Measures of trial aid for bleeding, burns, frostbite, fractures, bruises, dislocations, drowning, thermal impact, drowning. First aid to victims of burns, bleeding, fractures, bruises, electric shock (Recommended
Outdoor and internal bleeding
Blood is one of the liquid internal media of the body. Blood moves along a closed system of blood vessels and performs transport function. It brings nutrients and oxygen to the cells of all organs and transfers life products to organs. Blood provides protective reactions The organism from infections.
The body of an adult contains 5-6 liters of blood. Blood consists of a liquid part - plasma and weighted uniform elements - red blood cells, leukocytes and platelets.
The plasma is 55% of blood composition, red blood cells, leukocytes and platelets 45%.
Erythrocytes (red blood tales) deliver oxygen inhaled by us from the lungs to body cells.
Leukocytes (White Blood Taurus) protect the body from the bacteria that came into it, absorbing and destroying them.
Platelets (blood plates) help stop the flowing blood, contributing to its coagulation.
If the vessel is damaged, part of platelets breaks down and the thromboplastin protein is formed with air, which interacts with prothrombin, turning it into the thrombin enzyme. The transformation of prothrombin in thrombin occurs only in the presence of calcium ions. In turn, thrombin interacts with a protein fibrinogen dissolved in plasma and turns into insoluble fibrin. Fibrin forms a grid from insoluble threads, in which blood cells are stuck, and it turns out a clock-thrombus. It closes the hole, and the bleeding stops. Next is formed connective tissue - scar.
Bleeding is the expiration of blood from the blood vessel in the fabric or cavity or in the environment.
If blood expires into the environment, such bleeding is called outdoor. When blood expires in tissue or cavity, they talk about inner bleeding.
In addition, depending on the damaged vessel, arterial, venous, capillary and mixed bleeding distinguish.
Knowledge of bleeding types is necessary in order to anticipate possible consequences.
Blood from the artery bright red. Insofar as blood arterial It goes straight from the heart, it can pulsate or splash from the wound. Arterial bleeding is difficult to stop urgent help.
Blood from veins Dark red and flows slower. Blood lodge from veins can be both insignificant and very serious. Since veins are located closer to the skin, venous bleeding occurs more often.
Most capillaries are located close to the skin, so small damage usually causes bleeding from capillaries. Blood from bright red capillaries, it fuses from the wound.
Mixed bleeding occurs in cases when the wound and artery in the wound. Most often, such bleeding is observed with deep wounds.
Bleeding types: A - arterial; B - venous
Outdoor bleeding
Outdoor bleeding is bleeding from a wound or ulcers directly to the surface of the body.
The wound is a violation of the purpose of the skin or mucous membranes (often and driving tissues and organs) caused by mechanical influence.
The magnitude of the outer bleeding depends on the type of wound, as well as the place on the human body, where the intake of the intake or mucous membranes occurred.
Most likely types of wounds:
Rezanna wound is a wound applied by a sliding movement of a fine acute subject. (Razor, knife, for example)
It is characterized by a predominance of length over depth, smooth parallel edges.
Maybe serious bleeding.
Ripped wound - wound, which arose under the influence of fabrics.
It is characterized by an incorrect form of edges, detachment or a separation of tissues, a significant zone of their damage. Big risk of infection. (Avtotravka, for example)
Kololaya wound - wound caused by a sharp object with small transverse dimensions.
It is characterized by a narrow and long wound channel. Increased risk of infection. Hidden damage to organs and deep blood vessels are possible. (Nail, sharpening, stale, russian four-mounted bayonet)
A chopped wound - a wound from a heavy sharp object.
It is characterized by a great depth of damage. Maybe serious bleeding. Fractures are possible. Risk of infection. (Ax, of course)
Firear wound - wounds applied with small arms or ammunitions of explosive action (shells, mines, bombs, grenades, etc.)
Characterized by serious internal damage. It is possible to hit foreign particles into the body through the wound. In the place of the entrance, the wound will be small, and at the place of exit, if the bullet passed the wave, the wound will be big and torn. (Particularly lousy, that around the wound channel itself the extensive zone of fabric contusion, and in the canal it is full of all rubbish - pieces of clothing, land, etc.)
The bruised wound is a wound from impact a blunt subject with the simultaneous injury of surrounding tissues.
It is characterized by damage to the tissues. There may be fractures or internal damage. The skin can burst, but it usually does not happen. A bruise, swelling is formed in the shock.
(Anecdotal ReadsTattiy examples - a hammer on the finger, brick on the head)
The branched wound is a wound caused by the teeth of an animal or man.
It is characterized by infection, uneven, crushed edges. In the bite of patients with rabies animals, human infection is possible.
For example, we have a stupid girl in a stupid girl in the zoo, Zebra bit off.
The swollen wound is a wound, when applied which crushing and tissue breaks.
It is characterized by an extensive tissue damage zone.
(Favorite - transport injury and drop from height)
When assisting the victim with outer bleeding, the following priorities must be taken into account:
if bleeding is strong, then priority is to stop bleeding;
if the bleeding is minor, then priority is to prevent infection.
Internal bleeding
The causes of inner bleeding can be:
stomach chest or head;
bone fracture;
chipped or firearms;
chronic diseases.
Internal bleeding can be hidden and explicit.
Hidden internal bleeding - blood is poured into a closed space (abdominal cavity, pleural cavity, brain).
Symptoms and signs of hidden internal bleeding:
The reaction is in most cases the victim in consciousness, but the condition can deteriorate very quickly, up to the loss of consciousness.
The respiratory tract is clean, but with loss of consciousness there may be a screened language and closure respiratory tract. (Did not forget about the pose on the side?)
Breathing - superficial, may stop at all.
Blood circulation - Pulse rapid, weak, can stop.
Other signs are anxiety, anxiety, weakness, pale and wet cold skin, thirst, dizziness.
Explicit internal bleeding - blood is poured into organs with a message with an external environment.
A pronounced feature for recognition of explicit internal bleeding can be bleeding from natural holes of the human body - ears, nose, mouth, vagina, anal hole, urethra. Types of bleeding from natural body openings.
Place on the body. Type of blood. What does this mean?
Ear: Fresh, bright red damaged ear vessels.
Water, brain wound (brain injury).
Nose: Fresh, bright red damaged nose vessels.
Water, fracture of the bones of the skull (flows fluid from the cranial box).
Roth: Fresh, bright red damaged vessels of oral cavity (language, lips, oral cavity).
Funny, bright red damaged lungs.
Vomiting with blood, dark red-brown damaged stomach.
Vagina: Fresh, Dark menstruation, miscarriage, uterus damage, rape result.
Anal hole: Fresh, bright red hemorrhoids.
Dark, badly smelling damaged by the lower part of the intestine.
Urethra: Red, muddy urine damaged kidney, bladder, member.
First aid for internal bleeding
As can be seen from the symptoms and signs of internal bleeding, they are very similar to the symptoms and signs of shock. Therefore, first aid is largely similar to the assistance in shock.
Give a convenient post:
rana chest, lung damage, stomach, miscarriage. Half-offering position. Reduces bleeding.
abdominal cavity, pelvis organs - raised legs. Allows you to use additionally blood deposited in the limbs.
card-brain injury - with a raised head end - reduces bleeding.
Call ambulance.
Hold the victim of the blanket, coat or something else to protect it from the cold.
Do not allow the victim to move.
Do not give the victim to drink, eat, smoke.
(You need it to have vomiting after he will be given anesthesia when processing the wound? Surgeons and resuscitatives - do not.)
Control the respiratory tract, breathing, blood circulation, be prepared if necessary to begin cardiovascular intensive care.
Methods for stopping outdoor bleeding
When first aid for stopping outdoor bleeding, depending on the degree of lesion, you can use several methods: direct pressure on the wound, the imposition of bandages, the pressing of the artery, the imposition of the harness. Often you have to use a combination of these methods.
A) direct pressure on the wound
Direct pressure on the wound allows you to win time, give the opportunity to turn blood. For the implementation of direct pressure, it is necessary to lift up the injured part of the body if possible and put pressure on the wound with your fingers or palm, and it is better to do through sterile gauze or a piece of clean fabric. If after a while, the bleeding will decrease, but will not stop, it is necessary to impose a gouring bandage.
B) overlay bandage
Bandages are usually used to overlay dressings. Bandage (it. Binde - bandage, bandage) - the general name of the medical device of the tape or tubular shape intended for overlaying and fixing the dressings.
To impose bandages gave need effectThe following rules must be followed:
If it is possible, you need to wear disposable rubber gloves. They protect against diseases transmitted through blood: hepatitis, HIV infection, etc. If there is no such - use conventional polyethylene packages. Worse than gloves, but you can work.)
If possible, use sterile dressing materials.
Select the necessary dimensions of the dressings, the bandage must be selected so that it is equal to or larger the diameter of the bandaged body part. Using a narrow bandage not only increases the dressing time, but also can lead to the fact that the bandage will crash into the body.
Application is wider than the wound, the bandage makes it difficult to the process of binting.
Hold dressings for edges in order not to disturb their sterility.
Tilling the victim, it should be explained to him the assignment of the bandage, which will allow to control his condition and to some extent to distract it from pain.
Proper Bandage Overlay when imposing bandages
The use of triangular shocks to impose bandages on the foot (A) and the hip joint (b)
Fig. one. different types Bandage dressings: a - circular; B - Turtle; in - creeping; g - cruciform; d - cooled; E, Well, Z - Prazhevoid.
Fig. 2. Bandage dressings on the upper and lower limbs: a - on the brush and ray-taught joint; b - on II finger brushes; in - on the first finger of the foot; r - on the whole stop; D - Mesh bandage on the fingers of the brush.
Fig. 3. Cross-shaped bandages on ankle (a) and knee (b) joints. The numbers of the bandage tours are indicated.
Fig. 4. Option of using triangular kelnks (tie bandages): a, b - folding of a brazing in a tie; in - bandage to the area elbow Sustava; r - on a brush; D - N. knee-joint; E - on the foot.
Binting is needed tight, but not tight. The bandage should not be very free and shifted over the body surface, but also should not be too tight, so as not to disturb the circulation of blood.
Looking should be started with the most narrow place, gradually moving to wider. In this case, the bandage is better held. In order to avoid bias, the first tours must be superimposed than the next. Tie the ends of the bandage follows a direct node. The direct node is not stretched, so the bandage does not weaken. In addition, the direct node is flat and therefore more convenient on the body. Finally, it is easy to unleash when it is necessary.
After imposing the dressing, it is necessary to check blood circulation. If there is a need to restore circulation, weakening the imposed bandage. Signs of too tight imposition of the dressings are: Pale or blue-gray skin, numbness of a bandaged body part, lack of movement in a bandaged body part.
If, after overlaying the bandage, blood continues to peel, you need to impose another bandage (up to 3) without removing the previous one. If the previous bandage is removed, the bleeding will increase.
Wedding bandage overlooking
Helping assistance to the victim with the foreign object (a piece of glass, a chips, for example) in the wound, cannot be pulled out this item from the wound so as not to increase bleeding. It is also impossible to prescribe this subject to not increase the wound.
Need:
Press the edges of the wound to the foreign object without taking it out,
If the wound on the limbs, raise, as far as possible, the limb up.
Put the edges of the wound wound with tampons or non-verbal bandages, so that these tampons or bandages are above the foreign body, which is pre-closed with a napkin or a marlevary pad, not pressing on it.
Babinating part of the body around the foreign object in such a way as to pick up tampons or uneven bandages to the edges of the wound and not pressing on the foreign object.
Posted by a victim optimal position.
If the dimensions of the foreign object do not allow it to close it with a marlevary pad, tampons or non-detached bandages to press the edges of the wound around this object and fix them with a bandage.
Take anti-deposit measures and call ambulance.
In some cases, with deep wounds of limbs and heads, as well as during immobilization, triangular ticker bandages are used. Most often, they are used to perform lifting or supporting dressings.
C) presgestive artery
Pressing the artery is used in the case when the imposition of the bandage does not give results. If the artery press is pressed, blood access is completely overlapped in a part of the body below the point of pressed. As soon as bleeding stops, the pressed artery should be stopped.
If within 10 minutes after pressing the artery, the bleeding was not stopped, it follows a few seconds to stop the artery pressed, and then resume again, since in case of pressed, longer than 10 minutes there is a danger of thrombosis in the place of pressed.
It is known at least 22 points of pressed (by 11 on the left and right sides of the body). However, in practice it is advisable to use two of them, points on the femoral and shoulder arteries.
To carry out the pressed shoulder artery, it is necessary:
Find artery on the inside of the shoulder;
Press the artery over the bone between the shoulder muscles.
For pressed femoral artery Need:
Put the victims of the back with the legs bent in his knees, laying under his knees rolled clothes, and find a femoral artery in the area of \u200b\u200bPaho;
Higher press the artery with thumbs.
Method of temporary stop (finger pressed) of arterial bleeding. A - scheme for the location of the main arteries and points of their pressed (indicated by arrows).
Using the belt belt as a hemostatic harness: A, B, B, G - stages of the imposition of a harness; D, E - Preparation of a double loop.
Methods of stopping bleeding from the vessels of the limbs by their forced flexion
d) overlay harness
The imposition of a harness is effective way Stop bleeding, but they need to use only in the most extreme cases. The fact is that the imposition of a harness stops blood flow into part of the limb below the harness, and can cause damage to the nerves, blood vessels and, ultimately, the loss of limb.
The harness is superimposed when the bleeding is very intense, and there is no opportunity to cause ambulance.
Rules imposition of a harness:
The harness is superimposed above the damage of approximately 5 cm;
before applying the harness, the place of its imposition to wrap the bandage or clean cloth;
the harness uses either special rubber hemostatic harnesses, or blowing materials, such as belt, belt, handkerchief, etc. You can not use everything that can crash into wound, for example, laces, ropes, twine, etc. how they can damage the fabric below;
by making the first turn, the harness is tightened so that bleeding stops, but not more, so as not to cause damage to the underlying tissues, and then, reducing the pressure, fix the entire harness on the limb;
if the primary means are used, it is necessary, by making one turn and knitting onto one node, put on top of any object (wand, pen, scissors, etc.), fasten it with another node and tighten to stop bleeding, then fix double node;
harness can remain on the limbs not more than 1 hour from the moment of its imposition; If during this time the victim could not be delivered to the medical institution, then after an hour, the harness must be loosen by 1-2 minutes (until leaning the skin), then impose again, but above the previous place;
at the site of the imposition of a harness, you must put a note indicating the time of its overlay.
Ears, stretching, dislocation
Bruise (Contusio) - closed mechanical damage to soft tissues or organs without visible disruption of their anatomical intake.
Through the bruise of everything arises due to a stupid object. As a rule, swelling appears on the scene, often bruises (bruises). If a rupture of large vessels occurred, hematoma can be formed - blood cluster under the skin.
The bruises of soft tissues usually cause pain, while the bruises of internal organs can lead to serious consequences, up to the death of the victim.
First assistance in bruises
If there is a suspicion that as a result of the injury damaged internal organsIt is necessary to take care of first aid priorities: DP-D-CC.
Attach the cold to the bruised place for 15-20 minutes, and then put a bandage to the injury area, and it is necessary to bandage enough. The purpose of such a bandage is to survive the tissues and limit the spread of hemorrhage. On top of the dressing reincut the cold and hold it 1.5-2 hours.
2-3 days after the injury, it is necessary to use heat to accelerate the resorption of the washing blood (warming compresses, local warm baths).
Stretching (distorsio) - damage to ligaments, muscles, tendons and other tissues under the influence of force acting longitudinally, without a violation of their anatomical intake.
The stretching of the muscles most often arises as a result of a blow or unsuccessful step, if a person stumbled. A sign of stretching the muscles is a sudden sharp pain, hemorrhage, felt by the wpadin.
The tension of the ligaments can lead to the observation of individual bond fibers with hemorrhage into its thickness. There is a pain in the joint when moving, swelling.
Stretching or rupture of tendon is possible with an excessive load or in case of a drop under the condition, if the tissue is badly supplied with blood. Only previously damaged tendons are broken.
First aid when stretching
Attach cold to a damaged place, then apply a tight bandage. You can use an elastic bandage.
Provide full peace and cold for 2 days, after which it is warm (warming compresses, local warm baths).
Prevention prophylaxis - massage, medical gymnastics.
If the gap is suspected, as well as, if the pain and edema do not pass - consult a doctor.
Dislocation (Luxatio) - the resistant shift of the articular ends of the articular bones outside their physiological mobility, disruption Functions of the joint.
Signs of dislocation - pain in the joint, the deformation of its contours, the violation of the function of the joint, while taking the definition of an empty articular fox. The victim may have signs of shock.
First aid when dislocate
Fix the dislocated limb in the position she took after injury.
Take anti-deposit measures.
Attach cold to a damaged place.
If it is possible to raise a damaged part of the body, for example, if the fingers or legs occurred.
Call an ambulance.
Do not allow the victim to drink or eat.
In no case, do not try to correctly correct dislocation.
Head wounds, in the chest and belly of head wounds
The first assistance in the wound wounds should be aimed at stopping bleeding, which can be very strong due to the fact that the vessels are close to the surface of the skin.
(Old surgical saying: "Blood is sticking like a ram, heals like on a dog." That is, bleeding usually looks frighteningly, but wound healing is very fast.)
Due to the fact that the skull bones are located under soft tissues, the best way to stop bleeding is the imposition of the gag.
For this you need:
Close the wound with a sterile marlevary napkin, pressing it to the bone of the skull.
Fix the napkin with dressings.
If the testing of the bandage is not enough, and the bleeding will begin again, squeeze the edges of the wound with their hands.
Put the victim to the back in a position with raised shoulders and head.
Call an ambulance.
To fix the dressing material on the head wound, you can also use a tireless bandage.
Close the wound with the dressing material, ask the victim if it is able to hold the dressing material, after which you cover the head with a tireless bandage with a direct angle back.
Sharp corners of a taper bandage to start one on another behind the head.
Move their forward to forehead.
Tie sharp corners of Koskinka on the forehead.
Breast the angle of rear and fix it for crossing ends with sharp corners. Hide the tips of the node that is on the forehead.
Penetrating wound of the chest
Penetrating wounds of the chest are dangerous to the fact that the most important internal organs - the heart, lungs and others may be damaged, which can lead to death, or create very serious problems for the victim.
When the brightness of the chest can be disturbed by the target of the pleura, and then the pneumothorax develops. Pneumothorax is the presence of air in the pleural cavity. When penetrating the injury of the chest in pleural cavity Through the hole may fall atmospheric air, which can lead to compressing the lung and loss of their function.
Symptoms and signs of penetrating injury of the chest:
The reaction is a victim in consciousness, but the condition can deteriorate to loss of consciousness.
The respiratory tracts are open, but can be blocked by bleak when the reaction level decreases.
Breathing - difficult, painful, frequent, shallow, in some cases it is possible to hear the sound of the air absorbed through the wound into the chest air.
Blood circulation - the pulse is weak, frequent.
Other features - spawn bright red, foaming blood, the skin pale and cold, the lips of the crown, the bases of the nails blue, the Hargin, around the wound the skin on the touch, boiling, due to the penetration of air into subcutaneous fabrics. Shock is possible. With pneumothorax - whistling and hissing of air, leakage through the wound, bubble blood in the wound, sharp deterioration The states of the wounded can be heard squalling, smoking sounds, arising both when inhaling and when exhaling. In exhalation, bleeding from the wound is enhanced, in which frothing blood is distinguished.
First aid with penetrating the wound of the chest
Affected by consciousness
1. Close the wound with the palm.
2. To take the victim, tilting him towards the wound.
(IMPORTANT! If you tilt the patient, on the contrary, on a healthy side, the blood pursued in the affected part will put on the heart and intact light, squeezing them with its weight. From here - the deterioration of the heart of the heart and the sharp limitation of the work of the whole lung. And it is so one works.
It is from this that the famous Admiral Nelson - the famous Admiral Nelson - he was carefully laid out the wound up. Blood accumulated, joined the underlying heart and lung, admiral with difficulty survived until the end of the battle. Lying on the other side, lived, wherever more. In addition, when the wound position, it is harder to stop sucking the air into the cavity.)
Ask him to close the wound with his palm. To impose a dressing material on the wound, close it with polyethylene or any other material impermeable to air and be bandaged, or put the plaster.
Call an ambulance.
Control the condition of the victim, be ready to proceed with cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
Victim unconscious
Close the wound with the palm, impose dressing material, close it with a polyethylene or other airtight material, be stamped, or stuck the plaster.
To impose victim in a safe, wound down.
Call an ambulance.
Control the state, be ready to start cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
Wounds to abdominal
Wounds in the abdomen are dangerous in that damage to organs abdominal cavity. This, in turn, can lead to serious complications, such as inner bleeding and inflammation of the peritoneum - peritonitis. (Which is especially lousy - so this is what it is difficult to immediately appreciate how dangerous wound. A deep injury may be insignificant, and relatively well-looking - extremely heavy)
High risk of infection of the organism.
The purpose of first aid with the wounds of the abdomen is to stop bleeding, bringing to a minimum risk of infection and shock.
The wounds of the abdomen can be longitudinal and transverse. Accordingly, assistance in these cases has some differences.
First aid with abdominal wounds
If the victim has a longitudinal wound of the abdomen, put it on the back.
If the wound is transverse - put the victim on the back, bending the legs in the knees to reduce the voltage to the wound.
Enclosing a bandage on the wound. If a part of the intestines is visible, it is first to close it with polyethylene, not refueling and not touching with his hands, and then apply a dressing material and not tightly apply a wide bandage.
Call an ambulance.
Control the state of the victim, if it starts to cough or vomiting will begin, hold the bandage so that the intestine does not fall out.
If the victim lost consciousness, it is necessary, despite the wound, to translate it into a safe position and be ready to conduct cardiovascular resuscitation.
Bleeding from nose
Bleeding from the nose can be caused by injuries of the mucous membrane in the area of \u200b\u200bthe nasal partition in its front part, some common diseases, such as elevated arterial pressure, blood disease, etc. Bleeding from the nose can be postoperative. In these cases, blood flowing from the nose will be bright red.
If the bleeding from the nose is caused by the fracture of the bones of the skull, the blood fluid will flow from the nose. (Mixture of brain fluid with blood)
The danger of bleeding from the nose is that due to the abundance of vessels in this zone, it can be strong enough.
With abundant bleeding, blood not only flows out, but it raises the mouth through the nasopharynx in the oral cavity, partially spinning and unworn victims, and partially swallowed. Blood Fit B. purph cavity Under certain circumstances, it may be a threat to respiratory tract with all the consequences that arise.
Abundant nose bleed Leads to the appearance of symptoms of acute blood loss (pallor, dizziness, thirst, rapid pulse, decrease in blood pressure).
First aid when bleeding from the nose
Squeeze the victim with a tilt forward. In this case, blood will not fall into the oral cavity, and threaten the respiratory tract.
Ask the victim to breathe through the mouth and clamp the nose in the field of cartilage.
Ask the victim not to speak, not to swallow, do not cough, do not care, do not tick the nose.
Give the victim a clean handkerchief or a piece of pure fabric.
After 10 minutes, open the nose if the bleeding continues, clamping again.
If bleeding lasts more than 30 minutes, deliver the victim to the hospital in the above pose.
If the bleeding stopped, leave the victim in a tilted pose and clean the face from the blood.
Advice to the victim, relax some time, do not blow the root and not strain physically so that the bleeding is not resumed again.
Fractures of bones
Fracture (Fractura) - Damage to the bone with a disruptive intention. There are several dozen species of bone fractures. Most often there are fractures of the bones of the limbs.
Fractures can be closed when the skin above the vest of the fracture is not damaged, and the skin is damaged above the fracture. soft fabrics And bone fragments can be visible in the wound.
The cause of the fracture, as a rule, is a mechanical impact, and the main signs - deformation in the field of fracture, shortening the limb, the change in its axis (Simply put - the limb does not look like it is supplied and different from another, asymmetrical), sharp pain in the fracture place, Losing the ability to control this part of the limb, a specific crisp sound of bones.
When fractures must be remembered. That usually under the protection of the bones pass vessels and nerves. In the event of a fracture, protection becomes a threat - since in place of the fracture may appear pointed fragments, which will break the vessels and nerves when the fracture is unnecessary in immobilization. If you have taken to apply a bus when a fracture or lay the affected limb "How to" Remember, you can skim in the fracture zone as Crogenian with its bone weapon. Work carefully.
By the way, at a fracture, for example, the femoral bone in the fracture zone accumulates at least half a liter of blood due to damage to vessels passing there. Try not to exacerbate the situation with your bear actions.
Ministry of Labor and Social DevelopmentRUSSIAN FEDERATION
Approxed
Deputy Minister of Laborand social development
Russian Federation
First aid victims for burns, bleeding, fractures, bruises, electric shock. (recommended)
1. First aid for burns
With severe fire burns, hot water, steam, molten bitumen, etc., you need to carefully remove clothing (shoes), to reject the burned place sterilized material, secure the bandage and send the victim to the hospital. In no case is not allowed to clean the burned place from the burnt pieces of clothing, adhered materials and lubricants with any ointments and solutions. The first assistance in burns caused by the acids, forged lime, is immediately washing the burnt places of a strong jet of water or rinse the limbs in the bucket, a tank with clean water for 10-15 minutes. Then, a soda solution is superimposed on the burned place with acid burns and from boric acid With a burn with a negated lime.2. First aid for bleeding
Depending on the size of the blood vessel and the nature of its damage, bleeding can be stopped using a gulling bandage. For this, the wound is closed with sterile material and tightly bonded. At the same time squeeze the vessels, and the bleeding stops. Arterial bleeding, which is the most dangerous, can be stopped by pressing the artery finger, bent the limb in the joint, impoverished the harness or twist. There is a series of points on the human body, where it is possible to stop the bleeding to the bone with a strong pressing of the artery. When transporting the victims of the most acceptable, the following methods are transported: in the absence of bone fractures, the bleeding can be stopped with a strong bending of the limb in the joint, for which a moto roller is embedded in the place in place, the joint is bent to failure, and in this position, the limb is tied to the body. At the same time, arteries passing in place of bend are squeezed, and bleeding stops. The imposition of special rubber harnesses or other objects made of rubber materials, which squeeze the vessels, suspend bleeding. To prevent damage to the skin, the harness is imposed on top of some fabric, sleeves, trousers. Keep the harness should not more than 1.5-2 hours, since further application The harness can lead to a derogation of an expedimentary limb. In the absence of a harness to stop bleeding, we use a twist from an unmarried material (bandage, piece of fabric, towels, ropes, etc.).3. First aid for fractures
Fractures distinguish between two species: open and closed. With a closed fracture, skin cover at the site of the fracture is not damaged. Signs of the fracture of any bone are an unnatural form, change in the length and mobility of the limb, sharp pain, swelling, hemorrhage. Obtaining assistance in a fracture, first of all it is necessary to give the victim a convenient and peaceful position, excluding the movement of the damaged part of the body. This can be achieved by overlaying tires. In the absence of special tires, you can use any technicrafts - boards, sticks, pieces of cardboard, plywood, etc. Mix tires to limbs with bandages, belts or ropes. Proper tire imposition gives a damaged part of a fixed state during transportation and reduces painful feeling. To prevent pollution of the wound with an open fracture, you need to lubricate the surface of the skin around the wound with the iodine tincture and impose a sterile bandage.4. First aid for injuries, stretching
Ears and stretching are characterized by the appearance of swelling, pain, as well as the limitation of the activity of the limb. When first aid, it is necessary to ensure peace of the victim and attach cold to a damaged place (slices of ice, snow or towel, moistened in cold water).5. Providing first aid to the drowning
The victim is necessary to unbutton the clothes and open the mouth. To remove water from the stomach, the rescuer puts the victim on the stomach and lays out on both sides thumbs His hands on the top edges lower jaw; The remaining four fingers of both hands presses the chin, lowering the lower jaw of the victim down and putting it forward. At the same time, the mouth of the victim opens and water is poured out of the stomach. Then the horn of the victim is purified from algae. It is important to achieve that there is no water and foam in the upper respiratory tract. After water is removed, proceed to artificial respiration by the methods of "mouth to mouth" or "mouth to the nose". All preparations for artificial respiration should be carried out quickly, but with caution, since with coarse treatment, weakened cardiac activity may stop. In the affected, whom, as a rule, there are no water in the respiratory tract, therefore, after extracting them from the water, it is necessary to immediately begin to artificial respiration and the massage of the heart. Method artificial respiratory "Mouth in the mouth" and indirect heart massage The way of artificial respiration "mouth in the mouth" is that the help provides exhalation from their lungs into the lungs affected through a special device or directly in the mouth or the nose of the victim. This method is relatively new and most effective, since the amount of air entering the lungs affected by one breath is 4 times more than with old ways of artificial respiration. In addition, when applying this method Artificial respiration ensures the possibility of controlling air intake into the lungs affected by clearly visible expansion of the chest after each air blowing to the subsequent pending of the chest after stopping the injection of passive exhalation through the respiratory tract to the outside. To produce an artificial respiration, the victim should be put on the back, to reveal to him and after removing outsiders from the mouth and mucus to throw his head and pull the lower jaw. After that, the help makes a deep breath and with power exhales the affected mouth. At blowing the air, the help suggests tightly presses his mouth to the face of the victim so that it is possible to cover the mouth of the affected mouth if possible to cover his mouth. After that, the safer leans back and makes breathing. In this period, the chest of the victim is descended, and it arbitrarily makes a passive exhale. With the impossibility of full coverage of the mouth of the victim to blow the air in his mouth should be through the nose, tightly closing the affected mouth. Air blowing in mouth or nose can be made through gauze, sal<|>the root or nasal handkerchief, then so that with each intake there was a sufficient expansion of the chest of the victim.6. Maintaining blood circulation in the body using outdoor heart massage
In the absence of a victim pulse to maintain the life of the body, it is necessary regardless of the cause that caused the cessation of the heart, simultaneously with artificial respiration to conduct an outer massage of the heart. To carry out an outdoor massage of the heart of the victim, should be put back on a rigid surface, expose his chest, to remove the belt and other height breathing objects. The help supposed to stand up with the right or left side of the victim and take such a position in which a more or less significant slope is possible over the victims. If the victim is laid on a chair, assisting should get up onto the lower chair, and when the victim's victim, the help affecting the floor should be kneeling next to the victim. Having determined the position of the lower third of the sternum, providing assistance should put on her the upper edge of the palm dismissed to the hand abandon, and then on top of the hand impose another hand and pressed on the chest. Pressing should be made quickly push so as to promote the bottom of the sternum down towards the spine. The force should be concentrated on the bottom of the sternum, which, due to the attachment to the cartilage endings of the lower edges, is movable.7. First aid with electric shock
In this case, first of all it is necessary to free the affected by the current, and then before the arrival of the doctor to begin assistance. To release the current-affected current, it is necessary to quickly turn off the current-carrying parts or wires, which it concerns: tear off the ground from the ground or delay from the wires. At the same time, assisted should take precautions to do not affect the voltage itself. In no case cannot concern the body that is under the voltage of victim in unprotected hands. Be sure to wear dielectric gloves. You can separate the victims of the current-carrying parts with a stick, board, etc. Frees a victim of the electric current, depending on its state, first aid should be provided. The victim should be unbutted with clothes, ensure the influx of fresh air. When stopping the breath and stop the heart, it is necessary to make artificial respiration, closed massage Hearts. With a closed massage of the heart, the helping becomes the left of the victim and after each blowing rhythmically 5-6 times pressures the palms on the lower third of the chest, shifting it every time on 4-5 cm. After pressing, it is necessary to quickly take hands for free straightening of the chest. When pressing the heart is compressed and pushes blood in blood system. By applying these methods, it is necessary to produce 48-50 chest compression and 10-12 pours per minute of air into the lungs.8. Transportation of victims
Move the affected is necessary on standard medical stretchers, and in the absence of them - on the subwoofers. It should be borne in mind that stretchers should be convenient to provide relative rest to the victim.The wound is damage to body tissues, in which the integrity of the skin or mucous membranes is necessarily violated. In the foci of mass lesion and with natural disasters, the fragments of glasses and fragments of various items are most often applied as a result of a shock wave and destruction of structures or buildings.
The injury can lead to a dangerous bleeding, and the contact of the microbes into the wound, causing its suppuration, is also dangerous for the life of the victim. Heavy wounds with bleeding, bone fractures and burns can lead to the development of shock and create a threat to the life of the victim.
Bleeding can be arterial (when damaged arteries), venous (during veins) and capillary (during the damage to the capillaries). Most dangerous arterial bleeding, in which the blood stream of bright red (scargo) color expires from the wound under pressure, as if shock.
In addition, internal bleeding is distinguished when the blood is poured into the inner cavities of the body (breast cavity, abdomen, skull), and outdoor when the blood is out of the wound.
Fig. 1. Places of possible pressed arteries to the subjectable bones.
Fig. 2. Methods of finger pressed arteries to the subjectable bones.
What to do with outdoor bleeding. Capillary bleeding to stop easily, it is enough to impose a gulling bandage on the wound. Before this skin, the wound is lubricated with iodine, which destroys the microbes on the skin, then the napkin is applied (desirable sterile, i.e. the disinfected) of several layers of gauze or from any other clean cotton fabric and tightly bandage. If the bandage wets, then over the top there is still a napkin and born. Usually enough such a gulling bandage and in venous bleeding; In this limb should be given an elevated position.
In arterial bleeding, when damaged large arteries, it is necessary to act quickly. Knowing the places of possible pressed arteries to the subjectable bones (Fig. 1), you must first stop the bleeding in this way. The vessel is pressed, squeezing with his fingers, as shown in Fig. 2. When bleeding on the limbs, it is best to impose a standard cloth or rubber harness or a twist from the submitted means - a belt, a piece of fabric, etc. (Fig. 3).
Fig. 4. The sequence of overlaying the rubber harness.
Fig. 3. Rubber harness.
Fig. 5. Stop arterial bleeding twist:
a - zeroing unit; b - twisting with a stick; B - fixing sticks.
Harness or spin, superimposed with an effort, drag the limb and compress the walls of the bleeding artery. Methods and applying harness or spins are shown in Fig. 4 and 5.
When you apply a harness or spin, you should be guided by the following rules:
- under the harness (spin) on the skin, the cloth is placed in several layers, so as not to comprehend the folds of the skin;
- tightening the harness to the disappearance of the pulse and stop bleeding, it is impossible to impose a harness too tight, since it is possible a leaning of fabrics;
- Under the harness (twist), be sure to fit the note with the exact time of its overlay in a 24-hour calculation (for example, 02 hours 25 minutes). Do it in order to medical paragraph.Where the victim goes, it was known when the harness is imposed to avoid tissue homation.
Harness or twist can be kept no more than 1-2 hours. If when it is removed, the bleeding continues, then the harness weakens for several minutes and again tighten, while pressing a bleeding vessel with a finger.
Fig. 6. Stop bleeding by maximum flexion of the limb.
In addition to the harness, stop the bleeding on the limb, bending it as follows (Fig. 6). To do this, the roller is made of gauze or other soft material and put it under the scene of the bend (in the patented fossa, the axillary depression, the elbow fold), simultaneously be flexing the limb and fasten it in this position by the bandage.
Internal bleeding Stop in order self-help and mutual assistance is almost impossible. With obvious inner bleeding or suspicion of it, the victim should be ensured by complete peace and to the estimated area of \u200b\u200bbleeding (stomach, head, chest) attach a rubber bubble or a plastic bag with snow or ice (a stile or a bottle of cold water). Such victims carefully, on a stretcher, urgently transport to the medical point.
Knowledge and skills for the first prefiguration assistance at all kinds of damage are necessary to all, since the accident caused by damage can occur at any time and in any atmosphere - at home, in production, on the street, in physical education and sports, etc. At the same time, on how correctly and in a timely manner, the first trial assistance will be rendered, its continued state of health often depends.
In some cases, delay in providing assistance can lead to a fatal outcome of the affected occurrence. Sometimes the wrong and inept assistance may be the cause of all kinds of complications that are tightened by the recovery of the victim or even leading to disability.
With natural disasters, accidents and in wartime, various damage becomes mass, therefore, to assist the victims, in addition to medical workers, the population is attracted to which, first of all, knowledge and skills in providing first medical care are attracted.
The first medical care includes a temporary stopping of bleeding, imposing bandages, bodies of fractures, carrying out artificial respiration and other events.
An injury is called violent damage to body tissues, any organ or the whole organism as a whole. Bruises and injured soft fabrics, bone fracture, brain concussion, burns - all this different kinds injuries.
The indispensable condition for the improvement of knowledge and practical skills to assist victims is the active participation of trainees in training activities, competitions and exercises.
Takes and methods for stopping bleeding, bandage imposition rules
If a person has bleeding RAS, it is important to stop the bleeding as soon as possible. Most quickly can be done by pressing a finger blood vessel to the adjacent bone.
When bleeding from wounds head prescrat the temple artery in front of the ear of the ear, at the eyebrow level; When bleeding from wounds, cheeks or lips pressed the mandibular artery on the lower jaw against a small indigenous tooth; Bleeding from wounds Heads and Persons can also be stopped by pressing one of the carotid arteries (from the side of the larynx) to the cervical vertebrae.
Bleeding from the shoulder artery can be stopped, pressing a tight roller from cotton in the armpit; From the Russian Academy of Sciences on the leg - by pressing the femoral artery in the middle of the inguinal bend.
Strong arterial bleeding from the Russian Academy of Sciences on the limbs is stopped by applying higher wound harness or spins. Before the imposition of a harness (rubber) under it, it is necessary to put a soft lining from matter, cotton wool or gauze. The harness slightly stretch and make several turns around the limb one to another to form a wide grace surface; The ends of the harness fasten with the hook and chains or tie.
Materly harness - cotton braid - attach to the limb and wind in several layers. The free end of the braid is then fought in buckle, tighten as much as possible and fixed with a spin. In the absence of a harness, you can use a screwdriver (rope, handkerchief, bandage, trouser belt), with which the spin is superimposed. The harness (spin) is superimposed by no more than 1.5-2 hours in the warm season, and in the cold time - no more than 1 hour, otherwise the fines may occur. The laying time of the harness (twist) must be noted (pencil, handle) on the dressing or on paper, which is put under the harness (twist). Another reliable way to stop bleeding from wounds of limbs is the maximum flexion of the limbs in the joints with its fixation in this position. Any wound can become dangerous not only as a result of bleeding, but also due to its microbes. To avoid it, it is forbidden to touch the wound with his hands, to extract deeply seated fragments from it ( foreign bodies), Delete the remnants of clothing. The wound usually put a piece of sterile gauze or bandage. Bifunut, as a rule, from left to right, closing each new twist the previous half of the bandage width, from a narrow part of the body to wider, i.e. down up.
With penetrating injuries of the abdomen, the wound is closed with a sterile napkin, and when the internal organs fall out of the internal organs, a cotton-gauze ring is applied, a sterile napkin and not tightly bogged down. To go to the wound felling internal organs is prohibited. You can not drink a victim with such an injury, you can only make lips water.
Providing first aid for fractures
When fractures, the victim need to ensure peace and immobility (immobilization) of broken bone. Immobilization is achieved by overlaying standard or manufactured tire materials. As a primary agent, you can use sticks, canes, skis, umbrellas, boards, fane, branches of branches, etc.
Tires are applied to the outer and inner surface of the broken limb. They must necessarily provide the fixedness of the two fractures of the joints. When you apply tires to the nude surface, they must be laid with cotton or any soft sweater, and then fasten the bandage, towel, jams, belts, etc.
With open fractures, first with the help of a harness stop bleeding, and then the bandage is applied to the wound. After that, the affected by an anesthetic agent is introduced and ensure the immobilization of the limb. If, with a primary inspection it is difficult to distinguish your bumps and dislocation from bone fractures, then help must be reasons like when fractures.
With a fracture of bones of the forearm, the hand in the elbow joint is bent at the right corner of the palm to the body. The bus takes such a length so that one of her end covered his fingers, and the second went beyond the elbow joint. In this position, the tire is fixed by a bandage, and the hand is suspended on a shell or belt.
With a fracture shoulder bone The forearm bend at right angle in the elbow joint, and two tires are applied to the broken bone of the shoulder: one from the outside of the shoulder, and the other - from the axillary depression to the elbow joint. Then both tires are recorded to the shoulder and the bent forearm suspended onto the belt or golk.
In the absence of a tablet tire or undergraduate agents, the hand bent into the elbow, the hand is suspended on the shelter, the belt is born to the body.
To overline the tire dressing, with a fracture of the thigh, you must have at least two large tires. One of them impose outdoor surface The limbs, with one of its end, should be under the arm, and the other is a little playing behind the foot. The second tire is applied along the inner surface of the legs so that one end to reach the crotch area, and the other played over the edge of the foot. In this position, the tires are born to the body.
In the absence of tabletime tires or girlfriend, damaged leg should be brought to a healthy foot.
With a fracture of the leg, the first help is also provided as at the fracture of the thigh.
With a fracture of the pelvic of the victim, it is necessary to put horizontally on the back and put the roller on your knees (a coat, jacket, pillow, to reduce the tensions of the muscles of the thighs and abdomen).
The wounded in the spine should be very carefully put on a solid litter (shield, board), while avoiding any concussions and flexion of the spine.
When fractures, the ribs on the chest must be superposed a tight circular bandage.
With a fracture of the clavicle in the armpit, with the injured side, put the wool and the shoulder tightly bogged down to the body, and the forearm suspended on the gathering, the second sheep is attached to the body to the body.
When jaw fractures, you need to cover your mouth and fix the jaw with a bandage.
Help with burns
Burns - tissue damage arising from high temperature, electric current, acids, alkalis or ionizing radiation. Accordingly distinguish thermal, electrical chemical and raughter burns. Thermal burns Most often, they account for 90-95% of all burns.
The severity of burns is determined by an area and depth of lesion of tissues. Depending on the depth of the lesion, four degrees of burns are distinguished. Surface burns under favorable conditions are heal independently. Deep burns are striking except skin and deep tissue, so there are skin transplantation with such burns. Most of the struck usually there is a combination of burns of various degrees.
Inhalation of flame, hot air and steam can cause burns of the upper respiratory tract and larynx swelling with the development of respiratory disorders. General state The victim also depends on the extensity of the burn surface. If the burn area exceeds 10-15% (in children more than 10%) of the body surface, the injured is developing the so-called burn disease, the first period of which - burn shock. First aid consists in the termination of the striking factor. With a burn, flames should be extended by burning clothes, to endure the victim from the fire zone, with hot liquids or molten metal burns - quickly remove clothing from the burns area. The parts of the clothes are not dried to the body, but cut around and leave on the spot. You can not cut and disrupt the resulting bubbles, touch the burn with your hands.
In the burns of individual parts of the body, the skin around the burn is wiped with alcohol, cologne, water, and an exhabin surface is imposed with a dry sterile bandage. To stop the effects of the temperature factor, it is necessary to quickly cool the affected portion of the body by immersing cold water, under the jet cold water Or chloroethyl irrigation.
Chemical skin burns arise as a result of the skin of acids (acetic, salt, sulfur, etc.), alkalis (caustic soda, ammonia alcohol, negascinated lime). The cutting depth depends on the concentration of chemical agent, temperature and exposure duration. If the first medical care is not provided in a timely manner, chemical burns can be significantly delighted in 20-30 minutes. The deepening and dissemination of burns contributes also impregnated with acid or alkali clothing. In case of contact with the skin of concentrated acids on the skin and mucous membranes, dry dark brown or black scaps with clearly bounded edges quickly occurs, and when concentrated alkalis is hit, a wet gray-dirty color of stamp without clear outlines. In this case, it is necessary to quickly remove scraps of clothing impregnated with a chemical agent. It is necessary to reduce the concentration of chemicals on the skin. To do this, the skin is richly washed with flowing water for 20-30 minutes.
When she burns after washing with water, you can use alkaline solutions (2-3% solution of drinking sodium hydrocarbonate - in soapy water) or impose a sterile napkin moistened with a weak alkaline solution. With sulfuric acid, water is not recommended, because In this case, heat isolation occurs, which can increase the burn.
For burns, alkali also, after washing, water can be used to process the burn surface of weak solutions of acids (1-2% solution of acetic or citric acid). It is advisable to give painkillers and be sure to send the victim to the burn branch. In case of impregnation of clothing, a chemically active substance needs to quickly remove it. Contraindicated any actions on burn wounds.
In order to the anesthesia, Analgin (Pentalgin, Temalgin, Sadalgin) give the victim. For large poisoning, the victim takes 2-3 tablets of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) and 1 dimeedrol tablet.
Before the arrival, the doctor is given to drink hot tea and coffee, alkaline mineral water (500-2000 ml) or the following solutions: sodium bicarbonate solution (food soda) 1/2 teaspoon, sodium chloride (sodium salt) 1 teaspoon for 1 liter of water; A solution of tea, per liter of which add 1 teaspoon of a cooking salt, 2/3 of a teaspoon of bicarbonate or sodium nitrate.
The chemical burns (acids and alkalis) of the eye arise in case of random contact with acids and alkalis in the form of solutions, drops, powders.
In case of contact with concentrated acids and alkalishes, human eyes appear in the eyes, light-friendly, impairment of vision. Objectively determines the sharp redness of the mucous membrane of the eye, clouding the cornea.
For chemical burn eye in order first emergency care It is necessary to wash the face with closed eyes, and then rinse the eyes with running water for 10-15 minutes. To do this, you can send a stream from a plumbing crane to the eye or pour water from any pure vessel to it, can also rinse from the rubber spray, glass (eye) bath, etc. You can use a lump of clean wool, which is first immersed in water, and then, without pressing, spend it from the outside end of the eye to the inner, barely touching it.
In case of burns with acids, if there is an opportunity, food soda is added a little to water (2% soda mortar). When burns, alkalis can be washed with a weak (1-2%) solution of acetic acid, a 2% solution of boric acid or milk.
With strong pains, the victim must be given inside the painkillers (analgin 1-2 tablets), and in the eye to roll 10-30% sodium sulphazyl solution (albucid), 2% novocaine solution or 0.25-0.5% Dicain solution. After that, the victim should be immediately sent to the hospital.
