Pneumothorax lungs - appearance in the pleural cavity of air accumulation. This is fraught with serious consequences, the lungs cannot function normally, the respiratory function is broken. This condition today is still occurring. It is found in patients aged 20 - 40 years.

The affected person needs to start providing emergency care as soon as possible, since the pneumothorax may end with a fatal outcome. In more detail what kind of disease is, what causes and symptoms, as well as first aid for pneumothorax and effective treatment - Next in the article.

Pneumothorax: What is it?

Pneumothorax is an excessive air accumulation between the pleural sheets, leading to a short-term or long-term disorder of the respiratory function of light and cardiovascular failure.

With pneumothorax, air can penetrate the leaflets of visceral and parietal pleura through any defect on the surface of the lung or in chest. The air penetrating the cavity causes an increase in intrapleural pressure (it is normal below than atmospheric) and leads to falling part or a whole lung (partial or complete lung collapse).

Patient Pneumothorax he is experiencing a sharp pain In the chest, breathing often and superficially, with a breath. Feels "lack of air". There is a pallor or sinusiness of the skin, in particular the faces.

• In the International Classifier of Diseases of the ICD 10 Pneumothorax is: J93.

Classification of the disease

Pneumothorax is two fundamentally different species depending on the origin and the message with the external environment:

1. open when gas or air flow into the cavity of the pleura from the external environment through the defects of the chest - injuries, while there is a depressurization of the respiratory system. In the case of the development of open pneumothorax, it changes and this leads to the fact that the lung falls down and no longer performs its functions. Gas exchange in it stops, and oxygen does not enter blood;
2. Closed - no contact with the environment. In the future, the increase in the amount of air does not occur and theoretically, this type can be resolved spontaneously (it is the easiest form).

By type of distribution:

• unilateral. About its development speak if only one lung appears;
• bilateral. The affected and right and left share of the lungs fall at the victim. This state is extremely dangerous for a person's life, so it needs to start providing emergency care as soon as possible.

Also allocate:

• Traumatic pneumothorax occurs as a result of penetrating injury of the chest or damage to the lung (for example, fragments of broken ribs).
• spontaneous pneumothorax arising without any preceding disease, or illness protected;
• The intense pneumothorax is a state when air flow into the pleural cavity is coming, but there is no way out, the cavity gas is filling. There is a complete collapse of the lung and the air does not fall into it even with a deep breath.
• secondary - arising as a complication of pulmonary or extractive pathology,
• artificial or yathedral - create doctors if necessary for certain manipulations. This can be attributed to: the biopsy of the pleura, the introduction of the catheter in the central veins.

In terms of air, which entered the cavity between the pleura sheets, recognize the following types of pneumothorax:

• partial (partial or limited) - the collapse of the lung is incomplete;
• total (full) - a complete lung appeared.

By availability of complications:

• Complicated (pleurite, bleeding, mediastinal and subcutaneous emphysema).
• Uncomplicated.

The reasons

The etiological factors that can lead to the development of pneumothorax are divided into three groups:

• Diseases of the respiratory system.
• Injuries.
• Medicinal manipulation.

The causes of the spontaneous pneumothorax of lung can be (are located descending frequency):

• Bullous pulmonary disease.
• Pathology respiratory tract (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, fibrosis, asthmatic status).
• Infectious diseases (pneumatic pneumonia, pulmonary tuberculosis).
• Interstitial lung diseases (sarcoidosis, idiopathic pneumosclerosis, vegetarian granulomatosis, lymphangioleyomyomatosis, tuberous sclerosis).
• Diseases connective tissue (Rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, polyimiomyomy, dermatomyomyomy, sclerodermia, marfana syndrome).
• Malignant neoplasms (sarcoma, lung cancer).
• Chest endometriosis.

Symptoms of lung pneumothorax

The main manifestations of pneumothorax are due to the sudden appearance and gradual accumulation of air in the pleural cavity and the squeezing of the lung, as well as the displacement of the mediastinum organs.

General symptoms in adults:

• it's hard to breathe a patient, it has a surface frequent breathing;
• stands cold sticky sweat;
• dry cough attack;
• skin covers acquire a shiny shade;
• heart palpitations; sharp pain in the chest;
• fear; weakness;
• reduction of blood pressure;
• subcutaneous emphysema;
• the victim takes a forced position - sitting or half-sidew.

The severity of the symptoms of the pneumothorax depends on the cause of the disease and the degree of lung compression.

The absence of timely assistance most often leads to the development of complications that threaten the life of the patient.

Complications

Complications of pneumothorax occur often, according to statistics - half of all cases. These include:

• empiama pleura - purulent pleurisy, piotorax;
• inspex bleeding as a result of a lung tissue, serous-fibrinous pneumoplace with the formation of a "rigid" lung,.

With a valve pneumothorax, the formation of subcutaneous emphysema is not excluded - the accumulation of a small amount of air under the skin in the subcutaneous fat tissue.

For a long time, the current pneumothorax often ends with the substitution of pulmonary fabric by connecting, wrinkling the lung, loss of elasticity, the development of pulmonary and heart failure, death.

Diagnostics

Already when examining the patient detected characteristic signs Pneumothorax:

• the patient takes a forced sedentary or half-sideway;
• skin covered covered with cold later, shortness of breath, cyanosis;
• expanding intercostal intervals and chest, restriction of the chest excursion on the affected side;
• reduced arterial pressure, tachycardia, displacement of heart boundaries in a healthy side.

From the instrumental methods of the survey "Gold Standard" is an x-ray of the chest in a sitting position or standing. To diagnose pneumothorax with a small amount of air, X-ray or radiography is used in exhalation.

The final diagnosis is made according to the results of radiographic or tomography, on the basis of which pneumothorax is differentiated with the following diseases:

• Asphyxia;
• pleurisy;
• lung emphysema;
• aortic aneurysm;
• myocardial infarction;
• diaphragm hernia.

First aid

Pneumothorax in the valve or open form belongs to the number of urgent states, at the occurrence of which you need to immediately cause an ambulance. Then be sure to make the following actions:

• stop the process of filling the air of the pleural cavity of the victim;
• stop bleeding.

First emergency assistance in any type of pneumothorax is not only in the use of drug therapy, but also to comply with a certain mode.

Patients with Pneumothorax are hospitalized into a surgical hospital (if possible in specialized branches of pulmonology). Medical assistance is to carry out the puncture of the pleural cavity, the evacuation of air and the restoration of the pleura of negative pressure in the cavity.

Treatment of pneumothorax

Pneumothorax treatment is beginning to be carried out in ambulance. Doctors spend:

• oxygen therapy;
• anesthetic (this is an important moment in treatment, painkillers are necessary for the patient and at the stage of the lung downturn, and during its disguments);
• remove the cough reflex;
• conduct pleural puncture.

Depending on the type of disease, the treatment will be as follows:

1. Small closed limited pneumothorax - most often does not require treatment. It is spontaneously absorbed in a few days, without causing serious disorders;
2. when closed, the aspiration of the air has fallen with the help of the puncture system;
3. when open - first translate it into a closed, suturing hole. Then the air is sucked through the puncture system;
4. with the valve - translate it into open view With the help of a thick needle and further treat surgically;
5. with recurrent - Surgical removal of its cause. Patients aged after 50 years with the recurrent flow of pneumothorax preferably apply not a simple pleural puncture, but the establishment of a drainage tube and conducting active air aspiration.

Treatment and rehabilitation lasts from 1-2 weeks to several months, it all depends on the cause.

Rehabilitation after pneumothorax

1. Coming out of the hospital, the patient who suffered the pneumothorax of the lungs should refrain from any physical exertion within 3-4 weeks.
2. Flights on the plane for 2 weeks after treatment are prohibited.
3. You should not participate with parachute, diving - all this causes pressure drops.
4. It is strictly forbidden to smoke, it is certainly worth throwing this dangerous habit.
5. Doctors also advise you to survey on tuberculosis, HNZL.

In 20% of cases, patients have a relapse of pathology, especially if it is caused primary disease. It is dangerous to be the state of a person when the pleural cavity is filled with air from two sides. Usually it entails a sharp impairment of respiration and a fatal outcome.

The bilateral form of pneumothorax is characterized by a favorable outcome of only 50% of cases.

Forecast

Any pneumothorax lungs require the immediate hospitalization of the patient into a surgical hospital for surgical treatment. The earlier the patient who is diagnosed with the symptoms of the disease will be sent to the hospital, the greater the chance for successful treatment.

If the patient is diagnosed with pneumothorax, which can explain the doctor in detail. Literally from the Greek language, this word is translated as "air in the chest." In this case, air in the pleural cavity of the lungs, contributing to the increase in pressure in the tissues of the pleura. Because of this, blood circulation in the chest area is disturbed. The patient experiences difficulties in breathing, a breathrum arises, a percussion sound appears.

Experts identify several forms of the disease:

1. Artificial.
2. Traumatic.
3. Spontaneous.

From what is diagnosed with pneumothorax, the first aid and treatment regimen depends. With artificial form, the air masses in the pulmonary tissue are introduced by doctors. In the 2nd case of the development of the pneumothorax, the causes are associated with the injury of the chest, depending on which it is distinguished:

• closed pneumothorax, provoked by closed blows and bruises;
• open pneumothorax, provoked by gunshot and crusted wounds.

Spontaneous form occurs with sudden damage to the lung fabric. It is more often diagnosed with young men (20 - 40 years old). In most cases, congenital buildings of the lung contribute to the development of this form. The primary form of the disease in such patients can provoke:

• long laugh;
• cough attacks;
• excessive physical exertion.

In addition to the primary form, the secondary pneumothorax is diagnosed. The causes of its development are associated with a different disease. Spontaneous form detect in patients with tuberculosis. The type of disease differs depending on the location of its localization and affected lobes:

1. Right-sided, left-sided.
2. One-sided, bilateral.

Taking into account the age of the patient, the symptoms of pneumothorax are identified:

• in newborns;
• in children;
• in adults.

Separately, the voltage (valve) pneumothorax is isolated - this is a cluster of air in a pleural cavity, resulting from the overaffect of air entering the lungs when inhaling. Competent diagnosis allows accuracy to determine the type of pathology and timely start treatment.

If the patient has a lung pneumothorax, symptoms depend on the amount of gaseous substances accumulating in the pleurare.

Gradually, the disease begins to deliver discomfort. IN easy form Symptoms are manifested in the form of shortness of shortness (with exercise). Patients complain of pain in the chest area and breathing difficulties.

Clinical picture

The syndrome of re-equipment in the lungs is developing for the following reasons:

• the impact of external factors;
• the presence in the body of certain diseases;
• nonspecific factors;
• artificial input of air masses in the lungs.

The external causes of pneumothorax - injuries of the chest, damage during surgery and jumping from high height. Among the diseases that provoke the development of pneumothorax, there is a tuberculosis in the first place. Due to the opening, the gases cavity begin to accumulate in the tissues of the lung. Non-specific causes of the development of pathology:

• abscess lung;
• cyst break;
• damage to the esophagus.

Artificial disease provoke to cure some lung pathology. Additionally, it is a diagnosis that allows you to detect neoplasms in the chest cavity. With incorrect, late treatment or absence, the following effects may arise:

1. Excudative pleurisy.
2. Acute respiratory failure.
3. Lung rigidity.
4. Hemopneumothorax.
5. Empiama pleura (PIPNEMOTEKS).

Exudative pleurisy - cluster in pleural sheets of liquid highlighted from small blood vessels With inflammatory processes. The rigidity of the lung is the inability of the tissue of the body to deal with due to the formation of connecting lights (mooring). HEMOPNEVOTOKS is such a complication, in which blood gets into the lungs in the lungs. PIPNEVOBAKS - Magnification in Plegre.

Detect pathology allows:

1. General inspection.
2. X-ray.
3. Pleural puncture.

When collecting anamnesis, the doctor may suspect the presence of a pneumothorax in a patient if:

• cold sweat is on the skin;
• patient constantly want to sit down;
• after a minor physical activity, shortness of breath arises;
• reduced arterial pressure, diagnosed tachycardia;
• the chest expanded;
• shifted heart.

It is impossible to ignore the symptoms of the pneumothorax, otherwise it will fail to work of cardio-vascular system.

Radiographic signs:

• in the pictures taken on the breath, lightly straighten, and in the pictures on the exhalation - returns to its original position;
• the image is not visible in the picture (due to the accumulation of air in it).

Pleural puncture is a fluid fence from the pleural area. The fluid in this area accumulates in the presence of pathologies (pleurisy, tumor of the lungs, heart swelling, tuberculosis). Doctors can detect its presence on a radiograph or during an ultrasound.

Patient with a similar diagnosis at any time may require emergency assistance. The patient needs to calm the breath to be smooth, ensuring the flow of fresh air. Then you need to call the medical team. When the disease is open, it is necessary to impose an occlusal bandage (wool wrapped in gauze and cellophane). The bandage is superimposed on the wound to prevent air penetration into it.

First aid for pneumothorax tense (valve) - taking pleural puncture. It is recommended to treat the disease in a specialized pulmonary hospital. The treatment of pneumothorax in a closed form is carried out by taking Pravroi puncture. At the same time, accumulated air masses and gases come out of it, and the pressure is normalized. The operation is carried out under sterile conditions with a long needle with an attached tube. How to render (at home) with pneumothorax, first assistance is recommended to find out the doctor. With one-sided pathology, the fluid fence is performed in the 2nd inter estreon of the damaged side, according to the midcurbicular line.

During bilateral pathology, drainage is needed - passive air aspiration using an electrovacuum apparatus or by the BULUU system. Open pneumothorax is translated into a closed form with wound sewing. Valve pneumothorax special. Treatment:

1. The disease is translated into an open form, freeing the lungs from excess gases with a thick needle.
2. Then the disease is returned to the closed form. Appropriate treatment is carried out.

Avoiding recurrence allows PulkrozEz (carried out using silver nitrate, talc, glucose solution or other preparations with sclerosing effect).

Thanks to this, spikes are formed in place damage.

Methods of therapy

Folk remedies are not able to cure pneumothorax, but they can become a supplement to the main treatment (if the cause of its occurrence is another pathology). In the treatment, they use cloudberries, the grass of the armor, the resin-sanitary, the grass of the medicinal Veronika.

From fresh berries, cloudberries need to squeeze the juice and take it several times a day instead of tea. 1 tbsp. l. The dispatcher must be pouring 250 ml of boiling water and tomorrow on a water bath for 15 minutes, then remove from the fire, cover with a lid, insist for 2 hours. and strain. Take 3 times a day.

Pine, cedar or fir-resin must be cleaned of impurities and melt. The resin is poured with alcohol (96%) and insist for several days. Then they take the finished resin and interior fat in the ratio of 1: 2, they melt in the water bath, cool up to 60 ° C, add honey, stirred, poured bone powder (1/10 part). Take 3 times a day. Course duration - 6 months.

1 tbsp. l. The chopped Veronica medicinal need to pour 2 glasses of boiling water, insist under the lid for 2 hours, strain and take 4 times a day.

Patient so that the complications of the pneumothorax do not arise, it will take:

• timely diagnosis;
• competent treatment;
• rehabilitation.

The success of treatment and the lack of relapses depend on the following factors:

• paul patient;
• the age of the patient;
• the presence of concomitant diseases;
• the presence of complications.

With the spontaneous form of a disease provoked by hereditary factors, the outcome is favorable. If pathology was provoked by another disease, then in 20% of cases a relapse occurs. With bilateral form, the treatment of the disease has been successfully in 50% of cases. If the disease arose due to injury, the absence of complications depends on the ability to protect the wound from infection penetration.

The prevention of the pulmonary pneumothorax is to comply with simple rules:

• to give up smoking;
• conducting a healthy lifestyle;
• regular walks in the fresh air;
• timely diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

If the patient detects signs of pneumothorax, it is necessary to urgently ask for help to the doctor. Timely diagnosis increases the chances of successful treatment of pneumothorax. In the launched state, the disease can lead to a fatal outcome.

Pneumothorax is a disease that entails the accumulation of air into the lungs. There is a depressurization.

Air penetration inside the pleura contributes to the increase in pressure. After that, there is a partial or complete lung downturn.

The condition of a person is very heavy and needs emergency care. Pneumothorax is open and closed. Its occurrence is often due to or injured (brushing wounds, bullet wound and so on).

Causes of the disease

The probability of developing spontaneous pneumothorax is observed in middle-aged people. Causes of occurrence can be:

• bullose disease;
• infectious diseases (atypical,);
• endometriosis of lungs;
• interstitial lesions of lungs;
• malignant education;
• inflammation of the connective tissue (and, polyimize).

Traumatic pneumothorax is formed after the injuries of the chest cavity. Distinguish:

1. Penetrating breast injuries (knife injuries, firearms, as well as fragmentation).
2. Breast injuries without penetrating effect from an external environment (provoked by traumaization by tissues with sharp edges of broken edges, breaking the lung).

The valve pneumothorax is formed already after spontaneous or traumatic. It is one of the most dangerous species.

Yatrogenic pneumothorax may be the consequence of medical manipulations. Such as the:

• plevura puncture;
• incorrect installation of the central vein catheter;
• taking a sample of affected lung tissue (biopsy);
• Endoscopic transbronchial biopsy;
• gap Alveol with hardware ventilation of the light (barotrahma).

Artificial pneumothorax is used to treat tuberculosis (mainly with fresh destructive forms). This is the procedure for introducing oxygen into the cavity of the pleura. The procedure is applied in order to reduce the formed cavities.

Pneumothorax in newborns is considered anomalous. The emergence of this disease is associated with genetic pathologies of lungs and pleura, as well as injuries and inflammatory processes. Causes can be:

• strong crying;
• gap with forced artificial respiration;
• genetic pathology;
• gap abscesses easy;
• breaking cysts.

Catrimony or menstrual pneumothorax is a rare form that develops 2-3 days after the start of menstrual bleeding. Arises for reasons:

• ingenustful endometriosis;
• production during hormone ovulation - prostaglandin F2. His appearance causes a narrowing bronchio.
• the lack of mucosa in the cervix, which allows air to pass through the aperture holes in the pleura area.

Symptoms

Symptoms of pneumothorax appear due to air accumulation in the pleural cavity. Their development depends on the decrease in the lung.

The size of the collapse of the lung is divided into:

• small (up to 25%);
• medium (50-70%);
• total (100%);
• stressful (displaced mediastinum).

Spontaneous pneumothorax happens:

• primary (idiopathic);
• secondary (symptomatic);
• recise view.

The disease is accompanied by a cough attack. Felt stick pain In the part of the patient light, over time turning into the new. It is accompanied by (blue skin color due to accumulation in blood carbon dioxide), p fae. Pain can enhance when driving, breathing and cough. In the patient can be. Trying to reduce shortness of breath and pain, the sick most often falls on the sore side or sits down with a slope in the sore side.

Traumatic syndrome affects general state patient. There is a decrease in blood pressure, the skin acquires a blue color, a pulse is studied, an acute appears. On the exhalation of the wound, foaming blood is distinguished.

During the period of traumatic pneumothorax, the air can be gathered in the subcutaneous fiber of the sternum, the whole neck, face and mediastinum. Turning in places of bloating gives a feeling of a crunch under the fingers.

Valve pneumothorax is an extremely difficult condition of the patient. The penetration of all air mass in the area of \u200b\u200bthe pleura, whose output is not possible. Symptoms and disorders are extremely pronounced. Quickness raises shortness, sometimes loss of consciousness, cyanosis. A sharp and stitching pain that can give to the blade, shoulder and abdominal cavity.

With severe condition, the veins of the upper limbs and cervical veins can swell. The affected side increases due to the expansion of the gaps between the ribs. The reduction of blood pressure increases.

Progresses subcutaneous emphysema, the speech is controlled. With its growth, in the wrong place, often causes hearty and.

Children's appearance occurs when the lungs are improper. A child until three years can grow into pneumonia.

Often symptoms do not manifest clinically. With complications, signs of pneumothorax in children - this is:

• body cramps;
• pallor;
• an increase in heart rate;
• temporary stop breathing.

The diagnosis is made when inspection. Most often need radiography of the chest or CT (computed tomography).

Diagnostics

Inspection make an auscultative method (listening with a stethoscope). Thus, reveal attenuation or complete absence of breathing in the part of the patient of the lung.

The attachment (percussion) method is heard loud and low sound.

During the preventive picture of fluorography, a specialist can suspect a cloaking type of pneumothorax. In order to make sure that it prescribes X-ray diagnostics.

Another inspection method is a radiograph. In case of illness, the picture shows the causes and symptoms of its manifestation. There is a lumen with the lack of light pattern, this is caused by the fact that the air is assembled in the pleural cavity. The diaphragm can go down.

The mediastum goes to the side, normally working lung. The atelectasis of the lung can be formed (partial or complete reduction of light tissue, which leads to a decrease in the amount of air in the lungs and violates the ventilation of Alveol).

The back of the back will show the thin line of visceral pleura (no more than 1 mm). The strip of enlightenment shows the side position.

Torakoscopy is used to diagnose. Thanks to her, a person will examine. A special device is introduced - a tarabrid - through a hole, which is made in the pectoral wall. With it, they detect gas and increase pressure inside the pleura.

Computer tomography is one of the best ways to examine in this area. It makes it possible to detect the presence of gas in Plevra. This study can identify the likely origin of the spontaneous pneumothorax, which is not recognized during x-ray.

Complications

This disease, with illiterate treatment, may entail some complications. The most frequent are:

• under the valve form may develop subcutaneous and mediastile emphysema;
• the end of the light tissue can provoke bleeding inside the pleura;
• the formation of adhesions that interfere with the lightweight of the lung. Because of them, serous-fibrinous pleurisy develops;
• magnification in the pleural cavity (Empiasis of Plevra);
• fergency swelling of lung.

Long course of the disease (especially without timely appeal medical help) It can cause a replacement of lung tissue to the connecting. Lungs shrore and lose their elasticity.

Extremely heart failure develops, which can entail a fatal outcome.

Treatment

A light shape that passes without symptoms of the respiratory system sometimes does not require rapid hospitalization and even treatment. However, it needs to be observed by a radiographic study.

With non-complex forms of its manifestation, the sublumular bubble or bull is reduced. The flaw in visceral pleura is covered with a liquid, which consists of leukocytes (fibrous effusion).

After that, it is sealing independently and heals. The absorption of all air occurs within 3 months.

Recurrements are observed up to 50% of people.

Medication treatment (drugs)

The first medical care is to introduce such drugs:

• Analgesics - Analgin. With painful pains are injected with narcotic substances (morphine, municipal);
• Antibiotics - tetracycline group (doxycycline, tetracycline and others);
• Serum against tetanus.

After surgical operations, preparations (heparin, warfarin, etc.) are prescribed.

In case of circulatory impairment, caffeine and camphor are introduced.

The prophylactic methods of the recurrent type use the method of chemical pleuge. Entering irritating means:

• magnesium silicate;
• glucose;
• silver nitrate solution.

Surgery

With penetrating injury in the chest cavity (let's say, in the conditions of military operations), after which the pneumothorax develops and one-sided air leakage occurs, the need for prefusion intervention.

For this, decompression needles have been developed, which, with the right manipulations, produce a pumping of airproof aircraft, due to which the pressure can stabilize.

Special occlusive dressings (films) are also developed, on an adhesive basis, which are glued even to wet skin, creating a hermetic overlap in a place of injury and not allowing pressure in the chest to be equal to atmospheric.

Pneumothorax in any manifestation requires surgical intervention. These include such types of procedures:

• A closed type - with the help of puncture, the air from the pleural cavity is pumped.
• Open type - spend thoracoscopy or thoracotomy with check of lung fabric and pleura. The defect is sutured, thereby stop the air intake into the pleural cavity. Next, repeat the event as with a closed type.
• Valve pneumothorax - conduct puncture with a thick needle. After that is treated in a surgical way.
• Recurrent pneumothorax - remove its causes surgically. Often, the usual pleural puncture is carried out, but a drainage tube for pumping air is installed.

Postoperative exercises

After injury or any other injury, which entailed the pneumothorax, it is necessary to engage in the restoration of its physical form. For this use exercises medical physical educationwhich start 3-4 weeks after injury.

It is necessary to start (as well as with any training) with light gentle exercises, gradually increasing the load. The most common exercises are respiratory (inflated balls, breathe in the phone). Actively recommended by the doctors respiratory gymnastics Strelnoye.

Additional and alternative methods of treating household conditions

Independent treatment in this disease is impossible - the appeal for help from a qualified specialist is the only right solution. But you can combine medicia treatment with recipes of traditional medicine.

Treatment of herbs

Recipe from Veronica Drug. Raw 1 tablespoon of crushed plants in two glasses of water. Cover with a lid and insist 2 hours. Before applying to profile. Drinking the infusion of 1 teaspoon 4 times a day. After several techniques, the infusion of the patient's appetite increases significantly.

Very useful to juice from the berries of cloudberries. Drink it instead of tea, several times a day.

For the restoration of forces apply a decoction from the dispatch. It lowers blood pressure and increase blood clotting.

For a decoction, take 1 tablespoon of herbal raw materials, pour its 250 g of boiled water. After taking 15 minutes in the water bath. Then remove from the fire and cover the lid for 2 hours. Before applying to filter and drink 1 tablespoon 3 times a day

Prevention

• avoid barometric pressure drops (flights in airplanes that are not equipped with atmospheric pressure stabilizers, eliminate deep immersion and climbing);
• refuse smoking;
• for 3 months, suspend sports and not lifting weights.

Forecast

Usually, uncomplicated diseases do not have adverse effects for the human body. The forecast is determined by the degree and sizes of the lesion of the respiratory organs. The faster the assistance will be provided, the less likely to aggravate the state.

Higher education (cardiology). Cardiologist, therapist, doctor of functional diagnostics. I understand well in the diagnosis and therapy of diseases of the respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract and cardiovascular system. He graduated from the Academy (in part), kneading a lot of experience.

Specialty: cardiologist, therapist, doctor of functional diagnostics.

Pneumothorax - the presence of air in the pleural cavity caused by a wheel wall or a lung with damage to one of the twigs of bronchi.

Code of PO international Classification MKB-10 diseases:

• J93 - Pneumothorax

Classification and etiology
On etiological basis: traumatic, spontaneous, artificial traumatic Closed injury Chest: Damage to Light Frames Ryubers, Ripping Light or Bronx due to an increase in intra-high pressure when closed voice ligaments at the time of injury Open injury to the chest: penetrating injuries. Non-hydrogen injuries: wounding the lung when trying catheterization connected Vienna, Star Ganglia Acupuncture, Interrochel nerve blockade, pleural puncture spontaneous nonspecific: Bull break, cyst, light spike, resulting in a regional increase in intranolar pressure (in combination with mediastinal emphysema), easy-to-empty, breakthrough of the abscess light in the pleural cavity (popenemotox), Spontaneous esophageal tear tuberculosis: the break of the cavity, the breakthroughs of caseous foci artificial pneumothorax impose S. therapeutic goal With tuberculosis of lungs, with diagnostic - for thoracoscopy, for differential diagnosis of breast wall formations.

Classification by the pathophysiological mechanism Closed pneumothorax - After the penetration of gas into the pleural cavity, the receipt of it stops, intrapharmal pressure, as a rule, negative open pneumothorax - the presence of a hole in the thoracic wall (including both parietal pleura), freely reported with the external medium valve pneumothorax - progressive air accumulation in the pleural cavity. The air comes from the small hole in the lightweight tissue at the moment of inhalation, and at the time of the exhalation, without finding a way out, remains in the pleural cavity. In the final stage of development valve pneumothorax It becomes stressful when the pressure in the pleural cavity becomes higher than in the adjacent light and vessels. For valve pnemothorax Characterized Triad: Positive inlepture pressure, resistant mediastinal displacement in the opposite direction, acute respiratory failure

Pathological physiology Compression of a lung displacement of the mediastinal organs in the opposite direction (with a tense pneumothorax) Shunting of non-aoxigenous blood from the sleeping light in big circle blood circulation Education of serous exudate (irritation of pleura) subcutaneous emphysema closed pneumothorax proceeds benign: air from the pleural cavity is solved alone after 6-12 days early breast wound with open pneumothorax - severe current. Under the influence of continuous oscillations of intraphalinary pressure, fluctuations arise (flotation) of the mediastinum, leading to the development of shock. The so-called paradoxical breathing may be observed, when the air does not go out when the air exhale does not go out through the trachea, and blows the air-saturated with carbon dioxide when inhaling comes back to the only breathable light, sharply deteriorating blood oxygenation and causing hypercaps.

МКБ-10 j93 pneumothorax

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Spontaneous pneumothorax in the medical sector of activity is considered as a very serious disease that occurs due to air accumulation between parietal and visceral sheets of pleura. The cause of the development of the analyzed state is not mechanical damage, for example, strong injury or injury, but the development of pathology affecting the integrity of the surface tissue of internal respiratory organs.

Experts share a spontaneous pneumothorax for several species, given the characteristic features of the ailment:

• The causes of nonspecific secondary pneumothorax to identify much easier. This category of illness arises as a complication of other disease affecting bronchi or lungs. Among the most common diseases, the following can be distinguished:
• gangrene of the lungs;
• syphilis;
• tuberculosis;
• abscess lungs or bronchi.

Often the cause of development nonspecific type It is a congenital tumor that arose on pleura or on pulmonary surface fabric.

• Spontaneous pneumothorax - primary, can arise from quite healthy at first glance of young people. Most often, this subspecies arises against the background of the development of bullous emphysema. Given the medical statistics, most of the patients detect right-sided primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Pathological changes in the pulmonary pleura may occur due to the rupture of its integrity due to serious physical exertion, a strong cough attack and even after a long laughter.
• Much less often, specialists diagnose the primary spontaneous pneumothorax to the patients who had to cope with the pressure drops, for example, after jumping with a parachute or after diving on a decent depth.

Regardless of the cause provoked by the development of pulmonary pathology, the disease should be considered as a very serious, requiring immediate treatment. If the therapy is postponed indefinitely, pathology will break the bloodstream to the lightweight, which, in turn, will cause the development of cardiac and pulmonary failure.

Spontaneous Pneumothorax Specialists are classified not only by characteristic features, but also a specific mechanism of action:

• If the patient develops an open type, before inhalation, it enters the plevru, since this cavity is located near the bronchial lumen. When the air exhale exits through the pathological fistula, developing on the surface of the visceral sheet.
• With the development of a closed spontaneous pneumothorax, a violation of the integrity of the pulmonary fabric becomes almost inconspicuous, since the defect covers the film formed when the protein is produced by fibrin.
• When the valve type is developed, the fistula formed in the pulmonary tissue is closed when the edges of the ripped wound are exhaled, and when inhaled in the plevru, the air is pumped exactly through this fistula.

Spontaneous pneumothorax of any type is very dangerous in itself. Danger lurks both in the disease itself and in the consequences of the aless. After all, manifestation without proper and timely treatment develops very rapidly:

• about 6-7 hours after the formation of a fistula Surface fabric sheets of pleura is strongly inflated;
• after a couple of days, the inflamed zone will arise the strongest edema;
• as your thickening, the sheets are tightly connected to each other.

The above complications, in turn, are several times complicated by specialists the process of lung flashes, and in fact it is precisely from this stage that the life of most patients most often depends. To avoid such serious complications, you need to deliver to the nearest medical institution as soon as possible.

It was precisely a spontaneous pneumothorax to bother with a person who began to bother a person, it is quite simple, since this disease is characteristic of characteristic, very tangible signs:

• in the chest area, closer to the lung zone, severe pain is felt;
• heavy breathing and shortness of breath appear;
• weakness is felt throughout the body, a sudden loss of consciousness is possible.

It is worth noting if the lung fabric occurs a minor sizes of fistula, pathology can develop asymptomatic and will soon disappear independently, without any treatment.

Emergency assistance algorithm should be known to everyone without exception, because no one can predict whether a close person will need or even a simple passing assistance until the ambulance team will drive. To assist the patient, you will need to introduce a special device between the second intercultural interval to compensate for respiratory failure.

Doctors who came to call most often make repeated events to make sure that there is no air valve. Depending on the state of the patient who received medical assistance, the ambulance team decides, hospitalizing the patient to the hospital for the final melting of the lungs or is not worth it.

So that respiratory organs restore their functionality, it may be necessary to be required from 1 to 5 days. Approximately 15% of patients doctors have to close the fistula with surgical operations. The earlier the patient will turn to medical care, the easier treat treatment Pathology, and Spontaneous Pneumothorax will not be able to cause serious complications.

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Pneumothorax is an excessive air accumulation between the pleural sheets, leading to a short-term or long-term disorder of the respiratory function of light and cardiovascular failure.

All cases of pneumothorax can be attributed to one of the three main forms: a non-peculiar (complication of diagnostic and therapeutic manipulations), traumatic (there is a direct connection with the injury of the bone apparatus of the chest cavity) or spontaneous pneumothorax (sudden impaired integrity of the visceral pleural sheet).

In the situation, when the cavity of the pleura does not have a direct message with the air of the environment, the volume of air that has fallen at the time of injury in one or both of the worst cavity remains at the same level, so there is a closed pneumothorax.

The open pneumothorax develops in the case when the defect between the pleural cavity and the environment is maintained, as a result of which the air freely accumulates between the sheets of pleura, and is removed from the pleural cavity during respiratory movements.

Pneumothorax - the accumulation of air or gases in the pleural cavity. It may arise spontaneously in people without chronic diseases of the lungs ("primary"), as well as in individuals with diseases of the lungs ("secondary") and artificial pneumothorax (the introduction of air to the pleural cavity, leading to the collapse of the affected light). Many pneumothoraxes arise after injury of the chest or as a complication of treatment.

Symptoms of pneumothorax are determined by the size and speed of air intake into the pleural cavity; These include in most cases the pain in the chest and difficult breathing. The diagnosis in some cases can be supplied during a physical examination, but sometimes the radiography of the chest or computed tomography (CT) is required. In some situations, Pneumothorax leads to a serious lack of oxygen and a decrease in blood pressure, progressing in the absence of treatment to stop the heart; This condition is called stress pneumothorax.

A small spontaneous pneumothorax is usually resolved independently, and treatment is not required, especially in cases without accompanying diseases of the lungs. With a large pneumothorax or in case of heavy symptoms, air can be dumped with a syringe or overlapping a unilateral drainage Buleuu administered to remove air from the pleural cavity. Sometimes surgical measures are needed, especially if the drainage tube is ineffective or repeated episodes of the pneumothorax occur. If there is a risk of repeated episodes of pneumothorax, can be used various methods Treatment, for example, the use of Plegrodez (adhesion of the lungs to the chest wall).

There are various types of pneumothoraxes, which are separated by the classification based on the reasons for their appearance, localization and scale of lesion. Depending on how much pulmonary fabric and pleura suffered, the pulmonologist prescribes the treatment plan and voicing the forecast.

Depending on the scale of lesion of the pulmonary fabric, it happens:

1. Total pneumothorax (full). It is characterized by the full fire of lung due to the emission of a large amount of gas into the pleural cavity.
2. Limited pneumothorax (partial). Fitting the respiratory body incomplete.

If the defeat is on the left side, the left-sided pneumothorax is diagnosed, on the right light - right-sided pneumothorax. There is also a bilateral view of the disease, which develops due to the total attachment of two lungs at the same time and is fraught with the rapid death of the victim.

Also, the disease is divided by the reasons:

1. Traumatic pneumothorax. This option is possible in damage to the chest. Developed as a result of penetrating injury (for example, knife), as well as due to injury of pulmonary fabric, the edge of the edge with an open or closed fracture.
2. Spontaneous. It arises due to the rapid break of the pulmonary fabric against the background of chronic disease or predisposing factors. So, the cause of the primary (idiopathic) pneumothorax may become congenital insufficiency of pleural fabric, a strong laughter or a sharp cough, a rapid immersion on the depth, as well as flight by plane. Secondary develops due to severe lung diseases.
3. Artificial. It is created intentionally under the supervision of a competent specialist for the treatment of some diseases of the respiratory organs.

According to the air from the ambient air:

1. Closed. There is a single hitting of a small amount of air into the cavity of the pleura, after which its volume no longer changes.
2. Open. There is a visual defect of the sternum, through which, with each breath, air falls into the cavity, and when exhaling its exit. The process may be accompanied by audible squabbing and bullhead.
3. Valve. It has the most difficult consequences. During the intense pneumothorax, with each breath, air is hit in a variety of space, but it is not observed outside the output.

Each of the states, regardless of the severity, requires a thorough examination by a doctor and competent treatment. This will help to reduce the risks of recurrence as much as possible, and in some cases save the life of the victim.

.

If air falls into the pleural cavity, then the pressure inside it grows, the mechanic of light fraud - a full-fledged act of breathing is impossible.

Air can get into the pleural cavity in two ways:

The three main components of the pneumothorax that create problems are:

• easy can not deal with;
• the affected lung swells.

The air suction in the pleural cavity can be held not only through the resulting defect, but also through the hole in the chest wall, designed to install drainage.

The severity of the symptoms of the pneumothorax depends on the cause of the disease and the degree of lung compression.

The patient with an open pneumothorax takes a forced position, lying on the damaged side and tightly clamping the wound. The air is sucked in a wound with noise, frothy blood is released from the wound, an aircraft excursion asymmetric (the affected side is lagging behind with breathing).

The development of spontaneous pneumothorax is usually acute: after a cough attack, physical effort either without any visible reasons. In the typical beginning of the pneumothorax, a piercing stagnation pain appears on the side of the affected lung, irradiating in hand, neck, for the sternum. The pain is intensified when coughing, breathing, the slightest movement. Often, pain causes a patient a panic fear of death. The painful syndrome in the pneumothorax is accompanied by a shortness of breath, the degree of severity of which depends on the volume of lung saving (from rapid respiration to severe respiratory failure). Pallor or cyanosis appears, sometimes a dry cough.

A few hours later, the intensity of pain and shortness of breath weaken: pain is worried at the moment of deep breath, shortness of breath is manifested in physical effort. The development of subcutaneous or mediastinal emphysema is possible - the air yield into the subcutaneous fiber of the face, neck, chest or mediastinum, accompanied by a swollen and a characteristic crunch during palpation. Auscultation on the side of the pneumothorax breathing is weakened or not listened.

At about a quarter of cases, the spontaneous pneumothorax has an atypical beginning and develop gradually. The pain and shortness of breath are insignificant, as the patient adapts to the new respiratory conditions become practically imperceptible. The atypical form of flow is characteristic of a limited pneumothorax, with a slight amount of air in the cavity of the pleura.

Clearly clinical signs Pneumothoraxes are determined when dropping the lung more than 30-40%. 4-6 hours after the development of spontaneous pneumothorax, an inflammatory reaction from the pleura is joined. A few days later, the pleural sheets are thickened due to fibrin overlaps and edema, which subsequently leads to the formation of pleural battles that impede the mass fraud.

Pneumothorax - the extremely severe pathological process of the respiratory system, which can lead to irreversible processes in the body and fatal outcome. First aid in the attack of the disease should be urgent. When a patient develops a sharp relapse or a sharp attack of the pneumothorax, not to do without medical care, ambulance You need to call at once.

How can you help the patient? If the pneumothorax is caused by penetrating the injury, you need to close the wound to prevent the output of air and blood from it. For this, rags or bandages are used with cotton. In order for the air to stop going through the wound, you can use the film that closes the hole. If possible, objects that will be used to overlap the wound, you need to disinfect. The film should overlap the wound hole hermetically, otherwise there will be no sense in such a dressing.

If the valve pneumothorax occurred, it is necessary to give access to oxygen by pulmonary puncture. But to do it right, only a person with medical education or the skills of this manipulation can do not comply with health. Puncture allows you to straighten the easy, warn the combat of the mediastinum and the displacement of the internal organs.

Complications of pneumothorax - frequent phenomenon and occurs in half of the diseased:

1. Purrites is a frequent consequence of lung pneumothorax. It is often accompanied by the formation of adhesions, which interferes with normal lung refract.
2. The mediastum is filled with air, which leads to the spasm of cardiac vessels.
3. The air enters the subcutaneous tissue, the so-called subcutaneous emphysema.
4. Bleeding in the pleural area.
5. With prolonged course of the disease, the affected light begins to turn the connective tissue. It moves, loses elasticity, is not able to deal with and after removal of air masses from the pleural area. This leads to respiratory failure.
6. Easy swelling.
7. With the extensive zone of damage to pulmonary fabrics, death is possible.

The diagnosis of pneumothorax is based on the data obtained during the inspection and examination of the patient. Percussively detects a box or tympanic sound, propagating to the lower ribs, offset or expansion of heart dulling boundaries. Palparato is determined by weakening or lack of voice trembling. Breathing is weakened or not listened.

X-ray study allows you to detect the enlightenment zone and the displacement of the mediastinum organs, there is no pulmonary pattern. A more detailed image can be obtained using computed tomography. Additional diagnostic methods are: pleural puncture with pressure gauge, video photocopy, research gas composition blood, electrocardiography.

With hemopneumothrax and popenemoturns, diagnostic puncture are carried out to determine the cell composition and the presence of pathogens of microbes.

Pneumothorax is a state that requires emergency assistance, which will be in the hospital. Pneumothorax surgeons and pulmonologists are treated. Open pneumothorax requires a hermetic dressing, valve - urgent puncture with air removal and further operation to eliminate the suction valve.

In the future, the treatment in the hospital will depend on the causes of the pneumothorax - this is the removal of air, the restoration of normal pressure inside the pleura, and the wounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the removal of fumps of the ribs, operations on light, etc.

In order to curb the development of the pneumothorax, they are re-carried out by the Plegrodee procedure - creating artificial adhesions in Plevra with polluted completely light.

With penetrating injury in the chest cavity (let's say, in the conditions of military operations), after which the pneumothorax develops and one-sided air leakage occurs, the need for prefusion intervention. For this, decompression needles have been developed, which, with the right manipulations, produce a pumping of airproof aircraft, due to which the pressure can stabilize. Special occlusion bandages (films) are also developed, on an adhesive basis, which are glued even to wet skin, creating a hermetic overlap in a place of injury and not allowing pressure in the chest to be compared with atmospheric.

Pneumothorax in any manifestation requires surgical intervention. These include such types of procedures:

• A closed type - with the help of puncture, the air from the pleural cavity is pumped.
• Open type - spend thoracoscopy or thoracotomy with check of lung fabric and pleura. The defect is sutured, thereby stop the air intake into the pleural cavity. Next, repeat the event as with a closed type.
• Valve pneumothorax - conduct puncture with a thick needle. After that is treated in a surgical way.
• Recurrent pneumothorax - remove its causes surgically. Often, the usual pleural puncture is carried out, but a drainage tube for pumping air is installed.

Usually, uncomplicated diseases do not have adverse effects for the human body. The forecast is determined by the degree and sizes of the lesion of the respiratory organs. The faster the assistance will be provided, the less likely to aggravate the state.

Up to 40% of people may experience relapse. Usually the repetition occurs during the six months after the first attack.

• HIV-infected - no more than 25%.
• In humans with congenital cystic fibrosis, with the development of one-sided pneumothorax 5%. Bilateral gives 25%.
• People with chronic obstructive lung disease are on average 5%.

There are no special medical measures to prevent the occurrence of pneumothorax. To reduce the risk of developing severe pathology, it is important to always apply for medical care in the development of diseases of the internal organs of the respiratory system. In particular, these are bronchitis, asthma, lung inflammation.

Patients who suffered pneumothorax must be carefully related to their health. Severe physical exertion are excluded. Once a year it is necessary to undergo a complete medical examination, special attention is paid to the X-ray of the chest and blood tests and sputum on tuberculosis. With frequent recurrences, the only method of treatment of pneumothorax is the operation - thoracoscopy.

Hello. I had a spontaneous pneumothorax of the right chest, cystic and bullows aya disease, made an operation to remove boule. Three months have passed pain in the chest almost no already, but already 3-4 times there were poor well-being for the pneumothorax (the pallor of the skin of the face, the fear is incomprehensible, the hands are a little trembling, goosebumps) but in the chest of special changes are not honored. He was after such a computer fluorography said that everything was fine. Because of what it happens and what should be done?

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ONNOWAL PNEAMTERS AND DIFFERENTIAL PNEVMOX.

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VIDEO: Spiltable PNEAKS

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Diagnostic PEEVRYLNOE BEAUTLY PRACTAGE.

PERSONS MODE ON POSSIBLE

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The lungum hydrotorax is a disease in which the process of cluster of free fluid (transudate) is observed in the pleural cavity. This pathology is a consequence of the violation of the relationship between hydrostatic pressure in the bloodary capillaries of pleura and colloid-osmotic plasma pressure.

As a rule, the lungal hydrotoraxes (in common - breastwing) develops, as a secondary disease, the root cause of which is usually called chronic diseases of some vital internal organs.

The reasons for the occurrence of the hydrotrax of the lungs are several.

1. Heart failure on the background stagnation In a big circle circle.
2. Vices of the heart.
3. Heavy kidney damage form.
4. Cirrhosis of the liver.
5. Tumor neoplasms.
6. Anemia.

• dyspnea;
• feeling of gravity in the chest;
• edema (Anasarka);
• akricyanosis of the skin.

Therapy for hydrotrax, as a rule, is aimed at treating the main disease, which caused the accumulation of transudate. Only with a large amount of liquid in the pleural cavity requires puncture for its aspiration.

Conservative treatment Diseases can be combined with some folk remedies. They help: remove loose fluid from the Polish cavity, prevent the re-cluster, eliminate the symptoms and treat the main ailments.

1. To remove the accumulated liquid from the pleural cavity will help such a natural diuretic as parsley. To do this, take fresh sprigs of the plant (800 g), poured them with domestic milk (1 l) and put on a slow fire "evaporated". (Do not boil!) When the fluid volume decreases twice, the slab is turned off.

Such a foiled milk drink on a spoon every half or an hour during the day. The next day prepare a new portion of the medication.

2. It will help to remove the liquid from the Polish Pulk Opportion. Such a decoction is preparing: one glass of crushed outer skin of the turnips take three liters of boiling water, closed the dishes with a lid and put in a hot oven. Hold there is a composition of at least two hours. Take a ready-made agent of 200 milliliters.

3. Turns ureraction effect and removes water from the lungs onion recipe. Greater bluish bulb is crushed and fall asleep with sugar. Daily in the morning (on an empty stomach) drink a tablespoon of released juice. With a large amount of fluid in the lungs, you can increase the intake of juice in two or three times.

4. In the hydrotrax on the background of cardiac insufficiency and shortness of breath can be treated by a Kalin mushroom. It is not difficult to cook it. Berries viburnum wash and dry. Take a complete liter jar of finished fruits and spend on another glass container (two or three liter containers). Add warm boiled water and a glass of sugar (you can honey).

Cover the dishes of gauze and put in a dark cool place. After some time, meduating clutch appears on the surface of the fluid. This is the so-called mushroom. It usually grows for 10 days.

Next, you need half a liquid from the bank to cast. This is a ready-made medicine for reception. It needs to be served in small portions within two days. And the mushroom is washed and placed back to the jar. This is also fascinated by sweet honey syrup for his feeding. Again, the fungus insist and prepare a new portion of "medicine".

5. If the cause of the cluster of fluid in the lungs was such a disease as cirrhosis of the liver, the treatment is carried out according to the following procedure. Take a cellophane package of large size, make a hole for the head and put it on the body, pre-abundantly groaning the skin with fish oil (you can grace a herded fillet) or a mixture of kefir and honey.

The effect of dry steam room will be created. The body will receive power through the skin. The liver, in conditions of strong sweating, the load decreases, and she "rests." After the procedure, you should eat 50 grams of boiled pork liver (can be beef). It is also necessary to drink a glass of horse ragger: 1 liter of water takes four tablespoons of berries.

After such a dry steam, it is necessary (after half an hour) to thoroughly wash the body with warm water with soap and washcloth. It is useful then to wipe the cutting vinegar. Such a "steam room" needs to be done at least twice a day. Course treatment: two months.

Under swelling of soft tissues, you need to drink municipal juice and use fresh berries with honey during the day. Under swelling of the lower extremities, they should be trimmed with alcohol tincture of calangean.

6. When the fluid accumulation in the lungs and edema should be drunk the wilderness of the field. At 300 milliliters of steep boiling water take 60-70 grams of fresh crushed plant. Boiled on a quiet fire for no more than 5 minutes, filter and drink three spoons two or three times a day.

7. Hydrotorax lungs, developed against the background of kidney disease, you need to treat special teas. There is an effective kidney collection, recommended by the Austrian Naturopath R. Brois. St. John's wort (6 g), a field of field (15 g), birch leaves (8 g) and ledge herbs (7 g). All raw materials are mixed. 300 gram cup boiling water take a teaspoon of collection. It insists at least half an hour and filter.

Cakes are not thrown away, but poured boiling water and put for 10 minutes on a quiet fire. Then the vapper is filled and poured into the first infusion. Take such tea in a cold form on an empty stomach: in the morning, at lunch and evening to dinner. Motherwise dose 80-100 ml.

8. Lung hydrotorax, in which the underlying disease is cirrhosis of the liver, is treated with such a collection. Chamomile, rosehip berries, a series, the roots of Nijila and Reperic, the grass of the Pijmas, White head, the Hypericum and Sage take 100 grams and mixed.

A spoonful of mixture is poured with 200 milliliters of hot boiling water and allowed under a closed lid at least half an hour. Accepted with therapeutic target for 150 milliliters four times a day half an hour before meals.

It should be remembered that the lungs of the lungs are a very formidable disease that requires urgent and adequate treatment. In the first symptoms of the disease, you need to contact the therapist or a pulmonologist. Timely treatment of diseases that can provoke fluid appearance in the Polish cavity - this best Prevention Lung hydrotrax.

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If the patient is diagnosed with pneumothorax, which can explain the doctor in detail. Literally from the Greek language, this word is translated as "air in the chest." In this case, air in the pleural cavity of the lungs, contributing to the increase in pressure in the tissues of the pleura. Because of this, blood circulation in the chest area is disturbed. The patient experiences difficulties in breathing, a breathrum arises, a percussion sound appears.

Experts identify several forms of the disease:

From what is diagnosed with pneumothorax, the first aid and treatment regimen depends. With artificial form, the air masses in the pulmonary tissue are introduced by doctors. In the 2nd case of the development of the pneumothorax, the causes are associated with the injury of the chest, depending on which it is distinguished:

• closed pneumothorax, provoked by closed blows and bruises;
• open pneumothorax, provoked by gunshot and crusted wounds.

Spontaneous form occurs with sudden damage to the lung fabric. It is more often diagnosed with young men (20 - 40 years old). In most cases, congenital buildings of the lung contribute to the development of this form. The primary form of the disease in such patients can provoke:

In addition to the primary form, the secondary pneumothorax is diagnosed. The causes of its development are associated with a different disease. Spontaneous form detect in patients with tuberculosis. The type of disease differs depending on the location of its localization and affected lobes:

1. Right-sided, left-sided.
2. One-sided, bilateral.

Taking into account the age of the patient, the symptoms of pneumothorax are identified:

Separately, the voltage (valve) pneumothorax is isolated - this is a cluster of air in a pleural cavity, resulting from the overaffect of air entering the lungs when inhaling. Competent diagnosis allows accuracy to determine the type of pathology and timely start treatment.

If the patient has a lung pneumothorax, symptoms depend on the amount of gaseous substances accumulating in the pleurare.

Gradually, the disease begins to deliver discomfort. In a light form, symptoms are manifested in the form of shortness of breath (with exercise). Patients complain of pain in the chest area and breathing difficulties.

The syndrome of re-equipment in the lungs is developing for the following reasons:

• the impact of external factors;
• the presence in the body of certain diseases;
• nonspecific factors;
• artificial input of air masses in the lungs.

The external causes of pneumothorax - injuries of the chest, damage during surgery and jumping from high height. Among the diseases that provoke the development of pneumothorax, there is a tuberculosis in the first place. Due to the opening, the gases cavity begin to accumulate in the tissues of the lung. Non-specific causes of the development of pathology:

• abscess lung;
• cyst break;
• damage to the esophagus.

Artificial disease provoke to cure some lung pathology. Additionally, it is a diagnosis that allows you to detect neoplasms in the chest cavity. With incorrect, late treatment or absence, the following effects may arise:

1. Excudative pleurisy.
2. Acute respiratory failure.
3. Lung rigidity.
4. Hemopneumothorax.
5. Empiama pleura (PIPNEMOTEKS).

Exudative pleurisy - a cluster in pleural leaflets of a liquid highlighted from small blood vessels with inflammatory processes. The rigidity of the lung is the inability of the tissue of the body to deal with due to the formation of connecting lights (mooring). HEMOPNEVOTOKS is such a complication, in which blood gets into the lungs in the lungs. PIPNEVOBAKS - Magnification in Plegre.

Detect pathology allows:

1. General inspection.
2. X-ray.
3. Pleural puncture.

When collecting anamnesis, the doctor may suspect the presence of a pneumothorax in a patient if:

• cold sweat is on the skin;
• patient constantly want to sit down;
• after a minor physical activity, shortness of breath arises;
• reduced blood pressure, tachycardia is diagnosed;
• the chest expanded;
• shifted heart.

It is impossible to ignore the symptoms of the pneumothorax, otherwise the cardiovascular system fails.

• in the pictures taken on the breath, lightly straighten, and in the pictures on the exhalation - returns to its original position;
• the image is not visible in the picture (due to the accumulation of air in it).

Pleural puncture is a fluid fence from the pleural area. The fluid in this area accumulates in the presence of pathologies (pleurisy, tumor of the lungs, heart swelling, tuberculosis). Doctors can detect its presence on a radiograph or during an ultrasound.

Patient with a similar diagnosis at any time may require emergency assistance. The patient needs to calm the breath to be smooth, ensuring the flow of fresh air. Then you need to call the medical team. When the disease is open, it is necessary to impose an occlusal bandage (wool wrapped in gauze and cellophane). The bandage is superimposed on the wound to prevent air penetration into it.

First aid for pneumothorax tense (valve) - taking pleural puncture. It is recommended to treat the disease in a specialized pulmonary hospital. The treatment of pneumothorax in a closed form is carried out by taking Pravroi puncture. At the same time, accumulated air masses and gases come out of it, and the pressure is normalized. The operation is carried out under sterile conditions with a long needle with an attached tube. How to render (at home) with pneumothorax, first assistance is recommended to find out the doctor. With one-sided pathology, the fluid fence is performed in the 2nd inter estreon of the damaged side, according to the midcurbicular line.

During bilateral pathology, drainage is needed - passive air aspiration using an electrovacuum apparatus or by the BULUU system. Open pneumothorax is translated into a closed form with wound sewing. Valve pneumothorax special. Treatment:

1. The disease is translated into an open form, freeing the lungs from excess gases with a thick needle.
2. Then the disease is returned to the closed form. Appropriate treatment is carried out.

Avoiding recurrence allows PulkrozEz (carried out using silver nitrate, talc, glucose solution or other preparations with sclerosing effect).

Thanks to this, spikes are formed in place damage.

Folk remedies are not able to cure pneumothorax, but they can become a supplement to the main treatment (if the cause of its occurrence is another pathology). In the treatment, they use cloudberries, the grass of the armor, the resin-sanitary, the grass of the medicinal Veronika.

From fresh berries, cloudberries need to squeeze the juice and take it several times a day instead of tea. 1 tbsp. l. The dispatcher must be pouring 250 ml of boiling water and tomorrow on a water bath for 15 minutes, then remove from the fire, cover with a lid, insist for 2 hours. and strain. Take 3 times a day.

Pine, cedar or fir-resin must be cleaned of impurities and melt. The resin is poured with alcohol (96%) and insist for several days. Then they take the finished resin and interior fat in the ratio of 1: 2, they melt in the water bath, cool up to 60 ° C, add honey, stirred, poured bone powder (1/10 part). Take 3 times a day. Course duration - 6 months.

1 tbsp. l. The chopped Veronica medicinal need to pour 2 glasses of boiling water, insist under the lid for 2 hours, strain and take 4 times a day.

Patient so that the complications of the pneumothorax do not arise, it will take:

• timely diagnosis;
• competent treatment;
• rehabilitation.

The success of treatment and the lack of relapses depend on the following factors:

• paul patient;
• the age of the patient;
• the presence of concomitant diseases;
• the presence of complications.

With the spontaneous form of a disease provoked by hereditary factors, the outcome is favorable. If pathology was provoked by another disease, then in 20% of cases a relapse occurs. With bilateral form, the treatment of the disease has been successfully in 50% of cases. If the disease arose due to injury, the absence of complications depends on the ability to protect the wound from infection penetration.

The prevention of the pulmonary pneumothorax is to comply with simple rules:

• to give up smoking;
• conducting a healthy lifestyle;
• regular walks in the fresh air;
• timely diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

If the patient detects signs of pneumothorax, it is necessary to urgently ask for help to the doctor. Timely diagnosis increases the chances of successful treatment of pneumothorax. In the launched state, the disease can lead to a fatal outcome.

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Pneumothorax occurs if the integrity of the lungs or thoracic wall is broken. In such cases, it is often, in addition to air, blood gets into the pleural cavity - develops hemopneumothorax. If the breast lymphatic duct is damaged when the chest injured is damaged hallopneumothorax.

In some cases, in a disease provoked pneumothorax, exudate is accumulated in the pleural cavity - develops exudative pneumothorax. If the suppuration process is launched - comes popurnothorax.

In lung there is no muscle tissue, so it can not spraw out itself to ensure breathing. The mechanism of inhale is next. In normal condition, the pressure inside the pleural cavity is negative - less atmospheric. When the breast wall moves, the breast wall expands, due to the negative pressure in the pleural cavity of the lung fabric, "pick up" with a load inside of the chest, light straightens . Next, the chest wall moves in the opposite direction, light under the action of negative pressure in the pleural cavity returns to the original position. So a person has an act of breathing.

If air falls into the pleural cavity, then the pressure inside it grows, the mechanic of light fraud - a full-fledged act of breathing is impossible.

Air can get into the pleural cavity in two ways:

• in case of damage to the chest wall with a violation of the integrity of the pleural sheets;
• in case of damage to the organs of the mediastinum and lungs.

The three main components of the pneumothorax that create problems are:

• easy can not deal with;
• the air is constantly suited to the pleural cavity;
• the affected lung swells.

The impossibility of lung fragrance is associated with the re-entering air to the pleural cavity, the blockage of the bronchus against the background of previously marked diseases, and in the event that the pleural drainage was installed incorrectly, which is why it works inefficiently.

The air suction in the pleural cavity can be held not only through the resulting defect, but also through the hole in the chest wall, designed to install drainage.

The edema can occur as the result of stretching the pulmonary fabric after medical actions aimed at quickly resume negative pressure in the pleural cavity.

Pneumothorax happens:

• openy - pleural cavity is communicated with the external environment, each time a new portion of air falls into the pleural cavity, which, however, has the ability to leave out again;
• closed - during damage to the chest wall or bronchus, a certain amount of air falls into the pleural cavity, its further receipt is not supported;
• valve - At the moment of inhalation, the air falls into the pleural cavity through any hole, which during the exhalation closes the fragment of the lung (or other structure) and does not release the air back, with the next breath in the pleural cavity, another air portion arrives. Such a pneumothorax is particularly dangerous, because the amount of air is growing in the pleural cavity, which is why the pulmonary fabric falls more and more.

In itself, the presence of air in the pleural cavity would not cause the consequences if it were not for the increase in pressure that violates the work of the lung. Therefore, the severity of the pneumothorax is estimated by a collapse (decline) of the lung - it happens:

• small - less than a quarter of the lung cloth slept;
• middle - slept from 50% to 75% of this organ;
• full - all light falls out;
• tense - The amount of air in the pleural cavity increases to such an extent that it causes not only the fallout of the lung, but also the displacement of the mediastinum (the complex of organs between the lungs) and the deterioration of the venous inflow of blood to the heart. In turn, the deterioration of venous inflows entails the overall decrease in blood pressure. Cardiovascular and respiratory systems can stop their work in a few minutes from the start of the intense pneumothorax.

Mostly pneumothorax is one-sided. The bilateral process is rarely developing - most often with an extensive traumatic damage to the chest.

Pneumothorax may arise:

• spontaneously;
• after diseases;
• after injuries;
• when menstruation (rare form);
• as a result of the actions of doctors (the so-called yathedral pneumothorax).

It comes in patients who have no lung pathology at the moment, and they have not transferred it earlier. In most cases, such a pneumothorax occurred in thin persons of high growth aged 18 to 20 years. In this case, Pneumothorax explains the gap of those sites of the lungs that are close to Plegre, and in which bulls appeared - cavities resulting from the rupture of the walls of the alveoli and the fusion of their cavities. The reason for such a type of pneumothorax consider:

• special hereditary structure of lung fabric;
• smoking.

Primary spontaneous pneumothorax develops most often at rest, less often - with load. For its occurrence, the minimum force attached to the tissues of the lungs is sufficient. It is often necessary to appeal to patients to doctors about the pneumothorax that arose during jumping into the water, or as a result of the fact that the person reached for some subject. There are cases where the spontaneous pneumothorax developed during damage to the pulmonary tissue as a result of the fact that the person was sipped after sleep or long work performed in one static position. Also, the spontaneous pneumothorax may occur during the flight at high altitude - inside the lung, the air pressure drop is noted, its weaknesses get an excessive load and literally understood.

It develops in people suffering from the diseases of the lungs or those who have moved them in the past. Basically, it comes due to the bundle of the bull, formed as a result of diseases or pathological conditions - first of all it is:

• bronchial asthma;
• the difficult course of other chronic obstructive diseases (with the blockage of the respiratory tract fragment);
• any lesions of the tissue of the lungs;
• pathology of connective tissue;
• pneumocystis Jirroweci infection in HIV-infected.

Most often, with the pathology of the connective tissue, the secondary spontaneous pneumothorax is observed in case of such diseases as:

• elessa Danlo syndrome (when it is disturbed by the formation of collagen, providing elasticity of tissues and their depreciation capabilities that do not allow tissues to lose integrity when loading on them);
• ankylosing spondylitrite (inflammation of the spinal joints);
• polyimiomyosis (muscular fabric inflammation);
• marfan syndrome (congenital connective tissue disease);
• sARCOMA (malignant oncoming connective tissue)
• rheumatoid arthritis (the lesion of the connective tissue is mainly in small joints);
• tuberculosis sclerosis (the growth of connective tissue due to tuberculosis);
• systemic sclerosis (the growth of connective tissue, which is simultaneously observed in many organs).

Secondary spontaneous pneumothorax may develop in some other diseases:

• sarcoidosis (systemic disease with the formation of a set of granuloma);
• limphanyoomyomatosis (the formation of a cyst in the lungs followed by their destruction).

Not all of the indicated diseases (in particular, extrapilex) become the immediate cause of the pneumothorax. The connection between them is different: these diseases arise as a result of pathological changes in the body leading to the pneumothorax, therefore develop in the period when pneumothorax may occur.

The secondary spontaneous pneumothorax most often occurs with such lesions of the lung fabric, like:

If there is an purulent disease of the respiratory organs, and the air penetrates the pleural cavity at the same time with a breakthrough of the pinea - the piopnemotoxes occurs. In this case, "Break" in the tissues, which led to the flow of air to the pleural cavity, is formed due to the campaigning of the tissue. Most often, this effect is observed:

• after complete removal of the lung, when the suppuration comes in the place of superimposed seams, their tightness is not supported, and air flows from the bronchi into the pleural cavity;
• in the breakthrough of the mouth of the lung;
• due to the formation of a fistula between bronchoms and pleural cavities.

In this case, the air and pus put on the lung at the same time, because of which his discharge is aggravated.

The secondary spontaneous pneumothorax for the flow is more unfavorable than the primary, because:

• respiratory organs are already compromised;
• it is more common in more mature age when the lungs have lost part of their functional reserves.

Arises due to chest damage:

• closed - Even with a whole thoracic wall of the lung fabric or mediastum may be damaged (especially if a person has been sicking to some kind of pathology of respiratory organs);
• penetrating - Most often due to the impact of rubbish-cutting items.

This is a rare variety of secondary spontaneous pneumothorax. It develops with intrabrudal endometriosis - pathological state, when the cells of the endometrium (internal membrane) migrated to the chest cavity, passed there and menstruate on a par with an endometry with normal localization. Menstrual pneumothorax arises because when menstrual bleeding is rejected by intrabriety endometrium, and because of this, defects are formed in Plegre. Basically develops in the following cases:

• in the preclimacteric period;
• less often during menopause, if a woman takes estrogen preparations.

It may arise during the implementation of diagnostic or therapeutic manipulations by medical professionals - first of all, such as:

• perezrocentsis (Pluram's leaf pursuit - in particular, in order to determine the content in the pleural cavity);
• transducer needle aspiration (performed for suction of liquid from the pleural cavity);
• artificial ventilation of the lungs (medical equipment is damaged by medical equipment);
• installation venous catheter in a subclavian vein;
• cardiovary resuscitation (due to the too intense indirect heart massage, ribs are damaged, which, in turn, with sharp fragments hurt the pulmonary cloth).

The degree of manifestation of the symptoms of the pneumothorax depends on how much pulmonary fabric was saved, but in general they are always pronounced. The main features of this pathological condition:

• constant non-intensive breast pain, increasing with coughing or try to make a deeper breath or exhalation;
• the increase in breathing, developing into shortness of breath - depending on the volume and rates of the rise of the pneumothorax, it can be immediately pronounced or gradually increasing
• skin lifting (in particular, individuals and especially lips): It is observed if a minimum of 25% of the lung sleeves;
• the lag of the affected half of the chest in the act of breathing;
• the characteristic escape of intercostal gaps is especially pronounced at the moment of deep breath and during cough;
• with a strained pneumothorax, the chest of bloat, the affected side is increased.

Non-immature unbearable pneumothoraxes can often be held without any symptomatics.

If the symptoms described above are observed after the fact of injury, and the defect of the chest tissues is detected - there is every reason to suspect the pneumothorax. Non-immogal pneumothorax diagnose more difficult - for this you will need additional tool methods Research.

One of the main methods to confirm the diagnosis of pneumothorax - radiography of the chest organs, when the patient is in a lying position. In the pictures, a decrease in lung or its complete absence is fixed (in fact, the air pressure is slightly compressed in a lump and "merges" with the mediastinum organs), as well as the trachea shift.

Sometimes radiography may be minor informative - in particular:

• with small pneumothoraxes;
• when spikes were formed between a light or thoracic wall, partially retaining lungs from falling out; This happens after severe pulmonary diseases or operations on their occasion;
• due to skin folds, intestinal loops or stomach - confusion arises, which is actually revealed in the picture.

In such cases, other diagnostic methods should be applied - in particular, thoracoscopy. During it, a thoracoscope is introduced through a hole in the chest wall, it is inspired by the pleural cavity with it, the fact of falling out the lung and its severity is recorded.

Puncture itself, even until the introduction of the thoracope, also plays a role in diagnostics - with its help :

• with an exudative pneumothorax - serous fluid;
• with hemopneumothrax - blood;
• with piopneumatherapy - pussy;
• when chopneumothorax is a liquid that is similar to a fat emulsion.

If during puncture through the needle, the air goes out - this indicates a tense pneumothorax.

Also, the puncture of the pleural cavity is carried out as an independent procedure - in case the thoracopope is not available, but it is necessary to carry out a differential (distinctive) diagnosis with other possible pathological conditions of the chest and pleural cavity in particular. The retrieved contents are sent to a laboratory study.

To confirm the pulmonary failure, which manifests itself with a tense pneumothorax, make ECG.

For its manifestations, pneumothorax can be similar to:

• emphyzema - inflating pulmonary fabric (especially in small children);
• herriation of the esophageal hole of the diaphragm;
• the cyst of lung large sizes.

The greatest clarity in the diagnosis in such cases can be obtained using thoracoscopy.

Sometimes pain in pneumothorax looks like pain at:

• diseases of the musculoskeletal system;
• oxygen starvation myocardial;
• diseases abdominal cavity (May be given in the stomach).

In this case, to put the correct diagnosis will help research methods that are used to detect diseases of these systems and organs, and consultation of related specialists.

In the case of pneumothorax, it is necessary:

• stop the air intake in the pleural cavity (for this it is necessary to eliminate the defect through which air flows);
• remove the air from the pleural cavity.

There is a rule: open pneumothorax should be translated into a closed, and the valve is in open.

To carry out these activities, the patient should immediately hospitalize in a thoracic or, at a minimum, surgery department.

Even before the x-ray study of the bodies of the chest cavity are carried out oxygen therapySince oxygen enhances and speeds up the absorption of air of the pleura sheets. In some cases, the primary spontaneous pneumothorax does not require treatment - but only when no more than 20% of the lung sleeves, and there are no pathological symptoms from the respiratory system. At the same time, constant radiological control should be carried out in order to make sure that the air absorption is indispensable, and the lung stepwise spreads.

With a pronounced pneumothorax, with a significant dropping of light air, you need to evacuate. It can be done:

• by sucking air with a large syringe (for example, Jean syringe);
• using the drainage of the pleural cavity - one edge of the drainage tube is injected into the pleural cavity, the other is immersed in a vessel with a liquid, with the act of breathing, the air from the pleural cavity is ejected, and it does not fit the drainage tube, the liquid in the vessel is prevented.

Using the first method, you can quickly get rid of the patient from the effects of pneumothorax. On the other hand, the rapid removal of air from the pleural cavity can lead to the stretching of the lung fabric, which before that was in a compressed state, and its swelling.

Even if, after spontaneous pneumothorax, it is easy thanks to the drainage dealt, drainage can leave for a while to reinstate the case of repeated pneumothorax . The system itself is being established so that the patient can move (this is important for the prevention of stagnant pneumonium and thromboembolism).

Stressful pneumothorax is regarded as an emergency surgical state, requiring emergency decompression - immediate removal of air from the pleural cavity.

Primary spontaneous pneumothorax can be warned if the patient:

• refuses smoking;
• will avoid actions that can lead to the rupture of weak lung tissue - jumping into water, movements associated with the stretching of the chest.

The prevention of the secondary spontaneous pneumothorax is reduced to the prevention of the diseases under which it occurs (described above in the section "Causes and Development of the Disease"), and if they arose - to their qualitative cure.

Prevention of chest injuries automatically becomes prevention of traumatic pneumothorax. Menstrual pneumothorax is warned by treating endometriosis, yathedral - by improving practical medical skills.

With timely recognition and treatment of pneumothorax, the forecast is favorable. The most severe risks for life occur with the tense pneumothorax.

After the patient first had a spontaneous pneumothorax, over the next 3 years, recurrence can be observed in half of the patients . Such a high percentage of repeated pneumothorax can be prevented by applying such treatment methods as:

• video video surgical intervention, during which bulls erupt;
• pulkrois (artificially called pleurisy, as a result of which spikes fasten the lung and thoracic wall in the pleural cavity
• and many others.

After applying the specified methods, the likelihood of repeated pneumothorax decreases 10 times.

Kovtonuk Oksana Vladimirovna, Medical Observer, Surgeon, Consultant Doctor

By etiological basis: traumatic, spontaneous, artificial traumatic closed injury of the chest: Damage to the light fumps Ryubers, the break of the light or bronchus due to the increase in intra-road pressure during the closure of the voice ligaments at the time of the injury open injury to the chest: penetrating injuries. Non-hydrogen injuries: wounded the lung Connectable vein, starred ganglium acupuncture, elevated nerve blockade, pleural puncture spontaneous nonspecific: bundle bullows, cyst, breaking light spikes, as a result of a regional increase in intranolar pressure (in combination with an emphysema mediastinum), easy-to-bellio ), spontaneous esophageal tear tuberculosis: a break of a cavity, the breakthrough of caseometric foci. Artificial pneumothorax impose with therapeutic purposes for tuberculosis of lungs, with diagnostic - for thoracoscopy, for differential diagnostics of formations ore wall.

Classification for the pathophysiological mechanism Closed pneumothorax - After the penetration of the gas into the pleural cavity, the receipt of it stops, intrapleural pressure, as a rule, negative open pneumothorax - the presence of a hole in the chest wall (including and parietal pleura), freely communicating with the external medium valve pneumothorax - progressive air accumulation in pleural cavity. The air comes from the small hole in the lightweight tissue at the moment of inhalation, and at the time of the exhalation, without finding a way out, remains in the pleural cavity. In the final stage of development, the valve pneumothorax becomes stressful when the pressure in the pleural cavity becomes higher than in the adjacent light and vessels. For the valve pneumothorax characteristic of the triad: positive intrapharmal pressure, resistant mediastinal displacement in the opposite direction, acute respiratory failure

Risk factors

Pathological physiology compression of an easy displacement of the mediastinum organs in the opposite direction (with a tense pneumothorax) shunting of non-oxygenated blood from the spawn light in a large circle of blood circulation Education of the serous exudate (irritation of the pleura) subcutaneous emphysema closed pneumothorax proceeds benign: air from the pleural cavity is absorbed independently after 6-12 days Breast wounds with open pneumothorax - severe current. Under the influence of continuous oscillations of intraphalinary pressure, fluctuations arise (flotation) of the mediastinum, leading to the development of shock. The so-called paradoxical breathing may be observed, when the air does not go out when the air exhale does not go out through the trachea, and blows the air-saturated with carbon dioxide when inhaling comes back to the only breathable light, sharply deteriorating blood oxygenation and causing hypercaps.

Clinical picture

Laboratory research

Special research

Differential diagnosis

Pnemothorax: treatment methods

Treatment

Complications

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Pneumothorax is called the accumulation of air in the pleural cavity in medicine. Pleverra is a thin connecting sheath, lining with two sheets. Chest cavity: Visceral sheet tightly food with a lung cloth and parietal peeling beast. The cavity between these sheets is pleural. Pressure in the cavity is low, which provides the pricing effect between the sheets at the act of breathing. The pleural cavity is sealed, filled with a small amount of fluid, providing a painless slip between the leaflets during breathing.

At pneumators, the tightness of the pleural cavity is disturbed, and the affected side loses the ability to participate in the movement of the chest wall during breathing. Depending on the mechanism of air from entering the area, the pleura is distinguished by an open, closed and spontaneous pneumothorax. Separately worth the valve.

Doctors most benefit have to be faced with spontaneous pneumothorax. This species is not based on damage, injuries, or other medical influences. It occurs in patients with chronic bronchopulmonary diseases thinning wall bronchi, light (bronchiectatic disease, chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, lung emphysema, pneumosclerosis, oncological processes, tuberculosis, abscess, gangrene, light infarction). Either the breaks of the pulmonary fabric in the places of formed adhesions of pleural leaves. The resulting extensions (thinning) walls may be breaking with cough, sneezing, frequent, fast breathing, minor physical exertion.

Symptoms

The symptoms of pneumothorax are characterized in the main reflex irritation of the sheets of pleura, associated with these pain phenomena. The violation of respiratory and blood circulation functions occupy a secondary place based on the displacement of the mediastinal organs and torture the affected lung.

Symptoms depend on the mechanism of occurrence, the severity of pursing the lung and causes, the original source of the pneumothorax. All types of pneumothorax combines a sharp, sudden beginning, a sharp pain in the chest, in the neck, hand on the side of the lesion, to the epigastria region (solar plexus). A shortness of breath occurs, often a dry cough. With an extensive pneumothorax, cyanosis (skin sinusiness) is possible. However, in 20% of cases, the beginning may pass unnoticed, hidden - atypical current. The concept of "pleural shock" is distinguished: piercing pain in the side, increasing shortness of breath and acute starts allow you to suspect this condition and take emergency measures.

As a consequence of air accumulation in the pleural cavity, the respiratory surface of the lung is reduced, the respiratory function of the chest is reduced, unusual properties characteristic of pneumothorax occur - the affected half of the chest is excluded from the respiratory process. Externally, the chest is pronounced on a healthy side and saving, with the expansion of intercostal intervals, fixed in the process of respiration on the affected half. The emerging disorders in a small circulation circle leads to the fact that breathing becomes superficial, rapidly. Nevertheless, significant respiratory failure is rare.

The valve pneumothorax gives a picture of a rapidly growing respiratory disorder and cardiac activity, accompanied by a hardest, increasing breath, significant cyanosis, heartbeat.

Also, for pneumothorax, there is a cold sweat, a feeling of fear, heartbeat, initial enhancement of blood pressure, replacing in his further fall. It is not excluded to increase the temperature, especially with the cost of the cavity of the pleura and its inflammation

Effects

Often emerging complications (every second patient). Blood protein loss (fibrin) on pleural leaves causes inflammation, adhesion formation (focus of leaflets) pleura. In the future, this can cause the occurrence of massive intrapharmal bleeding and the formation of hemotorax (blood cluster in the pleural cavity).

As a rule, an empiema (purulent inflammation) of the pleura may develop during launched injuries of the chest. The developed piotorax (pus in the pleural cavity) can cause the development of sepsis (blood infection), in the absence of proper, surgical, qualified treatment.

The valve pneumothorax can lead to additional gaps of the pulmonary fabric, not to mention the previously described disorders of respiratory and cardiac activity.

Subcutaneous emphysema (aircraft cluster in subcutaneous chest cavity) one more possible consequence pneumothorax. Externally, the chest is characterized by swelling, when feeling and tool, listening, the sound crunch occurs. The subcutaneous emphysema itself is not dangerous, but since under the skin it has no restrictions on spreading, it can spread to the fiber of the neck, face, belly up to the scrotum (men) and hips, which is a rather formidable sign with its progressive growth, signaling On damage to the internal organs.

Mediastheny emphysema Another formidable complication of the pneumothorax. It occurs as the result of the integrity of the trachea or the main bronchus, leading to the accumulation of air in the loose fiber of the mediastinum (anatomical space of the chest cavity between the sternum, light and spine). The patient's condition is quite heavy. Heavy shortness of breath occurs, cyanosis, the fiber emphysema in the neck area is developing rapidly. The state requires emergency help.

Treatment

Spontaneous Pneumothorax is a life-threatening condition requiring emergency, surgical care.

With small closed pneumothorats, only symptomatic treatment is shown. Basically, a pleural puncture is required (punching the chest wall in the conditions of dressing and active suction of air with medical equipment).

What is pneumothorax video

Causes, symptoms, methods of treatment and principles for emergency care for pneumothorax

If the patient is diagnosed with pneumothorax, which can explain the doctor in detail. Literally from the Greek language, this word is translated as "air in the chest." In this case, air in the pleural cavity of the lungs, contributing to the increase in pressure in the tissues of the pleura. Because of this, blood circulation in the chest area is disturbed. The patient experiences difficulties in breathing, a breathrum arises, a percussion sound appears.

Classification of pneumothorax

Experts identify several forms of the disease:

From what is diagnosed with pneumothorax, the first aid and treatment regimen depends. With artificial form, the air masses in the pulmonary tissue are introduced by doctors. In the 2nd case of the development of the pneumothorax, the causes are associated with the injury of the chest, depending on which it is distinguished:

• closed pneumothorax, provoked by closed blows and bruises;
• open pneumothorax, provoked by gunshot and crusted wounds.

Spontaneous form occurs with sudden damage to the lung fabric. It is more often diagnosed with young men (20 - 40 years old). In most cases, congenital buildings of the lung contribute to the development of this form. The primary form of the disease in such patients can provoke:

• long laugh;
• cough attacks;
• excessive physical exertion.

In addition to the primary form, the secondary pneumothorax is diagnosed. The causes of its development are associated with a different disease. Spontaneous form detect in patients with tuberculosis. The type of disease differs depending on the location of its localization and affected lobes:

1. Right-sided, left-sided.
2. One-sided, bilateral.

Taking into account the age of the patient, the symptoms of pneumothorax are identified:

Separately, the voltage (valve) pneumothorax is isolated - this is a cluster of air in a pleural cavity, resulting from the overaffect of air entering the lungs when inhaling. Competent diagnosis allows accuracy to determine the type of pathology and timely start treatment.

If the patient has a lung pneumothorax, symptoms depend on the amount of gaseous substances accumulating in the pleurare.

Gradually, the disease begins to deliver discomfort. In a light form, symptoms are manifested in the form of shortness of breath (with exercise). Patients complain of pain in the chest area and breathing difficulties.

Clinical picture

The syndrome of re-equipment in the lungs is developing for the following reasons:

• the impact of external factors;
• the presence in the body of certain diseases;
• nonspecific factors;
• artificial input of air masses in the lungs.

The external causes of pneumothorax - injuries of the chest, damage during surgery and jumping from high height. Among the diseases that provoke the development of pneumothorax, there is a tuberculosis in the first place. Due to the opening, the gases cavity begin to accumulate in the tissues of the lung. Non-specific causes of the development of pathology:

Artificial disease provoke to cure some lung pathology. Additionally, it is a diagnosis that allows you to detect neoplasms in the chest cavity. With incorrect, late treatment or absence, the following effects may arise:

1. Excudative pleurisy.
2. Acute respiratory failure.
3. Lung rigidity.
4. Hemopneumothorax.
5. Empiama pleura (PIPNEMOTEKS).

Exudative pleurisy - a cluster in pleural leaflets of a liquid highlighted from small blood vessels with inflammatory processes. The rigidity of the lung is the inability of the tissue of the body to deal with due to the formation of connecting lights (mooring). HEMOPNEVOTOKS is such a complication, in which blood gets into the lungs in the lungs. PIPNEVOBAKS - Magnification in Plegre.

Detect pathology allows:

When collecting anamnesis, the doctor may suspect the presence of a pneumothorax in a patient if:

• cold sweat is on the skin;
• patient constantly want to sit down;
• after a minor physical activity, shortness of breath arises;
• reduced blood pressure, tachycardia is diagnosed;
• the chest expanded;
• shifted heart.

It is impossible to ignore the symptoms of the pneumothorax, otherwise the cardiovascular system fails.

• in the pictures taken on the breath, lightly straighten, and in the pictures on the exhalation - returns to its original position;
• the image is not visible in the picture (due to the accumulation of air in it).

Pleural puncture is a fluid fence from the pleural area. The fluid in this area accumulates in the presence of pathologies (pleurisy, tumor of the lungs, heart swelling, tuberculosis). Doctors can detect its presence on a radiograph or during an ultrasound.

Patient with a similar diagnosis at any time may require emergency assistance. The patient needs to calm the breath to be smooth, ensuring the flow of fresh air. Then you need to call the medical team. When the disease is open, it is necessary to impose an occlusal bandage (wool wrapped in gauze and cellophane). The bandage is superimposed on the wound to prevent air penetration into it.

First aid for pneumothorax tense (valve) - taking pleural puncture. It is recommended to treat the disease in a specialized pulmonary hospital. The treatment of pneumothorax in a closed form is carried out by taking Pravroi puncture. At the same time, accumulated air masses and gases come out of it, and the pressure is normalized. The operation is carried out under sterile conditions with a long needle with an attached tube. How to render (at home) with pneumothorax, first assistance is recommended to find out the doctor. With one-sided pathology, the fluid fence is performed in the 2nd inter estreon of the damaged side, according to the midcurbicular line.

During bilateral pathology, drainage is needed - passive air aspiration using an electrovacuum apparatus or by the BULUU system. Open pneumothorax is translated into a closed form with wound sewing. Valve pneumothorax special. Treatment:

1. The disease is translated into an open form, freeing the lungs from excess gases with a thick needle.
2. Then the disease is returned to the closed form. Appropriate treatment is carried out.

Avoiding recurrence allows PulkrozEz (carried out using silver nitrate, talc, glucose solution or other preparations with sclerosing effect).

Thanks to this, spikes are formed in place damage.

Methods of therapy

Folk remedies are not able to cure pneumothorax, but they can become a supplement to the main treatment (if the cause of its occurrence is another pathology). In the treatment, they use cloudberries, the grass of the armor, the resin-sanitary, the grass of the medicinal Veronika.

From fresh berries, cloudberries need to squeeze the juice and take it several times a day instead of tea. 1 tbsp. l. The dispatcher must be pouring 250 ml of boiling water and tomorrow on a water bath for 15 minutes, then remove from the fire, cover with a lid, insist for 2 hours. and strain. Take 3 times a day.

Pine, cedar or fir-resin must be cleaned of impurities and melt. The resin is poured with alcohol (96%) and insist for several days. Then they take the finished resin and interior fat in the ratio of 1: 2, they melt in the water bath, cool up to 60 ° C, add honey, stirred, poured bone powder (1/10 part). Take 3 times a day. Course duration - 6 months.

1 tbsp. l. The chopped Veronica medicinal need to pour 2 glasses of boiling water, insist under the lid for 2 hours, strain and take 4 times a day.

Patient so that the complications of the pneumothorax do not arise, it will take:

• timely diagnosis;
• competent treatment;
• rehabilitation.

The success of treatment and the lack of relapses depend on the following factors:

• paul patient;
• the age of the patient;
• the presence of concomitant diseases;
• the presence of complications.

With the spontaneous form of a disease provoked by hereditary factors, the outcome is favorable. If pathology was provoked by another disease, then in 20% of cases a relapse occurs. With bilateral form, the treatment of the disease has been successfully in 50% of cases. If the disease arose due to injury, the absence of complications depends on the ability to protect the wound from infection penetration.

The prevention of the pulmonary pneumothorax is to comply with simple rules:

• to give up smoking;
• conducting a healthy lifestyle;
• regular walks in the fresh air;
• timely diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

If the patient detects signs of pneumothorax, it is necessary to urgently ask for help to the doctor. Timely diagnosis increases the chances of successful treatment of pneumothorax. In the launched state, the disease can lead to a fatal outcome.

Causes, symptoms of appearance and treatment of liquid (water) in the lungs

What to do and how to remove the attack of suffocation during allergies?

How do the overlapping of an occlusal dressing on the chest with an open pneumothorax?

All information on the site is presented for informational purposes. Before applying any recommendations, be sure to advocate your doctor.

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How and what the spontaneous pneumothorax is treated

Spontaneous pneumothorax in the medical sector of activity is considered as a very serious disease that occurs due to air accumulation between parietal and visceral sheets of pleura. The cause of the development of the analyzed state is not mechanical damage, for example, strong injury or injury, but the development of pathology affecting the integrity of the surface tissue of internal respiratory organs.

Types and causes of occurrence

Experts share a spontaneous pneumothorax for several species, given the characteristic features of the ailment:

• The causes of nonspecific secondary pneumothorax to identify much easier. This category of illness arises as a complication of other disease affecting bronchi or lungs. Among the most common diseases, the following can be distinguished:
• gangrene of the lungs;
• syphilis;
• tuberculosis;
• abscess lungs or bronchi.

Often, the cause of the development of nonspecific type is a congenital tumor that occurred on pleura or on pulmonary surface tissue.

• Spontaneous pneumothorax - primary, can arise from quite healthy at first glance of young people. Most often, this subspecies arises against the background of the development of bullous emphysema. Given the medical statistics, most of the patients detect right-sided primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Pathological changes in the pulmonary pleura may occur due to the rupture of its integrity due to serious physical exertion, a strong cough attack and even after a long laughter.
• Much less often, specialists diagnose the primary spontaneous pneumothorax to the patients who had to cope with the pressure drops, for example, after jumping with a parachute or after diving on a decent depth.

Regardless of the cause provoked by the development of pulmonary pathology, the disease should be considered as a very serious, requiring immediate treatment. If the therapy is postponed indefinitely, pathology will break the bloodstream to the lightweight, which, in turn, will cause the development of cardiac and pulmonary failure.

Classification

Spontaneous Pneumothorax Specialists are classified not only by characteristic features, but also a specific mechanism of action:

• If the patient develops an open type, before inhalation, it enters the plevru, since this cavity is located near the bronchial lumen. When the air exhale exits through the pathological fistula, developing on the surface of the visceral sheet.
• With the development of a closed spontaneous pneumothorax, a violation of the integrity of the pulmonary fabric becomes almost inconspicuous, since the defect covers the film formed when the protein is produced by fibrin.
• When the valve type is developed, the fistula formed in the pulmonary tissue is closed when the edges of the ripped wound are exhaled, and when inhaled in the plevru, the air is pumped exactly through this fistula.

Spontaneous pneumothorax of any type is very dangerous in itself. Danger lurks both in the disease itself and in the consequences of the aless. After all, the manifestation without proper and timely treatment is developing very rapidly:

• about 6-7 hours after the formation of a fistula Surface fabric sheets of pleura is strongly inflated;
• after a couple of days, the inflamed zone will arise the strongest edema;
• as your thickening, the sheets are tightly connected to each other.

The above complications, in turn, are several times complicated by specialists the process of lung flashes, and in fact it is precisely from this stage that the life of most patients most often depends. To avoid such serious complications, you need to deliver to the nearest medical institution as soon as possible.

Characteristic signs

It was precisely a spontaneous pneumothorax to bother with a person who began to bother a person, it is quite simple, since this disease is characteristic of characteristic, very tangible signs:

• in the chest area, closer to the lung zone, severe pain is felt;
• heavy breathing and shortness of breath appear;
• weakness is felt throughout the body, a sudden loss of consciousness is possible.

It is worth noting if the lung fabric occurs a minor sizes of fistula, pathology can develop asymptomatic and will soon disappear independently, without any treatment.

Assistance and Medical Therapy

Emergency assistance algorithm should be known to everyone without exception, because no one can predict whether a close person will need or even a simple passing assistance until the ambulance team will drive. To assist the patient, you will need to introduce a special device between the second intercultural interval to compensate for respiratory failure.

Doctors who came to call most often make repeated events to make sure that there is no air valve. Depending on the state of the patient who received medical assistance, the ambulance team decides, hospitalizing the patient to the hospital for the final melting of the lungs or is not worth it.

So that respiratory organs restore their functionality, it may be necessary to be required from 1 to 5 days. Approximately 15% of patients doctors have to close the fistula with surgical operations. The earlier the patient comes to medical care, the easier the pathology will be treated, and the spontaneous Pneumothorax will not be able to cause serious complications.

Health Notes.

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Pneumothorax Symptoms Diagnostics and Treatment

Pneumothorax is a disease that is characterized by a large aircraft accumulation in the field of pleura. It occurs in a sliding space and visceral sheets of pleura. Symptoms are different for a traumatic, spontaneous and non-hydrogen disease:

Traumatic pneumothorax is characterized by the occurrence of penetrating injury into the lung area.

Spontaneous Pneumothorax has an unexpected nature and manifests itself due to injury or therapeutic and diagnostic procedures that led to the violation of the integrity of the pleura. Thus, overlapping air intake from the lungs to the area of \u200b\u200bthe pleura.

Yatrogenic pneumothorax occurs as a result of certain medical manipulations.

Causes and diagnosis of the disease

Pneumothorax is an ailment that arises due to excess aircraft or gas in the field of pleura.

Causes of this pathology:

Pneumothorax became a consequence of the injury of the chest.

The break of the lungs that came from the closed injury.

The collapse of the lungs can occur due to the introduction into the pleural cavity of the air, which is the consequence of incorrectly selected treatment various shapes tuberculosis.

A rupture of an emphysematous bubble may occur, which is a consequence of a short injury or cough.

Incorrect lung treatment can give complications to the further functioning of the respiratory system.

Some people have lung diseases in chronic.

Pneumothorax is diagnosed in the case of the following symptoms:

Strong, sharply emerging pain in the chest.

Breathing becomes frequent and superficial.

Lung damage leads to a noticeable breathing, which gives the sound of a box shade.

Man complains of severe breath or shortage of air.

Skin covers acquire a pale, sometimes even a blue shade.

Diagnosis of the disease is performed using a X-ray or computer tomography of the chest. Pneumothorax should be eliminated by appropriate treatment, because due to lack of air, blood pressure is reduced, which can lead to a heart stop.

Symptoms of Disease

Pneumothorax proceeds with the slow appearance and progression of M symptoms. This is due to the fact that there is a gradual accumulation of oxygen in the lungs, namely in the pleural cavity. The process leads to the emergence of a comprehensive state of the lungs and a significant displacement of the mediastinum organs.

The causes of the ailment, as a rule, appear suddenly and accumulate gradually. Symptoms are manifested immediately after injury or subsequently a strong physical activity that was rendered to the chest. As a rule, the disease is localized at the top of the chest, so the pain is given in the neck, shoulder or hand.

Cases were recorded when the symptoms were manifested in the abdomen or loin. All these reasons lead to the appearance of a cramped state in the lungs. The patient complains about the acute shortage of air, which is accompanied by the participation and depth of breathing. In this case, it is necessary to carry out immediate diagnostics, which will establish the effects of injury.

Pneumothorax leads to such consequences like shortness of breath. It is characterized by a pale skin or cyanosis (redness of the face due to the excessive amount of carbon dioxide in the blood), the rapid heartbeat, panic attacks. In order to reduce the manifestation of symptoms, it is necessary to immobilize a person, put it on the side or lay it. Diagnostics must be made without delay.

The accumulation of a large amount of oxygen in the pleural cavity leads to a significant protrusion of one piece of the chest. Its second of it, on the contrary, begins to take greater participation in the process of breathing, thus smoothing the space between the ribs.

Traumatic pneumothorax is characterized by an injury in one piece of the chest. This process is also accompanied by emphysema due to accumulation of air in the chest. It can also spread to other parts of the human body.

Treatment of pneumothorax

After the proper diagnosis has been performed, you should move to the immediate treatment of the ailment. First of all, it is necessary to get rid of the negative pressure, which is observed in the lungs. This can be done by sucking air from the field of pleura. It is possible to completely get rid of cough only by using antitussive preparations. Narcotic analgesics must be used when diagnosing a shock state, as well as to prevent it.

The treatment of open pneumothorax begins with the restoration of the sealing of the thoracic cavity through the injury of the wound. After that, attention should be paid to the pressure restoration. A negative pressure indicator can be eliminated only on operating conditions using aseptic set. To do this, the aspiration of the needle or hermetic drainage of the area of \u200b\u200bthe pleura is applied. These tools should be mandatory to be combined in treatment with electrovacuum and appliances.

Diagnostics of the type of pneumothorax will affect the further selection of tactics of treatment. Conservative therapy It applies only with a closed version of the disease. To do this, the patient must constantly be in a state of rest and make the taking painkillers. Aspiration using the Bobrov apparatus is necessary with a large accumulation of air in the chest cavity.

In order to make drainage of the pleural cavity, it is necessary to pre-put the patient and make local anesthesia. As a rule, drainage is made in the region of the second intercostal of the chest. In some cases, it is advisable to choose a point that is located in the area of \u200b\u200bthe largest air accumulation. Next, with the help of a thin needle, enter the novel solution in an amount of 20 ml. The surgeon makes skin dissection and introduces pleural trocar. This is a special tool that is used to effectively carry out the procedure.

Drainage can be administered only after the removal of the sleeve from the channel occurred. After that, it is necessary to fix drainage on the skin and connect it to the Bank of Bobrov. With an active aspiration, it is necessary to replace Bobrov's banks on vacuum aspiration. Drainage can be deleted only after easy to deal completely.

This operational intervention is not considered too complicated, but still the patient should be carefully prepared.

Treatment of disease at home

First of all, it should be noted that the treatment of this disease is impossible at home. At the same time, the correct postoperative period should be ensured, for the early rehabilitation of the patient. If you record the manifestation of the symptoms described above, you should contact a specialist who will help eliminate them.

With an open pneumothorax, which occurs if injuries in the chest should be applied on top of the wounds of the oil or polyethylene film. Thus, it will be possible to stop bleeding, but at the same time it will not prevent air penetration. Remember that in this case it is necessary to urgently cause an ambulance and before it arrives to provide the first health care. The patient must immediately get a survey from a specialist who will give an opinion and will take all necessary measures.