the state of the lower gastrointestinal department.

That is why, until you bring order in a small pelvis, do not clean the intestine, the liver, where the origins of the common gloveness of the body are "seating" of various diseases - you will not be healthy. The nature of the disease does not play any role.

If we consider schematically the intestinal wall, then it looks like this: Outside the intestine is a serous shell, under which there are circular and longitudinal layers of muscles, then the submucous shell, where the blood and lymphatic vessels and the mucous membrane pass.

The total length of the small intestine is up to 6 m, and the movement of food on it takes 4-6 hours; Tolstoy - about 2 m, and food is delayed in it to 18-20 hours (normally). Per day gastrointestinal It produces more than 10 liters of juice: the mouth cavity is about 2 l, the stomach is 1.5-2 liters, the bile is released 1.5-2 liters, the pancreas - 1 l, a thin and thick intestine - up to 2 liters of digestive juice, and It is allocated to the feces of only - 250 g. The intestinal mucosa has up to 4 thousand growers, where microvilles are located, 1 mm 2 is accounted for up to 100 million. These porks together with the intestinal mucosa have the total area of \u200b\u200bmore than 300 m 2, so that there is a conversion of one substances into other, the so-called "cold thermonuclear synthesis". It is here that a long and membrane digestion is performed (A. Corner). There are also cells that are synthesizing and distinguishing hormones, which are as if the hormonal human hormonal system.

Microhrovinki, in turn, coated with glycocalix, product of the life of intestinal walls - enterocytes. Glycocalix and microwaves perform the functions of the barrier and normally impede or reduce the flow into the body toxins, including allergens. It is here that the root cause of allergic disorders is located. Poverty The microflora of the stomach, duodenum and the small intestine is explained by the antibacterial properties of the gastric juice and the mucous membrane of the small intestine. With the diseases of the small intestine of the microflora from the large intestine, it can be moved to thin, where, due to the rotor-ferrous processes, the pathological process is generally aggravated by the pathological process.

Recall that the human life largely depends on the only type of bacteria - intestinal sticks. It disappears or change its structure to the pathological, the body will lose the ability to process, assimilate food, therefore, to replenish energy spending, and sore. In the first glance, the imbacteriosis is a formidable disease, when the ratio of normal intestinal microflora changes (bifidobacteria, lactic acid bacteria, bacteroid useful types of intestinal sticks) and pathogenic flora.

The processes of cleavage of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, the production of vitamins, hormones, enzymes and other biologically active substances, the regulation of the intestinal motor function depend directly from normal microflora. In addition, the microflora is engaged in disposal of toxins, chemical reagents, salts of heavy metals, radionuclides. Thus, the intestinal flora is the most important component of the gastrointestinal tract - is maintenance normal level Cholesterol, regulation of metabolism, intestinal gas composition, obstacle to the formation of gallstones and even the development of substances that destroy cancer cells is a natural biosorbent that absorbs various poisons and much more.

In some cases, hyperbands of children are treated with soothing means, and in fact the cause of the disease lies in the activity of the intestinal microflora.

Most frequent cause Dysbiosis is: taking antibiotics, refined products consumption, deterioration of the environmental situation, the absence of fiber food. It is in the intestines that the synthesis of vitamins of the group B, amino acids, enzymes, substances stimulating the immune system, hormones occur.

In the thick intestine, absorption, reabsorption of trace elements, vitamins, electrolytes, glucose and other substances occurs. Violation of one of the activities of the Tolstoy Intestine can lead to pathology. For example, a group of Latvian scientists proved that in the rotting of proteins in a thick intestine, in particular during constipation, methane is formed that destroys the vitamins of group B, which, in turn, perform the functions of anti-cancer protection. At the same time, the formation of the Homocysteine \u200b\u200benzyme is disturbed, which can lead to atherosclerosis.

In the absence of the enzyme of the draft produced by the intestine, uric acid does not turn into urea, and this is one of the reasons for the development of osteochondrosis. For normal operation of a large intestine, food fibers are needed and a weakly acidic medium.

As already noted, the large intestine is distinguished by one important feature: one or another organ of the human body is projected on each of its sites, the violation in which leads to their disease. Intestinal flora, especially a large intestine, is more than 500 types of microbes, the entire life depends on the state. Currently, according to its role and significance, mass of the intestinal flora, achieving the weight of the liver (up to 1.5 kg), is considered to be an independent iron.

Take the same ammonia that is formed in the norm from nitrogen-containing products of plant and animal origin and is the strongest neurotoxic poison. Ammonia is engaged in two types of bacteria: some "work" in protein - nitrogen-dependent, other carbohydrates - sharac-dependent. The more badly fierce and untapped food, the more ammonia and pathogenic microflora are formed. At the same time, with the decomposition of ammonia, nitrogen is formed, which is used by bacteria to build its own proteins.

At the same time, sharac-dependent bacteria utilize ammonia, why they are called useful; And the concomitant bacteria more produce it than they consume. With violation of the work of the ammonia gastrointestinal trading, a lot is formed, and since neither the microbes of the thick intestine nor the liver is not able to neutralize it, then it enters the bloodstream, which is the cause of such a formidable disease as hepatic encephalopathy. This disease is observed in children up to 10 years and in adults after 40, a characteristic feature is the disorder of the nervous system, the brain: a violation of memory, sleep, static, depression, hand shake, head. Medicine in such cases is cycled on the treatment of the nervous system, the brain, and it turns out that the whole thing is in the state of the thick bowel and the liver.

The great merit of Academician A. M. Corner is that it has made substantial adjustments to the study of the power supply system, in particular, established the role of fiber and ballast substances in the formation of the microbial intestinal flora, a strip and membrane digestion.

Our health care is preaching for decades balanced diet ("How much spent, so much came"), actually made people sick, because ballast substances were excluded from food, and refined foods, like monomeric food, did not require significant operation of the gastrointestinal tract.

Scientists from the Institute of Food with perseverance worthy better application, continue to tell me that energy value The diet must comply with human energy costs. But how to consider the views of G. S. Shatalova, which offers to consume 400 to 1000 kcal per day, spending 2.5-3 times more energy, and manages not only to be healthy, but also to treat patients who are official Medicine can not cure?

Atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes and other diseases are, first of all, the lack of fiber in food; Refined products are practically turned off the membrane and strip digestion, which does not fulfill its protective role, not to mention the fact that the loads on enzyme systems are significantly reduced, and they are also outlined. That is why dietary food (mean diet as a lifestyle, rather than certain dishes), used for a long time, is also harmful.

The thick intestine is multifunctional, its tasks: evacuator, absorption, hormone, energy-, heat and stimulating.

Especially should be highlighted on heat-forming and stimulating functions. Microorganisms inhabiting a fat intestine, recycle each product, regardless of where it is: in the center of the intestinal lumen or closer to the wall. They distinguish a lot of energy, bioplasm, due to which in the intestine the temperature is always above the body temperature by 1.5-2 ° C. The bioplasma process of thermonuclear synthesis heats not only flowing blood and lymph, but also organs located on all sides of the intestine. Bioplasma charges water, the electrolytes are absorbed into the blood and, being good batteries, carry energy throughout the body, recharged it. Eastern medicine The abdomen area calls Hara furnace, near which all heat and where physico-chemical, bioenergetic, and then mental reactions are performed. Surprisingly, but in the Tolstaya intestine, at all of its distance in the respective sites there are "representatives" of all organs and systems. If in these areas everything is in order, microorganisms, multiplying, form bioplasm, which has a stimulating effect on one or another organ.

If the intestine does not work, clogs with wheel stones, protein shutters, the active micro-educational process is stopped, the normal heat generation and stimulation of organs, the reactor of the cold thermonuclear synthesis is turned off. The "Supply Department" ceases to provide the body not only with energy, but also with everything necessary (by trace elements, vitamins and other substances), without which it is impossible to flow of redox processes in the tissues at the physiological level.

It is known that each gastrointestinal body has its own acid-alkaline environment: in the oral cavity it is neutral or slightly alkaline, in the stomach - sour, and outside meals - weakly acidic or even neutral, in the duodenum - alkaline, closer to neutral, in The small intestine is slightly alkaline, and in a thick - weakly acidic.

When using flour, sweet dishes in the oral cavity becomes acidic, which contributes to the appearance of stomatitis, gingivitis, caries, diathesis. With mixed food and insufficient number of plant food in a duodenum, a thin intestine - weakness, in a thick - weakly alkaline. As a result, the gastrointestinal tract is completely out of order, all subtle food processing mechanisms are blocked. Treat person from any disease is useless until you bring order in this area.

The special importance of the normal operation of the gastrointestinal tract is that it is a huge hormonal iron, from which all hormonal authorities depend on the activity. For example, a neurotenzine hormone is produced in the ileum, in turn affecting the brain. You probably noticed that some people, promoting, eat a lot: in this case, food acts as a kind of drug. Here, in the ileum and duodenalist, a hormone serotonin is produced, from which our mood depends: little serotonin - depression, with constant violation - a manic-depressive state (sharp excitement is replaced by apatine). Membrane and honey digestion work poorly - the synthesis of vitamins of the group B suffers, especially folic acidAnd this means a lack of developing the hormone insulin, from which it turns out that the entire chain of the formation of any hormones, blood formation, the work of the nervous and other organism systems suffers.

Conditionally, our food can be divided into three groups:

proteins: meat, fish, eggs, milk, legumes, broths, mushrooms, nuts, seeds;

carbohydrates: bread, flour, cereals, potatoes, sugar, jam, candy, honey;

plant food: Vegetables, fruits, juices.

It should be said that all the specified products, in addition to refined, which have passed special processing, in which there is no fiber and almost all useful, contain proteins, and carbohydrates, only in different percentage. For example, in bread, there are carbohydrates, and proteins, as well as in meat. In the future, we will talk primarily about protein or carbohydrate food, where the product components are in their natural equilibrium.

Carbohydrates begin to digest in the oral cavity, proteins are mainly in the stomach, fats - in the duodenum, and vegetable food - only in a thick intestine. Moreover, carbohydrates in the stomach are also delayed relatively long, as it requires significantly less acidic gastric juice for their digestion, because their molecules are simpler compared to proteins.

With separate nutrition, the gastrointestinal tract works as follows: thoroughly cheered and abundantly moistened saliva food creates a weakly alkaline reaction. Then the food lump comes to the top of the stomach, in which after 15-20 minutes the medium changes to acid. With the movement of food to the pH of the pH of the medium becomes closer to the neutral. In the duodenalist of food at the expense of bile and pancreas, having sharply pronounced alkaline reactions, quickly becomes slightly alkaline and in this form enters the delicate intestine. Only in the thick intestine, it becomes weak again. This process takes place particularly actively if you are 10-15 minutes before taking the main food drank water and eaten vegetable food, which provides optimal conditions for microorganisms in the thick intestine and creating an acidic environment there due to organic acids contained in it. At the same time, the body works without any tension, since the food is homogeneous, the process of its processing and assimilation passes to the end. The same thing happens with protein food.

It is necessary to pay attention to the following circumstance: Recently, it is noted that in the first place in women and the second men coming out the disease of the esophagus cancer. One of the main reasons for this is the reception of hot food and beverages, which is characteristic, for example, for the peoples of Siberia.

Some experts recommend taking food as follows: first eat protein food, after a short time - carbohydrate, or vice versa, believing that these products during digestion will not interfere with each other. This is not quite so.

The stomach is a muscular organ, where, as in a washing machine, everything is mixed, and that the corresponding enzyme or digestive juice finds its product, you need time. The main thing that happens in the stomach when taking mixed food is fermentation. Imagine a conveyor in which a mixture of various products is moving, requiring not only specific conditions for its processing (enzymes, juices), but also time. According to I. P. Pavlov, if the digestion mechanism is running, it is impossible to stop it, the entire complex biochemical system with enzymes, hormones, trace elements, vitamins and other substances began to work. In this case, the specific dynamic effect of food is included when after its admission, the metabolic rate of substances occurs, in which the entire body takes part. Fats, as a rule, enhance it slightly or even depress, carbohydrates increase to 20%, and protein food - up to 40%. During meals, food leukocytosis also increases, that is, it turns on to work and the immune systemWhen any product entering the body is perceived as a foreign body.

Carbohydrate food, promoting fermentation, eaten together with protein, is processed in the stomach much faster and is ready to move on, but it is mixed with proteins, which only began to be processed and not fully used the sour gastric juice selected for them. Carbohydrates, capturing this protein mass with an acidic medium, arrive at the beginning in the pyloric department, and then in the duodenum, irritating it. And in order to quickly lower the sour food content, a lot of alkaline medium, bile and pancreatic juice are needed. If this happens often, the constant voltage in the pylorarial part of the stomach and in the twelfth gauge leads to a disease of the mucous membrane, gastritis, perideodenitis, ulcerative processes, gall-eyed disease, pancreatitis, diabetes. It is no less important that the lipase enzyme secreted by the pancreas and intended for splitting of fats, in an acidic medium loses activity with all the consequences arising from here. But the main trouble is ahead.

As you remember, protein food arrived in the duodenum, the processing of which was to end in an acidic medium that is absent in the underlying intestinal departments. Well, if some part of protein food will bring out of the body, but the rest is a source of rotting, fermentation in the intestine. After all, proteins eaten by us are alien elements for the body, they represent a danger, changing the alkaline medium of the small intestine on the acid, which contributes to even greater rotting. But the body is trying to make all the protein food from protein food, and as a result of osmosis processes, the protein mass sticks to microvins, disturbing the trim and membrane digestion. The microflora changes to the pathological, there are dysbacteriosis, constipation, the thermal sequel function is not working in normal mode. Against this background, protein residues begin to rot and contribute to the formation of honeystones, which accumulate especially actively in the ascending division of the large intestine. The tone of the intestine muscles changes, the latter stretches, its evacuation and other functions are disturbed. The temperature in the intestines is increased due to grinding processes, it enhances suction of toxic substances. As a result of overflow, especially a large intestine, hiding stones and his inflating, displacement and squeezing organs of the abdominal, chest and small pelvis.

At the same time, the diaphragm shifts up, pressing the heart, lungs, in the iron visits there are liver, pancreas, spleen, stomach, urinary and sexual system. Due to the squeezing of vessels, it is stagnant in the lower limbs, in a small pelvis, in the abdomen, in chestthat additionally leads to thrombophlebitis, endarteards, hemorrhoids, portal hypertension, that is, to the disorders in small and big circles blood circulation, lymphostase.

This contributes also inflammatory process In various organs: appendix, genitalia, bustling bubble, kidneys, prostate and others, and then the development of pathology there. The barrier function of the intestine is broken, and toxins, entering the blood, gradually disseminate the liver, kidneys, in which the intensive formation of stones is also underway. And until it will be put in the intestine order, it is useless to treat the liver, kidneys, joints and other organs.

In the intestine, especially a thick, there are honeystones according to some data, up to 6 or more kilograms. Those who spent the cleaning of the intestine, are sometimes amazed: where does the path of the body sometimes contain so many honeystones? How to get rid of such dawns? Official medicine, for example, against the intestines to purify with the help of enema, believing that its microflora is disturbed. Against the background of the adoption of mixed food, as can be seen from the said, there has been no normal microflora in the intestines for a long time, and there is a pathological, and it is difficult to say that it is more useful: not to touch it or clean it all and restore the normal microflora, while moving on separate meals. We chose the intestine cleaning from two angry, especially since the ancient has already known it for a long time and did.

Do not be afraid that the microflora will not recover. Of course, if you adhere to and in the future the habit is mixed and fried food, then the result will not be any. But if you take more coarse, vegetable food, which is the basis for the development of normal microflora and the main source of organic acids that contribute to maintenance, especially in the thick intestine, the weakness reaction, then there will be no problems with the restoration of microflora.

Remember that mixed food, fried, oily, predominantly protein, shifts the medium of the small intestine in acid, and thick - in the alkaline side, which favors rotting, fermentation and, therefore, the body's self-defense. The body of the body is shifted into the acidic side, which contributes to the emergence of various diseases, including cancer. It is possible to restore the intestine microflora in addition to separate nutrition (of course, after cleaning the intestine and the liver), it is possible with the help of short-term or long starvation. But fasting should certainly be carried out after careful preparation and in full compliance with the recommendations, best under the supervision of the doctor.

The essential addition to the proposed power scheme is the need to eliminate roasted, smoked, greasy, very saline, milk. Local products (kefir, cottage cheese, cheeses) can be consumed, but only separately from other food. Fats can be used both with proteins and with carbohydrates.