14.11.2013

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In the small intestine, there is almost complete splitting and absorption in the bloodstream and lymphotock of food proteins, fats, carbohydrates.

From the stomach in 12 pk Only chimus can be received - food treated to a state of liquid or semi-liquid consistency.

Digestion in 12 pk It is carried out in a neutral or cloth medium (an empty stomach of pH 12 pk is 7.2-8.0). It was carried out in an acidic environment. Therefore, the contents of the stomach has an acidic reaction. Neutralization of the acidic medium of gastric content and the setting of the pitch medium is carried out in 12 pk. Due to the secrets of the pancreas in the intestine (juice), thin gut And bile that have a pitch reaction due to the bicarbonate present in them.

Himus from the stomach in 12 pk. Enters small portions. The irritation of the hydrochloric acid of the pyloric sphincter receptors by the stomach leads to its disclosure. Irritation of hydrochloric acid of the phayloric sphincter receptors from 12 pk leads to its closure. As soon as the pH in the pyloric part 12 P.K. Changes in the acidic side, the pylorial sphincter is reduced and the arrival of chimus from the stomach in 12 pk. stops. After the recovery of the phenum pH (on average for 16 seconds), the pylorial sphincter misses the next portion of the chimus from the stomach and so on. In 12 pk PH ranges from 4 to 8.

In 12 pk After neutralization of the acidic medium of the gastric chimus, the action of pepsin - the enzyme of the gastric juice stops. in thin intestines It continues in a closed medium under the action of enzymes that enter the intestinal lumen as part of the secretion (juice) of the pancreas, as well as the composition of the intestinal secret (juice) from enterocytes - cells of the small intestine. Under the action of the pancreas enzymes, a honey digestion is carried out - splitting in the cavity of the intestine of food proteins, fats and carbohydrates (polymers) to intermediate substances (oligomers). Under the action of enzymes of enterocytes, an adhesive (near the inner wall of the intestine) of oligomers to monomers is carried out, that is, the final splitting of food proteins, fats and carbohydrates into components components that come (absorbed) into the circulatory and lymphatic system (in blood flow and lymphotok).

For digestion in the small intestine, which is also needed, which is produced by cells of the liver (hepatocytes) and enters the thin intestine on the bull (raging) paths (hydraulic paths). The main component of bile - yellow acids and their salts are necessary for emulsifying fats, without which it is disturbed, the process of fats splitting slows down. Rights are divided into intra and extra-erased. Intrahranny raging pathways (ducts) are a tree-like system of tubes (ducts), according to which bile hepatocytes. Small gall ducts are connected to a larger duct, the totality of larger ducts forms even larger duct. This union is completed in the right lobe of the liver - the horizontal duct of the right lobe of the liver, in the left - the yellow dump of the left lobe of the liver. The horizontal duct of the right lobe of the liver is called the right yellow duct. The refrigeration dump of the left lobe of the liver is called the left horizontal duct. These two duct form a general liver duct. At the gate of the liver, the overall liver duct will be connected to a bubble yellow duct, forming a general horizontal duct, which is sent to 12 pk. Through the bubble gall duct, the yellow bubble reaches. The horizontal bubble is a bile storage tank formed by the liver cells. The horizontal bubble is located on the lower surface of the liver, in the right longitudinal furrow.

The secret (juice) is formed (synthesized) by acinquic pancreocytes (pancreatic cells), which are structurally combined into acins. The cells of the acinus form (synthesized) the pancreas juice, which enters the output of the acinus. Neighboring acins are separated by thin layers connective tissuein which the blood capillaries and nerve fibers of the vegetative nervous system are located. The ducts of neighboring acinuses merge into the mezhaqinosic ducts, which, in turn, fall into larger intra-robes and interdollastic ducts lying in the connecting partitions. The latter, merging, form a total output duct, which passes from the tail of the gland to the head (structurally in the pancreas, highlight the head, body and tail). Lifolding duct (VirsUngiyev dumped) of the pancreas together with the general yellow bias duct permanently the wall of the descending part 12 P.K. and opens inside 12 pk On the mucous membrane. This place is called a large (fae) papilla. In this place there is a smooth muscle sphincter Oddi, which also functions on the principle of nipple - passes from the duct bile and pancreas juice in 12 pk. and overlaps the receipt of the contents of 12 pk. in duct. Sphinteer Approve a complex sphincter. It consists of a sphincter of the overall gall duct, the sphincter of pancreatic duct (pancreatic duct) and the sphincter of Westfal (the sphincter of a large duodenal papilla), which provides the disunity of both ducts from 12 pk. Sometimes 2 cm above from a large papilla located small nipples - formed Extensive, non-permanent small (santorinium) pancreatic duct. In this place is the Sphinter Helley.

The pancreas juice is a colorless transparent liquid, which has a cloth reaction (pH 7.5-8.8) due to the content of hydrocarbonates in it. The pancreas juice contains enzymes (amylase, lipase, nuclease and others) and pro-estimation (tripsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, prokarboxypeptidase A and B, elastases and profolypase and others). Profers are an inactive form of the enzyme. Activation of pancreatic proferred (transformation into an active form - enzyme) occurs in 12 pk.

Epithelial cells 12 pk - Enterocytes are synthesized and excreted into the intestinal lumen of the kinasegen enzyme (Propriment). Under the action of refractory acids, the kinasegen turns into enteropeptide (enzyme). Enterokinase clears the heekoppeptide in trypsinogen, as a result of which the tripsin enzyme is formed. To implement this process (to convert the inactive form of the enzyme (tripsinogen) to the active (tripsin)), a cloth medium is necessary (pH 6.8-8.0) and the presence of calcium ions (Ca2 +). The subsequent transformation of trypsinogen in trypsin is carried out in 12 pk. Under the action of the resulting trypsin. In addition, trypsin activates other protected pancreatic. The interaction of trypsin with pro-prodses leads to the formation of enzymes (chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase A and B, Elastaz and phospholipas and other). TRIPSIN shows its optimal effect in a low-rise medium (at pH 7.8-8).

Tripsin and chimothrixin enzymes carry out the splitting of food proteins to oligopeptides. Oligopeptides are an intermediate product splitting of proteins. Trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastas destroy the inseptide bonds of proteins (peptides), resulting in high molecular weight (containing a lot of amino acids) proteins decompose on low molecular weight (oligopeptides).

Nucleases (DNA Aza, RNA-Ase) break off nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) to nucleotides. Nucleotides under the action of pitch phosphatases and nucleotidases are transformed into nucleosides, which are absorbed from the digestive system into blood and lymph.

Pancreatic lipase splits fats, mainly triglycerides, to monoglycerides and fatty acids. The lipids also apply phospholipase A2 and Esterase.

Since food fats are insoluble in water, lipase acts only on the surface of fat. The larger the surface of the contact of fat and lipase, the more actively the fat is cleavage of lipases. Increases the surface of the contact of fat and lipase process emulsification of fat. As a result of emulsification, fat is divided into a plurality of small drops of 0.2 to 5 microns. Fat emulsification begins in the oral cavity as a result of grinding (facing) food and wetting her saliva, then continues in the stomach under the influence of the stomach peristals (stirring in the stomach) and the final (basic) emulsification of fats occurs in the small intestine under the influence of yellow acids and their salts. In addition, formed as a result of splitting triglycerides, fatty acids interact with the flushes of the small intestine, which leads to the formation of soap, which additionally emulsifies fats. With a lack of grain acids and their salts, insufficient emulsification of fats occurs, and, accordingly, their splitting and absorption. Fats are removed with the feces. At the same time, the calorie becomes fat, cascum-shaped white or gray. This condition is called steamer. Bile suppresses the growth of rented microflora. Therefore, with insufficient education and admission to the intestine of bile, it develops a pending dyspepsia. Diarrhea occurs at a rotary diarrhea \u003d diarrhea (feces of dark brown, liquid or cascidular with a sharp grinding smell, foamy (with gas bubbles). Rotation products (dimethylmercaptan, hydrogen sulfide, indole, scatol and others) worsen overall health (weakness, loss of appetite , ailment, cognition, headache).

The activity of lipase is directly in proportion to the presence of calcium ions (Ca2 +), gorgeous salts, coolant enzyme. Under the action of lipase, usually incomplete hydrolysis of triglycerides; At the same time, a mixture of monoglycerides (about 50%), fatty acids and glycerol (40%), di- and triglycerides (3-10%) is formed.

Glycerin and short fatty acids (containing up to 10 carbon atoms) are independently absorbed from the intestine to the blood. Fatty acids containing more than 10 carbon atoms, free cholesterol, monoacylglycerol water-soluble (hydrophobic) and cannot independently get from the intestine to the blood. This becomes possible after their combustible acid compounds with the formation of complex compounds that are called micelles. The size of the micelles is very small - in diameter about 100 nm. The core of the hydrophobine micelles (pushes water), and the sheath is hydrophilic. Handic acids serve as a conductor for fatty acids from the cavity of the small intestine to enterocytes (cells of the small intestine). The surface of the enterocytes of micelles disintegrate. Fatty acids, free cholesterol, monoacilglycerol come inside enterocyte. The absorption of fat-soluble vitamins is interrelated with this process. Parasympathetic vegetative nervous system, hormones of adrenal screws, thyroid gland, pituitary gland, hormones 12 pk Secretin and cholecystokinin (HCC) increase suction, sympathetic vegetative nervous system reduces suction. The freed yellow acids, reaching the large intestine, is absorbed into the blood, mainly in the ileum, and further absorbed (withdrawn) from the blood cells of the liver (hepatocytes). In enterocytes, with the participation of intracellular enzymes from fatty acids, phospholipids are formed, triacylglycerol (tag, triglycerides (fats) - compound of glycerol (glycerol) with three fatty acids), cholesterol esters (compound of free cholesterol with fatty acid). Next, complex compounds with protein - lipoproteides are formed from these substances in the enterocytes, and in smaller quantities - high density lipoproteins (HDL). HDP from enterocytes enroll in blood flow. Hmm have a large size and therefore can not get directly from enterocyte in blood system. From the Entrocytes of Hmm enter lymph, in the lymphatic system. From the thoracic lymphatic duct hmm fall into the circulatory system.

Pancreatic amylase (α-amylase), splits polysaccharides (carbohydrates) to oligosaccharides. Oligosaccharides - an intermediate product cleavage of polysaccharides consisting of several monosaccharides, connected by intermolecular connections. Among the oligosaccharides formed from food polysaccharides, disaccharides, consisting of two monosaccharides and trisaccharides, consisting of three monosaccharides prevail under the action of pancreatic amylase. α-amylase shows its optimal effect in the neutral medium (at pH 6.7-7.0).

Depending on the food used, the pancreas produces a different amount of enzymes. For example, if there is only fatty food, the pancreas will produce a predominantly enzyme to digest fats - lipase. In this case, the development of other enzymes will be significantly reduced. If there is only one bread, then the pancreas will produce enzymes that split carbohydrates. It should not be abused by a monotonous diet, since permanent imbalance in the development of enzymes can lead to diseases.

Epithelial cells of the small intestine (enterocytes) are isolated into the intestinal lumen, which is called intestinal juice. Intestinal juice has a pitching reaction due to the content of hydrocarbonates in it. The pH of the intestinal juice ranges from 7.2 to 8.6, contains enzymes, mucus, other substances, as well as the energized enterocytes. In the mucous membrane of the small intestine, there is a continuous change of layer of cells of the surface epithelium. The complete update of these cells in humans is performed for 1-6 days. Such an intensity of the formation and rejection of the clerks becomes the cause of their large amounts in intestinal juice (a person during a day is rejected by about 250 g of enterocytes).

Enterocyte synthesized mucus forms a protective layer that prevents excessive mechanical and chemical impact Himus on the intestine mucous membrane.

In the intestinal juice, more than 20 different enzymes participating in digestion. The main part of these enzymes takes part in the proper digestion, that is, directly at the surface of the Village, the microwaves of the small intestine - in glycicalce. Glycocalix is \u200b\u200ba molecular sieve that passes to the cells of the intestinal epithelium of the molecule, depending on their size, charge and other parameters. Glycocalix contains enzymes from the intestinal cavity and synthesized by the enterocytes themselves. In Glycalcis, the final splitting of intermediate products of cleavage of proteins, fats and carbohydrates into components components (oligomers to monomers) occurs. Glycocalix, microville and apical membrane are called a tallery.

The carbohydresses of the intestinal juice consist mainly of disaccharidases, which split disaccharides (carbohydrates consisting of two monosaccharide molecules) into two monosaccharide molecules. Sakaraza splits the sucrose molecule on the glucose and fructose molecule. Maltaza splits the maltose molecule, and the track is tregalosis into two glucose molecules. Lactase (α-galactasidase) splits the lactose molecule on the glucose and galactose molecule. The synthesis deficiency of one or another disaccharidase cells of the mucous membrane of the small intestine causes the intolerance to the corresponding disaccharide. Genetically enshrined and acquired lactase, triad, sahacerase and combined disaccharidase lactases are known.

The peptidases of the intestinal juice split the peptide relationship between two specific amino acids. The intestinal juice peptases are completed by the hydrolysis of oligopeptides, as a result of which amino acids are formed - the final products of cleavage (hydrolysis) of proteins that come (absorbed) from the small intestine in blood and lymph.

Nucleases (DNA-Aza, RNA-Aza) intestinal juice cleaved DNA and RNA to nucleotides. Nucleotides under the influence of pitch phosphatases and nucleotide of intestinal juice are converted into nucleosides, which are absorbed from the small intestine in blood and lymph.

The main lipase of intestinal juice is intestinal monoglyceridlipase. It hydrolyzes monoglycerides with any length of the hydrocarbon chain, as well as short-chain di- and triglycerides, at least triglycerides from the average chain length and cholesterol esters.

The secretion of the pancreatic juice, intestinal juice, bile, motor activity (peristaltics) of the small intestine is carried out by neuro-humoral (hormonal) mechanisms. The control is carried out by the vegetative nervous system (VNS) and hormones that are synthesized by Gastroenteropancreatic cells. endocrine system - Parts of the diffuse endocrine system.

In accordance with the functional features, parasympathetic VNS and sympathetic VNS are distinguished. Both of these RENTS departments are managed.

Which are managed, come to the state of excitation under the influence of pulses, which come to them from the oral cavity receptors, nose, stomach, small intestine, as well as from the cortex of the brain (thoughts, conversations about food, food type, and the like). In response to these pulses, excited neurons are sent by efferent nerve fibers pulses to controlled cells. Near axon cells of efferent neurons form numerous branching, ending with tissue synapses. When the neuron is excited from the tissue synapse, the mediator is released - a substance with which the excited neuron affects the function of the cells-controlled cells. Mediator of the parasimptic vegetative nervous system of acetylcholine. Mediator of the sympathetic vegetative nervous system of norepinephrine.

Under the action of acetylcholine (parasympathetic VNS), there is an increase in the secretion of intestinal juice, the pancreatic juice, bile, amplification of the peristaltic (motor, motor function) of the small intestine, the raging bubble. Efferent parasympathetic nerve fibers are suitable for the small intestine, to the pancreas, to liver cells, to the heated pathways in the composition wandering nerve. Acetylcholine has its effect on cells through M-cholinoreceptors located on the surface (membranes, shells) of these cells.

Under the action of norepinephrine (sympathetic VNS), the peristalistic of the small intestine decreases, decreases the formation of intestinal juice, pancreatic juice, bile. Noraderenalin has its effect on cells through β-adrenoreceptors located on the surface (membranes, shells) of these cells.

In the management of the motor function of the small intestine, Auerbakhovo plexus is participating - the intraongoral department of the autonomic nervous system (intramural nervous system). The basis of management is local peripheral reflexes. Auerbakhovo plexus is a thick continuous network of nerve nodes, connected by nervous hill. Nervous components are a totality of neurons (nerve cells), and nervous traction - the processes of these neurons. In accordance with the functional features of Auerbakhovo, the plexus consists of neurons of parasympathetic VNS and sympathetic VNS. Nervous nodes and nerve thrust Auerbakhova The plexus is located between the longitudinal and circular layers of smooth muscle bunches of the intestine walls, go in the longitudinal and circular direction and form a continuous nervous network around the intestine. Nervous cells of Auerbakhov plexus innervate longitudinal and circular bundles of smooth muscle cells, adjusting their abbreviations.

In the management of the secretory function of the small intestine, two nerve plexuses of the intramural nervous system (intraigan vegetative nervous system) are also involved: subseroic nervous plexus (Sparrow's plexus) and sublifting nervous plexus (Maisner's plexus). Management is based on local peripheral reflexes. These both plexuses, like Auerbakhovo, the plexus constitutes a thick continuous network of nerve nodes, connected by nervous hills, consists of neurons of parasympathetic VNS and sympathetic VNS.

Neurons of all three plexuses have a synaptic connection among themselves.

The motor activity of the small intestine is controlled by two autonomous sources of rhythm. The first is located at the place of failure of the overall grain duct in the duodenum, and the other - in the ileum.

The motor activity of the small intestine is controlled by reflexes that excite and brake the motorcycle intestine. Reflexes that excite the motility of the small intestine include: esophageal, gastrointestinal and intestinal reflexes. Reflexes that brake the motility of the small intestine include: intestinal-intestinal, rectuent, reflex receptor relaxation (braking) of the small intestine during food.

The motor activity of the small intestine depends on the physical and chemical properties of the chimus. The large content of fiber, salts, intermediate hydrolysis products (especially fats) in the chimus is enhanced by the peristaltics of the small intestine.

S-cells of the mucous membrane 12 pk Synthesize and stand out in the intestinal lumen, Proskretin (Rogormon). Protectin mainly under the action of hydrochloric acid Gastric chimus turns into secretine (hormone). The most intense conversion of objectin in secretine occurs at pH \u003d 4 and less. With an increase in the pH, the transformation rate decreases directly proportionally. Sertin is absorbed into the blood and with blood current reaches the cells of the pancreas. Under the influence of the cells of the pancreas cell increase the secretion of water and bicarbonates. Secretin does not increase the secretion of the pancreas of enzymes and pro-estimation. Under the action of secretin, the secretion of the pitch component of the pancreas juice is increasing, which enters 12 pk. The greater the acidity of the gastric juice (the smaller the pH of the gastric juice), the greater the seventine is formed, the more stands out in 12 pk. Pancreatic juice with plenty of water and bicarbonates. The hydrocarbonates neutralize hydrochloric acid, the pH increases, the formation of secretine decreases, the secretion of the pancreas juice with a high content of hydrocarbonates decreases. In addition, the action of secretine increases the yelling, secretion of the glands of the small intestine.

Transformation of leakage in secretine is also occurring under action ethyl alcohol, fatty, gorgeous acids, spice components.

The largest number of S-cells are located in 12 pk. And in the upper (proximal) part of the turntable. The smallest amount of S-cells is located in the most remote (bottom, distal) part of the cushion.

Secretin is a peptide consisting of 27 amino acid residues. Chemical structure similar to secretine, and accordingly, a similar effect may have a vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), glucagon-like peptide-1, glucagon, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (hypodes), calcitonin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, pararate hormone, rilizing growth hormone factor , Corticotropin Rilizing Factor and others.

Upon admission of chimus from the stomach in the small intestine of I-cells located in the mucous membrane 12 pK. And the upper (proximal) part of the one's intestine is beginning to synthesize and highlight a hormone cholecystokinin in the blood (HCC, SSK, pancreatimine). Under the action of HCC there is a relaxation of the sphincter Oddi, the reduction of the horizontal bubble and, as a result, increasing the arrival of bile in 12.p.K. The HCC causes a reduction in the pyloric sphincter and limits the flow of the gastric chimus in 12 pk, enhances the motility of the small intestine. The strongest stimulant synthesis and highlighting of the HCC are food fats, proteins, alkaloids of yellow herbs. Food carbohydrates do not have a stimulating effect on the synthesis and the allocation of the HCC. Hastin-rilizing peptide is also related to the synthesis and highlighting of HCC.

Synthesis and the release of HCC decreases under the action of somatostatin - peptide hormone. Somatostatin is synthesized and stands out in blood D-cells, which are located in the stomach, intestines, among endocrine pancreatic cells (in Langerhans islands). Somatostatin will also synthesize the cells of the hypothalamus. Under the action of somatostatin, not only the synthesis of HCC decreases. Under the action of somatostatin, the synthesis and allocation of other hormones are reduced: gastrin, insulin, glucagon, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, insulin-like growth factor-1, somatotropin-rilizing hormone, tireotropic hormones And others.

Reduces gastric, graticle and pancreatic secretion, peristaltics gastrointestinal tract Peptide yy. The YY peptide is synthesized by L-cells, which are placed in the mucous membrane of the colon and in the ultimate portion of the small intestine - in the ileum. When Himus reaches the ileum of fats, carbohydrates and chims of chimus act on L-cell receptors. L-cells begin to synthesize and highlight the peptide yy into the blood. As a result, the peristalistic of the gastrointestinal tract slows down, gastric, gorgeous and pancreatic secretion decreases. The phenomenon of slowing the peristaltics of the gastrointestinal tract after achieving the chimney of the ileum obtained the name of the iliac brake. A stimulator secretion of the peptide yy is also gastrin-rilizing peptide.

D1 (h) -tiles, which are located mainly in the islands of Langerhans pancreas and, in smaller quantities, in the stomach, in thick and in the small intestine are synthesized and isolated into the blood vazoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). The VIP has a pronounced relaxing effect on the smooth muscle cells of the stomach, thin, colon, the gorge bubble, as well as the vessels of the gastrointestinal tract. Under the action of the VIP, the blood supply to the gastrointestinal tract increases. Under the action of the VIP, the secretion of pepsinogen, intestinal enzymes, pancreatic enzymes, the content of hydrocarbonates in the pancreas juice, decreases the secretion of hydrochloric acid.

The secretion of the pancreas increases under the action of gastrine, serotonin, insulin. It is also stimulated by the release of the pancreas juice of salt acid salts. Reduce the secretion of the pancreas glucagon, somatostatin, vasopressin, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), calcitonin.

Moton Motilin hormone belongs to endocrine regulators of the motor (motor) function of the gastrointestinal tract. Motilin is synthesized and excreted into the blood of enterochromaffine cells of the mucous membrane 12 pk. And the cuisine. The synthesis of synthesis and isolation in the blood of Mothilina are handicacious acids. Motilin stimulates the peristaltics of the stomach, fine and colon than the mediator of parasympathetic Azetylcholine VNS. Motilin along with Holicystokinin, manages the contractile function of the gully bubble.

The endocrine regulators of the motor (motor) and the secretory function of the intestine include sulfur hormone, which is synthesized by the intestinal cells. Under the action of this serotonin, the peristalistic and secretory activity of the intestine is enhanced. In addition, intestinal serotonin is a growth factor for some species of symbiotic intestinal microflora. At the same time, the symbontic microflora takes part in the synthesis of intestinal serotonin decarboxylation tryptophan, which is a source, raw materials for serotonin synthesis. With dysbacteriosis and some other intestinal diseases, the synthesis of intestinal serotonin decreases.

From the small intestine, chimus portions (about 15 ml) enters the colon. It regulates this intake of the Ileocecal Sphinteer (Bauginiyev Valley). The disclosure of the sphincter occurs reflexively: the peristalistic of the ileum (final part of the small intestine) increases the pressure on the sphincter from the small intestine, the sphincter is relaxing (opens), the chimus enters the blind intestine (the initial colon section). When filled with a blind intestine and its tension, the sphincter closes, and the chimus is not returned back into the small intestine.

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The digestive process is considered a complex, multistage physiological process. Food that fell into the intestines is carried out mechanical and chemical processing. Thanks to her, the body is saturated with nutrients and charges with energy. This process occurs due to the right environment, which is in the small intestine.

Not all people wondered what the medium in the small intestine. It is not interesting until unfavorable processes occur in the body. Food digestion implies mechanical and chemical processing. The second process consists of several consecutive stages of cleavage of complex components into small elements. After that, they are absorbed into the blood.

This is due to the presence of enzymes. Catalysts are produced by pancreas and fall into gastric juice. Their education directly depends on which environment is observed in the stomach, thin and colon.

The food lump passes through the rotoglot and the esophagus, penetrates the stomach in the form of a crushed mixture. Under the influence of the gastric juice, the composition is converted into a discharge mass, which is thoroughly mixed due to peristaltic movements. After that, enters the duodenum, it turns on further processing enzymes.

Wednesday in a thin and thick intestine

Wednesday B. duodenalistician, as well as in the Tolstaya intestine, plays one of the main roles in the body. As soon as it decreases, there is a decrease in the amount of bifi-lacto and propionicobacteria. This adversely affects the level of acid metabolites, which are produced by bacterial agents to create an acidic medium in the small intestine. Such property enjoy harmful microbes.

In addition, the pathogenic flora leads to the formation of alkaline metabolites, as a result of which the pH of the environment increases. Then there is observed intestinal content.

Metabolites that produce harmful microbes lead to a change in pH in a thick intestine. Against the background of this develops dysbacteriosis.

Under this indicator it is customary to understand the amount of potential hydrogen, which expresses acidity.

The medium in the thick intestine is divided into 3 varieties.

1. If the pH is within 1-6.9, then it is customary to talk about the acidic environment.
2. With value 7, a neutral environment is observed.
3. The limits from 7.1 to 14 speak of an alkaline medium.

The lower the pH factor, the acidity is higher and vice versa.

Since the human body is 60-70% consists of water, this factor has a huge impact on chemical processes. Under the unbalanced pH factor, it is customary to understand too acidic or an alkaline medium for a long time. In fact, it is important to know, because the body has functions of self-controlling alkaline balance in each cell. Hormone allocation or exchange processes Directed on its balancing. If this does not occur, cells poison themselves to toxins.

The colon environment should always be at the level. It is she responsible for the resolution of blood acidity, urine, vagina, sperm and skin cover.

The chemical medium of the small intestine is considered complex. Sour gastric juice together with the food lump comes from the stomach in the duodenum. Most often, the medium is within 5.6-8. It all depends on which section of the digestive tract to consider.

In the bulb, the pH duodenal is 5.6-7.9. In the area of \u200b\u200bthe skinny and iliac intestine, a neutral or weakly alkaline medium is observed. Its value is within 7-8. The acidity of juice in the small intestine decreases to 7.2-7.5. With an increase in the secretory function, the level reaches 8.6. In duodenal glands, a normal pH is diagnosed from 7 to 8.

If this indicator rises or decreases, it means an alkaline environment is formed in the intestine. This adversely affects the state of the mucous membrane. internal organs. Against this background, erosive or ulcerative lesions often develop.

The acidity in the thick intestine is in the range of 5.8-6.5 pH. It is considered an acidic environment. If such indicators are observed, then the useful microflora is in the body and the useful microflora is populated.

Bacterial agents in the form of bifidobacteria, lactobacillia and propionicobacteria contribute to the neutralization of alkaline products and the removal of acidic metabolites. Due to this factor, organic acids are produced and the medium is reduced to a normal level. But as soon as unfavorable factors affect the body, the pathogenic flora will begin multiply.

In an acidic environment, harmful microbes can not live, so they specifically produce alkaline products of metabolism, which are aimed at latching intestinal content.

Symptomatic picture in violation of pH

The intestine does not always cope with his task. In the regular effects of adverse factors, a violation of the digestive medium, microflora and organ functionality occurs. The acidic medium is replaced with a chemical alkaline.

Such a process is usually accompanied by:

• discomfort in the epigastric and abdominal cavity after meals;
• nausea;
• meteorism and bloating;
• discoloration or seal chair;
• the appearance of untapped food particles in a chair;
• itching in the anorectal area;
• the development of food allergies;
• dysbacteriosis or candidiasis;
• expansion of blood vessels in the cheek and nose region;
• snare;
• relaxed and weakened nails;
• anemia as a result of bad suction of iron.

Before starting the treatment of pathology, it is necessary to find out what caused a decrease or increase in pH. Doctors stand out by several decisive factors in the form:

• hereditary predisposition;
• availability of other diseases of the organs of the digestive system;
• intestinal infections;
• receiving medicines from the category of antibiotics, hormonal and anti-inflammatory agents;
• regular errors in nutrition: consumption of oily and fried dishes, alcohol-containing beverages, lacks in fiber diet;
• deficiency of vitamins and trace elements;
• presence of destructive habits;
• overweight;
• lifeline lifestyle;
• regular stress situations;
• violations of motor functionality;
• problems with digestive function;
• suction difficulties;
• inflammatory processes;
• the emergence of neoplasms of malignant or benign character.

According to statistical data, such problems are observed in people who live in developed countries. The symptoms of the pH violation in the intestines are diagnosed in women over the age of 40 years old.

The most common pathologies include the following.

1. Ulcerative colitis. Chronic character disease is striking the mucous membrane of the fat intestine.
2. Duodenal ulcer. The mucous membrane is injured, which is near the stomach. First appear erosion. In the absence of treatment, they turn into ulcers and begin to bleed.
3. Crohn's disease. Defeat of the large intestine. There is extensive inflammation. It may lead to complications in the form of a fistulating, feverish state, lesions of the articular tissues.
4. Tumors in the digestive tract. Often hit the colon. May have malignant or benign.
5. An irritable ocean syndrome. Non-hazardous condition for a person. But the lack of medication therapy and therapeutic diet Leads to the emergence of other diseases.
6. Dysbacteriosis. The composition of the intestinal microflora changes. Harmful bacteria prevail in more quantities.
7. Diverticulosis of a large intestine. On the walls of the organ, small bags are formed, in which caliper masses can be stuck.
8. Dyskinesia. The motor functionality of the thin and thick bowel is disturbed. The reason is not an organic lesion. There is an increased compartment of mucus.

Treatment is to normalize nutrition. From the diet should be removed all aggressive products in the form of alcohol and coffee-containing beverages, fatty varieties of meat, fried dishes, smoked, marinades. Pro- and prebiotics are also connected. In some cases, antibiotics and antacids are required.

The fabric of the living organism is very sensitive to fluctuations in the pH - outside the permissible range, denaturation of proteins occurs: cells are destroyed, enzymes lose the ability to perform their functions, the body's death is possible

What is pH (hydrogen indicator) and acid-alkaline equilibrium

The ratio of acid and alkali in any solution is called acid-alkaline equilibrium (KSR), although physiologists believe that it is more correct to call this ratio by acid-alkaline state.

KSR is characterized by a special indicator pH(Power Hydrogen is "hydrogen power"), which shows the number of hydrogen atoms in this solution. At pH is 7.0 talking about a neutral environment.

The lower the level of the pH is the more acidic environment (from 6.9 to 2).

Alkaline medium has a high level of pH (from 7.1 to 14.0).

The body of a person by 70% consists of water, so water is one of the most important components. T. elo A person has a certain acid-alkaline ratio, characterized by pH (hydrogen) indicator.

The value of the pH indicator depends on the relationship between positively charged ions (forming an acidic medium) and adversely charged ions (forming an alkaline environment).

The body constantly strives to balance this ratio, supporting a strictly defined pH level. With a broken balance, many serious diseases may occur.

Observe the right pH balance to maintain good health.

The body is able to properly absorb and accumulate minerals and nutrients only with the proper level of acid-alkaline equilibrium. The fabric of the living organism is very sensitive to fluctuations in the pH - outside the permissible range, denaturation of proteins occurs: cells are destroyed, enzymes lose the ability to perform their functions, the death of the body is possible. Therefore, the acid-alkaline balance in the body is toughly adjustable.

Our body uses hydrochloric acid to split food. In the course of vital activity of the body, both sour and alkaline decay products are requiredAnd the first is formed more than the second. Therefore, the protective systems of the body, providing the invariance of its KSR, are "tuned" primarily on the neutralization and elimination of the acidic decay products, above all.

Blood has a weakly alkaline reaction: The pH of arterial blood is 7.4, and venous - 7.35 (due to excess C02).

PH shift at least 0.1 can lead to severe pathology.

When a blood pH shift, a comatose state is developing on 0.2, a person dies.

The body has a different level of pH

Saliva is predominantly alkaline reaction (pH oscillation 6.0 - 7.9)

Usually the acidity of the mixed saliva of a person is equal to 6.8-7.4 pH, but at high speed of salivation reaches 7.8 pH. The acidity of saliva of the near-dry glasses is equal to 5.81 pp, submandibular - 6.39 pH. In children, an average mixed saliva acidity is 7.32 pp, in adults - 6.40 pH (Rimarchuk G.V. et al.). Acid-alkaline equilibrium of saliva in turn is determined by similar equilibrium in the blood, which feeds salivary glands.

The esophagus is normal acidity in the esophagus of 6.0-7.0 pH.

The liver - bubble bile reaction is close to neutral (pH 6.5 - 6,8), alkaline hepatic bile reaction (pH 7.3 - 8.2)

Stomach - sharply acidic (at the height of the digestion pH 1.8 - 3.0)

Maximum theoretically possible acidity in the stomach 0.86 pH, which corresponds to acid production 160 mmol / l. The minimum theoretically possible acidity in the stomach is 8.3 pH, which corresponds to the acidity of the saturated solution of HCO 3 ions. Normal acidity in the lumen of the body of the stomach of an empty stomach of 1.5-2.0 pH. Acidness on the surface of the epithelial layer facing the lumen of the stomach 1.5-2.0 pH. Acidness in the depth of the epithelial stratum of the stomach of about 7.0 pH. Normal acidity in the antru of the stomach of 1.3-7.4 pH.

The misconception is common that the main problem for a person is the increased acidity of the stomach. From her heartburn and ulcer.

In fact, a much greater problem is a reduced acidity of the stomach, which is found many times more often.

The main reason for the emergence of heartburn in 95% is not an excess, but a lack of hydrochloric acid in the stomach.

The lack of hydrochloric acid creates ideal conditions for the colonization of the intestinal tract with various bacteria, simplest and worms.

The cunning situation is that the reduced acidity of the stomach "behaves quietly" and proceeds imperceptibly for a person.

Here is a list of signs that allow to suspect the decrease in the acidity of the stomach.

• Discomfort in the stomach after eating.
• Nausea after taking medication.
• Meteorism in the small intestine.
• Looking chairs or constipation.
• Unpainted food particles in a chair.
• Itching around the anus.
• Multiple food allergies.
• Dysbacteriosis or candidiasis.
• Extended blood vessels on cheeks and nose.
• Acne.
• Weak, strata nails.
• Anemia due to poor suction of iron.

Of course, the exact diagnosis of reduced acidity requires determination of the pH of the gastric juice (To do this, contact the gastroenterologist).

When acidity is raised - there are plenty of preparations for its decline.

In the case of low acidity of effective funds, very little.

As a rule, preparations of hydrochloric acid or vegetable bitterness, stimulating the separation of gastric juice (wormwood, AIR, peppermint, fennel, etc.) are used.

Pancreas - pancreatic juice juice (pH 7.5 - 8.0)

Slim intestine - alkaline reaction (pH 8.0)

Normal acidity in the bulb of the duodenum 5.6-7.9 pH. The acidity in the skinny and iliac intestine is neutral or weakly alkaline and is ranging from 7 to 8 pH. The acidity of the juice of the small intestine is 7.2-7.5 pH. When strengthening secretion reaches 8.6 pH. The acidity of the duodenal glands is from a pH from 7 to 8 pH.

Fat bowel - weakly acidic reaction (5.8 - 6.5 pH)

This is a weakly acidic medium, which is maintained by a normal microflora, in particular, bifidobacteriums, lactobacteriums and propionic acids due to the fact that they neutralize alkaline products of metabolism and produce their acidic metabolites - lactic acid and other organic acids. Producing organic acids and reducing the pH of intestinal contents, normal microflora Creates conditions under which pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microorganisms cannot multiply. Actually, therefore, streptococci, staphylococci, Klebsiella, Klostridia Mushrooms and other "bad" bacteria constitute only 1% of the entire intestinal microflora of a healthy person.

Urine - predominantly weakly acidic reaction (pH 4,5-8)

When feeding with animal animals containing sulfur and phosphorus, basically the acidic urine (pH is less than 5) is mainly released; In the final urine there is a significant amount of inorganic sulfates and phosphates. If the food is mostly lactic or vegetable, then urine has a tendency to latching (pH more than 7). Renal tubules play a significant role in maintaining acid-base equilibrium. Sour urine will be released under all states leading to metabolic or respiratory acidosis, since the kidneys compensate for the shear of the acid-base state.

Leather - weakly acidic reaction (pH 4-6)

If the skin is prone to fat, the pH value can approach 5.5. And if the skin is very dry, the pH can be 4.4.

The bactericidal properties of the skin that gives it the ability to resist microbial invasion is due to the acidic reaction of keratin, a peculiar chemical composition of the skin and sweat, the presence of a protective water-phidic mantle with a high concentration of hydrogen ions on its surface. Low molecular weight fatty acids included in its composition, primarily glyco phospholipids and free fatty acids, have a bacteriostatic effect selective for pathogenic microorganisms.

Sender organs

The normal acidity of the woman's vagina ranges from 3.8 to 4.4 pH and on average is 4.0-4.2 pH.

When birth, the girl's vagina is sterile. Then, within a few days, it is settled with a variety of bacteria, mainly staphylococci, streptococci, anaerobes (that is, by bacteria, for which oxygen is not required). Prior to the start of menstruation, the level of acidity (pH) of the vagina is close to neutral (7.0). But during the period of puberty, the vaginal wall is thicken (under the influence of estrogen - one of the female genital hormones), the pH is reduced to 4.4 (that is, acidity increases), which causes changes in the vaginal flora.

The uterine cavity is normally sterile, and the ingress of pathogenic microorganisms are hampered by lactobacillia, casting vagina and supporting the high acidity of its medium. If for some reason the acidity of the vagina shifts in the direction of alkaline, the number of lactobacilli drops sharply, and other microbes that can get into the uterus and lead to inflammation, and then, to problems with pregnancy are developing.

Sperm

The normal level of sperm acidity is ranging from 7.2 to 8.0 pH. An increase in the pH of sperm occurs at an infectious process. Sharply alkaline sperm reaction (acidity of approximately 9.0-10.0 pH) indicates pathology prostatic gland. When blocking output ducts of both seminal bubbles, an acidic sperm reaction is observed (acidity 6.0-6.8 pH). The fertilizing ability of such sperm is reduced. In the acidic medium, spermatozoa loses mobility and dying. If the acidity of the seed fluid becomes less than 6.0 pH, the spermatozoa is completely losing mobility and die.

Cells and intercellular fluid

In the cages of the body of the pH, it matters about 7, in extracellular fluid - 7.4. Nervous endings that are outside the cells are very sensitive to changing the pH. With mechanical or thermal damage to the tissues of the cell walls, their contents are destroyed and their contents falls on the nervous end. As a result, a person feels pain.

The Scandinavian researcher Olaf Lindel did such an experiment: with the help of a special unrealistic injection, a very thin ridge of a solution was injected through the skin, which did not damage the cells, but acted for nervous endings. It was precisely the pain of hydrogen cations, and with a decrease in the pH of the solution, the pain is enhanced.

Similarly, directly "acts on the nerves" and a solution of formic acid that stigma insects or nettle is injected under the skin. A different value of the pH of the tissue is also explained why, with some inflammations, a person feels pain, and with some - no.

Interestingly, injection under the skin of pure water gave a particularly strong pain. It is explained by this strange phenomenon so: cells when contact with clean water, as a result of osmotic pressure, they are torn and their content affects the nerve endings.

Table 1. Hydrogen rates for solutions

Especially sensitive to changing the pH of the environment of caviar fish and fry. The table allows you to make a number of interesting observations. PH values, for example, immediately show the comparative power of acids and bases. A strong change in the neutral medium is also clear as a result of hydrolysis of salts formed by weak acids and bases, as well as during dissociation of acidic salts.

the pH of the urine is not a good indicator of the general pH of the body, and this is not a good overall health.

In other words, no matter what you eat and at any pH of urine, you can be absolutely sure that your pH of arterial blood will always be about 7.4.

When a person is used, for example, acidic products or animal protein, under the influence of buffer pH systems shifts in the acidic side (it becomes less than 7), and when used, for example, mineral water or vegetable food - to alkaline (becomes greater than 7). Buffer systems hold pH in a valid for the body.

By the way, doctors claim that the displacement in the acidic side (the same acidosis) is much easier to transfer than the displacement to alkaline (alkalosis).

It is impossible to shift the pH of the blood by any external influence.

The main mechanisms for maintaining blood pH are:

1. Blood blood buffer systems (carbonate, phosphate, protein, hemoglobin)

This mechanism acts very quickly (shares of a second) and therefore refers to the rapid mechanisms for regulating the stability of the inner medium.

Barbonate blood buffer Pretty powerful and most mobile.

One of the important buffer buffer and other body fluids is a bicarbonate buffer system (HCO3 / CO2): CO2 + H2O ⇄ HCO3- + H + The main function of the bicarbonate buffer blood system is the neutralization of H + ions. This buffer system plays a particularly important role, since the concentrations of both buffer components can be adjusted independently of each other; [CO2] - by breathing, - in the liver and in the kidneys. Thus, this is an open buffer system.

The hemoglobin buffer system is the most powerful.
It accounts for more than half of the buffer blood tank. The buffer properties of hemoglobin are due to the ratio of restored hemoglobin (NN) and its potassium salt (KN).

Plasma proteins Due to the ability of amino acids to ionization, a buffer function (about 7% of the buffer blood tank) is also performed. In an acidic medium, they behave as bases that bind acids.

Phosphate buffer system (About 5% of the buffer capacity of blood) is formed by inorganic blood phosphates. The acid properties exhibits monolayer phosphate (NAH 2 P0 4), and the base is a two-axis phosphate (Na 2 HP0 4). They function according to the same principle as bicarbonates. However, due to the low blood content of phosphates, the capacity of this system is small.

2. Respiratory (pulmonary) regulation system.

Due to the ease, with which the lungs regulate the concentration of C02, this system has a significant buffer container. Removal of excess amounts of CO 2, regeneration of bicarbonate and hemoglobin buffer systems is carried out lungs.

Alone the person allocates 230 ml of carbon dioxide per minute, or about 15 thousand mmol per day. When removing carbon dioxide, an approximately equivalent number of hydrogen ions disappears. Therefore, breathing plays an important role in maintaining acid-alkaline equilibrium. So, if the acidity of blood increases, the increase in the content of hydrogen ions leads to an increase in pulmonary ventilation (hyperventilation), while the carbon dioxide molecules are removed in large quantities and the pH returns to a normal level.

The increase in the base content is accompanied by hypoventilation, as a result of which the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood increases and, accordingly, the concentration of hydrogen ions, and the shift of the blood reaction into the alkaline side is partially or completely compensated.

Therefore, the external respiratory system is pretty quickly (within a few minutes) can eliminate or reduce the pH shifts and prevent the development of acidosis or alkalosis: an increase in the ventilation of the lungs 2 times increases blood pH by about 0.2; A 25% ventilation reduction can reduce pH by 0.3-0.4.

3. Renal (excretory system)

Acts very slowly (10-12 h). But this mechanism is most powerful and able to completely restore the pH of the body, removing urine with alkaline or acid pH values. The participation of the kidneys in maintaining acid-base equilibrium is to remove hydrogen ions from the body, reabsorption of bicarbonate from the tubular fluid, the synthesis of bicarbonate during its lack and removal - during excess.

The main mechanisms for reducing or eliminate the shifts of the Blood KSHR implemented by nephrons of the kidneys include acidogenesis, ammonium-fires, the secretion of phosphates and K +, ka +-value mechanism.

The mechanism of blood pH regulation in a holistic organism is the joint action of external respiration, blood circulation, isolation and buffer systems. So, if, as a result of an increased formation of H 2 C0 3 or other acids, excess anions will appear, they first neutralize with buffer systems. In parallel, respiration and blood circulation is intensified, which leads to an increase in the separation of carbon dioxide light. Non-volatile acids in turn are derived with urine or sweat.

Normally, blood pH may vary only for a short time. Naturally, with lung or kidney damage, the functionality of the body to maintain pH at the proper level is reduced. In the event of a large number of acidic or basic ions in the blood, only buffer mechanisms (without the help of selection systems) will not hold the pH at the constant level. This leads to acidosis or alkalosis. published

© Olga Buttakova "Acid-alkaline equilibrium - the basis of life"

Details

In the small intestine occurs mixing acidic chimus with alkaline secrets pancreas, intestine glands and liver, depolymerization nutrients to finite products ( monomers) capable of entering blood flow, promotion of Himusa in the distal direction excretion metabolites, etc.

Digestion in the small intestine.

High and Priest Digestion carried out enzymes secrets pancreas and intestinal juice with bile. Frame pancreatic juice enters the system of output ducts in duodenal gut. The composition and properties of pancreatic juice depend on the quantity and quality of food.

A person is produced per day 1.5-2.5 liters of pancreatic juice, isotonic blood plasma, alkaline reaction (pH 7.5-8.8). Such a reaction is due to the content of ions bicarbonatewhich provide neutralization of acidic gastric content and create an alkaline medal environment in the duodenalist, optimal for the action of pancreatic enzymes.

Pancreatic juice Contains enzymes for hydrolysis of all types of nutrients: proteins, fats and carbohydrates. Proteolytic enzymes come to the duodenum in the form of inactive pro-ferrises - trypsinogenic, chymotrypsinogen, procaroxypeptidases A and B, elastase, etc., which are activated by enterocinate (enzyme the enzymocytes of the Brunner gland glands).

In the pancreas juice are contained lipolytic enzymeswhich are distinguished in inactive (profolypase a) and active (lipase) state.

Pancreatic Lipasa Hydrolyzes neutral fats to fatty acids and monoglycerides, phospholipase and split phospholipids to fatty acids and calcium ions.

Pancreatic alpha amylase Sprays starch and glycogen, mainly to LisharmoPs and - partly - monosaccharides. Disaccharides are further influenced by the facilities and lactase, turn into monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose).

The hydrolysis of ribonucleic acid occurs under the influence pancreatic ribonuclease, and the hydrolysis of deoxyribonucleic acid - under the influence of deoxeconduzease.

The secretory cells of the pancreas outside the digestion period are at rest and separated the juice only due to the periodic activity of the tract. In response to the consumption of protein and carbohydrate write (meat, bread), there is a sharp increase in secretion in the first two hours, with the maximum branch of the juice at the second hour after meals. In this case, the duration of secretion can be from 4-5 h (meat) to 9-10 hours (bread). When taking oily food, the maximum lifting of secretion takes place in the third hour, the duration of secretion on this stimulus is 5 hours.

Thus, the number and composition of the secretion of the pancreas depend on the quantity and quality of writeare controlled by receptive intestinal cells, and first of all the duodenum. The functional relationship of the pancreas, duodenum and liver with bile turns is based on the community of their innervation and hormonal regulation.

Secretion of the pancreas Several uses nervous influences I. gumoral Irritishes arising from the intake of food into the digestive tract, as well as at the form of the smell of write and under the action of the usual setting of its reception. The process of separating the pancreas is conditionally divided into a brain, gastric and intestinal complex phase. Food intake in the oral cavity and pharynx causes reflex arousal digestive glands, including secretion of the pancreas.

Secretion of the pancreas stimulate entering the duodenum HCI and digesting products write. Its stimulation continues upon arrival of bile. However, the pancreas in this secretion phase is mainly stimulated by intestinal hormones Secretin and Cholecystokinin. Under the influence of secretin, a large amount of pancreatic juice is produced, rich in bicarbonates and poor enzymes, cholecystokinin stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juice rich in enzymes. Enzyme-rich pancreatic juice is secreted only with the joint action of the PE of the ceremony of secretine and cholecystokinin. potentiated acetylcholine.

The role of bile in digestion.

Bile in the duodenum creates favorable conditions for the activity of pancreatic enzymes, especially Lipas. Bile acids emulgic fats, reducing the surface tension of fat droplets, which creates conditions for the formation of fine particles capable of absorbed without preliminary hydrolysis, promote an increase in the contact of fats with lipolytic enzymes. Bile ensures suction in the small intestine insoluble in water of higher fatty acids, cholesterol, fat soluble vitamins (D, E, K, A) and calcium salts, enhances the hydrolysis and suction of proteins and carbohydrates, contributes to the residence of triglycerides in enterocytes.

Bile renders stimulating effect on the activities of intestinal villi, as a result of which the absorption rate of substances in the intestine increases, participates in an adapter digestion, creating favorable conditions for fixing enzymes on intestinal surface. The bile is one of the stimulants of the secretion of the pancreas, the juice of the small intestine, the gastric mucus, along with enzymes, participate in intestinal digestion processes, prevents the development of putrefactive processes, has a bacteriostatic effect on the intestinal flora. The daily secretion of bile in a person is 0.7-1.0 liters. Its components are bile acids, bilirubin, cholesterol, inorganic salts, fatty acids and neutral fats, lecithin.

The role of the secrets of the small intestine in digestion.

Per day in humans stands out to 2.5 l of intestinal juice, which is a product of the cells of all mucous sheath of the small intestine, Brunner and Libekyunovy glands. The separation of intestinal juice is associated with the death of ferrugin marks. Continuous rejection of dead cells is accompanied by their intensive neoplasm. In the intestinal juice is contained enzymes involved in digestion. They hydrolyze peptides and peptones to amino acids, fats - to glycerol and fatty acids, carbohydrates - to monosaccharides. An important enzyme in intestinal juice is enterocinate, activating pancreatic tripsinogen.

The digestion in the small intestine is a three-dimensional food assimilation system: hard digestion - membrane digestion - suction.
Hanging digestion in the small intestine is carried out at the expense of digestive secrets and their enzymes that enter the cavity of the small intestine (pancreatic secret, bile, intestinal juice) and act on the foodstuff that has passed enzyme treatment in the stomach.

Enzymes involved in membrane digestion have different origins. Part of them are absorbed from the cavity of the small intestine ( enzymes of pancreatic and intestinal juice), Other, fixed on the cytoplasmic membranes of microvones, are the secret of enterocytes and work more than those that came from the intestinal cavity. The main chemical stimulant of secretory cells of the glance of the small intestine is digesting the protein gastric and pancreas, as well as fatty acids, disaccharides. The effect of each chemical stimulus causes the selection of intestinal juice with a specific set of enzymes. Thus, for example, fatty acids stimulate the formation of lipase with intestinal glands, a diet with a reduced protein content leads to a sharp decrease in the activity of enterokinase in intestinal juice. However, not all intestinal enzymes participate in the processes of a specific enzyme device. The formation of lipase in the intestinal mucous membrane does not change with neither elevated or reduced content Fat in food. Peptidase production also does not undergo significant changes, even with a sharp disadvantage of protein in the diet.

Features of digestion in the small intestine.

Functional unit is crypt and vice. Village is a growing mucous membrane, crypt - on the contrary, deepening.

Intestine juice Weak alkaline (pH \u003d 7.5-8) consists of two parts:

(but) liquid part juice (water, salt, without enzymes) is secreted by crypt cells;

(b) dense part Juice ("mucous lumps") consists of epithelium cells that are continuously listed from the vertex of the villi. (The whole mucous membrane of the small intestine is completely updated for 3-5 days).

In dense part there are more than 20 enzymes. Part of the enzymes are adsorbed on the surface of the glycocalcalis (intestinal, pancreatic enzymes), the other part of the enzymes is included in the cell membrane of microvones .. ( Microwave - It will grow the cell membrane of enterocytes. Microvili form a "brush cut", which significantly increases the area at which hydrolysis and suction occurs). Enzymes are highly specialized, necessary for concluding stages of hydrolysis.

In the small intestine occurs high and Priest Digestion.
a) Half digestion - splitting of large polymer molecules to oligomers in the intestinal cavity under the action of intestinal juice enzymes.
b) Priest digestion - splitting of oligomers to monomers on the surface of microvascular under the action of enzymes fixed on this surface.

Thick intestine and its role in digestion.

Under the influence of the motor activity of the small intestine from 1.5 to 2 liters of chimus through the ileacekal damper enters Tolstaya gut (colorectal gastrointestinal department)where the disposal of substances necessary for the body continues The excretion of metabolites and heavy metals salts, accumulation of dehydrated intestinal content and removing it from the body. This bowel area provides immunobiological and competitive protection of the tract of the tract of pathogenic microbes and the participation of normal intestinal microflora in digestion (enzymatic hydrolysis, synthesis and suction of monosaccharides, vitamins E, A, K, D and Group B). The large intestine is able to partially compensate for the disorder of the digestion of the proximal departments of the digestive tract.

The fermented process in the colon, as in thin, consists of education and accumulation of enzymes in epithelial cells, followed by their rejection, decay and the transition of enzymes to the cavity of the intestine. In the juice of the colon in a small amount, peptidases, cathepsyn, amylase, lipase, nuclease, alkaline phosphatase are present. In the process of hydrolysis in the colon, enzymes coming with food chims from the small intestine are involved, but their meaning is small. A big role in ensuring hydrolysis of nutrient residues coming from the small intestine playing enzymatic activity of normal intestinal microflora. The habitats of normal microorganisms are the terminal part of the ileum and the proximal sections of the colon.

Predominant microbes in the colon An adult healthy person is the sprinkle bond-anaerobic sticks (bifidesbacteria, constituting 90% of the entire intestinal flora) and optional-anaerobic bacteria (intestinal wand, lactic acid bacteria, streptococci). Intestinal microflora participates in the implementation protective function Macroorganism, causes development of natural immunity factors, Protects in some cases the host's body from the introduction and reproduction of pathogenic microbes. Normal intestinal microflora can split glycogen and starch to monosaccharides Esters of bile acids and other compounds present in the chimus with the formation of a number of organic acids, ammonium salts, amines, etc. Intestinal microorganisms are synthesized vitamin K, E and vitamins of group B (B6 B6, B12), etc.

Microorganisms frequent carbohydrates to acidic products (dairy and acetic acid), as well as alcohol. The final products of the rotor bacterial decomposition of proteins are toxic (indole, scatol) and biologically active amines (histamine, thiramine), hydrogen, sulfur gas and methane. Fermentation and rotting products, as well as, the resulting gases stimulate the motor activity of the intestine, ensuring its emptying (act of defecation).

Features of digestion in the thick intestine.

No Village, there are only crypts. Liquid intestinal juice practically does not contain enzymes. The mucous membrane of the colon is updated in 1-1.5 months.
It has important normal Microflora of Tolstoystone:

(1) fiber fermentation (short-chain fatty acids are formed, which are necessary to feed epithelial cells of the largest intestine);

(2) The rotting of proteins (in addition to toxic substances, biologically active amines are formed);

(3) synthesis of group vitamins in;

(4) Suppression of the growth of pathogenic microflora.

In the thick intestine occurs suction water and electrolytesAs a result, a small amount of dense masses is formed from the liquid chimus. 1-3 times a day, a powerful reduction in the colon leads to the promotion of the contents into the rectum and the removal of it (defecation).

Dysbacteriosis - any changes in the quantitative or qualitative normal composition of intestinal microflora ...

As a result of a change in the bowl of the intestinal environment (reduction of acidity), arising against the background of a decrease in the number of bifido-, lacto and propionic acids for various reasons ... If the amount of bifido, lacto, propionic acid decreases, then, respectively, the number of acid metabolites produced by these Bacteria to create an acidic intestine in the intestines ... These use pathogenic microorganisms and begin to reproduce actively (pathogenic microbes do not endure the acidic environment) ...

... Moreover, the pathogenic microflora itself produces alkaline metabolites, which increase the pH of the medium (reduction of acidity, an increase in alkalinity), occurs in intestinal content, and this is a favorable medium for habitat and reproduction of pathogenic bacteria.

Metabolites (toxins) pathogenic flora varies pH in the intestine, indirectly causing dysbacteriosis, since as a result, it becomes possible to introduce alien to intestines of microorganisms, and the normal filling of the intestine by bacteria is violated. Thus, a peculiar closed circle arises, only aggravating the course of the pathological process.

On our diagram, the concept of "dysbacteriosis" can be described as follows:

For various reasons, the number of bifidobacteria and (or) lactobacilli decreases, which manifests itself in the reproduction and growth of pathogenic microbes (staphylococci, streptococci, clostridium, fungi, etc.) residual microflora with their pathogenic properties.

Also, a decrease in bifido- and lactobacilli can manifest itself with an increase in the concomitant pathogenic microflora (intestinal chopstick, enterococci), as a result of which they begin to show pathogenic properties.

And of course, in some cases, the situation is not excluded when the useful microflora is completely absent.

This is actually the variants of various "plexuses" of the intestinal dysbiosis.

What is pH and acidity? Important!

Any solutions and fluids are characterized by a pH hydrogen indicator (PH - Potential Hydrogen - potential hydrogen), quantitatively expressing their acidity.

If the pH level is within

From 1.0 to 6.9, then the medium is called sour;

Equal to 7.0 - neutral medium;

At the pH level from 7.1 to 14.0, the medium is alkaline.

The lower the pH factor, the higher the acidity, the higher the pH, the higher the alkalinity of the medium and below the acidity.

Since the human body is 60-70% consists of water, the pH level has a strongest influence on the chemical processes occurring in the body, and, accordingly, on human health. A unbalanced PH factor is the pH level, in which the medium of the body becomes too acidic or too alkaline for a long period of time. Indeed, the pH level control is so important that the human body itself developed the control function of the acid-alkaline balance in each cell. All the regulatory mechanisms of the body (including breathing, metabolism, production of harmony) are aimed at balancing the pH level. If the PH level becomes too low (sour) or too high (alkaline), then the cells of the body poison themselves with their toxic emissions and die.

In the body, the pH level regulates blood acidity, urine acidity, vaginal acidity, sperm acidity, skin acidity, etc. But we are now interested in the pH level and the acidity of colon, nasopharynx and mouth, stomach.

Acidity in the colon

Acidness in the colon: 5.8 - 6.5 pH, it is an acidic medium that is supported by a normal microflora, in particular, as I have already mentioned, bifidobacteria, lactobacteriums and propionic acids due to the fact that they neutralize alkaline products of metabolism and produce their acidic metabolites - milk acid And other organic acids ...

... When producing organic acids and reducing the pH of intestinal content, the normal microflora creates conditions under which pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microorganisms cannot multiply. Actually, therefore, streptococci, staphylococci, Klebsiella, Klostridia Mushrooms and other "bad" bacteria constitute only 1% of the entire intestinal microflora of a healthy person.

1. The fact is that pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microbes cannot exist in an acidic environment and specially produce the most alkaline products of metabolism (metabolites) aimed at covering intestinal content by increasing the pH level to create a favorable existence environment (led. PH - Consequently - the smartness. Acidity - therefore - Latching). I repeat once again that bifido, lacto and propionobacteria neutralize these alkaline metabolites, plus they themselves produce acid metabolites that reduce the pH level and increasing the acidity of the medium, thereby creating favorable conditions for its existence. From here, there is an eternal opposition of "good" and "bad" microbes, which is regulated by Darwinian law: "Survives the strongest"!

For instance,

• Bifidobacteria is able to reduce the pH of the intestinal environment to 4.6-4.4;
• Lactobacillia to 5.5-5.6 pH;
• Propionocteria is capable of lowering the pH level to 4.2-3.8, this is actually their main function. Propionic acid bacteria produce organic acids (propionic acid), as the final product of its anaerobic metabolism.

As you can see, all these bacteria are acid-forming, it is for this reason that they are often called "acid formers" or often simply - "lactic acid bacteria", although the same propionic bacteria are not dairy, but propionic acid bacteria ...

Acidness in the nasopharynk, in the mouth

As I have already noted in the chapter, in which we disassemble the functions of the top microflora respiratory tract: One of the features of the nose microflora, pharynx and throat is a regulatory function, i.e. The normal microflora of the upper respiratory tract participates in the regulation of maintaining the level of the pH environment ...

... but if the "regulation of pH in the intestine" performs only the normal intestinal microflora (bifido-, lacto and propionic acid), and this is one of its main functions, then in the nasopharynk and in the mouth, the function "PH Regulation" performs not only the normal microflora of these organs, as well as mucous secrets: saliva and snot ...

1. You have already noticed that the composition of the microflora of the upper respiratory tract is significantly different from the intestinal microflora, if the useful microflora (bifido- and lactobacteria) predominate in the intestines of a healthy person, then in the nasopharynk, in the throat, conditionally pathogenic microorganisms (neasery, Corinbacteria, etc. are predominant. ), lacto and bifidobacteria are present there in minor quantities (bifidobacteria by the way may not be absent anymore). Such a difference in the intestinal microflora and respiratory tract is due to the fact that they perform different functions and tasks (functions of microflora of the upper respiratory tract, see Gl.17).

So, the acidity in the nasopharynk determines its normal microflora, as well as the mucous secrets (snot) - isolations that produce glands of the epitetic tissue of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. Normal pH (acidity) mucus is 5.5-6.5, it is an acidic medium. Accordingly, pH in the nasopharynk in a healthy person has the same meanings.

The acidity of the mouth and throat determines their normal microflora and mucous secrets, in particular, saliva. Normal pH saliva is 6.8-7.4 pH, respectively, pH in the mouth and in the throat takes the same values.

1. The pH level in the nasopharynk and mouth depends on its normal microflora, which depends on the state of the intestine.

2. The pH level in the nasopharynk and in the mouth depends on the pH of the mucous secrets (snot and saliva), this PH in turn also depends on the balance of the state of our intestines.

The acidity of the stomach on average is 4.2-5.2 pH, it is a very acidic medium (sometimes depending on food that we take the pH can fluctuate in the range of 0.86 - 8.3). The microbial composition of the stomach is very poor and is represented by a small number of microorganisms (lactobacteria, streptococci, helicobacteria, mushrooms), i.e. Bacteria capable of withstanding so strong acidity.

In contrast to the intestines, where acidity creates a normal microflora (bifido-, lacto and propionobacteria), as well as in contrast to the nasopharynx and mouth, where the acidity is created by the normal microflora and mucous secrets (snot, saliva), the main contribution to the general acidity of the stomach introduces Gastric juice - hydrochloric acid, which produces the cells of the stomach gland, located mainly in the field of the bottom and body of the stomach.

So, it was an important digression about the "PH", now we continue.

In scientific literature, there are usually four microbiological phases in the development of dysbacteriosis ...

What exactly there are phases in the development of dysbacteriosis, you will learn from the next chapter, also learn about the forms and the causes of this phenomenon, and about this form of dysbiosis, when there are no symptoms on the part of the gastrointestinal tract.

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Digestion in the small intestine - Medical portal about the health and prevention of diseases

For further digestion, the contents of the stomach enters the duodenum (12 pk.) - the initial part of the small intestine.

From the stomach in 12 pk Only chimus can be received - food treated to a state of liquid or semi-liquid consistency.

Digestion in 12 pk It is carried out in a neutral or cloth medium (an empty stomach of pH 12 pk is 7.2-8.0). The digestion in the stomach was carried out in an acidic environment. Therefore, the contents of the stomach has an acidic reaction. Neutralization of the acidic medium of gastric content and the setting of the pitch medium is carried out in 12 pk. Due to the secrets of the secrets (juices) of the pancreas, the small intestine and bile, which have a cloth reaction due to the hydrocarbonates present in them.

Himus from the stomach in 12 pk. Enters small portions. The irritation of the hydrochloric acid of the pyloric sphincter receptors by the stomach leads to its disclosure. Irritation of hydrochloric acid of the phayloric sphincter receptors from 12 pk leads to its closure. As soon as the pH in the pyloric part 12 P.K. Changes in the acidic side, the pylorial sphincter is reduced and the arrival of chimus from the stomach in 12 pk. stops. After the recovery of the phenum pH (on average for 16 seconds), the pylorial sphincter misses the next portion of the chimus from the stomach and so on. In 12 pk PH ranges from 4 to 8.

In 12 pk After neutralization of the acidic medium of the gastric chimus, the action of pepsin - the enzyme of the gastric juice stops. The digestion in the small intestine continues on a cloth under the influence of enzymes that enter the intestinal lumen as part of the secrets (juice) of the pancreas, as well as in the composition of the intestinal secret (juice) from enterocytes - cells of the small intestine. Under the action of the pancreas enzymes, a honey digestion is carried out - splitting in the cavity of the intestine of food proteins, fats and carbohydrates (polymers) to intermediate substances (oligomers). Under the action of enzymes of enterocytes, an adhesive (near the inner wall of the intestine) of oligomers to monomers is carried out, that is, the final splitting of food proteins, fats and carbohydrates into components components that come (absorbed) into the circulatory and lymphatic system (in blood flow and lymphotok).

For digestion in the small intestine, bile, which is produced by cells of the liver (hepatocytes) and enters the thin intestine on the bull (raging) paths (hydraulic paths). The main component of bile - yellow acids and their salts are necessary for emulsifying fats, without which it is disturbed, the process of fats splitting slows down. Rights are divided into intra and extra-erased. Intrahranny raging pathways (ducts) are a tree-like system of tubes (ducts), according to which bile hepatocytes. Small gall ducts are connected to a larger duct, the totality of larger ducts forms even larger duct. This union is completed in the right lobe of the liver - the horizontal duct of the right lobe of the liver, in the left - the yellow dump of the left lobe of the liver. The horizontal duct of the right lobe of the liver is called the right yellow duct. The refrigeration dump of the left lobe of the liver is called the left horizontal duct. These two duct form a general liver duct. At the gate of the liver, the overall liver duct will be connected to a bubble yellow duct, forming a general horizontal duct, which is sent to 12 pk. Through the bubble gall duct, the yellow bubble reaches. The horizontal bubble is a bile storage tank formed by the liver cells. The horizontal bubble is located on the lower surface of the liver, in the right longitudinal furrow.

The secretion (juice) of the pancreas is formed (synthesized) by acinquican pancreocytes (pancreatic cells), which are structurally combined into the acins. The cells of the acinus form (synthesized) the pancreas juice, which enters the output of the acinus. Neighboring acinuses are separated by thin layers of the connective tissue, in which blood capillaries and nerve fibers of the vegetative nervous system are located. The ducts of neighboring acinuses merge into the mezhaqinosic ducts, which, in turn, fall into larger intra-robes and interdollastic ducts lying in the connecting partitions. The latter, merging, form a total output duct, which passes from the tail of the gland to the head (structurally in the pancreas, highlight the head, body and tail). Lifolding duct (VirsUngiyev dumped) of the pancreas together with the general yellow bias duct permanently the wall of the descending part 12 P.K. and opens inside 12 pk On the mucous membrane. This place is called a large (fae) papilla. In this place there is a smooth muscle sphincter Oddi, which also functions on the principle of nipple - passes from the duct bile and pancreas juice in 12 pk. and overlaps the receipt of the contents of 12 pk. in duct. Sphinteer Approve a complex sphincter. It consists of a sphincter of the overall gall duct, the sphincter of pancreatic duct (pancreatic duct) and the sphincter of Westfal (the sphincter of a large duodenal papilla), which provides the disunity of both ducts from 12 pk. Sometimes 2 cm above from a large papilla located small nipples - formed Extensive, non-permanent small (santorinium) pancreatic duct. In this place is the Sphinter Helly.

The pancreas juice is a colorless transparent liquid, which has a cloth reaction (pH 7.5-8.8) due to the content of hydrocarbonates in it. The pancreas juice contains enzymes (amylase, lipase, nuclease and others) and pro-estimation (tripsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, prokarboxypeptidase A and B, elastases and profolypase and others). Profers are an inactive form of the enzyme. Activation of pancreatic proferred (transformation into an active form - enzyme) occurs in 12 pk.

Epithelial cells 12 pk - Enterocytes are synthesized and excreted into the intestinal lumen of the kinasegen enzyme (Propriment). Under the action of refractory acids, the kinasegen turns into enteropeptide (enzyme). Enterokinase clears the heekoppeptide in trypsinogen, as a result of which the tripsin enzyme is formed. To implement this process (to convert the inactive form of the enzyme (tripsinogen) to the active (tripsin)), a cloth medium is necessary (pH 6.8-8.0) and the presence of calcium ions (Ca2 +). The subsequent transformation of trypsinogen in trypsin is carried out in 12 pk. Under the action of the resulting trypsin. In addition, trypsin activates other protected pancreatic. The interaction of trypsin with pro-prodses leads to the formation of enzymes (chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase A and B, Elastaz and phospholipas and other). TRIPSIN shows its optimal effect in a low-rise medium (at pH 7.8-8).

Tripsin and chimothrixin enzymes carry out the splitting of food proteins to oligopeptides. Oligopeptides are an intermediate product splitting of proteins. Trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastas destroy the inseptide bonds of proteins (peptides), resulting in high molecular weight (containing a lot of amino acids) proteins decompose on low molecular weight (oligopeptides).

Nucleases (DNA Aza, RNA-Ase) break off nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) to nucleotides. Nucleotides under the action of pitch phosphatases and nucleotidases are transformed into nucleosides, which are absorbed from the digestive system into blood and lymph.

Pancreatic lipase splits fats, mainly triglycerides, to monoglycerides and fatty acids. The lipids also apply phospholipase A2 and Esterase.

Since food fats are insoluble in water, lipase acts only on the surface of fat. The larger the surface of the contact of fat and lipase, the more actively the fat is cleavage of lipases. Increases the surface of the contact of fat and lipase process emulsification of fat. As a result of emulsification, fat is divided into a plurality of small drops of 0.2 to 5 microns. Fat emulsification begins in the oral cavity as a result of grinding (facing) food and wetting her saliva, then continues in the stomach under the influence of the stomach peristals (stirring in the stomach) and the final (basic) emulsification of fats occurs in the small intestine under the influence of yellow acids and their salts. In addition, formed as a result of splitting triglycerides, fatty acids interact with the flushes of the small intestine, which leads to the formation of soap, which additionally emulsifies fats. With a lack of grain acids and their salts, insufficient emulsification of fats occurs, and, accordingly, their splitting and absorption. Fats are removed with the feces. At the same time, the calorie becomes fat, cascum-shaped white or gray. This condition is called steamer. Bile suppresses the growth of rented microflora. Therefore, with insufficient education and admission to the intestine of bile, it develops a pending dyspepsia. Diarrhea occurs at a rotary diarrhea \u003d diarrhea (feces of dark brown, liquid or cascidular with a sharp grinding smell, foamy (with gas bubbles). Rotation products (dimethylmercaptan, hydrogen sulfide, indole, scatol and others) worsen overall health (weakness, loss of appetite , malaise, cognition, headache).

The activity of lipase is directly in proportion to the presence of calcium ions (Ca2 +), gorgeous salts, coolant enzyme. Under the action of lipase, usually incomplete hydrolysis of triglycerides; At the same time, a mixture of monoglycerides (about 50%), fatty acids and glycerol (40%), di- and triglycerides (3-10%) is formed.

Glycerin and short fatty acids (containing up to 10 carbon atoms) are independently absorbed from the intestine to the blood. Fatty acids containing more than 10 carbon atoms, free cholesterol, monoacylglycerol water-soluble (hydrophobic) and cannot independently get from the intestine to the blood. This becomes possible after their combustible acid compounds with the formation of complex compounds that are called micelles. The size of the micelles is very small - in diameter about 100 nm. The core of the hydrophobine micelles (pushes water), and the sheath is hydrophilic. Handic acids serve as a conductor for fatty acids from the cavity of the small intestine to enterocytes (cells of the small intestine). The surface of the enterocytes of micelles disintegrate. Fatty acids, free cholesterol, monoacilglycerol come inside enterocyte. The absorption of fat-soluble vitamins is interrelated with this process. Parasympathetic vegetative nervous system, hormones of the adrenal screws, thyroid gland, pituitary gland, hormones 12 pk Secretin and cholecystokinin (HCC) increase suction, sympathetic vegetative nervous system reduces suction. The freed yellow acids, reaching the large intestine, is absorbed into the blood, mainly in the ileum, and further absorbed (withdrawn) from the blood cells of the liver (hepatocytes). In enterocytes, with the participation of intracellular enzymes from fatty acids, phospholipids are formed, triacylglycerol (tag, triglycerides (fats) - compound of glycerol (glycerol) with three fatty acids), cholesterol esters (compound of free cholesterol with fatty acid). Next, complex compounds with protein - lipoproteides are formed from these substances in the enterocytes, and in smaller quantities - high density lipoproteins (HDL). HDP from enterocytes enroll in blood flow. Hmm have a large size and therefore can not get directly from enterocyte into the blood system. From the Entrocytes of Hmm enter lymph, in the lymphatic system. From the thoracic lymphatic duct hmm fall into the circulatory system.

Pancreatic amylase (α-amylase), splits polysaccharides (carbohydrates) to oligosaccharides. Oligosaccharides - an intermediate product cleavage of polysaccharides consisting of several monosaccharides, connected by intermolecular connections. Among the oligosaccharides formed from food polysaccharides, disaccharides, consisting of two monosaccharides and trisaccharides, consisting of three monosaccharides prevail under the action of pancreatic amylase. α-amylase shows its optimal effect in the neutral medium (at pH 6.7-7.0).

Depending on the food used, the pancreas produces a different amount of enzymes. For example, if there is only fatty food, the pancreas will produce a predominantly enzyme to digest fats - lipase. In this case, the development of other enzymes will be significantly reduced. If there is only one bread, then the pancreas will produce enzymes that split carbohydrates. It should not be abused by a monotonous diet, since permanent imbalance in the development of enzymes can lead to diseases.

Epithelial cells of the small intestine (enterocytes) are isolated into the intestinal lumen, which is called intestinal juice. Intestinal juice has a pitching reaction due to the content of hydrocarbonates in it. The pH of the intestinal juice ranges from 7.2 to 8.6, contains enzymes, mucus, other substances, as well as the energized enterocytes. In the mucous membrane of the small intestine, there is a continuous change of layer of cells of the surface epithelium. The complete update of these cells in humans is performed for 1-6 days. Such an intensity of the formation and rejection of the clerks becomes the cause of their large amounts in intestinal juice (a person during a day is rejected by about 250 g of enterocytes).

Enterocyte synthesized mucus forms a protective layer, which prevents excessive mechanical and chemical effects of chimus on the intestine mucous membrane.

In the intestinal juice, more than 20 different enzymes participating in digestion. The main part of these enzymes takes part in the proper digestion, that is, directly at the surface of the Village, the microwaves of the small intestine - in glycicalce. Glycocalix is \u200b\u200ba molecular sieve that passes to the cells of the intestinal epithelium of the molecule, depending on their size, charge and other parameters. Glycocalix contains enzymes from the intestinal cavity and synthesized by the enterocytes themselves. In Glycalcis, the final splitting of intermediate products of cleavage of proteins, fats and carbohydrates into components components (oligomers to monomers) occurs. Glycocalix, microville and apical membrane are called a tallery.

The carbohydresses of the intestinal juice consist mainly of disaccharidases, which split disaccharides (carbohydrates consisting of two monosaccharide molecules) into two monosaccharide molecules. Sakaraza splits the sucrose molecule on the glucose and fructose molecule. Maltaza splits the maltose molecule, and the track is tregalosis into two glucose molecules. Lactase (α-galactasidase) splits the lactose molecule on the glucose and galactose molecule. The synthesis deficiency of one or another disaccharidase cells of the mucous membrane of the small intestine causes the intolerance to the corresponding disaccharide. Genetically enshrined and acquired lactase, triad, sahacerase and combined disaccharidase lactases are known.

The peptidases of the intestinal juice split the peptide relationship between two specific amino acids. The intestinal juice peptases are completed by the hydrolysis of oligopeptides, as a result of which amino acids are formed - the final products of cleavage (hydrolysis) of proteins that come (absorbed) from the small intestine in blood and lymph.

Nucleases (DNA-Aza, RNA-Aza) intestinal juice cleaved DNA and RNA to nucleotides. Nucleotides under the influence of pitch phosphatases and nucleotide of intestinal juice are converted into nucleosides, which are absorbed from the small intestine in blood and lymph.

The main lipase of intestinal juice is intestinal monoglyceridlipase. It hydrolyzes monoglycerides with any length of the hydrocarbon chain, as well as short-chain di- and triglycerides, at least triglycerides from the average chain length and cholesterol esters.

The secretion of the pancreatic juice, intestinal juice, bile, motor activity (peristaltics) of the small intestine is carried out by neuro-humoral (hormonal) mechanisms. The control is carried out by the vegetative nervous system (VNS) and hormones, which are synthesized by the cells of the gastroenteropancreatic endocrine system, part of the diffuse endocrine system.

In accordance with the functional features, parasympathetic VNS and sympathetic VNS are distinguished. Both of these RENTS departments are managed.

Neurons that control the management come to the state of excitation under the influence of pulses, which come to them from the oral cavity receptors, nose, stomach, small intestine, and from the cortex of the brain (thoughts, conversations about food, eating type, and the like). In response to these pulses, excited neurons are sent by efferent nerve fibers pulses to controlled cells. Near axon cells of efferent neurons form numerous branching, ending with tissue synapses. When the neuron is excited from the tissue synapse, the mediator is released - a substance with which the excited neuron affects the function of the cells-controlled cells. Mediator of the parasimptic vegetative nervous system of acetylcholine. Mediator of the sympathetic vegetative nervous system of norepinephrine.

Under the action of acetylcholine (parasympathetic VNS), there is an increase in the secretion of intestinal juice, the pancreatic juice, bile, amplification of the peristaltic (motor, motor function) of the small intestine, the raging bubble. Efferent parasympathetic nerve fibers are suitable for the small intestine, to the pancreas, to the liver cells, to the hydraulic paths in the composition of the wandering nerve. Acetylcholine has its effect on cells through M-cholinoreceptors located on the surface (membranes, shells) of these cells.

Under the action of norepinephrine (sympathetic VNS), the peristalistic of the small intestine decreases, decreases the formation of intestinal juice, pancreatic juice, bile. Noraderenalin has its effect on cells through β-adrenoreceptors located on the surface (membranes, shells) of these cells.

In the management of the motor function of the small intestine, Auerbakhovo plexus is participating - the intraongoral department of the autonomic nervous system (intramural nervous system). The basis of management is local peripheral reflexes. Auerbakhovo plexus is a thick continuous network of nerve nodes, connected by nervous hill. Nervous components are a totality of neurons (nerve cells), and nervous traction - the processes of these neurons. In accordance with the functional features of Auerbakhovo, the plexus consists of neurons of parasympathetic VNS and sympathetic VNS. Nervous nodes and nerve thrust Auerbakhova The plexus is located between the longitudinal and circular layers of smooth muscle bunches of the intestine walls, go in the longitudinal and circular direction and form a continuous nervous network around the intestine. Nervous cells of Auerbakhov plexus innervate longitudinal and circular bundles of smooth muscle cells, adjusting their abbreviations.

In the management of the secretory function of the small intestine, two nerve plexuses of the intramaneral nervous system (intraigan vegetative nervous system) are also involved: Subserosan nervous plexus (sparrow plexus) and submucous nervous plexus (Maisner's plexus). Management is based on local peripheral reflexes. These both plexuses, like Auerbakhovo, the plexus constitutes a thick continuous network of nerve nodes, connected by nervous hills, consists of neurons of parasympathetic VNS and sympathetic VNS.

Neurons of all three plexuses have a synaptic connection among themselves.

The motor activity of the small intestine is controlled by two autonomous sources of rhythm. The first is located at the place of failure of the overall grain duct in the duodenum, and the other - in the ileum.

The motor activity of the small intestine is controlled by reflexes that excite and brake the motorcycle intestine. Reflexes that excite the motility of the small intestine include: esophageal, gastrointestinal and intestinal reflexes. Reflexes that brake the motility of the small intestine include: intestinal-intestinal, rectuent, reflex receptor relaxation (braking) of the small intestine during food.

The motor activity of the small intestine depends on the physical and chemical properties of the chimus. The large content of fiber, salts, intermediate hydrolysis products (especially fats) in the chimus is enhanced by the peristaltics of the small intestine.

S-cells of the mucous membrane 12 pk Synthesize and stand out in the intestinal lumen, Proskretin (Rogormon). Protectin mainly under the action of hydrochloric acid gastric chimus turns into secretine (hormone). The most intense conversion of objectin in secretine occurs at pH \u003d 4 and less. With an increase in the pH, the transformation rate decreases directly proportionally. Sertin is absorbed into the blood and with blood current reaches the cells of the pancreas. Under the influence of the cells of the pancreas cell increase the secretion of water and bicarbonates. Secretin does not increase the secretion of the pancreas of enzymes and pro-estimation. Under the action of secretin, the secretion of the pitch component of the pancreas juice is increasing, which enters 12 pk. The greater the acidity of the gastric juice (the smaller the pH of the gastric juice), the greater the seventine is formed, the more stands out in 12 pk. Pancreatic juice with plenty of water and bicarbonates. The hydrocarbonates neutralize hydrochloric acid, the pH increases, the formation of secretine decreases, the secretion of the pancreas juice with a high content of hydrocarbonates decreases. In addition, the action of secretine increases the yelling, secretion of the glands of the small intestine.

The transformation of objectin in secretine is also occurring under the action of ethyl alcohol, fatty, handicap acids, spice components.

The largest number of S-cells are located in 12 pk. And in the upper (proximal) part of the turntable. The smallest amount of S-cells is located in the most remote (bottom, distal) part of the cushion.

Secretin is a peptide consisting of 27 amino acid residues. Chemical structure similar to secretine, and accordingly, a similar effect may have a vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), glucagon-like peptide-1, glucagon, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (hypodes), calcitonin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, pararate hormone, rilizing growth hormone factor , Corticotropin Rilizing Factor and others.

Upon admission of chimus from the stomach in the small intestine of I-cells located in the mucous membrane 12 pK. And the upper (proximal) part of the one's intestine is beginning to synthesize and highlight a hormone cholecystokinin in the blood (HCC, SSK, pancreatimine). Under the action of HCC there is a relaxation of the sphincter Oddi, the reduction of the horizontal bubble and, as a result, increasing the arrival of bile in 12.p.K. The HCC causes a reduction in the pyloric sphincter and limits the flow of the gastric chimus in 12 pk, enhances the motility of the small intestine. The strongest stimulant synthesis and highlighting of the HCC are food fats, proteins, alkaloids of yellow herbs. Food carbohydrates do not have a stimulating effect on the synthesis and the allocation of the HCC. Hastin-rilizing peptide is also related to the synthesis and highlighting of HCC.

Synthesis and the release of HCC decreases under the action of somatostatin - peptide hormone. Somatostatin is synthesized and stands out in blood D-cells, which are located in the stomach, intestines, among endocrine pancreatic cells (in Langerhans islands). Somatostatin will also synthesize the cells of the hypothalamus. Under the action of somatostatin, not only the synthesis of HCC decreases. Under the action of somatostatin, the synthesis and allocation of other hormones are reduced: gastrin, insulin, glucagon, a vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, an insulin-like growth factor-1, somatotropin-rilizing hormone, thyrotropic hormones and others.

Reduces gastric, gall and pancreatic secretion, peristaltics of the gastrointestinal peptide yy path. The YY peptide is synthesized by L-cells, which are placed in the mucous membrane of the colon and in the ultimate portion of the small intestine - in the ileum. When Himus reaches the ileum of fats, carbohydrates and chims of chimus act on L-cell receptors. L-cells begin to synthesize and highlight the peptide yy into the blood. As a result, the peristalistic of the gastrointestinal tract slows down, gastric, gorgeous and pancreatic secretion decreases. The phenomenon of slowing the peristaltics of the gastrointestinal tract after achieving the chimney of the ileum obtained the name of the iliac brake. A stimulator secretion of the peptide yy is also gastrin-rilizing peptide.

D1 (h) -tiles, which are located mainly in the islands of Langerhans pancreas and, in smaller quantities, in the stomach, in thick and in the small intestine are synthesized and isolated into the blood vazoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). The VIP has a pronounced relaxing effect on the smooth muscle cells of the stomach, thin, colon, the gorge bubble, as well as the vessels of the gastrointestinal tract. Under the action of the VIP, the blood supply to the gastrointestinal tract increases. Under the action of the VIP, the secretion of pepsinogen, intestinal enzymes, pancreatic enzymes, the content of hydrocarbonates in the pancreas juice, decreases the secretion of hydrochloric acid.

The secretion of the pancreas increases under the action of gastrine, serotonin, insulin. It is also stimulated by the release of the pancreas juice of salt acid salts. Reduce the secretion of the pancreas glucagon, somatostatin, vasopressin, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), calcitonin.

Moton Motilin hormone belongs to endocrine regulators of the motor (motor) function of the gastrointestinal tract. Motilin is synthesized and excreted into the blood of enterochromaffine cells of the mucous membrane 12 pk. And the cuisine. The synthesis of synthesis and isolation in the blood of Mothilina are handicacious acids. Motilin stimulates the peristaltics of the stomach, fine and colon than the mediator of parasympathetic Azetylcholine VNS. Motilin along with Holicystokinin, manages the contractile function of the gully bubble.

The endocrine regulators of the motor (motor) and the secretory function of the intestine include sulfur hormone, which is synthesized by the intestinal cells. Under the action of this serotonin, the peristalistic and secretory activity of the intestine is enhanced. In addition, intestinal serotonin is a growth factor for some species of symbiotic intestinal microflora. At the same time, the symbontic microflora takes part in the synthesis of intestinal serotonin decarboxylation tryptophan, which is a source, raw materials for serotonin synthesis. With dysbacteriosis and some other intestinal diseases, the synthesis of intestinal serotonin decreases.

From the small intestine, chimus portions (about 15 ml) enters the colon. It regulates this intake of the Ileocecal Sphinteer (Bauginiyev Valley). The disclosure of the sphincter occurs reflexively: the peristalistic of the ileum (final part of the small intestine) increases the pressure on the sphincter from the small intestine, the sphincter is relaxing (opens), the chimus enters the blind intestine (the initial colon section). When filled with a blind intestine and its tension, the sphincter closes, and the chimus is not returned back into the small intestine.

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Alpha Creation

Good digestion is decisive for good health. For the human body, effective digestion and proper elimination is necessary to maintain health and energy levels. So far, there is still no more common physiological violation in people than a digestion disruption, which has many different forms. Consider this: Antacids (Neutralizing Acid) (to combat one of the forms of digestion disorders) Number one tool in the USA. When we tolerate or ignore these conditions, or we disguise them with the help of pharmacy chemistry, we skip the important signals that our body sends us. We must listen. Discomfort must serve as an early warning system. The digestive impairment underlies most of the diseases and their symptoms, because the disorder of digestion maintains an excessive growth of microbe-producing toxins (this is another vicious circle: an excessive growth of yeast, mushrooms and molds also contribute to digestion disorder). Weak digestion contributes to acidic blood flow. Moreover, we cannot properly feed our body if we do not digest way to eat. Without proper nutrition, we cannot completely and constantly be healthy. Finally, a recurrent or chronic digestive disorder can be fatal. The gradual obstruction of intestinal functioning can occur not noticed until such serious states appear as: Crohn's disease, irritated colon syndrome (colit mucosa) and even colon cancer.

1, 2, 3

The digestion actually has three key parts, and all of them should be in good condition to maintain good health. But problems are common in each of the three stages. The first is a disorder of digestion, which begins with the oral cavity and continues in the stomach and the small intestine. The second - in the small intestine reduced suction. The third is constipation of the lower intestine, which appears as diarrhea, rare feces, fecal fixes, bloating or fetid gases.

Here you have an excursion to your digestive tract, which will help you understand how these types are connected and overlap. The digestion actually begins when you chew food. In addition to the work of the teeth, saliva also begins to destroy food. As soon as food reaches the stomach, gastric acid (over a powerful substance) continues to splitting food into components. From there, digestible food moves into a small intestine for a long journey (a person's small intestine can reach 5-6 meters), during which nutrients are absorbed for use in the body. The next and final stop is a fat intestine, where water and some minerals are absorbed. Then everything that your body is not swallowed, you allocate as waste.

This is an elegant and efficient system if it works correctly. It is also capable of rapid recovery. But we are habitually overvolt our digestive system of low-quality food, devoid of nutrients (it is also necessary to mention the stress in which we live) to such a level that most Americans it simply does not happen. And this is still without such factors as an excessive acidity and growth of microform!

"Friendly" bacterium

It was ordinary anatomy. Another essential component of the human digestive system, which you need to understand these bacteria and other microforms available in large quantities in certain habitats. While we have the right lifestyle and habits, these friendly bacteria, known as probiotics, exist within us to help us be healthy. They are indispensable not only for health, but also for life as a whole.

Probiotics maintain the integrity of the intestinal wall and the inner medium. They prepare food for suction and absorption of nutrients. They help maintain the correct time of passing food, providing maximum absorption and rapid elimination. Probiotics allocate many different beneficial substances, including natural antiseptics of lactic acid and acidophilus, which help in digestion. They also produce vitamins. Probiotics can produce almost all vitamins of group B, including niacin (nicotinic acid, vitamin PR), biotin (vitamin H), B6, B12 and foley acidAnd can also remake one vitamin in the other. They are even capable of producing vitamin K, in some circumstances. They protect you from microorganisms. Having the necessary cultures in your small intestine, even Salmonella infection does not harm you, and get the so-called "yeast infection" is simply not possible. Probiotics neutralize toxins, not letting them suck in your body. They have another key role: control of non-friendly bacteria and other harmful microforms, preventing them from excessive growth.

In a healthy, balanced digestive system of a person, you can find from 1.3 kg to 1.8 kg of probiotics. Unfortunately, I appreciate that most people have less than 25% of their normal number. Food with animal products and processed products, swallowing chemicals, including drugs released by recipe and without it, overeating and excessive stress of all types, destroy and weaken the colony of probiotics and undermine digestion. This in turn causes excessive growth of harmful microforms and problems that come with them.

Acidity in the stomach and the colon varies depending on the meal that you eat. High water content, low sugar products, as recommended in this program, cause less acid. As soon as the food enters the small intestine, if the pancreas is needed to add alkaline substances (8.0 - 8.3) to the mixture to increase the pH. Thus, the body has the ability to restrain acids or alkali at the required level. But our modern, high-acid food overshoot these systems. Proper nutrition It does not allow the body to receive stress and allows the process to pass naturally and easily.

Newborn babies immediately have several different species intestinal microform. Nobody knows how they fall to them, but some believe that through the birthway. Although children born through cesarean section They also have. I believe that the microforms do not come from and most likely these are specific cells of our body, which actually evolved from our microinders. In order for the symptoms of the disease for this, it does not need "infection" of harmful microforms, similar to the useful microforms.

Small intestine

7-8 meters of the small intestine requires a little more attention than I provided in the previous superficial review. You also need to know that its inner walls are covered with small protrusions, which are called villi. They serve to increase the maximum contact area with passing food, so that it can be absorbed as much as possible useful. The area of \u200b\u200byour small intestine is about 200 square meters - which is almost equal to the area of \u200b\u200bthe tennis court!

Yeast, mushrooms and other microforms prevent the absorption of nutrients. They can cover large areas of the inner coating of the membrane in the small intestine, displacing probiotics and interfering with your body to receive useful substances from food. It may lead you to hunger vitamins, minerals and especially protein, no matter what you put in your mouth. I believe that more than half of the adults in the United States digested and absorb less than half of what they eat.

Excessive growth of microforms that feed on nutrients that rely on us (and highlighting their poisonous waste from them), make the situation even worse. Without proper nutrition, the body cannot treat and regenerate their fabrics as required. If you can not digest or assimilate food, the fabric will eventually be starved. This not only empties your energy level and makes you feel sick, but also speeds up the process of aging.

But this is just part of the problem. Take into account also the fact that when the villi is enough food, they transform it into red blood tales. These red blood calves circulate throughout the body and transform themselves into body cells. different types, including hearts, liver and brain cells. I think you will not be surprised to learn that the pH level of the small intestine should be alkaline to transform food into red blood tales. Therefore, the quality of food that we eat determines the quality of the red blood cells, which in turn determine the quality of bones, muscles, organs, and so on. You literally have something that eat.

If the intestinal wall is covered with plenty of sticky mucus, these vital cells cannot be formed properly. And those who have been created have insufficient weight. Then the body should resort to the creation of red blood cells from its own fabrics, fighting bones, muscles and other places. Why are body cells transform back into red blood tales? The amount of red blood cells should remain higher than a certain level so that the body can function and we could live. Usually we have about 5 million per cubic millimeter and the number rarely reaches less than 3 million. Below this level, the supply of oxygen (which is delivered red blood tales) will not be sufficient to support organs, and ultimately they will cease their work. To prevent this, body cells begin to contact red blood tales.

Colon

A fat intestine is a sewer station of our body. It displays unsuitable waste and acts as a sponge, squeezing water and mineral content in the bloodstream. In addition to probiotics, in the intestine there are some useful yeast and fungi, which help to soften the chair for the rapid and thorough output of waste.

By the time the digestible food reaches a thick bowel, most of the liquid materials will be extracted from it. This is how it should be, but this provides a potential problem: if the final phase of the digestion passes incorrectly, then the thicker intestine can be covered with old (toxic) waste.

The large intestine is very sensitive. Any injury, operation or other stress, including emotional decay and negative ways of thinking, can change its friendly resident bacteria and the overall ability to function smoothly and efficiently. Incorrect digestion leads to intestinal imbalance throughout the digestive tract, as well as to the fact that the large intestine becomes literally a cesspool.

The digestive complexity throughout the intestines often prevents the desired cleavage of proteins. Partially digested proteins that are not suitable for the body can still be absorbed in blood. In this form, they are not for any other except for the power of microform, increasing the production of their garbage. These fragments of proteins also stimulate the response of the immune system.

History of joey

No one has time to root, especially when others count on you. I am a single mother, I also care about the disabled father's disabled person, and I need all the power to maintain life in the house. But I was sick more than two decades. I decided that it was better to stay at home and just remove myself from the human race.

Once in the library, trying to take himself in hand after one of the painful pain attacks, I came across a book with a head about an irritated colon syndrome (McSide Colitis) (my diagnosis for many years). Mentioned in her about Aloe Vera and Acidofilin immediately sent me to the nearest store healthy foodwhere I started asking questions.

The saleswoman was quite useful. She asked why I was looking for these products and I told her about my syndrome of irritated colon, thyroid dysfunction and adrenal glands, hernia of the esophageal hole, endometriosis, renal infections and many other infections. Antibiotics were my way to live. As a result, my doctors simply told me to learn to live with them, but the saleswoman told me that she knows people with similar to my stories and who changed their condition to the opposite. She introduced me to one woman whose story was like mine. And she told me about how Yang's program changed her life.

I knew without any doubt what I need to do. I immediately changed my food and began to observe the mode against fungi and the replacement of their useful flora. For two months I stopped being a hostage. I felt much better. The huge cargo was thrown off my shoulders. My life began to just improve.

More detail about the mucus - more than you ever knew and would like to know

Despite the fact that we have a tendency to associate it with a runny nose or even worse, but in fact the mucus is normal secretion. This is a clean, sticky substance that produces the body to protect the surface of the membranes. One of these ways is the coverage of everything you swallow, even water. Therefore, it also absorbs any toxins that get to you and making it it becomes thick, sticky and opaque (as we can observe when we have a cold) to capture toxins and bring them out of the body.

Most foods that Americans consume is causeing this thick mucus. It either contains toxins or destroys toxically in the digestive system (or both). The greatest criminals are dairy products, followed by animal protein, white flour, treated food, chocolate, coffee and alcoholic beverages (vegetables do not cause the appearance of this sticky mucus). Over time, this food can cover the intestines thick mucus, which is a trap for feces and other waste. This mucus itself is harmful in itself as it creates a favorable environment for the growth of harmful microform.

Emotional stress, environmental pollution, lack of exercise, lack of digestive enzymes and the absence of probiotics in thin and thick intestines, everything contributes to the accumulation of mucus on the wall of the large intestine. With the accumulation of mucus, the time of transit of materials through the lower intestine increases. Low level Fibers in your nutrition reduces it even more. Once the adhesive mass begins to stick to the walls of the colon, a pocket is formed between this mass and the wall, which is the perfect home for the microform. The material gradually adds itself to the mucus, while most of it will not stop moving at all. The fat intestine absorbs the liquid that remains, the accumulated mass begins to harden and house harmful organisms becomes a fortress.

Heartburn, gas, bloating, ulcers, nausea and gastritis (irritation of intestinal walls from gas and acid), all this is the result of excessive growth of microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract.

The same goes and the constipation, which is not only not a pleasant symptom, but also causes more problems and symptoms. The constipation is often detected as or accompanied by such symptoms: the crown, diarrhea, colic, gas, nasty smell, intestinal pain, and various forms Inflammation, such as colitis and diverticulitis (we all heard such a judgment that my "good" does not stink. But the truth is that it should not be. If you feel the stench, it means that nature warns you).

But even worse, the microforms can actually penetrate through the wall of the thick bowel in the bloodstream. This means not only that microforms have access to the whole body, but also the fact that they bring their toxins and an intestine to the blood with them. From there, they can travel quickly and consolidate anywhere in the body, quite quickly capturing cells, fabrics and organs. All this seriously hits immune system and liver. Unverified microforms penetrate deeper into fabrics and organs, central nervous system, skeletal structure, lymphatic system and bone marrow.

It's not easy to clean paths. This type of blockage can affect all parts of the body, because it prevents automatic reflexes and sends non-corresponding signals. Reflex is a nervous path in which the pulse comes from the point of stimulation to the point of the response, without passing through the brain (this is when the doctor strikes you on the knee with a small rubber hammer and your lower part of the leg itself makes movement). Reflexes can also be responsible in places that are not stimulated. Your body is a large number of reflexes. Some key are in the lower intestines. They are connected with each body system with nervous paths. Compressed substances as a whole squadron of small rubber hammers hit everywhere, sending destructive impulses to other parts of the body (this example, the main cause of headaches). This in itself can break and weaken any or all body systems. The body creates a mucus as a natural protection against an acid to tie it and remove it from the body. So the mucus is not a bad thing. In essence, it saves us life! For example, when you eat dairy products, milk sugar is checked into a lactic acid, which the mucus connects. If it were not for the mucus, the acid could burn the hole in your cells, tissues or organs (if non-dairy products, it would not be necessary in the mucus). If the power continues to be excessively acidic, too much mucus is created and a mixture of mucus and acid becomes sticky and stagnant, leading to weak digestion, cold hands, cold legs, frivolity, nasal congestion, stagn in the lungs (like asthma), and constant throat cleaning .

Restoring health

We must re-fill our digestive tract with probiotics, which in it live. With the help of proper nutrition, their normal population will be restored. You can help in this process with probiotics additives.

These additives were so bad in some places that you might think that they are a panacea that will heal. But they will not work by themselves. You can't just take and throw cultures into the intestine without making the necessary changes in nutrition to support the pH of the balance, otherwise they will simply be transit. Or they could stay with you. You must prepare Wednesday as much as possible (about it later in the book) Before you begin to take additives with probiotics.

When you choose the additive, consider that in a thin and thick intestine contains different dominant bacteria, since each organ serves for its purpose and has another medium (acid or alkaline) - for example, for a good lactobacillina bacterium ( bacteria lactic acid) An alkaline medium is necessary in the small intestine, and bifidobacteria is flourishing in a moderately acidic medium in a thick intestine.

No bacterium that fell into the intestines will not be effective until you make the necessary changes. Even if you do not do them, bacteria can still improve the environment in their path, helping the growth of good bacteria that already live there. They must remain alive after the digestive process, so the best products are designed for this purpose. If you were taken by bifidobacteria through your mouth, she would have to go through a particularly long way through the delicious intestine into thick. But bifidobacteria cannot survive in an alkaline medium of the small intestine and therefore should be accepted through the rectum with the help of the enema. Moreover, you must take lactobacillia and bifidobacteria separately, as they can repay one other if they are accepted together (if only bifidobacteria is accepted through the rectum).

Another way is prebiotics (special food that feeds probiotics), which contribute to the development of the "friendly" bacteria available in your body. The family of carbohydrates called fruitoligosaccharide (FOS), nourishes, in particular, bifidobacteria, as well as lactobacilli. They can be taken as an additive independently or as part of the formula. You can also receive them directly from the source itself: Asparagus, Topinambur (earthlings, Jerusalem artichoke), beets, onions, garlic, chicory.

In any case, each individual situation differs in its own way. If you have doubts that you are not working right or that it works not as it should, then consult with an experienced health worker.

In addition to improving your overall health and weight loss, following this program, you will clean your intestines and restore probiotics, and also give the pH level to normal. As you can now see, everything is intertwined. As soon as the blood pH and tissue level is normalized, and the intestines will be cleaned - the absorption of nutrients and the withdrawal of waste and you will find yourself on the way to full and brilliant health.

History Kate

I was on a diet with a small content of fats and sugar, and despite the fact that I wanted to throw the weight, I just could not reduce the amount of food that ate. Every time I did it, I was attacked by fatigue. I remove products recommended in this program from meals (I needed to get rid of meat, except for moderate amounts of fish, yeast products, dairy products, products from peeled white flour and most fruits) and continuing there is about the same amount of calories and never feeling hungry I lost 16 kg that could not throw off on a traditional diet and doing exercise.

My husband is a doctor and when he saw my results, he began to study this program, and then also changed his food.

www.alpha-being.com.

Features of digestion in a thin and thick intestine.

In the small intestine there is stirring of the acidic chimus with alkaline secrets of the pancreas, the intestinal glands and the liver, the depolymerization of nutrients to the final products (monomers) capable of entering the blood flow, the promotion of chimus in the distal direction, the excretion of metabolites, etc.

Digestion in the small intestine.

Highly and clutch digestion is carried out by enzymes secrets of the pancreas and intestinal juice with the participation of bile. The formed pancreatic juice enters through the system of output ducts in the duodenum. The composition and properties of pancreatic juice depend on the quantity and quality of food.

A person in a day is produced by 1.5-2.5 liters of pancreatic juice, isotonic plasma of blood, alkaline reaction (pH 7.5-8.8). Such a reaction is due to the content of bicarbonate ions, which provide neutralization of acidic gastric content and create an alkaline medial in the duodenum, optimal for the action of pancreatic enzymes.

Pancreatic juice contains enzymes for hydrolysis of all types of nutrients: proteins, fats and carbohydrates. Proteolytic enzymes come to the duodenum in the form of inactive pro-ferrises - trypsinogenic, chymotrypsinogen, procaroxypeptidases A and B, elastase, etc., which are activated by enterocinate (enzyme the enzymocytes of the Brunner gland glands).

In the pancreas juice contains lipolytic enzymes, which are allocated in inactive (profolypase a) and active (lipase) state.

Pancreatic lipase hydrolyzes neutral fats to fatty acids and monoglycerides, phospholipase A breaks up phospholipids to fatty acids and calcium ions.

Pancreatic alpha-amylase breaks the starch and glycogen, mainly to LisharmoPov and - partly - monosaccharides. Disaccharides are further influenced by the facilities and lactase, turn into monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose).

The hydrolysis of ribonucleic acid occurs under the influence of pancreatic ribonuclease, and the hydrolysis of deoxyribonucleic acid is influenced by the deoxenribonuclease.

The secretory cells of the pancreas outside the digestion period are at rest and separated the juice only due to the periodic activity of the tract. In response to the consumption of protein and carbohydrate write (meat, bread), there is a sharp increase in secretion in the first two hours, with the maximum branch of the juice at the second hour after meals. In this case, the duration of secretion can be from 4-5 h (meat) to 9-10 hours (bread). When taking oily food, the maximum lifting of secretion takes place in the third hour, the duration of secretion on this stimulus is 5 hours.

Thus, the number and composition of the secretion of the pancreas depends on the amount and quality of write, are monitored by receptive intestinal cells, and first of all the duodenum. The functional relationship of the pancreas, duodenum and liver with bile turns is based on the community of their innervation and hormonal regulation.

Pancreas secretion takes place nervous influences and humoral irritants arising from the intake of food into the digestive tract, as well as at the sight, the smell of writing and when the usual setting of its reception. The process of separating the pancreas is conditionally divided into a brain, gastric and intestinal complex phase. The flow of food into the oral cavity and the pharynx causes the reflex excitation of the digestive glands, including the secretion of the pancreas.

The secretion of the pancreas stimulates entering the HCI duodenal and writing products of writing. Its stimulation continues upon arrival of bile. However, the pancreas in this secretion phase is mainly stimulated by intestinal hormones Secretin and Cholecystokinin. Under the influence of secretin, a large amount of pancreatic juice is produced, rich in bicarbonates and poor enzymes, cholecystokinin stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juice rich in enzymes. Enzyme-rich pancreatic juice is secreted only with the joint action of the PE of the ceremony of secretine and cholecystokinin. potentiated acetylcholine.

The role of bile in digestion.

The bile in the duodenum creates favorable conditions for the activity of pancreatic enzymes, especially Lipas. Bile acids emulsify fats, reducing the surface tension of fat droplets, which creates conditions for the formation of fine particles capable of absorbed without pre-hydrolysis, contribute to an increase in the contact of fats with lipolytic enzymes. Bile provides suction in the small intestine insoluble in water of higher fatty acids, cholesterol, fat-soluble vitamins (D, E, K, A) and calcium salts, enhances the hydrolysis and suction of proteins and carbohydrates, contributes to the reintesis of triglycerides in enterocytes.

The bile has a stimulating effect on the activities of intestinal villings, as a result of which the absorption speed of substances in the intestine increases, is involved in the trim digestion, creating favorable conditions for fixing enzymes on the intestinal surface. The bile is one of the stimulants of the secretion of the pancreas, the juice of the small intestine, the gastric mucus, along with enzymes, participate in intestinal digestion processes, prevents the development of putrefactive processes, has a bacteriostatic effect on the intestinal flora. The daily secretion of bile in a person is 0.7-1.0 liters. Its components are bile acids, bilirubin, cholesterol, inorganic salts, fatty acids and neutral fats, lecithin.

The role of the secrets of the small intestine in digestion.

For a day, a person stands out to 2.5 liters of intestinal juice, which is a product of the cells of the entire mucous membrane of the small intestine, Brunner and Libekyunovy glands. The separation of intestinal juice is associated with the death of ferrugin marks. Continuous rejection of dead cells is accompanied by their intensive neoplasm. In the intestinal juice there are enzymes involved in digestion. They hydrolyze peptides and peptones to amino acids, fats - to glycerol and fatty acids, carbohydrates - to monosaccharides. An important enzyme in intestinal juice is enterocinate, activating pancreatic tripsinogen.

The digestion in the small intestine is a three-dimensional food assimilation system: a long-haired digestion - a membrane digestion - suction. The digestive digestion in the small intestine is carried out at the expense of digestive secrets and their enzymes that enter the cavity of the small intestine (pancreatic secret, bile, intestinal juice) and operate on Foodstuff past enzyme processing in the stomach.

Enzymes involved in membrane digestion have different origins. Some of them are absorbed from the cavity of the small intestine (the enzymes of pancreatic and intestinal juice), the other, fixed on cytoplasmic microwave membranes, are the secret of enterocytes and work more than those that came from the intestinal cavity. The main chemical stimulant of secretory cells of the glance of the small intestine is digesting the protein gastric and pancreas, as well as fatty acids, disaccharides. The effect of each chemical stimulus causes the selection of intestinal juice with a specific set of enzymes. Thus, for example, fatty acids stimulate the formation of lipase with intestinal glands, a diet with a reduced protein content leads to a sharp decrease in the activity of enterokinase in intestinal juice. However, not all intestinal enzymes participate in the processes of a specific enzyme device. The formation of lipase in the intestinal mucous membrane does not change with neither elevated nor with a reduced tension in food. Peptidase production also does not undergo significant changes, even with a sharp disadvantage of protein in the diet.

Features of digestion in the small intestine.

The functional unit is crypt and vice. Village is a growing mucous membrane, crypt - on the contrary, deepening.

Intestinal juice weakly-alkaline (pH \u003d 7.5-8), consists of two parts:

(a) the liquid part of the juice (water, salt, without enzymes) is secreted by crypt cells;

(b) The dense part of the juice ("mucous lumps") consists of epithelium cells that are continuously listed from the vertex of the veins. (The entire mucous membrane of the small intestine is completely updated for 3-5 days).

In dense part there are more than 20 enzymes. Part of the enzymes is adsorbed on the surface of the glycocalcalis (intestinal, pancreatic enzymes), the other part of the enzymes is part of the cell membrane of microvones .. (microvilus - it will grow the cell membrane of enterocytes. MicroSils form a "brush cut", which significantly increases the area at which hydrolysis increases significantly. suction). Enzymes are highly specialized, necessary for concluding stages of hydrolysis.

In the small intestine there is a honest and ridiculous digestion. And a long-haired digestion is the splitting of large polymer molecules to oligomers in the intestinal cavity under the action of intestinal juice enzymes.

b) Priest digestion - splitting of oligomers to monomers on the surface of microvascular under the action of enzymes fixed on this surface.