The cultivation of green plants forms the basis of all agricultural production. Only green plants have the ability, using the radiant energy of the sun, to create complex organic substances from inorganic substances in the air and soil - a source of food and energy for humans, animals and microorganisms (see Photosynthesis).

A variety of cultivated plants, as well as natural vegetation of meadows, steppes, forests, deserts annually provide us with a huge amount of products - grains, fruits, tubers, roots, green mass, which are used for food or serve as raw materials for the light and food industries and feed for farm animals ... Agricultural plants alone produce about 5 billion tons of organic matter annually.

Crop production is one of the most important branches of our agriculture. In the Soviet Union, more than 200 million hectares are sown annually. This figure speaks of the enormous scale and significance of crop production in our country.

Crop production includes field cultivation-cultivation of grain, industrial and forage crops; meadow growing; vegetable growing - the cultivation of vegetable crops in open and protected ground; fruit growing and viticulture; forestry; floriculture.

The task of plant growing as a science included in the complex of agronomic sciences is, first of all, the study of cultivated plants in all the diversity of their species, varieties, forms and varieties. Crop production is called upon to continuously expand the range of cultivated plants, involving all new species and forms in culture in order to obtain the products necessary for the national economy. This agricultural science, closely related to production, studies the biology of cultivated plants and develops the most advanced methods for growing high and sustainable yields with high quality products.

The ultimate goal of crop production is to increase crop production at the lowest labor cost.

Our scientists, the founders of scientific plant growing and agriculture - K. A. Timiryazev, V. R. Williams and D. N. Pryanishnikov theoretically substantiated the possibility of a constant increase in the yield of agricultural crops. A brilliant confirmation of this is the achievements of the foremost agricultural workers, who, for example, receive a harvest winter wheat up to 100 and more centners per hectare.

Like all organisms, plants are selective. Each type of plant, each form assimilates certain elements from the environment and in a certain ratio, in accordance with its historically formed nature (heredity). The study of the conditions necessary for the growth and development of agricultural plants and the manifestation of their highest productivity is one of the main tasks of agricultural science. “The cultivated plant and the demand it presents is the fundamental scientific task of agriculture,” wrote K. A. Timiryazev.

The size of the yield is determined by the internal properties of the cultivated species and variety, their productivity, the ability to use with one or another fullness the radiant energy of the sun for the synthesis of organic matter, as well as the living conditions, which depend primarily on the methods of cultivation.

Only on the basis of a deep knowledge of natural conditions and the identification of the degree of their compliance with the requirements of a particular cultivated plant can the technically most perfect and economically most feasible system of cultivation methods under specific conditions be developed. Determination of the area of ​​possible distribution of each crop and the patterns of changes in the quality of the resulting products under the influence of natural factors is one of the important aspects of research in crop production.

The study of cultivated plants, their biology and methods of cultivation in various natural conditions is carried out using different methods research. The main ones are field and vegetation experiments. The final stage of research, which makes it possible to establish the agrotechnical and economic significance of a particular culture or method, is production experiments on collective and state farms. In carrying out these experiments, student production teams are of great assistance.

Thus, plant growing as a science comprehensively studies cultivated plants, develops the foundations of agricultural technology and their correct placement on the territory of the country, outlines ways to obtain high and sustainable yields.

2) The science of cultivated plants and methods of their cultivation in order to obtain high yields of the best quality with the least labor and cost (private farming). R. as an academic discipline is identified with field cultivation. R. is included in the complex of agronomic sciences. Closely associated with soil science, general agriculture, plant breeding, agricultural. meteorology, physiology, biochemistry, plant genetics, agricultural microbiology, agrophysics, agrochemistry.

The main object of R.'s research is s.-kh. plant (species, variety, variety, hybrid), its biology, environmental requirements - agroecological conditions. About 1000 species of plants (without medicinal and ornamental) are cultivated in the world, about 400 species and about 5000 varieties and hybrids are cultivated in the USSR. R. studies the biological characteristics of individual crops: the duration of the growing season with.-kh. plants; growth and development rhythms; successive phases of vegetation and morphogenesis; the dynamics of the development of the root system and the assimilation surface, the accumulation of dry matter, the formation of economically useful organs and parts of the plant; metabolism; water and food regimes; winter hardiness, frost resistance, drought resistance, salt tolerance, etc. In the study of the ecological characteristics of agricultural. cultures R. determines the relationship between agricultural. plants and environmental conditions by assessing climatic and soil factors of agricultural production. district. Analysis of biological and ecological characteristics of cultivated crops, soil-climatic and production conditions of agricultural districts is necessary for the zoning of species, varieties, and hybrids of agricultural crops. plants, which is based on the data of the State Commission for Variety Testing of Agricultural crops and the results of production tests, as well as for the development of rational technology for plant cultivation. Cultivation technology with.-kh. crops include the following basic techniques: selection of a variety (hybrids) that has the most valuable biological and economic properties in local soil and climatic conditions; selection of the best predecessors in crop rotation; soil cultivation and fertilization systems; preparation of seeds for sowing; sowing (timing, seeding rate, seeding depth, sowing method); crop care (tillage, feeding, destruction of weeds, protection of plants from pests and diseases); harvesting. Rational technology of cultivation of agricultural products. crops must correspond to the soil and climatic conditions of the zone, agricultural. district, farm, crop rotation field; biological characteristics of cultivated crops, varieties, varieties; production (economic) resources of the collective farm or state farm. In research on R., field, vegetative and laboratory methods are used.

The main tasks of R.: development and improvement of the technology of cultivation of varieties of intensive type (capable of the most productive use of soil fertility, responsive to high doses of fertilizers and irrigation, resistant to lodging, pests and diseases, adapted to mechanized cultivation, with high product quality); work on the study of plant resistance to drought, low and high temperatures, soil salinization; development and implementation of integrated systems for protecting plants from diseases and pests; creation of the most effective forms of fertilizers; land reclamation; further study of the physiological, biochemical and genetic foundations of immunity; improving the methods of programming high yields; development of highly mechanized methods of cultivation of agricultural products. cultures.

History of crop production closely linked with the development of natural science, agriculture and agronomy. The earliest records of agriculture can apparently be considered the rudiments of agriculture as a science. In ancient Rome, such works include "Agriculture" by Cato the Elder (234-149 BC), 3 books "On Agriculture" by Varro (116-27 BC), Natural History in 37 the books "Pliny the Elder (23-79 AD), 12 books" On Agriculture "by Columella (1st century). In these works, for the first time, the need to differentiate agrotechnical methods was emphasized, depending on the natural conditions and characteristics of the plant. In the Middle Ages (in the era of feudalism), stagnation in the development of natural and agricultural crops was observed everywhere. sciences. With the emergence of capitalism, in connection with the rapidly growing needs of the urban population for food, industry in agriculture. raw materials, favorable conditions were created for the development of natural science and, on its basis, agricultural. sciences, including R. The works of the Swiss botanist J. Senebier, the French scientist J. Boussingot, the German chemist J. Liebig, and the German agrochemist G. Gelrigel, and others, who developed the theoretical foundations of plant nutrition, were of great importance for the scientific foundations of R. In the field of breeding, an important role was played by the works of the founder of genetics, the Czech naturalist G. Mendel, the Vilmorin family of French breeders, and the American Darwinist breeder L. Burbank.

In Russia, the development of scientific R. is associated with the names of M. V. Lomonosov, I. M. Komov, A. T. Bolotov, A. V. Sovetov, A. N. Engelhardt, D. I. Mendeleev, I. A. Stebut , V.V.Dokuchaev, P.A.Kostychev and many other scientists. IA Stebut headed the first department of R. and was the author of the first training course on R. In Sov. For some time, K.A. Timiryazev continued his scientific work on R. D. N. Pryanishnikov significantly expanded the scientific understanding of the problems of agriculture and made an enormous contribution to the theory of plant nutrition and the chemicalization of agriculture; his works "The Study of Fertilizers" and "Private Agriculture" were reprinted many times and played a big role in the training of many generations of agronomists in Russia and foreign countries. Outstanding work on the introduction of agricultural products. plants, the creation of a world collection of cultivated plants belong to N.I. Vavilov.

Crop production in the USSR. The rapid intensification of agricultural production has created favorable conditions for the development of agricultural research and the introduction of advanced agricultural technology. cultures. On the basis of scientific data and the experience of advanced farms, recommendations have been developed for the introduction and development of crop rotations in relation to soil and climatic conditions and cultivated crops, the degree of efficiency of fertilizers has been established, the optimal doses, methods and timing of their application for different crops and varieties in the main soil and climatic zones have been substantiated. country and gave recommendations on their use, introduced complex fertilizers with an optimal combination of nutrients for various agricultural products. crops and varieties. Under the guidance of breeders P. P. Lukyanenko, V. N. Remeslo, V. S. Pustovoit, F. G. Kirichenko, V. N. Mamontova, and others, new and improved varieties of grain crops have been created. Forms of wheat of hybrid origin have been developed as a result of crossing wheat with wheatgrass (N.V. Tsitsin), and rye with wheat (V.E. Pisarev). High-lysine hybrids of corn (MI Khadzhinov, G.S. Galeev, BP Sokolov) and varieties of barley (PF Garkavyi), varieties of single-seeded sugar beet and polyhybrids of this crop, varieties of cotton that are resistant to wilt, have been obtained. Potato scientists are introducing agricultural techniques into production that increase the starch content of potatoes. High-yielding potato varieties created by A.G. Lorkh, I.A. Vegetable varieties have been created for the Far North, deserts and semi-deserts, for cultivation in hotbeds and greenhouses. Using Michurin's breeding methods, gardeners have developed many valuable varieties of fruit, berry crops and grapes for various natural zones of the USSR. The studies of the immunity of plants to diseases and damage by insects, begun by N.I. Vavilov, are being successfully carried out (M.S.Dunin, P.M. Zhukovsky, and others). Sunflower varieties have been developed that are resistant against moths and broomrape, potatoes - against phytophthora and cancer, fiber flax - against rust, etc. Along with the creation of agricultural varieties. crops of intensive type, much attention is paid to the development of agrotechnical methods that contribute to a fuller realization of the potential of new varieties and the maximum use of soil fertility.

Scientific institutions and the press. R.'s problems are developed by agricultural workers. scientific institutions and universities. In addition, many institutes of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and the Union republics, research institutes of the Ministry of the Food Industry, the State Committee for Forestry, the State Committee for Procurement, the Ministry of Health of the USSR, the Ministry of the Chemical Industry of the USSR, and the Ministry of Land Reclamation and Water Management. Evaluation of new varieties of agricultural products. crops and the development of individual methods of varietal agricultural technology are engaged in variety testing plots. The largest research institution in the USSR for R. - VIR - All-Union Institute of Plant Industry named after V.I. N.I. Vavilov (see). The general coordination of scientific, methodological and research work in the field of R. is carried out by the VASKhNIL. Scientific work in the field of R. is also carried out by scientific societies (for example, botanical, soil scientists, entomological, geneticists and plant breeders named after N.I. Vavilov, and nature conservation). Scientific and technical information, which is organized by the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Information and Technical and Economic Research in Agriculture, is of great importance in the development of agriculture.

Scientific and practical work on R. is published in the agricultural sector. journals: "Agriculture" (from 1939), "Bulletin of Agricultural Science" (from 1956), "Chemistry in Agriculture" (from 1963), "Agrochemistry" (from 1964), "Agricultural Biology" (from 1966), "Agricultural farming abroad "- the series" Plant Growing "(since 1955)," International Agricultural Journal "(since 1957), and many others. research institutes, experimental stations, universities. Plant breeders of the USSR take an active part in the work of many international organizations and societies. The USSR is a member of the European Scientific Association for Plant Breeding, the European Federation of Meadows, the International Scientific Society for Horticulture and Vegetable Growing, the International Association for Seed Quality Control, and the European and Central Asian Plant Protection Organizations. Symposia and scientific and methodological meetings are held on many issues of R.

Crop production abroad. The greatest achievement of foreign R. is the cultivation of dwarf varieties of spring wheat (Mexico, India, the USA, Pakistan) and rice (Japan), which have a strong short stem and large ear (panicle), which are high-yielding when irrigated and at high doses. mineral fertilizers... Much attention is paid to theoretical studies of the formation of high and stable yields, in particular, the problems of increasing the photosynthetic productivity of crops. Genetic methods are being developed for breeding varieties that are resistant to increased acidity of the soil solution, soil salinization, and drought (Canada). The methods of regulation of growth, development and fruit formation in plants with the help of physiologically active substances are being studied (USA, Great Britain, Germany, Japan, etc.); additional irrigation in areas of sufficient moisture, multipurpose use of sprinkler systems - for applying fertilizers, plant protection products, reducing high air temperatures (GDR, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Scandinavian countries, France); minimum tillage and soil protection from erosion; increasing the productivity of natural and cultural pastures, etc. Leading research institutions for farming abroad: the center for agronomic research (Versailles, France); Crop Research Institute (Ottawa, Canada); Research Institute of Plant and Seed Production (Braunschweig-Volkenrode, Germany); National Agricultural Research Institute (Tokyo, Japan); Institute of Agriculture (Novi Sad, Yugoslavia); Research Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking (Pleven, Bulgaria), Wheat and Sunflower (Tolbukhin, Bulgaria); Research Institute of Agriculture and Plant Growing (Müncheberg, East Germany), and others. Scientific works on agriculture are published in periodicals: "Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England" (L., since 1810), "Journal of Agricultural Science" ( Camb., From 1905), "Crop Science" (Madison, from 1961) and many others.

Lit .: Timiryazev K.A., Agriculture and plant physiology, Izbr. cit., t. 1, M., 1957; Pryanishnikov D.N., Private agriculture, 8th ed., M. - L., 1931; Zhukovsky P. M., Cultural plants and their relatives, 3rd ed., L., 1971; Kornilov AA, Biological bases of high yields of grain crops, M., 1968; Plant growing, 3rd ed., M., 1971.

N.I. Volodarsky.

1. Theoretical justification
1.1 Definition of crop production
1.2 Structure of crop production in Russia
1.3 The importance of crop production in the country's economy
1.4 Factors influencing the development of the industry
2. Economic and geographical characteristics of crop production
2.1 Geographical location and zonal specialization of agriculture

2.2 Geography of the industry ( state of the art)
3. Problems and prospects for the development of crop production in Russia
3.1 Problems of crop production in Russia
3.2 Promising directions for improving crop production in Russia.

Conclusion

List of used literature

Applications

Introduction

Agriculture is one of the most important sectors of the economy of any state. It provides a vital product for a person: basic foodstuffs and raw materials for the production of consumer goods.

Agriculture produces over 12% of the gross social product and more than 15% of the national income of Russia, concentrates 15.7% of production fixed assets.

Eighty industries supply their products to agriculture, which in turn supplies products to sixty industries. Agricultural production is the central link in the country's agro-industrial complex.

Thus, considering the topic is relevant, as it is of great importance for the country.

The purpose of this work is to review and analyze the crop industry in Russia, its features and territorial structure.

In structure, the work is divided into three chapters. The first chapter is devoted to the consideration of theoretical issues, namely the concept, structure and importance of crop production in the country's economy. The second chapter examines the economic and geographical characteristics of the industry. In the third chapter, the problems and prospects for the development of the industry are analyzed, and in the conclusion the results of the work carried out are summarized and the main conclusions are given.

1. Theoretical justification

1.1. Definition of crop production

Plant growing - the cultivation of cultivated plants for the purpose of using them as a source of food, obtaining products for forage purposes, as well as raw materials for industry and other, including decorative purposes. Crop production as a science studies the variety of varieties, hybrids, forms of field crops, the peculiarities of biology and the most advanced methods of cultivation, which provide high yields and quality at the lowest cost.

If we consider crop production from a production point of view, then this is the doctrine of technically perfect and profitable cultivation of maximum yields of agricultural products with high quality. Scientific plant growing is based on the principles of modern biological science, which studies the features of plant development, their requirements for environmental conditions. Without a deep knowledge of plant biology, it is impossible to develop the correct agricultural technology, new technology. The data of many related disciplines are widely used in plant growing - selection, soil science, agrochemistry, plant physiology, agriculture, microbiology, chemistry, physics, mechanization, economics, etc.

Agriculture is the direction of the economy and the economy, which is based on the task aimed at ensuring the state and citizens of a particular state, in this case, citizens Russian Federation food, as well as obtaining raw materials for other needs, in particular for various industries. This industry is quite a priority and significant for any country. Agriculture is a kind of indicator of the economy.

Crop production is one of the main branches of agriculture, which is mainly engaged in the cultivation of cultivated plants for the production of crop products.

1.2. The structure of crop production.

Crop production includes:

cereals, which are divided into grain crops (wheat, rye, barley, oats, corn, buckwheat, millet, rice, sorghum) and legumes (peas, beans, soybeans);

industrial crops - spinning crops (cotton), bast crops (fiber flax, hemp), oilseeds (sunflower), starches (potatoes), sugar beets (sugar beets), narcotic plants (tobacco), dyeing plants (madder dyeing);

fodder - herbs (clover, timothy, alfalfa), cereals (vetch, lentils), root vegetables (turnips)

tonic (tea);

potato growing;

seed growing;

vegetable growing;

fruit growing (fruit growing, berry growing, nursery growing)

forestry;

meadow growing;

tobacco growing;

gardening;

1.3. The importance of crop production in the country's economy

The main sectors of agriculture are plant growing and animal husbandry. Plant growing industries produce more than 40% of all agricultural products in the country. Crop production is the backbone of agriculture. The level of animal husbandry in Russia also depends on its level of development.

The leading role in the structure of crop production belongs to grain farming. It is grain crops that occupy almost 55% of all sown areas in the country.

The total sown area in Russia in 2010 will amount to 77.9 million hectares, which is 395 thousand hectares more than in 2009 (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Dynamics of sown areas in the Russian Federation

Source: Rosstat

According to Rosstat, the gross grain harvest in the Russian Federation in 2009 amounted to 97.0 million tons (in weight after processing), thus decreasing by 10.3%. The fall gross collection grain in 2009 compared to 2008 is less connected with the growth of negative trends in the economy, which, given the specifics of agricultural production, simply did not have time to adequately manifest themselves. To a greater extent, the decline in production is due to the worst weather conditions - drought in a number of regions of the country (Fig. 2).

Average annual grain yield in Russia in 2004-2009 was at the level of 18 c / ha (3 times less than in Western European countries). However, the cost of production is 1 cent. our grains are relatively small, and they are of a higher quality (in particular, due to durum wheat) (Fig. 3).

Rice. 2 Gross harvest of the main grain crops in the Russian Federation, in dynamics

Source: Rosstat

Rice. 3 Average annual yield of main grain crops, kg / ha

Source: Rosstat

Russia ranks first in the world in the production of barley, oats and rye, and one of the first in gross wheat production. In general, the country is in fourth place in the world for the production of cereals and legumes (after China, the USA and India).

The share of the Russian Federation in the world grain trade grew during 2003-2009, but at the end of 2009 and the beginning of 2010 a significant decrease was observed, which is associated with the drought and aggravation of the world situation associated with the global financial crisis (Fig. 4).

Figure 4. The share of the Russian Federation in world grain trade

Source: Rosstat

Grain farming is one of the main branches of crop production. The wide distribution of grain crops throughout the agriculturally developed territory of Russia is due to a significant variety of their biological characteristics, a variety of species and varieties. Grain of cereal crops is of great food value, and also serves as a valuable feed for animals.

The natural basis of agriculture is land, and above all agricultural land.

Agricultural land is part of the land used for agriculture. They have a complex structure, a significant part of them are in arable land, hayfields and pastures. In Russia, agricultural lands occupy 220 million hectares (13% of the country's area), of which arable land - 120 million hectares (7% of the country's area), hayfields - about 20 and pastures - 60 million hectares. Their area is slowly and gradually decreasing due to an increase in demand for the territories of various settlements, primarily cities, industrial construction, transport and other types of infrastructure construction. Compared to other countries of the world, Russia has a high supply of agricultural land, including arable land. Moreover, in different parts country specific indicators of the provision of residents with agricultural land, including arable land, differ significantly, as well as their quality. The degree of agricultural development of the territory increases from north to south.

1.4. Factors influencing the development of the industry.

Factors influencing the distribution of agricultural crops include natural: soil quality; the duration of the frost-free period, the sum of active temperatures (heat supply); total solar radiation (provision with light); the amount of precipitation; provision of water resources, etc.

Socio-demographic factors are also important for the location of agriculture. The population is the main consumer of agricultural products, therefore, there are regional features of the structure of consumption of these products. The specialization of agriculture is influenced by the ratio between urban and rural populations. In addition, the population ensures the reproduction of labor resources for the industry. Depending on the supply of labor resources (taking into account the labor skills of the population), one or another agricultural production is developing, characterized by unequal labor intensity. For example, sugar beet requires 2.5 times more labor costs than grain farming. Growing potatoes requires the same amount of labor. Cultivation of cotton requires 2-3 times more labor costs than cultivation of cereals. Therefore, industrial crops are grown in labor-provided areas.

The most significant economic factors in the location and specialization of crop production include:

The location of farms in relation to sales markets and the presence of processing enterprises, tanks for storing raw materials and final products, the presence and condition of vehicles and communication lines;

The already created production potential of agriculture: the availability of reclaimed land, agricultural structures, industrial buildings, etc.;

The area of ​​agricultural land, their structure: the size of arable land and farmland per capita;

The economic efficiency of agricultural production, determined by a system of indicators, the main of which are: agricultural output and gross income per unit of land area and unit of material and labor costs, profitability of production;

Features and stability of interregional ties in agricultural products. The possibility of purchasing agricultural products, their guarantee creates a basis for the development in certain regions of only those branches of agriculture for which there are the most favorable conditions;

The provision of agriculture with the means of production supplied to industry. Correspondence of the price level for these industrial products to the level of prices for agricultural raw materials and products of its processing;

The size of agricultural enterprises. For example, small peasant farms limit the possibilities for specialization.

2. Economic and geographical characteristics of crop production

2.1. Geographical location and zonal specialization of agriculture

Natural conditions on the territory of Russia vary according to natural zones. Therefore, the composition of cultivated crops also differs by zone. In each soil-vegetation zone, such branches of agriculture are developing, which, under given conditions, give the highest results and require less labor and resources.

Wheat as the most important food grain crop is characterized by higher requirements for thermal conditions and soil fertility in comparison with other grain crops of the temperate zone. It does not tolerate the acidic reaction of soils, which limits its distribution in the zone of soddy-podzolic soils. For her, loamy soils are more favorable than loamy soils, which are poorly provided with nutrients. The ecological features and relatively high drought resistance of wheat determine its greater distribution in the forest-steppe and steppe zones.

The areas of distribution of winter and spring wheat are determined by such agro-climatic factors as the severity of winters and the thickness of the snow cover, on which the preservation of plants in the winter depends. Therefore, winter wheat is grown mainly in European Russia, especially in its western and central regions with milder winters. Winter wheat varieties make fuller use of the fall and spring precipitation, which leads to its higher yield compared to spring wheat.

Rye, unlike wheat, is a less demanding crop in terms of thermal regime and soil fertility. In Russia, mainly winter rye varieties are cultivated, which are characterized by a much higher winter hardiness compared to other winter cereals. The ecological features of rye are also due to the fact that this crop in the first foci of agriculture was found only in the form of weeds in wheat.

Winter rye has a short growing season, requires little thermal resources, and is quite resistant to spring drought. Thanks to a well-developed root system, it is successfully cultivated on sandy loam soils, tolerates a slightly acidic reaction, but due to waterlogging of the arable horizon, it is easily exposed to soaking and damping. This crop is more resistant to many diseases than wheat, and with an increase in soil fertility, it gives a significant increase in yield. The unpretentiousness of rye to habitat conditions provides it with a number of advantages over wheat in areas with lower thermal resources and other soils with an acidic reaction.

Barley, like wheat, was widespread in the areas of ancient agriculture in the temperate zone. This is one of the earliest maturing grain crops, tolerant of frost and drought tolerance. It is used mainly for feed purposes, although barley grains also have food value, and sprouted seeds (malt) are used in brewing. The ecological features of barley determine its wide distribution over a significant part of the country's agricultural territory - from northern to southern arid regions. In the mountains, its crops reach the middle zones, where agriculture is still possible. A significant increase in the acreage of barley in recent decades is associated with an increase in demand for feed grain, in particular, due to an increase in the production of compound feed. The expansion of barley crops was also facilitated by the cultivation of soils in the process of intensification of agriculture, the greater use of mineral and organic fertilizers. Since the beginning of the 60s, the growth of barley yields has occurred at a higher rate compared to other grain crops in the forest zone of European Russia.

Oats, in contrast to barley, are more demanding on thermal resources and moisture conditions, they tolerate summer drought worse, but unpretentious in irrigating soil fertility, their slightly acidic reaction. Crops of oats are widespread mainly in the forest, partly in the steppe zones, but they are found as far away as barley in the northern cold and southern arid regions. In the past, raising oats was largely associated with learning horse feed. During the period of industrialization of agriculture, oat sowing decreased significantly. This trend continued in the post-war period, but since the early 1960s, crops have grown again and have remained relatively stable. This is due to the fact that oats occupy a certain place in many crop rotations, and its products are in great demand in the feed and food industries.

Corn has an important fodder value and is used in the food industry. This crop of tropical origin begins to grow at rather high temperatures (10 °), its growing season is extended to 160 days, it does not tolerate frost well (up to -2 °), and needs large reserves of heat. For the ripening of early-maturing grain varieties, 1-2200 ° of biologically active temperatures are required, and for more productive mid- and late-ripening varieties, -2500-2900 °. At the same time, corn is drought-resistant, especially in the first phases of the growing season, but the lack of moisture before throwing out panicles significantly reduces the yield.

The high potential productivity of corn, its ability to actively extract nutrients from the soil and dramatically increase the yield when fertilizing, especially on permeable and aerated soils, attracted the attention of many geneticists and breeders to it. As a result, its high-yielding hybrid and early maturing species and varieties.

Cereals and legumes (peas, lentils, beans, soybeans, etc.) contain a lot of protein, which is valuable for feed and food. In the process of intensification of fodder production since the 60s, the area under crops of leguminous crops has increased. Highest value among them is the culture of peas, which are demanding on the conditions of moisture and soil fertility; moderate reserves of heat are sufficient for its vegetation. Peas are grown in forest and forest-steppe zones. Lentils are mostly cultivated in the western and central regions of the forest-steppe. Beans grow in the more southern parts of the country.

Cereals (millet, buckwheat, rice) occupy 3-4% of all sown areas of grain crops. They have different distribution areas due to the ecological characteristics of each of the main cereal crops.

Millet occupies relatively large areas as part of cereal crops. The beginning of growth occurs at rather high temperatures (10-12 °), the culture is sensitive to frost and at the same time is highly drought-resistant, has a low transpiration coefficient (K = 250-300), tolerates weak soil salinity, but reacts unfavorably to acidic the reaction of the soil environment.

Peculiar ecological features make it possible to cultivate millet in different types landscapes of forest, forest-steppe, steppe and dry-steppe zones. Millet gives good yields on newly developed virgin and fallow lands, especially on soils of light texture. Relatively large areas of crops are located in the steppe and dry steppe zones.

Buckwheat does not tolerate drought, high and low temperatures, especially during the flowering period, is demanding on moisture conditions, on soil fertility: loose, well-heated soils rich in nutrients, including peatlands with a neutral and slightly acidic reaction, are more suitable for it.

The noted ecological features determine the cultivation of buckwheat mainly in the western and central regions of the forest and forest-steppe zones with a mild climate. The yield of the culture increases markedly when bees are bred in the areas of its cultivation, pollinating buckwheat flowers, which are valuable honey plants.

Rice, as a crop of tropical origin, begins to grow at a temperature of 12-15 °, has an extended growing season, does not tolerate frosts, requires large reserves of heat - from 2200 to 3300 °, respectively, for early and more productive late-ripening varieties. Unlike other crops, rice consumes a large amount of moisture (K = 1000), therefore, a significant part of the growing season, the crop is cultivated on fields (checks) fenced with earthen ramparts, flooded with water. For rice, alluvial soils are favorable, from which salts are periodically washed out.

Industrial crops.

They include a variety of cultivated plants related to fibrous, oilseeds, sugar crops, which are used as raw materials for a number of industries: oil mill, sugar, textile, etc., therefore, the nature of the territorial concentration of the main industrial crops is closely related to the peculiarities of the formation of raw material zones processing enterprises that are part of different types Agroindustrial complex

In the composition of oilseeds, more than 2/3 of the area is occupied by sunflower crops. The most significant reduction in acreage in recent decades has been in fiber crops.

Fiber flax originates from the centers of ancient agriculture in the subtropical and temperate zones, where it was cultivated mainly for oil. The advancement of flax to more northern regions with a mild and humid climate contributed to better development of the stems, which led to the formation of new types of fiber flax, which yields valuable fiber, and also oil from its seeds as a by-product.

Flax culture begins to grow at low temperatures (3-5 °), and the optimal temperature of the main phases of development is 15-18 °, and small frosts in the initial growing season do not affect its further development. Flax requires uniform moisture, especially at the beginning of growth, but it does not tolerate excess moisture well. Due to the weak root system, the plant needs a large amount of easily digestible nutrients, therefore, loamy soils with high moisture capacity are more suitable for it than sandy ones. Flax tolerates a slightly acidic reaction, although a neutral reaction of the soil environment is optimal for it, in which fertilizers, primarily nitrogen fertilizers, are used more fully. The crop is usually grown in grain-herb rotations where perennial grasses, especially clover, serve as a good predecessor.

The ecological features of fiber flax determine its wide distribution in the western and central regions of the forest zone with a humid and mild climate, especially in landscapes with more fertile loamy soddy-podzolic soils that form on nutrient-rich underlying rocks (on cover loams, carbonate moraine, etc. .). These areas have historically also had a higher density rural population, which is of great economic importance for such a labor-intensive culture as flax. The decline in the rural population in the war and post-war periods, and later in connection with the liquidation of “unpromising” small villages, contributed to a constant decrease in the acreage of fiber flax. The greatest labor costs in the process of cultivation of flax fall on the period of harvesting and post-harvest processing of the stems (straws), including their spreading, soaking and transformation into a trust under the influence of microbiological processes. After drying, the trust is transported to flax factories for further processing. As a result of the mechanization of the main production processes of growing, harvesting and post-harvest processing of flax using flax harvesters and other machines, the cost of living labor in this industry has been reduced by more than half. The introduction of a new technology for post-harvest flax processing on an industrial basis, including soaking straw and drying trusts in flax factories, increases production efficiency and fiber quality while strictly adhering to the entire technological cycle of growing and harvesting this intensive and economically highly efficient crop. It is also important to improve the location of flax factories in relation to the promising areas of fiber flax cultivation. Flax growing, as the main industry in Russia, providing the production of high-value raw materials for the textile industry, needs to create more favorable conditions for its further development.

Hemp has long been cultivated to obtain strong, fine and coarse fiber, which is used for the manufacture of fabrics, ropes, fishing nets and other products, and fatty oils for food and technical purposes are also obtained from its seeds as a by-product. Products that were previously made from hemp fiber are now significantly focused on the use of synthetic fibers, which greatly affects the significant reduction in the cultivated area of ​​this crop.

Oilseeds in the early 90s occupied about 2/3 of the area of ​​all industrial crops cultivated in Russia. The most widespread are sunflower crops, with a lower value of curly flax, camelina, mustard. These crops provide the production of the main part of vegetable oil, and the by-products of the oil mill production - cake and meal - are used as a valuable feed with high content protein and fat, and also serve as raw materials for the production of industrial feed.

The sunflower begins its growing season at a temperature of about 8 °, making moderate demands on the total heat reserves (up to 2300 ° for late-ripening varieties). Thanks to a well-developed root system, this plant is able to extract moisture from the deep layers of the soil horizon, which makes it cultivate in an arid climate, although with an increase in moisture, the yield increases significantly. The culture is demanding on soil fertility, since a large number of basic nutrients are taken out with the harvest.

Sugar beet - the main sugar plant of the temperate zone, used for sugar production since the 19th century, needs significant reserves of heat (2000-2800 °), has an extended growing season (120-160 days), and is demanding on moisture conditions. Higher sugar content of modern root crops can be achieved in areas with a large number of sunny days. For this culture, loamy, well-warmed and nutrient-rich soils are favorable, characterized by high moisture capacity and a neutral reaction. Along with the natural conditions, economic factors also affect the placement of sugar beets: the availability of labor resources, especially the EGP of rural areas, given the high labor intensity of this crop and the low transportability of its products.

The main area of ​​sugar beet cultivation includes the western and central regions of the forest-steppe and partly steppe zones, where the necessary conditions for heat and moisture supply are combined with fertile chernozem soils, and in rural areas with a historically established system of sugar factories. These areas have a high density of rural population, an extensive network of roads and railways. Raw material zones are usually located within a radius of up to 30 km from sugar factories.

Potatoes are important for food and feed, and also serve as raw materials for the production of starch and alcohol. Potato growth begins at a relatively high temperature - about 10 °, it does not tolerate frost well, but has a relatively short growing season (from 60 to 120 days, respectively, for early and late ripening varieties), requires moderate moisture. At the same time, waterlogging and high summer temperatures have an adverse effect on the development of this culture, which originates from the mountainous regions of Central America. In hot weather, when the average daily temperature rises to 29 °, the development of tubers stops. For potatoes, relatively light soils are optimal, well cultivated, rich in the content of basic nutrients (N, K, P), which are consumed in large quantities during the formation of tubers.

Potato sowing is widespread in the predominant part of the agriculturally developed territory of our country. However, the highest territorial concentration of its crops is characteristic of the southern regions of the forest and northern parts of the forest-steppe zones, as well as areas adjacent to large cities, where there are favorable natural and economic conditions for the development of this industry.

Tobacco is a heat-loving culture that does not tolerate frost well, is demanding on the conditions of moisture and the content of nutrients in soils, and is highly labor-intensive.

The culture of the tea bush is characterized by high requirements for moisture and thermal conditions, for the content of nutrients in soils, which must have good moisture and air permeability with a slightly acidic reaction of the environment.

Vegetable growing

This branch includes a wide range of cultivated plants belonging to different botanical species. All of them are demanding on the conditions of moisture, the content of nutrients in the soil. These crops are cultivated with the use of high doses of organic and mineral fertilizers as part of special vegetable crop rotations, for which are most often allotted low, rich in organic matter tracts of land along river valleys, lake terraces, on reclaimed peaty soils where there are sources of water for irrigation. Vegetable crops are cultivated both in open and protected ground, in hotbeds and greenhouses. Most common crops open ground in Russia - cabbage, tomato, beet, carrot, onion, cucumber. Some of these crops of especially productive varieties are also grown in greenhouses, along with cauliflower, lettuce, radish, etc.

Vegetables are used for nutrition, both fresh and canned after processing at processing plants. As the urban population grew, vegetable growing was concentrated in specialized enterprises located both near large cities and urban agglomerations, and in areas with favorable natural and socio-economic conditions for the production and processing of vegetable crops. (Appendix 1, Table 1)

2.2. Industry geography (current state)

The nature of the distribution of agricultural crops on the territory of the country is determined both by their biological characteristics, corresponding to certain types of natural environment, and by socio-economic factors. Degree of compliance biological traits cultivated plants for one type or another of the natural environment must be considered in close connection with modern farming systems and economic efficiency of production. This makes it possible to explain the differences between the existing distribution of crops and the areas of their possible cultivation.

Each crop corresponds to a natural complex and its individual elements. For instance:

growing season (rye - 100 days, corn - 160 - 180 days);

the required amount of positive temperatures required during the growing season (rye - 1000 - 1100 ° C, cotton - 4000 ° C);

the quality of the soils (wheat - chernozem and chestnut; rye is less demanding, it tolerates podzolic and soddy-podzolic soils well);

the degree of moisture (rice, cotton - irrigated crops, millet - dry drought-resistant crop);

light requirements (flax is a long-day plant, corn is a short-day crop).

The main areas of distribution of winter wheat in Russia:

North Caucasus (Krasnodar Territory and Rostov Region in the first place), Central Black Earth Region, right-bank part of the Volga region.

The main areas of distribution of spring wheat: the Volga region, the South Urals (Bashkiria, Chelyabinsk, Kurgan, Orenburg and other regions), the south of Western Siberia (south of the Siberian railway), the south of Eastern Siberia (also south of the mainline, including Khakassia), the Far East ( the southern part of the Khabarovsk Territory and the Amur Region).

Sowings of spring and winter wheat make up the "wheat belt". There are also wheat crops to the south and north of it, but they occupy relatively small areas.

Barley crops are widespread from Primorsky Krai in the east, the Arkhangelsk region in the north to the Caucasus in the south. Spring barley is sown in all economic regions of the country. Its crops are especially extensive in the North Caucasus, in the Volga region, Central Black Earth and other regions of the European part of Russia, as well as in the south of Siberia. Crops of winter barley are mainly located in the North Caucasus.

Currently, barley is grown mainly for fodder purposes, although it also has food value, and germinated seeds (malt) are used in brewing.

Oats are widespread in the forest zone in areas with a milder climate, often on poor sandy loam soils. In the forest-steppe and steppe zones, the importance of oats in the composition of grain crops decreases. In addition to the non-chernozem and forest-steppe regions of the European part of Russia, oats are sown in Siberia and the Far East.

Corn sowing is small and concentrated mainly in the North Caucasus - the only region of Russia, which in terms of natural conditions (in its western part) is comparable to the famous “corn belt” in the Midwest of the USA. In the central zone of European Russia, in southern Siberia corn is also sown, but for green fodder and silage, which are valuable feed, not grain.

Peas are most often cultivated in the Non-Black Earth Zone, lentils - in the northern strip of the Central Black Earth Region, beans and soybeans as crops of tropical origin are cultivated in the more southern parts of Russia. Soy is a more moisture-loving plant, its significant areas are concentrated in the Far East (on the Zeya-Bureinskaya plain and in the Khankayskaya lowland).

Cereal crops (millet, buckwheat, rice) occupy a very small area. They have different distribution areas due to their biological characteristics.

Millet is cultivated mainly in the steppe zone, in areas where lighter soils are spread within the European part of Russia. The main areas of distribution are the Volga region and the south of the Urals.

Buckwheat, unlike millet, does not tolerate drought well, and is demanding on soil moisture. The yield of buckwheat increases in connection with the development of beekeeping in the regions of its cultivation due to the better pollination of flowers, which are valuable honey plants. The area of ​​cultivation of buckwheat is extensive: from the Arkhangelsk region to the North Caucasus and the Black Sea region in the European part of Russia, as well as Siberia and the Far East.

Rice crops in Russia are located in the floodplains of the Don and Kuban rivers in the North Caucasus, in the Volga-Akhtubinskaya floodplain of the Astrakhan region, the Sarpinskaya lowland in Kalmykia and in the Far East in the Khanka lowland (Appendix 2).

The cultivation of industrial crops determines a much more intensive use of land in comparison with grain crops (the yield per hectare in value terms is much higher). Nevertheless, the cultivation of industrial crops does not have such a wide geographical distribution as cereals. Industrial crops are widespread in narrowed areas, because: they are strictly limited to the region of the natural conditions necessary for their cultivation in comparison with grain crops; the cultivation of most industrial crops is a very laborious process; high material consumption during their processing determines the territorial concentration of crops in close proximity to processing enterprises (for example, sugar beet crops tend to sugar factories).

Unfortunately, due to climatic conditions, not all industrial crops can be grown on the territory of Russia. This is, first of all, cotton - an important industrial crop for complex use (both textile fiber, and vegetable oil, and valuable cellulose, and raw material for many chemical industries). The areas of effective cultivation of sugar beets and soybeans are also relatively small in Russia.

Sunflower crops in Russia occupy about 1/2 of all the land allotted for industrial crops. Its crops are mainly located in the steppe and dry steppe zones. There are also significant tracts of this culture in the forest-steppe. The main producer of sunflower seeds is the North Caucasian economic region. It accounts for over 60% of the Russian collection of sunflower seeds.

Large tracts of industrial varieties of this crop outside the North Caucasus are located in the Central Black Earth and Volga economic regions. The distribution area of ​​sunflower crops for silage is more extensive and is somewhat displaced to the north of the main areas occupied by its technical varieties.

Of all the other oilseeds cultivated in Russia, soybeans stand out, grown mainly in the south of the Far East (Primorsky Territory and the south of the Khabarovsk Territory).

Sugar beet - multipurpose culture. In Russia, both technical (intended for the production of sugar) and its fodder varieties are grown, but the former prevail. After processing industrial sugar beet into sugar, a large amount of waste is obtained, which is a valuable juicy feed for livestock and pig breeding.

To obtain stable and high yields of sugar beet, cultivated soils (preferably chernozems), good and uniform soil moisture are required throughout the summer. The highest yield and maximum sugar yield per hectare of crops are achieved in the forest-steppe zone, especially in its western parts, where the frequency of droughts decreases. Sugar beets do not tolerate acidic soils. An important condition its agricultural technology is labor intensive, in connection with which technical varieties of sugar beets can be cultivated only in areas with good labor supply.

About 1/2 of the gross domestic harvest of sugar beet comes from the Central Black Earth Region, about 1/4 from the North Caucasus. Outside these main areas, technical varieties of sugar beets are cultivated in the forest-steppe zone of the Volga region, the Urals and, on a very small scale, in the southeast of Western Siberia (Altai Territory).

Sugar beet occupies 1.5 million hectares, mainly in the steppe zone. About ½ of the gross harvest falls on the Central Black Earth Region (where the first sugar factories in Russia appeared in the last century), about ¼ - in the North Caucasus (mainly in the Krasnodar Territory). Along with these regions, sugar beets are cultivated in the Central, Volgo-Vyatka, Volga, Ural and West Siberian regions, but their share in the total Russian production is low.

The question of the inexpediency of cultivating beets in the Central, Volgo-Vyatka, partly in the Volga, Ural and especially in the West Siberian regions has been repeatedly raised. Now Russia is struggling to meet its sugar needs, mostly through imports, the cost of which has risen sharply, while transport costs have also increased. That is why, at this stage, it has become necessary to grow sugar beets in all of these regions without expanding the sown area for this crop.

In the European part of Russia, sugar beets are also grown in the south of the forest zone, but there are fewer sunny days, and therefore, the sugar content of tubers is lower. Therefore, these areas are dominated by fodder varieties of sugar beet.

As already noted, sugar beet is a labor-intensive crop, therefore, at this stage, when unemployment has swept over all sectors of the national economy and the regions as a whole, the reduction or elimination of sugar beet crops will lead to a sharp increase in unemployment in the agro-industrial complex.

The main area of ​​flax growing is confined to the southern part of the Russian Non-Black Earth Region. In recent years, the Central Economic Region provides about 60% of the domestic gross yield of flax fiber, the Northern and Volgo-Vyatka regions - about 10% each. And all the eastern regions of Russia account for only 5-7% of the crop of this crop.

Despite the deep decline in domestic flax growing, which intensified during the years of the socio-economic crisis, Russian flax growing has good prospects for further development. In recent decades, prices and demand in the world market for natural linen fabrics have sharply increased, and Russia, which has favorable agro-climatic conditions for this culture and has extensive production experience, could well not only fully meet its own needs for linen fabrics, but also produce them on export. However, this requires a radical reconstruction of the industry and, first of all, the widespread introduction of modern mechanized technologies into flax growing.

Crops of curly flax (oilseed) are widespread in the central and eastern parts of the forest-steppe zone of Russia. Ryzhik, which differs from oil flax in a shorter growing season and drought resistance, is cultivated in the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia.

Mustard, which has a high drought resistance, is widespread in the Lower Volga region, in the Stavropol Territory and in the south of the Urals.

The biological characteristics of potatoes make it possible to cultivate it over large areas. However, the territories of the forest and forest-steppe zones are more favorable for its cultivation, especially in their western and central regions with a mild climate and better moisture conditions. The placement of potatoes as a very labor-intensive crop is also influenced by economic factors, in particular labor resources. Potato crops are 90% concentrated in the European part of Russia (Central Region). Potato farms have been established near large cities and potato processing enterprises.

Due to the relatively low demand for heat, fiber flax crops are located in many economic regions of Russia: Central (Tver, Kostroma, Smolensk and Yaroslavl regions), North-West (Novgorod and Pskov regions), Severny (Vologda region), Volgo-Vyatsky (Nizhny Novgorod , Kirov region). Ural (Udmurtia and Perm region), in Western Siberia (Omsk, Tomsk, Novosibirsk regions) (Appendix 3).

3. Problems and prospects for the development of crop production in Russia

3.1. Problems of crop production and the agro-industrial complex of Russia as a whole.

Along with the existing positive trends, a number of systemic problems persist in agriculture that hinder the further development of the industry. The agro-industrial complex of Russia is currently in a state of crisis. The main problems of the agro-industrial complex are: a decline in production, a reduction in acreage, which occurred as a result of the instability of production and economic ties, inflation, an increase in the cost of credit resources, a reduction in government funding, a reduction in government funding, a decrease in the purchasing power of consumers of agricultural products, an increase in non-payments between enterprises and price disparity. for industrial and agricultural products; unsatisfactory condition of agricultural land. In recent years, work has been practically suspended to improve soil fertility and land reclamation, drainage and irrigation of lands, the use of organic and mineral fertilizers has decreased, which has served to intensify the process of soil degradation. The infrastructure of the land market is developing slowly, a system of information support and explanatory work has not been created, which creates the possibility of a shadow turnover. In recent years, the level of per capita grain production has dropped sharply. In the current situation, Russia no longer has sufficient financial resources to purchase the required amount of grain, and the decrease in grain imports is compensated by an increase in the volume of purchases of finished food products.

Low labor productivity does not allow ensuring a decent standard of living for workers employed in the industry. Average monthly salary in agriculture is 6904 rubles, or 36% of the all-Russian level. More than 40% of the rural population is below the poverty line. The employment rate of the rural working-age population is 65.6%. Among the rural unemployed, the proportion of young people under the age of 30 is 45%. The demographic situation in rural areas remains difficult. The outflow of the qualified, economically active part of the population to the cities continues. This is largely due to the insufficient level of social services provided. It was revealed that a further decline in production in the agricultural sector of the economy, the destruction of social production is closely related to the quality of life of the rural population, one of the indicators of which is the level cash income agricultural workers. The discrepancy between the size of the rural population and the enormous size of the territories is growing, which is reflected in the depopulation of the village. The poverty level in rural areas is declining extremely slowly, and the gap in this indicator between urban and rural areas is widening. The level of qualification of rural personnel is decreasing. All categories of workers employed in agricultural production are aging intensively. Degradation processes continue social sphere sat down. The farming sector is developing at a slow pace. Peasant farms, occupying over 11% of the total arable land, produce slightly more than 3.9% of gross agricultural output. More than half of the total volume of agricultural products (51%) is produced in personal subsidiary plots of the population, that is, in the small-scale commodity sector.

The lack of technology remains. At the same time, owing to the lack of effective demand, agricultural engineering is developing poorly. Almost complete destruction of agricultural machinery (over 75% of the park is made up of old machines, which makes modern and high-quality harvesting almost impossible). The average provision with combines and tractors per unit of cultivated area in Russia lags behind the corresponding indicators of Canada and Germany several times, the load on the main types of equipment in Russia is much higher than in these countries. The provision of basic types of agricultural machinery is about 50% of the technologically necessary. The retirement rate of tractors exceeds the renewal rate by 5 times, grain harvesters - 3 times, forage harvesters - 3.5 times.

The analysis carried out by the specialists of the ministry together with the scientists of the Russian Agricultural Academy showed that obsolete technologies are mainly used in agriculture. So, on the example of the use of intensive technology for the production of winter wheat, it can be seen that for the implementation of 16 technological operations out of 474 types of agricultural machines used, only 50% correspond to the world level. This leads to an increase in production costs and a decrease in productivity by 30%, to a low yield of grain crops (18-19 kg / ha). Due to the technological backwardness and insufficient provision of equipment, up to 14% of the grown crop remains in the fields annually, up to 11% is lost due to imperfect technology. For these reasons, the market for domestic producers is shrinking from year to year. Import purchases of food and agricultural raw materials in 2008 increased by 20%, to 21.6% billion dollars.

The agro-industrial complex is playing an increasingly active role in the foreign market. Exports of agricultural products and foodstuffs reached more than $ 5 billion.

3.2. Promising directions for improving crop production in Russia.

Without developed agriculture and improved crop production, positive development of the economy and an increase in the welfare of society is impossible. “How can a production be hopeless, in which an ear of 60-80 grains grows from one grain planted in the ground,” said one respected and wise expert who went from a machine operator to the editor-in-chief of a well-known agricultural publication. This short aphorism contains the essence of all the problems of domestic agriculture - a manufacturer not recognized by the consumer society is unable to develop production in volumes capable of meeting growing needs, and its weakening becomes a "painful point" of the socio - economic society as a whole.

Solving the problem of bringing the agro-industrial complex out of the crisis requires a consistent food policy, which would include a number of main strategic directions:

Stimulating the development of domestic agriculture, which, first of all, will require a certain redistribution of national income in favor of agricultural producers;

Giving the agrarian reform the main target function - production growth;

Making adjustments to social policy, significantly improving the nutritional status of low-income groups of the population.

Each of these problems requires serious measures to be taken. First of all, it is necessary to halt the decline in agricultural production, then a stage of stable development should begin and, finally, consistent growth. This requires, first of all, the establishment of a more favorable price climate for agricultural and the provision of direct government subsidies for the main types of agricultural production. Most agricultural enterprises, due to the rapid decline in production potential, require serious financial support from the state even to reach the equilibrium stage, not to mention consistent development. Agrarian policy should be focused on the sustainability and growth of production, taking into account the danger of its possible decline. At the same time, it is necessary to stimulate all forms of management that ensure the most efficient use of resources and an increase in agricultural production, especially marketable products.

The integration of Russia into the world economy should proceed in such a way that would not destroy the agricultural sector, presenting an internal market for its own producers. Here it is necessary, first of all, to preserve the full sovereign rights of the state in foreign trade and price regulation. The high dependence of the domestic market, for example, on imports of meat, was one of the main reasons for the development of the priority national project "Development of the agro-industrial complex". In 2006, the Interdepartmental working group with the participation of representatives of agricultural science.

The changes that can ensure higher dynamics of development of the economy and social sphere of the village are linked with the adopted Law “On the Development of Agriculture. The Law clearly sets out the essence of the state agrarian policy and defines its goals: increasing the competitiveness of Russian agricultural products and the quality of food products; the formation of an efficiently functioning market for products, raw materials and food, contributing to an increase in the profitability of agricultural producers, including the remuneration of workers employed in agriculture; ensuring sustainable development of rural areas; increasing the employment of the rural population and their standard of living; creating a favorable investment climate and increasing investment in agriculture; preservation and reproduction of natural resources used for the needs of agriculture; monitoring the price indices for agricultural and industrial products used by agricultural producers to maintain price parity. To finance the agro-industrial complex from the budget, the constituent entities of the federations will be provided with subsidies in the manner determined by the government. At the same time, it is legally established that federal budget funds have a designated purpose and cannot be spent on other needs. The "State Program for the Development of Agriculture and Regulation of the Markets of Agricultural Products, Raw Materials and Foodstuffs" was prepared by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation and developed for a period of time for farms, sources of their financial support and mechanisms for the implementation of the measures envisaged. Such a program was approved for the first five years by the government on July 12, 2007. Thus, for the first time, a long-term commitment by the federal government emerged. The program defines five main sections; sustainable development of rural areas; creation of general conditions for the functioning of agriculture; development of priority sectors of agriculture; achieving financial sustainability of agriculture; regulation of the market for agricultural products, raw materials and food. Each section is set out according to the following scheme: goal - objectives - quantifiable target indicators - implementation mechanism, including the composition of participants, allocated financial resources and conditions for their receipt by agricultural producers. The federal target programs previously approved by the Government of the Russian Federation became an integral part of the program: “ Social development villages until 2010 "," Preservation and restoration of soil fertility of agricultural lands and agricultural landscapes as a national treasure of Russia for 2006-2010. " and departmental target programs agreed with the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of the Russian Federation.

Agricultural growth is projected to rise by more than 4%. A revival of the investment process is predicted, which will, in particular, increase the rate of renewal of the main types of agricultural machinery. The energy supply of the industry will increase with a significant increase in the use of resource-saving technologies, which will contribute to the annual involvement of about 350-400 thousand hectares of unused agricultural land in the economic turnover. At the same time, the implementation of the forecast rates of agricultural development for 2010-2012. can prevent the manifestation of systemic risks, which are caused by the impact of negative factors, and existing in the agricultural sector socio - economic problems. The situation may worsen with Russia's accession to the WTO. It should not be forgotten that domestic agricultural producers often compete on domestic market with subsidized imports, primarily from EU countries. If we compare the level of state support in Russia with foreign, then it is one of the lowest among the developed countries.

Along with the economic support of the Russian commodity producer within the framework of the measures permitted by the WTO, it is necessary to abolish the country mechanism of quotas for product imports. In this situation, equal conditions have not yet been created for Russian agriculture in comparison with European and American competitors, which poses a threat to the country's food security. However, upon joining the WTO, certain advantages can be obtained for the agro-industrial complex: opening of new markets for exporters on the basis of the spread of the most favored nation regime in trade and the recognition of the market status of the Russian economy; the possibility of influencing the reduction of subsidized imports from foreign countries; growth in the range of goods and services in the domestic market; improving the country's investment rating; increasing the competitiveness of the national economy.

Conclusion

Finally term paper the final conclusions and proposals arising from the results of the analysis were formulated.

Crop production is developed in Russia mainly in forest-steppe and steppe regions. This branch of agriculture includes the cultivation of grain and leguminous crops, fodder crops, vegetables and melons, potatoes, as well as the cultivation of industrial crops and perennial plantings - orchards and vineyards.

Crop production, as an integral part of the agro-industrial complex, undoubtedly plays an important role in the structure of the national economy. The level of GNP directly depends on the state of crop production.

In modern conditions, the development of crop production in the country is ambiguous. On the one hand, there are positive results. But on the other hand, negative processes remain and continue to develop, which prevail over positive shifts, which in general makes it possible to assess the situation in the industry as difficult, not meeting the tasks of economic development. This put the country in danger of losing food independence.

The main negative trend in agriculture is the reduction of all elements of production potential, both individual enterprises and the industry as a whole. Agriculture is in such a position that the use of one-time measures is no longer enough to get it out of the crisis. We need drastic measures that involve major changes. The agricultural policy should be based on a new system of transformations. The essence of the new policy should be that, despite the need for a rapid increase in production volumes, its initial and main position should be to ensure effective life in the countryside and create conditions for high level and the quality of life of the rural population.

One of the main aspects of transformations in the crop production industry, and in the agro-industrial complex as a whole, is the participation of the state in this process. More effective participation of the state is needed, primarily through direct investment in the agro-industrial complex. But in recent years, such support has been insufficient or absent altogether. The solution of the problems of the agro-industrial complex will be facilitated by the unification of efforts of the central authorities and regions. Specifically, this should be expressed in the creation of a fund for the development of the agro-industrial complex at the expense of the federal and local budgets, as well as deductions of funds from business structures from the profit in the amount determined by the regional administration.

An important direction of the transformations is the renewal and effective use of the material, technical and technological basis of production. In a difficult financial situation, the most acceptable instrument is leasing, which, despite all the advantages, develops slowly.

There can be no stereotyped approach in carrying out transformations in the agro-industrial complex. Each region has its own characteristics that should be taken into account. An analysis of the situation showed that the gross grain harvest in the Russian Federation in 2009 decreased, even despite the increase in acreage, the average annual grain yield also lags far behind developed countries, which indicates a technological lag, and we also observe a decrease in the share of the Russian Federation in world trade. ... All this is directly related to unfavorable climatic conditions in recent years, despite this, it can be concluded that the industry is in a deplorable state.

The role of the state is to improve the efficiency of the industry and the socio-economic development of territories based on the complex interaction of agricultural organizations, investors and agro-industrial complex governing bodies.

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Plant growing

1) one of the main branches of agriculture, mainly engaged in the cultivation of cultivated plants for the production of crop products. Provides the population with food, animal husbandry - with feed, many industries (food, feed, textile, pharmaceutical, perfumery, etc.) - with raw materials of vegetable origin. Closely related to Livestock raising, the m. R. includes: Vegetable growing, Fruit growing, Viticulture, Meadow growing, Forestry, Floriculture . On the dynamics and structure of the sown areas of agricultural crops in the USSR and abroad, gross agricultural production, and grain production, see Agriculture, Grain farming.

2) The science of cultivated plants and methods of their cultivation in order to obtain high yields of the best quality with the least labor and cost (private farming). R. as an academic discipline is identified with field cultivation. R. is included in the complex of agronomic sciences. Closely related to soil science, general agriculture, breeding (see breeding) plants, s.-kh. meteorology, physiology, biochemistry, plant genetics, agricultural microbiology, agrophysics, agrochemistry.

The main object of R.'s research is s.-kh. plant (species, variety, variety, hybrid), its biology, environmental requirements - agroecological conditions. About 1000 species of plants (without medicinal and ornamental) are cultivated in the world, about 400 species and about 5000 varieties and hybrids are cultivated in the USSR. R. studies the biological characteristics of individual crops: the duration of the growing season with.-kh. plants; growth and development rhythms; successive phases of vegetation and morphogenesis; the dynamics of the development of the root system and the assimilation surface, the accumulation of dry matter, the formation of economically useful organs and parts of the plant; metabolism; water and food regimes; winter hardiness, frost resistance, drought resistance, salt tolerance, etc. In the study of the ecological characteristics of agricultural. cultures R. determines the relationship between agricultural. plants and environmental conditions by assessing climatic and soil factors of agricultural production. district. Analysis of biological and ecological characteristics of cultivated crops, soil-climatic and production conditions of agricultural districts is necessary for the zoning of species, varieties, and hybrids of agricultural crops. plants, which is based on the data of the State Commission for Variety Testing of Agricultural crops and the results of production tests, as well as for the development of rational technology for plant cultivation. Cultivation technology with.-kh. crops include the following basic techniques: selection of a variety (hybrids) that has the most valuable biological and economic properties in local soil and climatic conditions; selection of the best predecessors in crop rotation; soil cultivation and fertilization systems; preparation of seeds for sowing; sowing (timing, seeding rate, seeding depth, sowing method); crop care (tillage, feeding, destruction of weeds, protection of plants from pests and diseases); harvesting. Rational technology of cultivation of agricultural products. crops must correspond to the soil and climatic conditions of the zone, agricultural. district, farm, crop rotation field; biological characteristics of cultivated crops, varieties, varieties; production (economic) resources of the collective farm or state farm. In research on R., field, vegetative and laboratory methods are used.

The main tasks of R.: development and improvement of the technology of cultivation of varieties of intensive type (capable of the most productive use of soil fertility, responsive to high doses of fertilizers and irrigation, resistant to lodging, pests and diseases, adapted to mechanized cultivation, with high product quality); work on the study of plant resistance to drought, low and high temperatures, soil salinization; development and implementation of integrated systems for protecting plants from diseases and pests; creation of the most effective forms of fertilizers; land reclamation; further study of the physiological, biochemical and genetic foundations of immunity; improving the methods of programming high yields; development of highly mechanized methods of cultivation of agricultural products. cultures.

History of crop production closely connected with the development of natural science, agriculture and agronomy (see Agronomy). The earliest records of agriculture can apparently be considered the rudiments of agriculture as a science. In ancient Rome, such works include "Agriculture" by Cato the Elder (234-149 BC), 3 books "On Agriculture" by Varro (116-27 BC), "Natural History in 37 Books "by Pliny the Elder (23-79 AD), 12 books" On Agriculture "by Columella (1st century). In these works, for the first time, the need to differentiate agrotechnical methods was emphasized, depending on the natural conditions and characteristics of the plant. In the Middle Ages (in the era of feudalism), stagnation in the development of natural and agricultural crops was observed everywhere. sciences. With the emergence of capitalism, in connection with the rapidly growing needs of the urban population for food, industry in agriculture. raw materials, favorable conditions were created for the development of natural science and, on its basis, agricultural. sciences, including R. The works of the Swiss botanist J. Senebier, the French scientist J. Boussingot, the German chemist J. Liebig, and the German agrochemist G. Gelrigel, and others, who developed the theoretical foundations of plant nutrition, were of great importance for the scientific foundations of R. In the field of breeding, an important role was played by the works of the founder of genetics, the Czech naturalist G. Mendel, the Vilmorin family of French breeders, and the American Darwinist breeder L. Burbank.

In Russia, the development of scientific R. is associated with the names of M. V. Lomonosov, I. M. Komov, A. T. Bolotov, A. V. Sovetov, A. N. Engelhardt, D. I. Mendeleev, I. A. Stebut , V.V.Dokuchaev, P.A.Kostychev and many other scientists. IA Stebut headed the first department of R. and was the author of the first training course on R. In Sov. For some time, K.A. Timiryazev continued his scientific work on R. D. N. Pryanishnikov significantly expanded the scientific understanding of the problems of agriculture and made an enormous contribution to the theory of plant nutrition and the chemicalization of agriculture; his works "The Study of Fertilizers" and "Private Agriculture" were reprinted many times and played a big role in the training of many generations of agronomists in Russia and foreign countries. Outstanding work on the introduction of agricultural products. plants, the creation of a world collection of cultivated plants belong to N.I. Vavilov.

Crop production in the USSR. The rapid intensification of agricultural production has created favorable conditions for the development of research in agriculture and the introduction of advanced agricultural technology. cultures. On the basis of scientific data and the experience of advanced farms, recommendations were developed for the introduction and development of crop rotation in relation to soil and climatic conditions and cultivated crops, the degree of efficiency of fertilizers was established, the optimal doses, methods and timing of their application for different crops and varieties in the main soil and climatic zones of the country and recommendations for their use were given, complex fertilizers with an optimal combination of nutrients for various agricultural crops were introduced. crops and varieties. Under the guidance of breeders P. P. Lukyanenko, V. N. Remeslo, V. S. Pustovoit, F. G. Kirichenko, V. N. Mamontova, and others, new and improved varieties of grain crops have been created. Forms of wheat of hybrid origin have been developed as a result of crossing wheat with wheatgrass (N.V. Tsitsin), and rye with wheat (V.E. Pisarev). High-lysine hybrids of corn (MI Khadzhinov, G.S. Galeev, BP Sokolov) and varieties of barley (PF Garkavyi), varieties of single-seeded sugar beet and polyhybrids of this crop, varieties of cotton that are resistant to wilt, have been obtained. Potato scientists are introducing agricultural techniques into production that increase the starch content of potatoes. High-yielding potato varieties created by A.G. Lorkh, I.A. Vegetable varieties have been created for the Far North, deserts and semi-deserts, for cultivation in hotbeds and greenhouses. Using Michurin's breeding methods, gardeners have developed many valuable varieties of fruit, berry crops and grapes for various natural zones of the USSR. The studies of plant immunity to diseases and damage by insects, begun by NI Vavilov, are being successfully carried out (MS Dunin, PM Zhukovskii, and others). Sunflower varieties have been developed that are resistant against moths and broomrape, potatoes - against phytophthora and cancer, fiber flax - against rust, etc. Along with the creation of agricultural varieties. crops of intensive type, much attention is paid to the development of agrotechnical methods that contribute to a fuller realization of the potential of new varieties and the maximum use of soil fertility.

Scientific institutions and the press. R.'s problems are developed by agricultural workers. scientific institutions and universities. In addition, many institutes of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and the Union republics, research institutes of the Ministry of the Food Industry, the State Committee for Forestry, the State Committee for Procurement, the Ministry of Health of the USSR, the Ministry of the Chemical Industry of the USSR, and the Ministry of Land Reclamation and Water Management. Evaluation of new varieties of agricultural products. crops and the development of individual methods of varietal agricultural technology are engaged in variety testing plots. The largest research institution in the USSR for R. - VIR - All-Union Institute of Plant Industry named after V.I. N.I. Vavilov (see). The general coordination of scientific, methodological and research work in the field of R. is carried out by the VASKhNIL. Scientific work in the field of R. is also carried out by scientific societies (for example, botanical, soil scientists, entomological, geneticists and plant breeders named after N.I. Vavilov, and nature conservation). Scientific and technical information, which is organized by the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Information and Technical and Economic Research in Agriculture, is of great importance in the development of agriculture.

Scientific and practical work on R. is published in the agricultural sector. journals: "Agriculture" (from 1939), "Bulletin of Agricultural Science" (from 1956), "Chemistry in Agriculture" (from 1963), "Agrochemistry" (from 1964), "Agricultural Biology" (from 1966), "Agricultural Farming Abroad ”- the series“ Plant Growing ”(since 1955),“ International Agricultural Journal ”(since 1957), and many others. Problems of agriculture are covered in scientific works of research institutes, experimental stations, and universities. Plant breeders of the USSR take an active part in the work of many international organizations and societies. The USSR is a member of the European Scientific Association for Plant Breeding, the European Federation of Meadows, the International Scientific Society for Horticulture and Vegetable Growing, the International Association for Seed Quality Control, and the European and Central Asian Plant Protection Organizations. Symposia and scientific and methodological meetings are held on many issues of R.

Crop production abroad. The greatest achievement of foreign R. is the cultivation of dwarf varieties of spring wheat (Mexico, India, the USA, and Pakistan) and rice (Japan), which have a strong short stem and large ears (whisk), which are high-yielding when irrigated and high doses of mineral fertilizers. Much attention is paid to theoretical studies of the formation of high and stable yields, in particular, the problems of increasing the photosynthetic productivity of crops. Genetic methods are being developed for breeding varieties that are resistant to increased acidity of the soil solution, soil salinization, and drought (Canada). The methods of regulation of growth, development and fruit formation in plants with the help of physiologically active substances are being studied (USA, Great Britain, Germany, Japan, etc.); additional irrigation in areas of sufficient moisture, multipurpose use of sprinkler systems - for applying fertilizers, plant protection products, reducing high air temperatures (GDR, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Scandinavian countries, France); minimum tillage and soil protection from erosion; increasing the productivity of natural and cultural pastures, etc. Leading research institutions for farming abroad: the center for agronomic research (Versailles, France); Crop Research Institute (Ottawa, Canada); Research Institute of Plant and Seed Production (Braunschweig-Volkenrode, Germany); National Agricultural Research Institute (Tokyo, Japan); Institute of Agriculture (Novi Sad, Yugoslavia); Research Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking (Pleven, Bulgaria), Wheat and Sunflower (Tolbukhin, Bulgaria); research institute of agriculture and plant growing (Müncheberg, East Germany), and others. Scientific works on agriculture are published in periodicals: "Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England" (L., since 1810), "Journal of Agricultural Science" ( Camb., From 1905), "Crop Science" (Madison, from 1961) and many others.

Lit .: Timiryazev K.A., Agriculture and plant physiology, Izbr. cit., t. 1, M., 1957; Pryanishnikov D.N., Private agriculture, 8th ed., M. - L., 1931; Zhukovsky P. M., Cultural plants and their relatives, 3rd ed., L., 1971; Kornilov AA, Biological bases of high yields of grain crops, M., 1968; Plant growing, 3rd ed., M., 1971.

N.I. Volodarsky.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M .: Soviet encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

See what "Crop" is in other dictionaries:

Crop production ... Spelling dictionary-reference

A branch of agriculture involved in the cultivation of crops. Crop production includes field cultivation, vegetable growing, horticulture, viticulture, fodder production, forestry. See also: Crop production Growing ... ... Financial vocabulary

CROP, crop production, many others. no, cf. (specialist.). 1. Breeding of cultivated agricultural plants. 2. Science of cultivation of cultivated agricultural plants and their care. Crop production is divided into field cultivation, ... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

CROP, 1) the cultivation of agricultural plants for the production of grain, vegetables, fruits, feed for animal husbandry, and other plant products; branch of agriculture. Includes field cultivation, vegetable growing, fruit growing, ... ... Modern encyclopedia

1) the branch of agriculture; cultivation of cultivated plants (agricultural crops) to provide the population with food, livestock feed, many industries with raw materials. Includes: field cultivation (main industry) ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

CROP, eh, cf. The science of cultivation of cultivated agricultural plants, as well as such breeding itself. | adj. plant growing, oh, oh. Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

One of the main industries with. a household engaged in the cultivation of cultivated plants. Cereals occupy 1/2 of the total cultivated area in the world. World cereal production reached 1.9 billion tons per hectare. Main crops of grain farming ... ... Geographical encyclopedia

Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation

Department of Personnel Policy and Education

Volgograd State Agricultural Academy

Department of Crop and Forage Production

Volgograd - 2005

1. Development of seed science, achievements, tasks ……………… .. 3

2. Crop production as a science ……………………… .. ……………… .. …… 5

3. Intensive technology of growing soybeans. Achievements

leaders …………………………………………………………… 10

4. Influence of agricultural techniques on sowing and yielding

seed quality …………………………………………………………… 15

List of used literature …………………………………… 19

1. Development of seed science, achievements, tasks.

As a science of seeds, seed science arose in the 70s of the last century, when the branch of botany, which studied seeds as the reproductive organs of plants, emerged as an independent department of plant growing - agricultural seed science, which studies seeds as sowing material. Due to the fact that seeds are not only one of the main means of agricultural production, but also an object of trade, there is a need for a deeper study of the quality of seeds, their assessment as a seed, and the development of methods of analysis. This is how seed control was created - a section of seed science.

The struggle for the quality of seeds, based on their scientific analysis, began with the establishment of control and seed stations. The world's first seed control station appeared in 1869 in Germany. In Russia, the first seed quality control stations were established in St. Petersburg in 1877 and in Moscow in 1881. In total, there were about 50 seed control institutions in pre-revolutionary Russia.

Seed science is the science of seeds, which studies the life of seeds from the moment of fertilization of an egg on a mother plant to the formation of a new independent plant from them, i.e. before the transition of a young plant from heterotrophic nutrition to autotrophic nutrition. Seed science deals with the study of ecology, i.e. the conditions in which seeds are formed (their effect on the quality of seeds), morphology (structure and formation), biology (the process of seed formation), physiology and biochemistry ( chemical composition and processes in seeds), and also monitors the sowing quality of seeds. More than 300 research institutes, experimental stations and higher educational institutions carry out this extensive program of seed research. For production purposes, sowing quality is annually monitored by about 3.5 thousand district and regional state and seed inspections.

The study of the course of plant growing begins with the section of seed science and seed control, i.e. from the study of seeds of agricultural plants, since they are the starting material for the cultivation and harvest of agricultural crops.

Seeds prepared for sowing must have the appropriate varietal and sowing qualities, as well as high yielding properties. In terms of varietal qualities, seeds must meet the requirements of varietal purity, typicality and reproduction, as well as not exceed the existing standards for the degree of weediness and infection with diseases. Sowing qualities - a set of properties of seeds that characterize the degree of their suitability for sowing (purity, germination energy and germination capacity, growth force and vitality, absence of diseases and pests). The productive properties of seeds mean their ability to produce a crop, the value of which is determined by heredity, modification variability arising under the influence of growing conditions. Different seeds of the same genotype (variety) under the same agrotechnical cultivation conditions can give a different yield. The yielding properties of seeds are manifested through the plants grown from them, which form a particular crop. Seeds with high varietal and sowing qualities, with good agricultural technology, provide a high and high-quality harvest.

2. Crop production as a science

Crop production is the science of cultivated plants and their cultivation. If we consider crop production from the production point of view, then this is the doctrine of the technically perfect and profitable growing of the maximum yields of agricultural products with its high quality. Scientific plant growing is based on the principles of modern biological science, which studies the features of plant development, their requirements for environmental conditions. Without a deep knowledge of plant biology, it is impossible to develop the correct agricultural technology, new technology. The data of many related disciplines are widely used in plant growing - selection, soil science, agrochemistry, plant physiology, agriculture, microbiology, chemistry, physics, mechanization, economics, etc.

Like any scientific discipline, crop production has its own objects of study (field crops), tasks and research methods. The tasks of crop production: the study of the patterns of crop formation, the identification of reserves for increasing the production of field products, the development of the theory and technology for obtaining the highest yields and the best quality at the lowest labor and cost. Plants cultivated in field culture differ in life expectancy, response to day length, type of development and nature of growth, method of pollination, length of the growing season, and other characteristics.

According to their lifespan, plants are divided into annuals, biennials and perennials (3 years or more), and according to the reaction to the length of the day (photoperiodism) - into plants of a short day and plants of a long day. In plants of a short day (millet, corn, soybeans, sunflowers, etc.), accelerated ripening is noted with a short day (10 hours), and in plants of a long day (wheat, oats, peas, flax, etc.) - with a long day. (14-16 hours). There are also photoperiodic neutral plants (common beans, chickpeas, buckwheat, etc.).

According to the method of pollination, plants are divided into self-pollinating (wheat, barley, peas, etc.) and cross-pollinating (rye, corn, buckwheat, alfalfa, etc.). In the latter, pollen is carried either by insects (entomophiles) or by wind (anemophiles).

Plants also differ in the duration of flowering. There are plants with a short flowering period and amicable ripening (euchronous) and with a long flowering and ripening period (achronous). This property is due to the characteristics of growth. In plants of the first group (wheat, sunflower, flax, etc.), inflorescences are formed as a result of differentiation of the point of growth of the stem; after flowering, growth stops. In plants of the second group (buckwheat, peas, sugar beets, melons, etc.), inflorescences are formed in the leaf axils, and the growth point of the stem can form vegetative and generative organs until the end of the growing season (before the onset of drought or frost).

According to the duration of the growing season, annual field crops are divided into plants with a short growing season - 60-80 days (peas, barley, buckwheat, etc.), with an average - 90-110 (oats, spring wheat, flax, mustard, etc.) and long - 120-140 days (sugar beet, corn, rice, cotton, etc.). The growing season for winter crops lasts from 280 to 340 days. Climatic and weather conditions, characteristics of the variety and other factors have a great influence on the duration of the growing season.

Vegetation period plants proceeds from the beginning of the emergence of seedlings to the full ripeness of new seeds; ontogenesis starts from the formation of a zygote and ends with the natural death of the plant; phylogenesis - evolutionary changes in all aspects of ontogenesis occurring during the transition from ancestors to descendants.

Field crops differ in agrotechnical methods. For example, according to the sowing method: ordinary ordinary (15 cm), narrow-row (7.5 cm), tape, dotted, wide-row, nesting, etc.; by sowing dates: early spring, late spring, summer, summer-autumn; by the depth of sowing seeds (cm): 1 - 2, 4 - 6, 8 - 10 and more; according to seeding rates and other methods.

Crop production has certain research methods, which are based on the method of cognition - materialistic dialectics.

The criterion for the value of any experiment carried out under precisely taken into account conditions is the degree of reliability of the results, the possibility of their repetition and generalization, applicability in practice and economic efficiency.

In plant growing, the following research methods are used: field, vegetation and laboratory. The main research method was and remains field experience, having various forms and types depending on the tasks. This method allows you to solve many practical issues of agricultural technology related to soil cultivation, the use of fertilizers, methods, timing of sowing and caring for crops, assessing predecessors, crop rotations, etc., determining the effectiveness of complexes and individual agricultural techniques, as well as the selection of the best varieties ... Research is carried out both in scientific institutions and directly in collective or state farms. To obtain reliable results, field experiments are laid on plots with leveled fertility, they are carried out on plots ranging in size from 10-25 to 100 m2 with 4-6 repetitions.

The field method has independent significance as a synthetic method with elements of analysis. Its varieties are mass and geographical experiments, laid down simultaneously at many points according to unified schemes and methods, allowing for the generalization of the results. According to this principle, a network of state variety testing plots is built, located on collective or state farms, geographical experiments are carried out to study new crops, the effectiveness of fertilizers, etc.

For a preliminary study of issues, the solution of which on large areas is difficult or associated with risk, organize the so-called laboratory-field experiences. They are carried out on small plots with low replication.

In crop research, the field method must be combined with other methods, which allows a deeper study of the methods of managing the development of plants, to reveal the causes and interrelationships of their development processes on the basis of the laws of materialistic dialectics.

Widely used in crop production vegetativeexperience-analytical method laboratory type with elements of synthesis. Plants in the growing experiment are grown in special rooms (growing houses, greenhouses, etc.), in vessels filled with soil, sand or salt solution (water crops). Using this method, many biological, physiological and agrochemical issues are solved, in particular, concerning the development and nutrition of plants, their relationship to growth factors, etc. The value of the vegetative method lies in the ability to trace the action of individual, to a certain extent isolated factors, while eliminating the influence of other factors.

To study the action of environmental factors (light, heat, humidity, mineral nutrition), various biochemical and physiological processes, as well as for genetic and breeding studies, artificial climate chambers (phytotrons) are used, where the studied modes are automatically taken into account and regulated.

Often, for a correct explanation of the results of field experiments, additional information is needed, for example, about the degree of soil fertility, the relationship of the plant with the environment, the structure of the crop, the features of the development of the root system and the quality of plant products (sugar, fat, proteins, fiber, etc. .). In such cases, various laboratory methods research.

Increasingly important for crop production is acquiring tagged atom method, allowing to study many complex physiological processes in plants.

The final link in various studies carried out by field and other methods in scientific institutions, proproduction experience- an important synthetic method for studying crop production issues in specific conditions of agricultural production, when it is possible to give a complete and comprehensive practical assessment of varieties, agricultural technology systems and individual techniques, and most importantly, to identify their economic efficiency (a new system of soil cultivation and fertilization in crop rotation, integrated agricultural technology, some new methods of agricultural technology, varieties, etc.). Production experiments are carried out on large areas (1--2 hectares or more) with double replication.

3. Intensive soybean growing technology. Achievements

leaders

Soy belongs to the genus Glycine (glycine), which combines a wild and cultivated species. In practice, it is grown Glycine hispida (glycine hispida) - cultivated soybean, herbaceous plant, annual, spring, short day.

Seeds vary in shape from oval-flat to spherical, oval prevail. The color is yellow (main), green, brown, black. In some years, due to pigmentation, light brown, brown and black spots of various sizes and shapes may appear. Thickness up to 7, width up to 8 and length up to 11 mm. The mass of 1000 seeds ranges from 90 to 300 g (depending on growing conditions and varietal characteristics), but more often within 110-180 g. there is no chalaza. Under the skin there are two cotyledons, a root and a kidney.

When germinating, the seeds absorb up to 140% moisture for absolutely dry mass, swelling duration up to 50 hours. The initial germination temperature is +6 ... + 8 ° С and the optimal temperature is +24 ... + 30 ° С.

Soybean growing technology

Soybeans are placed in fields with a good moisture reserve in the soil - after winter and spring crops, as well as after corn for silage and green fodder. The predecessors that strongly dry out the soil (sunflower, beet, corn for grain, sorghum) are not suitable for moisture-loving soybeans. It should not be placed after | legumes and legumes, which have many common pests and diseases with soybeans. Return to its original place no earlier than in 2-3 years.

In the structure of sown areas, the optimum saturation of the crop rotation with soybeans is about 30-35%. With a higher saturation, its harvest | decrease sharply, mainly due to weed contamination.

Selection of varieties. The zoned varieties of soybeans are divided into three groups according to their economic value: grain, fodder and universal. Grain varieties give high yields of grain, are early enough, resistant to lodging, have such an attachment of the lower beans so that mechanized harvesting can be carried out. Forage varieties are distinguished by delicate leaves, soft stems, which determines their good eatability. As a rule, they give a low grain yield. Versatile varieties provide a high yield of grain and green mass.

By international classification all soybean varieties are divided into 10 maturation groups - from 00 to VIII (00, 0, I , II, III, etc.).

Thus, it is recommended to grow at least two varieties on the farm, taking into account: the duration of the growing season, productive capabilities, resistance to lodging, diseases, pests, cracking of beans, the height of the beans, the degree of damage to seeds during harvesting and other factors.

To obtain consistently high yields of soybeans, it is necessary to have precipitation of at least 200 mm and the absence of dry winds in summer. period. There are practically no zones with such requirements in the Rostov region. However, in a number of zones: Azov, southern and central, where 200 - 280 mm falls during the summer, it is possible to grow early and mid-season varieties and plan the yield at the level of 14 - 15 kg / ha. For the formation of 1 centner of seeds and the corresponding amount of straw, soybeans take out 7.7 - 10.0 kg of nitrogen from the soil; 1.7 - 4.0 phosphorus and 3.2 - 4.0 potassium, which is significantly more than other crops.

Placing soybeans after fertilized precursors with more than 15 mg of available forms of phosphorus and potassium per 100 g of soil contributes to a yield of 14-15 kg / ha or more without fertilizing in all these growing zones. With an average level of nitrogen and phosphorus content in the soil, it is recommended to apply ammophos in a row at sowing (40-50 kg / ha). At a low level, fractional application is practiced: in the fall for plowing phosphorus fertilizers at 60 kg / ha a.i., in spring when sowing nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers N20P20 and in summer for top dressing nitrogen fertilizers at a dose of 30-40 kg / ha a.i. during the branching period, if by this time nodules have not formed on the roots.

Seed preparation for sowing. For sowing, conditional seeds are used, which have undergone three operations:

Calibration (a large 7.0-7.5 mm and an average 6.5-7.0 mm fraction are isolated for sowing);

Etching (benlate and basezol, 3 kg / t each, are safe for nodule bacteria);

Nitragynization is carried out on the day of sowing. This is an obligatory method, since soybeans are recently cultivated and there are few spontaneous forms of root nodule bacteria in the soil.

Basic and pre-sowing tillage. After spike predecessors and in the presence of root-sprouting weeds, layer-by-layer soil cultivation is used: peeling BDT-7 to a depth of 10-12 cm, after the growth of rosettes of weeds, the introduction of 2.4 D (3 kg / ha a.i.) and after 15-20 days deep plowing PTK-9-35.

On fields infested with annual weeds, an improved system (two pre-till and late plowing) or conventional fall tillage (stubble plowing and plowing to a depth of 25 cm) is used.

In the spring, with the onset of physical ripeness of the soil, harrowing is performed with trailing across or at an angle to the direction of plowing (BZSS-1.0 + ShB-2.5). Then one or two cultivations are carried out, depending on the degree of contamination of the field (KPS-4 + BZSS-1.0): the first to a depth of 6-8 cm, pre-sowing - by 4-6 cm.

Term , method, seeding rate and seeding depth . The main indicator of the onset of sowing is the warming up of the sowing layer to the minimum temperature for seed germination (6-7 ° C). Earlier sowing leads to damage to seeds by diseases, and therefore seedlings are uncooked and thinned out. Late sowing leads to a decrease in the flowering - fruit formation period, which leads to a decrease in yield.

Soybeans are sown in various ways, but the most common are the following:

wide-row, with row spacing of 45, 60 and 70 cm, while using corn SUPN-8, SKPP-12 or beetroot
SST-12V seeders;

belt two- or three-line (60x15 or 45x15) vegetable seeders SKON-4.2 or SO-4.2;

private with 15 cm row spacing in weed-free fields
grain seeders SZP-3.6.

The seeding rate is calculated in such a way that for harvesting wide-row and band crops for early ripening, early and medium unripe varieties, it was about 0.45-0.50; 0.45-0.35 and 0.30-0.25 million / ha of plants, and with row sowing it is 10-15% higher.

The sowing depth of soybean seeds, which brings the cotyledons to the soil surface, is small, 3-4 cm.It is important to put the seeds in a heated moist soil layer, for which it is necessary to increase the sowing depth to 5-6 cm.In practice, the sowing depth (6 cm) is determined , multiplying the seed diameter by 10. Sowing to a depth of more than 6 cm leads to a thinning of crops, since some of the seeds rot and do not germinate.

Crop care begins with pre-emergence harrowing (within one to three days after sowing) with light harrows ZOR-0.7 to a depth of 2-3 cm, so as not to affect the sown seeds.

In the phase of one to three true leaves, emergent harrowing is carried out (ZOR-0.7 or BZSS-1.0).

Inter-row cultivation (2-3) is needed when weeds appear massively (45 cm between rows are treated with USMK-5.4, and 60 and 70 cm between rows are treated with KRN-4.2) to a depth of 6-8 cm, leaving a protective zone of 8-10 cm.

Combine mechanical and chemical treatments in case of heavy contamination of fields:

b before sowing, add soil herbicides (lasso 6.2 l / ha, prometrine 3-5 kg ​​/ ha);

b for vegetative plants (phase 1-5th leaf), basagran 1.5-3 is recommended; fuselade super 2-4 l / ha.

As the threshold of economic harmfulness is reached, soybeans are processed:

Against caterpillars of moths (alfalfa, steelhead), meadow moth, weevil, acacia moth, soybean moth, aphids, striped flea beetles - phosphomide 0.5-1 l / ha, karbofos 0.6-1.0 l / ha, fazolon 3 l / g;

Against ticks - karate 0.6-1.0 l / ha, zolone 3 l / ha.

When spots appear on the leaves of soybeans: a bacterial burn, downy mildew, septoria, mosaic, they are sprayed with benlate or foundationol at 3 kg / ha.

Harvesting Soybeans are almost universally harvested in a single-phase method with combine harvesters in the phase of full ripeness, when leaves fall from the plants, the beans turn brown, and the moisture content of the seeds will be 13-16%. When shaken, such plants "thunder". Ripe beans have not yet cracked, so the seeds dry out better on the root than in the rolls.

In wet weather, it is advisable to accelerate the maturation of soybeans by desiccation. It is carried out at a seed moisture content of 40-50%. Sowing is sprayed with a solution of magnesium chloride (20-30 kg / ha) or super reglon (2-3 l / ha). Cleaning is carried out 7-10 days after desiccation.

4. Influence of agricultural techniques on sowing and yielding

seed quality

The purpose of specialized seed-growing farms, brigades and departments of large collective and state farms in industrial seed production is to obtain not only high-yielding seeds, but also maximum yields per unit area. Plants form high yields and quality seeds only under favorable growing conditions. Therefore, the role of both integrated agricultural technology and agricultural culture as a whole and each agrotechnical method (the choice of predecessors, the timing and methods of sowing, the seeding rate, the fertilization system, the timing and methods of harvesting, etc.) is important when growing seeds of grain crops in seed crop rotations. ...

Seeds with high-yielding properties are not always formed with a high yield. This is due to the unequal influence of one or another agricultural technique on the size of the yield and the productive properties of seeds. Direct action As a rule, a positive agricultural method on yield is higher than its effect on the yield properties of seeds, manifested in the yield of the first generation. The size of the yield depends on the optimal ratio of the number of plants per 1 hectare and the productivity of each plant, and the fruitful advantages of seeds are determined by their size and evenness, germination energy and germination, growth strength, protein content, and disease resistance.

Taking into account the foregoing, it is necessary to develop special seed-growing agricultural technology, which, in relation to the biological characteristics and requirements of various varieties and hybrids, should be developed. best conditions for the development of each plant separately and the cultivation of high-yielding seeds.

Seed crops should be placed according to the best predecessors, providing favorable conditions for the development and maturation of plants, as well as excluding the possibility of their species and varietal contamination.

For winter crops, the best predecessors in seed crop rotations are black fallow, fallow fallow, cereal legumes and perennial legumes; for spring crops - grain legumes and row crops, perennial and one-year-old grasses, in a number of arid regions - black fallow.

Seeding rates and sowing methods regulate the density of plants, which, in turn, affects the development of plants, their bushiness and branching, productivity and seed size. As the seeding rate increases (up to a certain limit), the bushiness and productivity of one plant decrease, the weight of 1000 seeds also decreases slightly, while the yield increases. In this case, the grain yield is created mainly due to the central stems, and the grain is more even.

On sparse crops (wide-row, ribbon) bunching intensifies, shoots of the second and subsequent orders appear, which are inferior in productivity (grain size and mass of 1000 seeds) to the central stems. However, in spite of the appearance of a spike through the grain of the spike, the variability and the fragility of the seeds, the overall productivity of one plant increases.

The use of optimal seeding rates provides favorable conditions for the formation of high-quality seeds and obtaining high harvest... The seeding rates for seed crops should be equal to the rates established in this zone for commercial crops, or lower by 10-15%. Wide-row sowing is used if it is necessary to accelerate the multiplication of seeds of a deficient variety.

Sowing timing also significantly affects the quality of the seeds. The timing is set taking into account the biological characteristics of field crops and environmental factors of each zone: the time of sowing winter crops should provide favorable conditions for their autumn development and preparation for over-wintering; for early spring crops, the most preferable, perhaps, is the early sowing period - when the sowing maturity of the soil begins; for late spring crops - when the temperature of the sowing layer of the soil is optimal for each crop and when the danger of a return of cold weather has passed.

For commercial crops of winter crops, the sowing time is 10-15 days. It is necessary to sow these crops for seeds in a short time and in the most favorable conditions.

Rational use of fertilizers, in which plants are fully provided with all nutrients in their best combination, guarantees the formation of high-quality seeds. Practice has shown that nitrogen fertilizers, providing an increase in the overall yield, do not contribute to the formation of high-yielding seeds (the mass of 1000 seeds decreases, the proportion of shriveled seeds increases, and the growth force decreases). Phosphorus fertilizers have a positive effect on seed productivity, as well as on the sowing quality and yield properties of seeds, increase the resistance of plants to unfavorable factors, and accelerate seed ripening. Potassium fertilizers increase the resistance of plants to lodging, contribute to the formation of starch in the seeds and improve their sowing qualities.

Microfertilizers (boron, manganese, copper, zinc, etc.) also affect the yield and quality of seeds. They increase the general physiological activity and resistance of plants to diseases.

The method of harvesting seed crops depends on the biological state of plants and grain: for example, separate harvesting is carried out in the phase of waxy ripeness with a grain moisture of 35-20%, and direct combining - in a phase of full ripeness with a grain moisture of 18- -14%. Seed crops must be harvested in a short time - within 6-8 days. Cleaning during such a period, with a skillful combination of two methods of its implementation, will take place in favorable conditions. To reduce the time of harvesting and to prevent clogging of seeds in semkhozes, it is advisable to single out specialized harvesting units for crops and varieties.

Delay in picking and threshing windrows, harvesting overripe grain greatly reduce the quality of seeds and are accompanied by large losses in yield. When harvesting unevenly ripening cereals and grain legumes, good results are provided by double threshing, in which in the first phase, with a soft threshing mode, 60-70% of non-injured seeds, more valuable for sowing purposes, are released.

Mechanical damage negatively affects the quality of the seeds. The grain of different crops is damaged to varying degrees during harvesting and processing. The nature and degree of mechanical damage to the grain depends on its moisture content: dry seeds are crushed during threshing, and wet ones receive microdamages, which reduce their germination.

List of used literature 1. "Crop production". Tutorial... Ed. V. A. Alabusheva. - Rostov-on-Don. Publishing Center "Mart", 2001. - 384p. 2. "Plant growing", G. V. Korenev, V. A. Fedotov, A. F. Popov and others; Ed. G. V. Koreneva - M .: Kolos, 1999 .-- 368 p. 3. "Plant growing with the basics of selection and seed production", G. V. Korenev, P. I. Podgorny, S. N. Shcherbak; Ed. G.V. Koreneva. - 3rd ed. revised and add. - M .: Agropromizdat, 1990 .-- 575s.