One of the possible violations nervous system is dysfunction. This pathology is a rather dangerous impairment, which is characterized by the presence of neurophelical disorders. Pathology arises due to a minor defeat of the CNS of man.

At the first suspicions of a doctor-therapist on a violation of the CNS, the patient is redirected to a neurologist. The task of this specialist includes:

• Detection of various pathologies in the head and spinal cord
• Detection of damage to the peripheral nervous system
• Installation and compilation of a plan for further patient treatment

Depending on which the brain structure department was affected by 3 types of brain structure dysfunction:

• Diesefali. They are responsible for our dream, appetite, body temperature, metabolic processes
• Stem. Regulate the main life processes of the human body, namely, breathing, appetite and muscle tone
• Middle. Responsible for the vegetative processes of the nervous system and emotions

This condition is characterized by the damage to the intermediate brain department. This includes thalamic disorders and various neuroendocrine syndromes that are manifested as:

• Falling sensitivity in the facial area and torso
• Reducing the painful threshold with gradual development of sharp thalamic pain
• Intentive tremor, which is detected using a standard polenaya sample
• Cappy Floodiness and Laughter
• A large number of endocrine disorders (sowing hyperthermia), whose character depends on the localization of focal lesion

Dysfunction of the diancephal structures of the brain refers to the most common types of neurological diseases. One of the most frequent forms of dysfunction of structures is a vegetary-republicist dystonia, which is found in 30% of the population and of which most of the sick - women. It was found that the frequency of the occurrence of dysfunction increases during reinforced disability.

To date, in order to treat this pathology, methods of conservative and drug impact are used, as well as methods of physiotherapy, radiotherapy and a special diet. Drug therapy is directed mainly to a decrease in the symptomatic picture and normalization of the functional indicators of the brain structures.

Stem dysfunction and its diagnosis

Dysfunction of brain stem structures is a greater danger to the patient's life. The brain barrel includes the vital circulatory centers and respiration. Therefore, its dysfunction can lead to such a manifest symptoms as:

• Diephony (weakening of voice ligaments)
• Dysphagia (problems with swallowing, frequent accumulation)
• Dysarthria (pronunciation violation, including speech perception disorders, letters and readings)

The diagnosis of dysfunction of the stem structures of the brain is performed using the following methods:

1. CT scan. CT This diagnostic method is based on a layered study of the affected area, using X-ray radiation. As a result, it is possible to obtain highly informative samples of the brain, determine the current state of its structures, as well as the location of the focus of the defeat and often the reason that caused this pathology
2. Electroencephalography (EEG). The EEG method allows to investigate the functional state of the brain by registering its bioelectric activity. It is a non-invasive procedure and has a high sensitivity, thereby reflecting the slightest changes in the functions of stem structures. It is a predominant choice if there is no character of mechanical brain injury

The stem dysfunction is a reversible violation that can be stopped literally for several restoring sessions that will reduce the brain circulation and the natural mobility of the brain structures.

Arterial and venous dysfunction

Due to the violation of the work of the brain vessels, the dysfunction of which leads to insufficient flow of nutrients, a number of pathological symptoms arise, to which include:

• Frequent spasmodic headaches associated with changeability of weather conditions
• Drops of arterial pressure

The state of the vascular disorder in the brain is diagnosed with a transcranial ultrasound, where the vascular spasm is determined, which is subsequently permitted.

Venous brain dysfunction, this is a different pathological condition that is determined by a disturbance of outflow venous blood From the brain, which ultimately can lead to the formation of thrombus and in some cases to the death of a person. With venous dysfunction, the following symptoms are observed:

• Stupid headaches in the morning time
• Frequent trimming conditions
• Damage in the eyes
• Weakness in the morning
• Wildness and lower eyelids in the morning
• Periodic dyshie
• Mood swings

Minimum brain dysfunction in children

The minimum brain dysfunction (MMD) is considered to be the most common pathology in children, which is observed in almost every 5 child. The reasons for the development of this pathology in childhood is caused by the following factors:

• Heavy course of pregnancy
• Hard delivery
• Impact of toxic substances
• Infectious diseases

The symptoms of minimal brain dysfunction in children has a pronounced character and manifests itself with such symptoms as:

• Systematic headaches
• Hyperactivity and hypermatribability
• Excessive nervousness
• Violation of motor and speech functions
• Development Development
• Cognitive disorders, especially worsening attention and memory
• Fatigue and excessive fatigue

With the gradual development of the disease, symptoms manifests itself even more intensively, which ultimately can provoke the occurrence of epilepsy and a number of other hazardous nervous disorders.

There are often cases when minimal dysfunction is manifested in the insufficient development of the crust departments and their functions. This condition is accompanied by rather unusual phenomena, which are manifested by the fact that the child begins to write mirrored, not recognize the parties.

In the practice of foreign specialists, a method in which the permanent observation of the baby is widely spread, from the moment of its appearance, an osteopath is carried out. When identifying dysfunction of pathology of structures at an early stage, the violation is fairly easy to fade medical means, without any further consequences for the child.

Conclusion

If a person comes into a branch with a head injury, in which there was a violation or loss of consciousness, as well as a failure of respiration and blood circulation, then this state is likely to indicate damage to brain structures.

If a person turned to help with symptoms of disorder of consciousness, convulsive attacks, but with the lack of a head injury, then it also indicates a violation of the activity of the brain structures. In this case, first of all is carried out, which will allow to see signs of irritation (excitation) of the brain barrel.

The main task of the doctor is to accurately set the cause of pathological excitement. In this case, the patient is directed or CT a survey that will allow to identify, possibly squeezing the structures of the brain, the tumor. This pathology is common and presents a serious danger and most often requires surgical intervention.

Thank you

The site provides reference information solely to familiarize yourself. Diagnosis and treatment of diseases must be under the supervision of a specialist. All drugs have contraindications. Consultation of a specialist is obligatory!

The activity of the brain, the condition of its anatomical structures, the presence of pathologies is studied and registed with various methods - electroencephalography, reophiecephalography, computed tomography, etc. A huge role in identifying various deviations in the work of the brain structures belongs to the methods of studying its electrical activity, in particular electroencephalography.

Electroencephalogram of the brain - the definition and essence of the method

Electroencephalogram (EEG) It is a record of the electrical activity of neurons of various brain structures, which is done on special paper using electrodes. Electrodes are superimposed on various parts of the head, and register the activity of a particular part of the brain. It can be said that the electroencephalogram is a record of the functional activity of the human brain of any age.

The functional activity of the human brain depends on the activities of the median structures - reticular formation and front brainwhich predetermine the rhythm, the overall structure and dynamics of the electroencephalogram. A large number of connections of the reticular formation and the front brain with other structures and the bark determine the symmetry of the EEG, and its relative "the same" for the entire brain.

EEG is removed in order to determine the activity of the brain's work at various lesions of the central nervous system, for example, with neuroinfections (poliomyelitis, etc.), meningitis, encephalitis, etc. According to EEG results, it is possible to estimate the degree of lesion of the brain due to various reasons, and clarify Specific place due to damage.

EEG is removed according to the standard protocol, which takes into account records in wakefulness or sleep state (breast kids), with special tests. Routine tests with EEG are:
1. Photostimulation (exposure to outbreaks of bright light on closed eyes).
2. Opening and closing eye.
3. Hyperventilation (rare and deep breathing for 3 - 5 minutes).

These tests spend all adults and children when removing EEG, regardless of age and pathology. In addition, additional tests can be used when removing the EEG, for example:

• compression of fingers in a fist;
• trial with sleep deprivation;
• stay in the dark for 40 minutes;
• monitoring the entire period of night sleep;
• reception of drugs;
• performance of psychological tests.

Additional EEG tests are determined by a neurologist who wants to estimate certain functions of the human brain.

What does the electroencephalogram show?

The electroencephalogram reflects the functional state of the brain structures at various states of a person, for example, sleep, wakefulness, active mental or physical work, etc. The electroencephalogram is an absolutely safe method, simple, painless and not requiring serious intervention.

To date, the electroencephalogram is widely used in the practice of neurologist doctors, since this method allows to diagnose epilepsy, vascular, inflammatory and degenerative brain lesions. In addition, EEG helps to find out the specific position of tumors, cyst and traumatic damage to the structures of the brain.

The electroencephalogram with irritation of the patient with light or sound allows you to distinguish true violations of vision and hearing from hysterical, or their simulation. EEG is used in resuscitation wards for dynamic observation of patients in coma. The disappearance of the signs of the electric activity of the brain on EEG is a sign of human death.

Where and how to do it?

The electroencephalogram of the adult can be removed in neurological clinics, in the departments of urban and district hospitals or at a psychiatric dispensary. As a rule, in the polyclinics, the electroencephalogram is not removed, but there are also exceptions to the rules. It is better to contact a psychiatric hospital or a branch of neurology where specialists working with the necessary qualifications work.

Electroencephalogram for children up to 14 years old is removed only in specialized children's hospitals, where pediatricians work. That is, it is necessary to approach the children's hospital, to find the separation of neurology and ask when the EEG is removed. Psychiatric dispensaries, as a rule, do not remove EEG to small children.

In addition, private medical centersspecializing on diagnostics and the treatment of neurological pathology, also provide a service for removing EEG, both children and adults. You can contact a multidisciprary private clinicWhere non-neurologist specialists who remove the EEG and decipher the record.

The electroencephalogram must be removed only after a full-fledged night rest, in the absence of stressful situations and psychomotor excitation. Back to EEG removal it is necessary to exclude alcoholic beverages, sleeping pills, sedatives and anticonvulsants, tranquilizers and caffeine.

Electroencephalogram Children: How is the procedure

The removal of the electroencephalogram in children often causes questions from parents who wish to know what the baby is waiting and how the procedure passes. The child is left in a dark, sound and light insulated room, where it is placed on the couch. Children up to 1 year during the EEG record are on the hands of the mother. The whole procedure takes about 20 minutes.

For the registration of EEG on the head of the baby put on a hat, which the doctor places the electrodes. The skin under the electrodes is urinated with water or gel. Two inactive electrodes are superimposed on the ears. Then with crocodile clamps, the electrodes are connected to the wires connected to the device - encephalograph. Insofar as electric Toki. Very small, an amplifier is always necessary, otherwise the brain activity will simply be impossible to register. It is a small strength of currents and is the key to absolute safety and EEG safety even for babies.

To start the study, you should put the baby's head smoothly. You can not allow an inclination of the kepened because it can cause the appearance of artifacts that will be interpreted incorrectly. EEG babies take off during sleep that comes after feeding. Before removing the EEG, wash your baby's head. Do not feed the baby before going out of the house, this is done immediately before the study so that the baby fell in and fell asleep - after all, at this time the EEG is removed. To do this, prepare the mixture or send breast milk into the bottle that use in the hospital. Up to 3 years, EEG is removed only in sleep. Children over 3 years old can be awake, and so that the baby is calm, take a toy, a book, or anything else that answers the child. The child must be calm during the removal of EEG.

Usually, the EEG is recorded in the form of a background curve, as well as samples with opening and closing eyes, hyperventilation (rare and deep breathing), photostimulation. These samples are part of the EEG protocol, and are carried out absolutely to all - and adults, and children. Sometimes they ask to squeeze the fingers into the fist, listen to various sounds, etc. Eye opening allows you to estimate the activity of braking processes, and closing - excitation. Hyperventilation can be conducted in children after 3 years in the form of a game - for example, to offer the child to inflate the balloon. Such rare and deep breaths and exhalations continue 2-3 minutes. This test allows you to diagnose the hidden epilepsy, inflammation of the structures and shells of the brain, tumors, violation of functions, overwork and stress. Photostimulation is carried out with closed eyes when the bulb flashes. The test makes it possible to estimate the delay in the mental, physical, speech and mental development of the child, as well as the presence of foci of epileptic activity.

Rhythms electroencephalogram

There must be a regular rhythm of a certain type on the electroencephalogram. The regularity of rhythms is ensured by the work of the brain section - Talamus, which generates them, and ensures synchronization of the activity and the functional activity of all the structures of the central nervous system.

Alpha, beta, delta and theta rhythms, which have different characteristics and reflect certain types of brain activity are present on EEG.

Alpha Rhythm It has a frequency of 8 - 14 Hz, reflects the state of rest and is registered in a person who is in wakefulness, but with eyes closed. This rhythm is regularly regular, the maximum intensity is recorded in the field of the nape and the patterns. Alpha Rhythm ceases to be determined when any motor stimuli appears.

Beta rhythm It has a frequency of 13 - 30 Hz, but reflects the state of anxiety, anxiety, depression and the use of sedative drugs. Beta rhythm is recorded with maximum intensity over the frontal lobes of the brain.

Teta Rhythm It has a frequency of 4 - 7 Hz and amplitude 25 - 35 μV, reflects the state of natural sleep. This rhythm is the normal component of the EEG of an adult. And this type of rhythm on EEG prevails in children.

Delta Rhythm It has a frequency of 0.5 - 3 Hz, it reflects the state of natural sleep. It can be registered in a wakefulness state in limited quantities, a maximum of 15% of all EEG rhythms. Delta Rhythm amplitude is low - up to 40 μV. If there is an excess of amplitude above 40 μV, and this rhythm is registered for more than 15% of the time, then it is believed to pathological. Such a pathological delta rhythm indicates a violation of the brain functions, and it appears precisely over the area where pathological changes are developing. The appearance of delta rhythm in all parts of the brain indicates the development of the lesion of the CNS structures, which is caused by the dysfunction of the liver, and in proportion to the severity of the violation of consciousness.

Results of electroencephalogram

The result of the electroencephalogram is an entry on paper or in the computer's memory. The curves that the doctor analyzes are written on paper. The rhythmic of waves on the EEG, frequency and amplitude is estimated, characteristic elements are detected with the fixation of their distribution in space and in time. Then all the data is summed up and reflected in the conclusion and description of the EEG, which is inserted into the medical card. The EEG conclusion is based on curves, taking into account the clinical symptoms in humans.

Such a conclusion should reflect the main characteristics of the EEG, and includes three mandatory parts:
1. A description of the activity and the typical accessories of EEG waves (for example: "Alfa-rhythm is recorded above both hemispheres. The average amplitude is 57 μV on the left and 59 μV on the right. The dominant frequency is 8.7 Hz. Alpha Rhythm dominates in the occipital leads").
2. Conclusion According to the description of the EEG and its interpretation (for example: "signs of irritation of the crust and the median structures of the brain. Asymmetry between the hemispheres of the brain and paroxysmal activity is not detected").
3. Determination of the compliance of clinical symptoms with EEG results (for example: "The objective changes in the functional activity of the brain corresponding to the manifestations of epilepsy are fixed).

Decoding electroencephalogram

The decoding of the electroencephalogram is the process of its interpretation, taking into account the clinical symptoms in the patient. In the process of deciphering, it is necessary to take into account the basal rhythm, the level of symmetry in the electrical activity of the neurons of the brain of the left and right hemispheres, the activity of the spike, changes in the EEG against the background of functional tests (opening - eye closure, hyperventilation, photostimulation). The final diagnosis is made only with the availability of certain clinical signs, disturbing patient.

The decoding of the electroencephalogram involves the interpretation of the conclusion. Consider the basic concepts that the doctor reflects in the conclusion, and their clinical significance (that is, those or other parameters can talk about.

Alpha - Rhythm

Normally, its frequency is 8 - 13 Hz, the amplitude ranges up to 100 μV. It is such a rhythm that should prevail over both hemispheres in adults. healthy people. The pathologies of alpha rhythm are the following signs:

• permanent registration of alpha rhythm in the frontal parts of the brain;
• intermetrack asymmetry above 30%;
• violation of the sinusoidal waves;
• paroxysmal or arcoal rhythm;
• unstable frequency;
• amplitude less than 20 μV or more than 90 μV;
• rhythm index less than 50%.

What are the often occurring violations of alpha rhythm?
The pronounced intermetrack asymmetry may indicate the presence of brain tumors, cysts, stroke, heart attack or scar on the site of old hemorrhage.

The high frequency and instability of the alpha rhythm speaks of traumatic damage to the brain, for example, after a shaking or cranial injury.

The disorganization of alpha rhythm or its complete absence speaks of acquired dementia.

The delay in psycho-engine development in children they say:

• dzorganization of alpha rhythm;
• increased synchronicity and amplitude;
• moving the focus of activity from the head of the head and theme;
• a weak short activation reaction;
• excessive response to hyperventilation.

Reducing the amplitude of the alpha rhythm, moving the focus of activity from the field of the nape and the theme, a weak activation reaction speaks of the presence of psychopathology.

The excitable psychopathy is manifested by slowing the frequency of alpha rhythm against the background of normal synchronization.

Brake psychopathy is manifested by desynchronization of EEG, low frequency and alpha rhythm index.

Enhanced alpha rhythm synchronism in all parts of the brain, a short activation reaction is the first type of neurosis.

Weak alpha rhythm severity, weak activation reactions, paroxysmal activity - the third type of neurosis.

Beta rhythm

Normally, the most pronounced in the frontal shares of the brain, has a symmetric amplitude (3 - 5 μV) in both hemispheres. The pathology of beta-rhythm is the following signs:

• paroxysmal discharges;
• low frequency common in the convexital brain surface;
• asymmetry between amplitude hemispheres (above 50%);
• sinusoidal view of beta rhythm;
• amplitude more than 7 μV.

What do the beta-rhythm violations on EEG?
The presence of diffuse beta-waves with amplitude no higher than 50-60 μV speaks of a concussion.

Short spindle in beta-rhythm indicate encephalitis. The heavier brain inflammation - the greater the frequency, the duration and amplitude of such spindles. There are third-third patients with herpes encephalitis.

Beta waves with a frequency of 16 - 18 Hz and a high amplitude (30 - 40 μV) in the front and central brain departments - signs of delays in psychomotor development of the child.

The desynchronization of the EEG, in which beta rhythm is dominated in all parts of the brain - the second type of neurosis.

Theta Rhythm and Delta Rhythm

Normally, these slow waves can be fixed on the electroencephalogram of only sleeping person. In a state of wakefulness, such slow waves appear on EEG only in the presence of dystrophic processes in brain tissues, which are combined with compression, high pressure and intensity. Paroxysmal theta and delta waves in humans are detected at the defeat of deep parts of the brain.

In children and young people, diffuse theta and delta rhythms, paroxysmal discharges and epileptoid activity, which are the norm of the norm, may be detected on the electroencephalogram, and do not indicate pathological changes in the structures of the brain.

What are the violations of theta and delta rhythm on EEG?
Delta waves with high amplitude indicate the presence of a tumor.

Synchronous theta rhythm, delta waves in all parts of the brain, outbreaks of bilateral-synchronous theta waves with high amplitude, paroxysms in the central parts of the brain - they talk about the acquired dementia.

The predominance of theta and delta waves on the EEG with maximum activity in the field of nape, outbreaks of bilateral-synchronous waves, the number of which increases with hyperventilation - indicates a delay in the psychomotor development of the child.

The high index of theta activity in the central parts of the brain, bilateral-synchronous theta activity with a frequency from 5 to 7 Hz, localized in the frontal or temporal brain departments - speaks of psychopathy.

Theta rhythms in the front brain departments as the main - excitable type of psychopathy.

Paroxysms of theta and delta waves - the third type of neurosis.

The appearance of rhythms with high frequency (for example, beta-1, beta-2 and gamma) indicates irritation (irritation) of the brain structures. This may be due to various violations of cerebral circulation, intracranial pressure, migraines, etc.

Bioelectric Brain Activity (BEA)

This parameter in conclusion on EEG is a complex descriptive characteristic concerning the rhythms of the brain. Normally bioelectric activity of the brain should be rhythmic, synchronous, without foci of paroxysms, etc. In the conclusion of the EEG, the doctor usually writes exactly which disorders of the bioelectric activity of the brain were identified (for example, desynchronized, etc.).

What do various violations of the bioelectric activity of the brain say?
Relatively rhythmic bioelectric activity with foci of paroxysmal activity in any area of \u200b\u200bthe brain indicates the presence of a certain area in its tissue, where the processes of excitation exceed braking. This type of EEG may indicate the presence of migraines and headaches.

Diffuse changes in the bioelectric activity of the brain may be an option for the norm if no other violations were detected. Thus, if the conclusion is written only about diffuse or moderate changes in the bioelectric activity of the brain, without paroxysms, foci of pathological activity, or without reducing the threshold of convulsive activity, this is an option of the norm. In this case, the neurologist prescribes symptomatic treatment and put the patient under observation. However, in combination with paroxysms or foci of pathological activity, they speak of the presence of epilepsy or a tendency to cramps. Reduced bioelectric activity of the brain can be detected at depression.

Other indicators

Dysfunction of medium structures of the brain - This is a lack of a pronounced violation of the activity of neurons of the brain, which is often found in healthy people, and testifies to functional shifts after stress, etc. This state requires only a symptomatic course of therapy.

Intermetal asymmetry may be functional violation, that is, not to testify about the pathology. In this case, it is necessary to undergo a survey of a neurologist and a course of symptomatic therapy.

Diffuse disorganization of alpha rhythm, activation of diancefral-stem structures of the brain Against the background of tests (hyperventilation, closing-opening eyes, photostimulation) is the norm, in the absence of complaints in the patient.

The focus of pathological activity It indicates the increased excitability of the specified area, which indicates a tendency to cramps or the presence of epilepsy.

Irritation of various brain structures (bark, middle departments, etc.) is most often associated with a violation of the cerebral circulation due to various causes (for example, atherosclerosis, injury, increased intracranial pressure, etc.).

Paroxysm They talk about strengthening the excitation and reduction of braking, which is often accompanied by migraines and just headaches. In addition, it is possible to tend to develop epilepsy or the presence of this pathology, if a person had attacks in the past.

Deculsive Speaks about the predisposition to cramps.

The following signs are spoken about the presence of increased excisence and tendency to convulsions:

• changes in the electric potentials of the brain on the residual-irritative type;
• enhanced synchronization;
• the pathological activity of the median structures of the brain;
• paroxysmal activity.

In general, the residual changes in the structures of the brain are the consequences of damage to various nature, for example, after injury, hypoxia, transferred viral or bacterial infection. Residual changes are available in all brain tissues, therefore are diffuse. Such changes violate the normal passage of nerve impulses.

Irrrination of the cortex of the brain on the convexic surface of the brain, enhancing the activity of the median structures Alone and tests can be observed after transferred to the cranial injuries, with the predominance of excitation over braking, as well as with the organic pathology of brain tissues (for example, tumors, cysts, scars, etc.).

Epileptiform activity Specifies to the development of epilepsy and increased incidence of convulsions.

Increased tone of synchronizing structures and moderate dieselmia are not pronounced violations and brain pathology. In this case, they resort to symptomatic treatment.

Signs of neurophysiological immaturity Can talk about the delay in the psychomotor development of the child.

Pronounced changes on residual organic type With the amplification of disorganization against the background of tests, paroxysms in all parts of the brain - these features usually accompany strong headaches, increased intracranial pressure, attention deficit syndrome and hyperactivity in children.

Brain Wave Violation (The appearance of beta-activity in all parts of the brain, the dysfunction of median structures, theta waves) occurs after traumatic damage, and can manifest themselves with dizziness, loss of consciousness, etc.

Organic Changes Brain Structures Children are a consequence infectious diseases, such as cytomegalovirus or toxoplasmosis, or hypoxic disorders that have arisen during the birth period. A comprehensive examination and treatment is necessary.

Regulatory general-selling changes Registered with hypertension.

Availability of active discharges in any parts of the brain which increase under loads means that in response to physical stress, a reaction may develop in the form of a loss of consciousness, visual impairment, hearing, etc. The specific reaction to physical exertion depends on the localization of the focus of active discharges. In this case, physical activity should be limited to reasonable limits.

When brain tumors are detected:

• the emergence of slow waves (Teta and Delta);
• bilateral synchronous violations;
• epileptoid activity.

Changes are progressing as the volume of education increases.

Desynchronization of rhythms, compassion of the EEG curve Developed under cerebrovascular pathologies. Stroke is accompanied by the development of theta and delta rhythms. The degree of disorders of the electroencephalogram correlates with the severity of pathology and the stage of its development.

Theta and delta waves in all parts of the brain, in some areas of beta-rhythms are formed during injuries (for example, by shaking, loss of consciousness, injury, hematoma). The appearance of epileptoid activity against the background of brain injury can lead to the development of epilepsy in the future.

Significant slowdown alpha rhythm May accompany Parkinsonism. Fixation of theta and delta waves in the frontal and front temporal parts of the brain, which have different rhythm, low frequency and high amplitude, is possible with Alzheimer's disease

The term "dysfunction" means "violation of the function". The trunk is an anatomical brain formation that is responsible for all the vital functions of the body: heartbeat, respiratory movements, thermoregulation, digestion, and so on. Situations occur when the human brain turns out to be injured (injury, concussion, birth injury) - and the brain table, respectively, is also damaged. There is a violation of its function, which either has bright clinical manifestations, or is detected using special analyzes.

How disorders are detected in brain stem structures

If you suspect a violation of stem functions of the brain, it is usually computed tomography. This study allows you to obtain layer-by-layer images of the brain, including its stem structures, and diagnose violations, if any.

Sometimes you can do without computed tomography, especially if there is no reason to suspect a brain injury. In this case, an EEG is carried out (electroencephalogram) - a study in which electrical brain pulses are recorded and evaluated. In case of damage to stem structures, irritation of the brain stem, irritation of the corresponding brain department is often revealed.

What situations are dangerous

If a person is delivered to the reception room of a hospital with a head injury, and he has a violation of consciousness, respiratory disorder and blood circulation - without any studies it is clear that these symptoms are signs of damage and dysfunction of stem structures. The situation is dangerous and requires immediate treatment.

Or another option. The person had no head injury, but recently there were violations of consciousness, convulsive attacks or defeat cranial nerves. In some cases, the doctor may first appoint EEG. Most likely, during this study, signs of irritation of the brain stem will be revealed. The task of the doctor is to establish accurate irritation. For this purpose, CT or MRI is prescribed, where they detect, for example, a tumor, squeezing or displaceable stem structures. This is the reason for the irritation of the corresponding brain department. This situation is also dangerous and requires urgent intervention.

When you can not worry

If, with a routine examination, the neuropathologist appoints a child or EEG and writes in the conclusion - "dysfunction of the median structures", this is not a diagnosis in itself. It is simply the result of the study, and it is quite possible is an option for the norm. If, at the same time, a person has no complaints and alarming symptoms that the doctor can reveal when inspection - to worry about in this case.

The diagnosis of brain dysfunction, delivered by the doctor, in most cases, is very frightened by the patient.

The medical term "dysfunction" is a failed in the work of any function in the human body. In this particular case, it indicates problems with the tissues of the brain barrel.

This is an anatomical area that controls almost all important processes of the body. The barrel regulates the heartbeat, body temperature, breathing apparatus, processing of food elements, etc.

Primary diagnosis

In situations in which a human brain receives damage to a certain nature, almost always damage receives the trunk. This leads to various sickness in the performance of brain functions. The most is attendable childbirth, a strong blow, or.

It is noteworthy that failures can be brightly expressed by a certain symptomatics, but sometimes diagnose violations to have, using various.

When a physician has suspicions in brain dysfunction, then the direction is given to passage. This method of diagnosis allows you to detect brain damage, including in the stem part, through the layer-by-layer display on the monitor.

It happens that diagnosis does not require the use of tomography, it usually affects situations in which there is no reason to suspect an injury.

In such cases, the neurologist recommends the patient to do. This diagnostic method is based on a consistent recording and study of electrical brain signals. With damage to structures is often observed, it indicates irritation of one of its zones.

MMD and other types of brain dysfunction

Comparatively the rest of the body Mass brain is small, its average weight in an adult is within 1.5 kg. However, this does not prevent him from controlling most of the processes that are responsible for the viability of the body.

Despite its importance, the brain is very vulnerable. Even small disorders at birth can very much affect the development of the child, its vision of the world, emotional state.

Often headaches are accompanied by a feeling of nausea, vomiting ,. Other symptoms:

• pre-corrupt state;
• unhealthy Face Color;

These syndromes occur with the damage to nonspecific structures of different levels, ranging from the lower parts of the brain barrel and ending with mediobased bark of the bark of frontal and temporal fractions. Violation of modal-nonspecific factors.

In nonspecific "deep" syndromes, you can distinguish three main groups of symptoms:

Neurodynamic disorders (or violation of a dynamic aspect) of all higher mental functions in the form of a decrease in their speed, productivity, uneven efficiency of tasks, etc. To this group of dynamic disorders, modally-nonspecific disorders of attention in the form of a total diffusion, difficulties of concentration, lightness distracts, etc. The dynamic group of symptoms includes a change in total functional state brain, its oscillations, deaptability, asthenia, etc.;

More selective violations - memory and emotional processes. At the same time, patients have no obvious defects of other cognitive processes (except dynamic): visual, auditory, tactile gnosis, speech or motor defects. Memory disorders are modally nonspecific, that is, does not depend on the modality of the stored material. Preferably, short-term memory suffers in relative safety long-term (for example, professional) memory. Emoto. Disorders can manifest itself in the form of emotional excitability, increased reactivity or affective paroxysms, outbreaks of negativism, anger. The overall structure of the emotional and personal sphere is broken in different ways. In some cases, it is relatively preserved, patients remain emotionally adequate, there are no obvious signs of euphoria or emotional indifference, stupidity. Saved both professional interests, attachment to the close, and the identity of the patient as a whole - he adequately assesses himself and others. In others, emotional and personal relationships reaches a rough defect;

Changes in consciousness, which are manifested in acute stages of the disease in the form of disabling consciousness, which is characteristic of traumatic lesions, when the median stem structures of the brain are mainly affected. A more complex phenomenology of disturbances of consciousness is possible.

The damage syndromes of nonspecific brain formations have specificity depending on the lesion level.

The level of the lower sections of the brain barrel.

♦ Violations of the Sleep-Wake cycle in the form of insomnia (less often sleepiness), defective sleep; reduced level of wakefulness;

♦ depletion; sharp fatigue from the slightest stress, unbearable patients;

♦ a fairly clear orientation in the surrounding (place, time);

♦ Preservation of personal reactions in general. Patients are adequate in their complaints, critical to their state.

Against this background, central symptoms are:

♦ Modally-nonspecific explicit disorders with primary short-term disorders;

♦ reduction of memorization (up to three to four words after the first presentation of the series of ten words);

♦ Increased traceability of traces of unauthorized stimuli.

At the same time, the amplification of motivation (for example, the introduction of a motive examination) or the semantic organization of the material give a distinct compensatory effect, which indicates the safety of these patients with the overall structure of mental functions.

The level of diancephal brain departments.

the level is affected with many brain diseases (tumors, inflammatory processes etc.), which gave the basis to allocate symptoms observed in its defeat, in a special diancephal (or hypothalamic-diancephal) syndrome, which includes vegetative disorders, pathological spectatical symptomshormonal, exchange violations et al. Very distinctly diancephal syndrome is observed when the pituitary was defeated. These patients also have disorders of the sleep-wake cycle (in the form of insomnia or increased drowsiness), reducing the overall functional state. They have both disorders of the emotional and personal sphere in the following form:

♦ increased emotional reactivity;

♦ instability of emotional reactions;

♦ Changes in emotional states (depression or light euphoria).

Light personality changes are possible in the form of some non-criticality, inadequacy that more

reviews with massive lesions.

The difference between these patients from the above-described above consists in coarse memory violations (according to modal

nonspecific type) that are primarily connected with the increased tracker of traces (by

mechanisms of retroactive and proactive braking) arising in the conditions of heterogeneous and

especially homogeneous interference. However, this category of patients can be achieved

compensating effect with a semantic organization organization or increase motivation

mixing activities + violations.

Level of limbic system.

The central education of this level is the belt clench (Gyrus Cinguli).

Gross violations of short-term memory on current events (according to modal-nonspecific type) occurring sometimes (especially with double-sided lesion of hippocampal structures) in Vidkorsakovsky syndrome. With the defeat of this level of the nonspecific system, disturbances of consciousness are also associated with damage (sometimes in the form of confancy, confancy) and changes in the emotional sphere, the qualitative features of which are not yet understood.

The level of mediobal \u200b\u200bdepartments of the bark of the frontal and temporal fractions of the brain.

All the same, tolly in more rough forms