Thermal burn

Thermal burn - This is one of the types of injury arising from the effect on the tissue of the body of a high temperature.

By the nature of the agent that caused the burn, the latter can be obtained from the effects of light radiation, flame, boiling water, steam, hot air, electric flow.

Burns can be the most diverse localization (face, handbrushes, torso, limb) and occupy a different area.

In the depth of lesion, burns are divided into 4 degrees:

1st power characterized by hyperemia and skin swelling, accompanied by burning pain;

2nd power the formation of bubbles filled with a transparent liquid of yellowish color;

3a - degree spreading necrosis on the epidermis;
3B - necrosis all skin layers;

4 degree - Donation not only of the skin, but also deep-haul fabrics.

First aid

First aid is:

• termination of the injury agent. To do this, it is necessary to reset the tanned clothes, knock off the legs running in burning clothes, pour it with water, fall asleep with snow, cover the burning section of the clothing with a coat, coat, blanket, tarpaulter, etc.;
• carving hot clothes or incendiary mixtures. When extinguishing, the napalm is used with crude land, clay, sand, we can pay off with water with water only when immersed by the victim in water;
• shock prevention: Introduction (cottage) of painkillers;
• removal (cut) from the affected areas of the body of affected clothes;
• overlapping on the burnt surfaces of aseptic dressing (with the help of a bandage, an individual dressing package, a clean towel, sheets, a nasal handkerchief, etc.);
• immediate direction to the medical institution.

The effectiveness of self-mutual aid depends on how quickly the victim or the people surrounding it will be able to navigate in the setting, use the skills and means of the first medical care.

Resuscitation Manuals in the lesion focus are reduced to indirect heart massage, passability respiratory tract, artificial breathing Mouth in the mouth or mouth into the nose. If the resuscitation of the specified methods is ineffective, it is stopped.

Chemical burn

Chemical burns They are the result of the influence on the tissue (skin cover, mucous membranes) of substances with a pronounced ignition property (strong acids, alkali, salts of heavy metals, phosphorus). Most chemical burns of skin cover are manufacturing, and the chemical burns of the oral mucosa, esophagus, the stomach are most often everyday.

The effects of strong acids and heavy metal salts on the tissue leads to coagulation, coagulation of proteins and their dehydration, therefore coagulation of tissue necrosis occurs with the formation of a dense gray crust of dead tissues, which prevents the effects of acids into driving tissues. Alkali do not bind proteins, but dissolve them, wash fats and cause a deeper color of the tissues that acquire the type of white soft stamp. It should be noted that determining the degree chemical burn In the first days is difficult due to insufficient clinical manifestations.

First aid

First aid is:

• immediate washing of the affected surface of water, which achieves complete removal of acid or alkali and their affecting effect is stopped;
• neutralization of acid residues with 2% sodium bicarbonate solution (food soda);
• neutralization of alkali residues with 2% acetic or citric acid solution;
• imposing aseptic dressing on the affected surface;
• in the reception of injured painkillers if necessary.

Phosphor's burns are usually deep, because when entering the skin phosphorus continues to burn.

First aid for burns phosphorus lies in:

• immediate immersion of the burned surface into water or in abundant irrigation of it with water;
• cleaning the surface of the burn from pieces of phosphorus with a tweezers;
• overlaying on a burn surface of a row with a 5% solution of copper sulfate;
• imposing aseptic dressing;
• acceptance of injured painkillers. Exclude the overlap of ointment bandages that can enhance fixation and phosphorus absorption.

Rady burn

The radial burns arise when exposed to ionizing radiation, give a peculiar clinical picture and need special treatment methods. When irradiation of living tissues, intercellular communications are broken and formed toxic substancesWhat serves as the beginning of a complex chain reaction propagating all tissue and intracellular metabolic processes.

Violation exchange processesThe effects of toxic products and the rays themselves, first of all, affects the function of the nervous system.

Signs. At first, after irradiation, there is a sharp over-excitation of nerve cells, replacing the state of parabiasis. After a few minutes in the tissues subjected to irradiation, the capillaries are expanded, and after a few hours the death and decay of the endings and trunks of the nerves.

First aid

Need:

• remove radioactive substances from the surface of the skin by flushing with water or special solvents;
• give radio protection (radio protector - cystamine);
• on the affected surface, impose a aseptic bandage;
• delivered in the shortest possible time to deliver to the medical institution.

Radiation disease is a burn damage arising under the influence of different species Radioactive rays, whose volume and range exceeds the load that can transfer human immunity. Rady burn causes dangerous diseasein which many systems, organs, fabric suffer.

A characteristic feature is the presence of a hidden period of development. It is about the late occurrence of external manifestations: the symptoms of the radiation impact make themselves to know through a small time interval. Most often, the injury is found on several seats of skin.

Radi burns cause the following form of radiation:

• ultraviolet (sun);
• ionizing (alpha, beta and neutron);
• electromagnetic - photons (beta and x-rays).

Alpha Radionuclides are safe for humans. They are able to hit only the upper layers of the skin and mucous membranes (you need to take care of them, the cavity of the mouth, the throat, the esophagus). Beta radiation penetrates the body of 2-3 cm. The body is strongestly affected by the body of X-ray, neutron and gamma rays. They damage everything internal organs and fabric. It is possible to irradiate with such types of energy after the use of nuclear weapons, during man-made, production atomic catastrophes, during contact with radioactive waste.

Depending on the source (reasons) of the lesion, there are several types of radiation burns:

1. As a result (ultraviolet irradiation). This species is most common: after a long stay in the sun, a man burns out. If it is inclined to an increased response to ultraviolet, the burning can occur due to the effects of low intensity. Poorly tolerate the sun people with a weakened immunity, patients with diabetes mellitus.
2. Caused by terrestrial and air nuclear explosions, laser weapons. Such powerful sources instantly affect all parts of the body. Often accompanied by the defeat of the eyeballs.
3. From ionizing radiation. They do not affect internal organs, hitting only surface layers of the skin. With radiation disease, burns slowly heal, the regeneration process is suspended. The vessels become brittle and weakly feed damaged surfaces.
4. Furnages after radiation therapy. May arise due to radiotherapy ( different species irradiation) in order to cure a disease, most often - tumor oncological nature (breast cancer, esophagus, larynx, cervix, etc.)

There are different depending on the lesion zone:

• skin;
• mucous (eye during welding);
• internal organs.

Each species requires a separate treatment technique, taking into account the nature, the damage zone, degree of lesion.

Degrees and periods

4 degrees of gravity of radiation burns are distinguished:

1. 1 The degree of gravity occurs when the weak doses of radiation occurs and becomes clear after 10-14 days. These are red-free skin areas, sometimes with the effect of peeling the upper covers.
2. 2 degree appears 5-10 days after the body has experienced irradiation middle degree. Such damage is expressed by extensive areas of redness with blisters, itching and pain.
3. 3 The extent is manifested in 3-6 days after irradiation. Symptoms of this degree - slowly healing ulcers, skin swelling, erosion, bubbles, extensive necrotic zones.
4. 4 Degree, Radiation Burn - Dangerous defeat. Immediately after exposure to rays on the skin, there is a severe damage to the epidermis, muscle tissues, selection with admixture of pus, the body is covered with ulcers and necrosis zones.

The development of radiation lesion occurs in three periods:

• primary reaction period;
• hidden period;
• non-optical changes.

Primary reaction, first stage, appears immediately after exposure to radiation. Proceeds by the first few hours. Weak swelling, red, pain, burning in the zone of damaged tissue appears. The victim can immediately feel nausea, headachediscomplication.

The hidden clinical period occurs after smoothing signs of primary reaction to the burn. A feature of this stage is the almost complete absence of any symptoms, as if the defeat retreated. Visible well-being can be observed from several first hours to three weeks, depending on the source of irradiation.

Non-optical changes are manifested by pain, strong redness, edema and appearance on the skin of the seals. In some cases, deep layers of skin are damaged, hair falls out, large blisters appear, erosion. The necrotic zones are poorly restored and updated, often swollen, surrounding the serous fluid, periodically arrive.

Throughout the period of the disease, the affected person is experiencing signs of defeat: weakness, nausea. With heavy degrees, burns often occurs anemia, superficial and internal bleeding, infection of affected areas.

First aid

Providing first prefigure help to man with radial burns, it is necessary to produce as soon as possible. To the affected area, impose napkins impregnated with a disinfector solution. For several hours, the skin surface is required to rinse with soap water. After you need to lubricate damage to children's ointment.

The radial burns of serious degree require no home, but emergency medical care in the clinic. First medical Help It is a qualified processing of wounds and the introduction of painkillers, assists to improve the regeneration of affected tissues.

Further treatment of radiation burns

In the hospital, the patient suffered from radial energy receives anesthetic, antiseptic preparations, and protective bandages impose on the damaged surface. If lesions 1 or 2 degrees are introduced local anesthesia.

If the patient is critical, anti-co-therapy is carried out. Monitoring of cardiac activity and indicators arterial pressure. If necessary, the patient operates: remove necrotic formations in the burn places.

The main treatment is in the reception antibacterial drugs, the passage of infrared radiation rate for removal acute form Diseases, accelerating the regenerative functions of tissues and prevent the reproduction of microbes on the affected area. Advanced anti-shogues medical agents (solutions, balms, ointments). In the diet is required to introduce more useful products, eliminate salt, drink more water. Folk remedies Strictly prohibited!

Possible complications

• radiation reaction: dysfunction nervous, cardiovascular, endocrine systems;
• atrophic, hypertrophic, chronic radial dermatitis;
• functional disorders of the lungs, bronchi;
• sclerotic processes in myocardium, lungs, liver, kidneys and other organs;
• radiation pericarditis (heart damage);
• damage to the walls, mucous membranes of the intestine, erosion;
• functional deficiency of the kidneys;
• radius cystitis;
• radiation lymphostasis;
• radiation tumors.

Prevention and forecast

To prevent the lesion in the zones of increased radio emission or in the high solar activity zone, it is recommended to use.

Radiation or radiation burns - the result of ion radiation. The most famous and dangerous is the defeat as a result of a nuclear explosion or catastrophe, as well as the consequences of human defeat with radioactive precipitation.

The danger of radiation burns is great, as they can not manifest themselves immediately, within a few days, and in the most difficult cases, the skin is peeling, the muscle atrophy may be injured, the joints may suffer, hair Pokrov and nails.

The severity of skin lesions depends on the obtained radioactive dose and the duration of exposure.

To combat various diseases in medicine, use a method for treating radiation therapy. As a result of irradiation of a limited part of the patient's body, there is a fault against the disease, but quite often during procedures, or after their ending, the patient has signs of burns on the irradiated skin, like a side effect. After radiation therapy look like ordinary burns - it comes redness of the affected skin and further, the color of the affected area can become brown. The consequences are manifested, in addition to redness, as after sunburn in the form of peeling of the skin, the appearance of a slightly size blister. Itching itch.

The degree of impairment of the skin of the irradiated person depends on its susceptibility to the defeat of the usual solar rays - the faster the person is usually burning in the sun, the faster and heavier it can get a radius burn.

Radiation burn 1 degree from the sun

Skin susceptibility, both solar irradiation and radiation - individual, respectively, the treatment of radiation burns is individually.

In any case, do not self-medicate without a consultation with your doctor, only he will be able to correctly assess the degree of damage for your body.

Total classification of radial burns

Rady skin burn is manifested in several stages:

1. Initial - for several hours or even the day on the affected area, redness occurs.
2. Hidden - can last up to two or three weeks, depending on the severity of the lesion. A stronger defeat is detected earlier and more clearly.
3. Severence - accompanied by the appearance of bubbles on the affected section, ulcers, edema is possible. The duration of this period depends on the individual characteristics of the body to regeneration and can reach three months.
4. Restoration - stage of active healing and restoration of affected fabrics.

2 Degree of beam burn with bubbles formation

The severity of the lesion at radiating burn:

• Easy - dose, obtained by the patient, fluctuates within 1200 glad. In this case, healing goes pretty quickly and without complications.
• The average - the threshold of the lesion reaches 2000 is glad. A pronounced redness of the skin is revealed, as a primary sign of defeat, and for treatment and recovery can take more than a month.
• Heavy - the place of lesion is covered by open ulcers, wounds are formed, the foci of dead fabric appear.
• Mortal - global defeat not only skin, but also soft tissues, bones.

3 degree of radiation burn with the formation of deep wounds

Prefigure help

It is desirable that a professional medical care is provided with a professional medical care at the radiation burn, but in emergency cases, it is recommended to impose a dry bandage to the place of defeat, it is possible to use an antiseptic napkin. Pre-wound can be rinsed with water or weak soap.

Diagnosing radiation burns

The consequences of obtaining a man's ray burn is clearly visible, and usually the doctor finds out only the causes of this injury, the conditions under which it happened to better appoint the treatment of the victim to better.

Sunny burns in children

With the emergence of the severity of injury, additional studies of the general condition of the body are appointed. Conduct MRI, ECG, CT. The work of the heart and cardiovascular system is investigated, the severity is determined. possible violation The work of the internal organs upon receipt of the radiation burn.

Methods for the treatment of radiation burn

The method of treatment depends on the severity of the lesion after radiation burn. Conditionally can be divided into three ways.

Therapy

In the easy cases of lesions of the skin during radiation burn possible independent treatment After inspection and receipt of the doctor's recommendations. Permanent medical monitoring, even on the light stage of the defeat, will help rapidly and high quality treatment, but most often the doctor prescribes a sick abundant drink, diet ( proper nutrition Without excess sweets, greasy and sharp dishes). Treatment of the burn after radiation therapy is traditionally carried out by various ointments. It must be remembered that the ointment is applied in the evening, and not before the radiation session or immediately after it, if the process of therapy is not over, and signs of burns have already been shown on the skin. Outflows are used: Bepatin, Aktovegin, Shostakovsky Balsam, well helps a mixture of olive and sea buckthorn oils In proportion 3: 1.

Vinyline or Shostakovsky Balsam from radial burns

Irritating symptoms (itching) can be removed by applying spray or painkillers.

Medicia treatment

When infected with the affected skin, antibiotics are applied, wounds are closed by dressings with impregnated solutions of antiseptics. If there are edema, antihistamines, both local and general type are prescribed.

Surgical intervention

In the most difficult cases, with severe, extensive lesions of human skin, an operation is assigned. In this case, there may be only a common, the surgeon performs the removal of scar tissue, stops the foci of necrosis. It is pre-compulsory to study the patient's body's response to medicines, analyzes are collected to obtain a clear picture and identify possible contraindications.

Prevent a radiation burn when carrying out radiation therapy possible if you contact experienced specialists in medical institutions With a good reputation.

A highly qualified doctor will be able to accurately pick up the dosage of irradiation for each patient. If necessary, ointments are used to process the facilities of the apparatus, but it must be remembered that before conducting the irradiation procedure, it is impossible to use ointments.

Burn after radiation therapy 2 degree

With the right timely treatment There is practically no complications in the fight against radiation burns. Problems may occur only when the infection in the place of lesion of the skin, if not complying with the rules for the processing of the wound and maintain daily antiseptic procedures. The lesions of the 1st and 2nd degree are healing without negative consequences for the body.

Ionizing radiation is a special type of energy that is released by atoms in the process of their radioactive decay. Depending on the type and physical characteristics Particles, radiation may have a form of electromagnetic waves (X-rays and gamma radiation) or particle threads - neutrons, protons or electrons. During spontaneous or directed decay, excessive energy is highlighted, which, interacting with the tissues of living organisms, can cause heavy burns.

Impact of ionizing radiation

Depending on the nature of the radiation source, its type and position in space, we can distinguish 2 methods of exposure to ionizing radiation on human body:

1. Internal - due to the ingress of radionuclides into the body by inhalation, eating or injection. For example, there are a number of so-called radioindicators - preparations used in the treatment and diagnosis of oncological diseases, determining the state of the circulatory system, etc.
2. External - arises as a result of direct contact with sources of ionizing radiation or a radioactive medium - dust, liquid.

Most often, burns arise as a result of working with malfunctioning medical equipment, infringement of safety safety industrial installations and devices that are used for physical research. The complexity of the diagnosis of burns of this type is that their signs appear gradually and may have a protracted, hidden character. In particular, for several days after irradiation on the skin, a pronounced irritation of the focal type - erythema, which is accompanied by a strong swelling appears. Further development of the burn depends on the depth of penetration of radiation, its strength and the duration of exposure. Serious lesions may be accompanied by not only redness, but also ulcers that are stored for quite a long time. The main danger in such cases is active infection of the wound, therefore various treatment techniques include periodic antibacterial treatment, up to the introduction of anti-trust funds. Under normal conditions, remission period ranges from 6 months to several years.

First aid for radiation burns

The first assistance provided to patients with obvious signs of radiation burns should be aimed at stopping the impact of radiation radiation, as well as the operational elimination of its consequences. Radioactive dust, remaining in the wound for a long time, entails the defeat of deep sections of the skin, which makes further treatment with complex and less efficient.

External manifestations of radiation burns are largely similar to temperature injuries: sharp redness of the skin, loss of sensitivity, swelling, appearance of bubbles and open ulcers, hair loss, etc. In addition, the harmful effects of radiation on the human body can lead to spontaneous growth of cancer cells, the occurrence of cancer of the skin and internal organs.

The effects of light burns are eliminated by infirred medical meansThe list of which includes antibacterial ointments and gels. In particular, Loksazin gel reduces the sensitivity of nerve endings, and the antiseptic components included in its composition slow down the development of pathogenic bacteria. Comfortable individual packaging allows the use of gel even in emergency situations, when each second of the seduction threatens to further deteriorate the state of the patient.

Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia

Training Center of the Central Government of the Stavropol Territory

Cycle of special disciplines

TEST

by discipline:

"Medical preparation"

Performed:

Listener of the platoon 21 ld militia

Borisova Yu.A.

Checked :_____________________

Rating: ________________________

Stavropol 2002
Content:

Introduction

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Burns - frequent and severe damage, mortality from which is still very high. Every year more than 200 thousand patients with burns need in Europe and the United States in inpatient treatment. Within 1 year, about 60 thousand people die in European countries; Among them, the big group make up children. Many of those who are recovering, developing scars remain. Being difficult and not fully studied, the problem of burns continues to attract the attention of scientists, practical surgeons and health organizers. Treatment of burnt, especially children's age, laborious and long. It requires special knowledge, equipment, conditions and high professional skills from medical professionals.

Currently, specialized centers and branches have been created for improving medical care for medical care in Russia and in many countries of the world. They are used modern methods Services and treatment of patients. To work in such compartments, medical personnel must be appropriately trained. There is a tissue damage caused by the action of high temperature, chemicals, radiation and electric cooker. Accordingly, the etiological factor of burns are called thermal, chemical, radiation and electric.

Thermal burns

Thermal burns are the most common type of lesions and make up 90-95% of all burns. It should be noted that the proceedings in production are only 25-30% of all injuries, the remaining 75% are household injuries.

Most often there are burns from the effects of flame, hot liquid, steam, as well as when contact with hot objects. For burning burn, not only the temperature of the traumatic factor is important, but also the duration of its impact.

In peacetime, the proportion of burns among other injuries is 10-12%. During the Great Patriotic War Burns were about 2% of all injuries. Currently, due to the use of new types of weapons (Napalm, Phosphorus), especially in cases of use of nuclear weapons, the structure of sanitary losses can change dramatically: the share of burnt will be 80% and more of all victims. At the same time, burns can be as primary (thermal and light radiation at nuclear explosion) and secondary (fires, gases explosions, electric ships, etc.).

When burns, there is always a general response of the body to injury. If, with small burns, it is manifested only by a natural reaction to pain and does not entail any significant functional changes, then with extensive burns there are always more or less pronounced violations of organs and systems up to the most severe leading to death.

The pathological condition of the body arising in response to the burn is called burn disease.

The following periods of burn disease distinguish: 1) burn shock; 2) acute burning toxemia; 3) acute septicotemia; 4) reconvaluescence.

The severity of the burn disease is determined by two factors - the burning of the burn, i.e. square lesions and depth of tissue damage - ste stump burn.

The skin consists of two layers - epithelial tissue - epidermis and connective tissue - Derma. The epidermis is constantly updated due to the growth of new epithelial cells - basal and peeled. In the layer of basal cells there are superficial endings blood vesselsproviding blood supply to the skin. In the event of the death of the sprouting layer cells, the growth of the epithelium in the damage zone does not occur and the defect is closed with a secondary tension using the connecting tissue - the scar.

Depending on whether the sprout layer is affected or not, that is, epithelialization is possible or not, all burns are divided into surface and deep, highlighting four degrees that are shown in the figure.

Figure - Classification of burns.

Local manifestations: a - 1 degree - Hyperimia, b - 2 degree - Education of bubbles, in- 3 degree - necrosis of the skin, G - 4 degree - charring

Burns I, II and IIIIA degree are called superficial, since only surface layers of epidermis are affected. Deep skin lesions are observed in burns III and IV degree. Ceffs III are divided into IIIa and P1B degree. With burns of IIIA degree, there is a partial defeat of the spike and basal layers of the skin and independent epithelialization is possible (such burns are treated with superficial). With the bodies of the SB degree noted the death of all layers of skin - epidermis and dermis (deep burns).

Burn I degree - hyperemia and swelling of the affected area, a feeling of burning. In this case, the death of the cells is not observed.

Burning II is small, unprotected bubbles with light content (blood plasma). Around bubbles - plots of hyperemia. The feeling of burning. Bubbles appear due to the detachment of the upper layers of the epidermis plasma plasma, which peeling from the vessels of the basal layer.

Burn IIIA is extensive, tense, with jelly-like contents or destroyed bubbles. At the site of the destroyed bubble - a wet pink surface with sections of pale, whitish colors (affected by the basal layer). Pain sensitivity reduced.

BLACE CREE - extensive bubbles of hemorrhagic content. On the site of the destroyed bubbles - a dense, dry dark gray color (leather vessel thrombosis and cellular protein coagulation).

The degree IV burn is a burning structure of a dense consistency, such as thick paper or cardboard, brown or black. Sometimes it can be seen a thrombie vascular network, charring.

Chemical burns

Chemical burns arise as a result of peeling acids, alkalis and other chemically active substances. Burning depth depends on the concentration of the chemical agent, its temperature and exposure duration.

When providing first prefigure aid, it is necessary to create conditions for the fastest removal of a chemical agent, reducing the concentration of its residues on the skin, cooling the affected areas. The most effectively washing the skin with running water (cream cases of burns with negated lime). With a burn with acids justified is to wash the surface of the burn with weak alkali solutions (sodium hydrocarbonate), and when they burn alkalis - acids (0.01% solution of hydrochloric acid, 1-2% acetic acid solution). The earlier the chemical agent will be removed, the less degrades will be subjected to fabrics, therefore it is advisable until the preparing the neutralizing solution to start a long (at least 20-30 min), washing the affected water flow.

In the case of impregnation, the chemically active substance needs to strive to quickly remove it. In some cases, it is advisable to first start washing a strong jet of running water with a hose placed under the clothes. At the same time, a water layer is created that isolates the skin from a fluttered chemical material. After 5-10 minutes, it is necessary to care from the start of the washing, so as not to cause burns to assist and do not extend the chemical agent on unguarded tissues, remove clothing and continue washing the burn place.

The exceptions are cases when due to the chemical nature of the affecting substance contact with water is contraindicated. For example, di-ethyl aluminum hydrate, triethyl aluminum when the water is compounds flammified, and when water is injected to a dealer or concentrated sulfuric acid, heat is distinguished, which can lead to additional thermal damage. It is not recommended to extinguish with small portions of water napalm, since it occurs to splashing the mixture and significant vaporization, which may cause an increase in the area of \u200b\u200blesion.

Chemical burns are in many ways similar to thermal, but have a number of features. Burns with acids proceed by the type of coagulation necrosis, while complexes of acid proteins are formed, protein decay occur and sharp dehydration of tissues - a dense stamp occurs.

Burns alkalis are characterized by the formation of a conservation necrosis. Alkali split proteins, forming alkaline proteins, wash fats. Through the damaged alkaline skin penetrate into deep-haul fabrics, causing them damage.

Extensive burns caused by various chemicals can lead to significant changes in the internal organs. Thus, phosphorus and its compounds, picric acid have a nephrotoxic effect, tannis and phosphoric acids cause loss of liver. These features should be considered when conducting general treatment. Local treatment of chemical burns in the hospital and the clinic is not fundamentally different from treatment thermal burns.

Electrologiza

Electrologies occur at the location of direct contact with the current source shown in the figure.

Picture. Defeat electric shock and lightning.

A- The overall exposure to electric current. B-local exposure to electric current, lightning effect. G-removal of electrical current

They differ significantly from ordinary thermal burns. Electrologies in the form of "Talk Tags" can be point or have significant sizes depending on the skin contact area with an electronic agent. In the first hours, these "current tags" have the form of whitish or brownish spots, on the site of which is subsequently formed dense stamp. A feature of the electric grid is, as a rule, a deep lesion is not only skin, but also subject to tissues. At the same time, the lesion of the skin can be accompanied by significant muscle destruction, bones. The local wound process proceeding through general laws is accompanied by in early inrsion due to intoxication due to massive tissue destruction, and subsequently gives purulent complications (phlegmon, chapels). Local treatment of electrosals and deep thermal burns does not have fundamental differences.

Light burns.

The radiant energy exempted during the explosion (visible infrared and partly ultraviolet rays) leads to the emergence of so-called instant burns. Secondary burns of flames from objects and tanned clothes are possible. Light burns occur most often in open areas of the body facing the explosion, and are called profile, or contour, but they can appear on sites, closed with dark color clothing especially in places where clothing fit tightly to the body - contact burns. The course and treatment of light burns are the same as thermal.

Raughter burns

Ionizing radiation, i.e., the streams of elementary particles and electromagnetic quanta, resulting from nuclear reactions or radioactive decay, falling into the human body, are absorbed by tissues. The energy allocated to destroys the structure of living cells, damping their ability to regenerate, and causes various pathological conditions of both local and general.

The biological effect of ionizing radiation is determined by the energy of radiation, its nature, mass and penetrating ability.

The first pathological condition of alive tissues under the influence of ionizing radiation, which was observed after the opening of X-ray radiation and radioactivity were ray skin burns.

Messages about the appearance of "X-ray burns" appeared in early 1886 and were associated with the beginning of a wide conduct of radiological studies in medicine in the absence of experience in their application. In the future, with the development of physics and the emergence of nuclear power, except X-ray rays, other varieties of ionizing radiation appeared.

The effect of radiation on the body is measured by the amount of radiation energy absorbed by tissues, the unit of which is Gray (GR). In practice, measuring the absorbed energy is very difficult. It is much easier to measure the magnitude of the air ionization by X-ray or rays. Therefore, another unit is widely used for radiometric estimates of ionizing radiation [pendant per kilogram (CL / kg)].

Ionizing radiation can lead both the development of common phenomena - radiation disease and local - radiation lesions of the skin (burns). It depends on the nature of radiation, its dose, time and irradiation area. Thus, the irradiation of the entire body at a dose of more than 600 p leads to the development of severe radial illness, but does not cause lesions of the skin.

Sharp ray burns Most often after one-time exposure of a large dose of a separate body section and do not lead to the development of radiation sickness. Such burns are usually observed with long-term x-ray study, careless handling of radioactive substances, treatment of cancer patients. The dose of irradiation is 1000-1500 p or more. When expulsing such a dose of the whole body develops acute radiation disease which leads to the death of victims before the appearance of burns.

Radiant skin burns, as well as thermal, depending on the depth of the lesion, are divided into 4 degrees: I degree-erythema, II - bubbles, III - total lesion of the skin and IV degree - the defeat of subcutaneous fiber, muscles, internal organs. However, with thermal lesions clinical symptoms The burn is manifested immediately after injury, and with radiation lesions, a typical periodicity is observed, the phase of the course of the disease.

Usually B. clinical picture Light lesions of the skin are distinguished 4 periods: 1st period - primary local reaction (primary erythema); 2-y-hidden; 3rd - development of the disease and the 4th period - reparative.

The duration of the period and the depth of the lesion depend on the dose of ionizing irradiation. For the 1st period, the patient's complaints are characterized by the skin, hyperemia at the time of exposure to large doses or immediately after it. For less massive doses of irradiation, these phenomena may be absent. In the 2nd period of any pathological changes in the irradiation zone. Sometimes there is a pigmentation of the skin, which remained after the primary erythema. The duration of this period depends on the dose of irradiation: the higher the dose, the shorter the hidden period and the more significant and deeper the defeat. If the hidden period is 3-4 days, the dose of irradiation is large and leads to necrosis of irradiated areas by type of burns of III-IV degree. With a hidden period, up to 7-10 days appear bubbles (Bubbling II), and if it lasts about 20 days, erythema arises (Burning I shall).

The clinical sign of the 3rd period is the appearance on the skin signs of radiation lesions - a radiation burn, the depth of which depends on the dose of irradiation and the duration of the hidden period.

Thus, the duration of the hidden period and clinical signs can be used not only for the prediction of the severity and depth of the lesion, but also to determine the dose of irradiation. Great importance have the character of radiation (T\u003e -lchi, rapid neutrons, etc.) and the individual characteristics of the body. Usually burn III-IV degree occurs during local irradiation at a dose of 1000-4000 P and a hidden period of 1-3 days.

In the 4th period, the rejection of necrotic tissues and regeneration processes occur. With deep lesions, this period can be extremely long. Due to the disruption of the reparative ability of cells, healing is extremely slow with the formation of scars and non-closing ulcers.

Therapeutic measures at radiation lesions of the skin are carried out in accordance with the development of the burn and the individual characteristics of their manifestation of this patient.

Treatment should be started since the advent of primary erythema, which can facilitate the further course of the disease.

With pronounced primary erythene, the affected area is recommended to impose a aseptic bandage. Useful local application cold to irradiated plot.

In the hidden period or at the beginning of the development of the disease are shown intravenous administration 0.5% novocaine solution (10 ml), as well as Novocainization of the affected area.

With the surface burns of the I-II of the degree impose ointment bandages to the affected area, pre-removing bubbles and surface necrotized tissues. Conduct the prevention of tetanus, antibiotics are introduced.

In the future, after a clearly separation of the necrosis areas, shown surgerywhich consists in excision of non-visual fabrics with their subsequent plastic.

Conclusion

Damage to alive fabrics caused by the impact of high chemical temperature, chemical substances, electrical or radiant energy taken on burn burn. First of all, skin covers suffer from burns, and then driving formations - subcutaneous fatty tissue, fascia sheets separating from each other layers of fabrics, tendons, muscles, vessels and nerves, periosteum and bone. In rare cases, as a result of prolonged exposure harmful factorWith a very high temperature, the destruction can be subject to not only cover fabrics, but also internal organs. If the traumatic agent falls on the mucous membrane of the mouth, the digestive tract or respiratory tract, the mucosa burns are formed. In conclusion, I would like to give brief description All kinds of burns.

Burns are different dove - thermal, chemical, electrical and radial.

Thermal burns There are from the action of flame, molten metal, steam, hot liquid, from contact with a heated metal object. The higher the temperature of the harmful factor acting on the skin and longer than its exposure, the more serious consequences it causes. The most deep and extensive burns arise when igniting clothes on the victim. Especially dangerous for the life of the skin of the skin, combined with the burns of mucus ceases of the upper respiratory tract. Such combinations are possible if the victim breathed with hot smoke and air. This is usually happening during a fire in a closed room. Burns of the skin and mucous membranes can sometimes be combined with the poisoning of the body by carbon oxide.

Chemical burns They occur from the action of concentrated acids, caustic alkalis and other chemicals that fall into live tissues and cause their destruction. One of the types of chemical burn is the defeat by phosphorus, which has the ability to connect with fat. Burns with acids and alkalis can be observed on the mucous membrane of the mouth, the esophagus and the stomach, if the injured mistake or ignorance drank a poisonous solution, accepting it for water. Due to the negligent relationship of adults to chemicals and subjects
small children often suffer from household chemicals.

Electric burns Owning due to electric shock contact and passing it through the tissues from one electrode to another or to the ground. At the same time, electrical energy is converted to thermal, heat, concentrating at a point where the current passes through the skin, destroys the tissue. Under the action of high voltage current, the amount of heat generated in the tissues is so large that deep-sided main vessels can be destroyed, which ensure the blood circulation of the limb. In such cases, the death of the whole limb is inevitable. Under the action of low voltage currents, the lesions are not deep and not extensive.

Raughter burns . IN everyday life Often there are burns in the sun rays. Direct action The sun rays are especially dangerous to children of chest and nursery, since, in addition to burns, it can cause overheating of the entire body. The burns of the open parts of the body can cause bright light radiation forming with the explosion of modern nuclear sources. They arise at a distance of a few kilometers from the explosion center. The flow of these burns is unusual, since it is complicated by the action of penetrating radiation.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Kazantseva N.D. Negings in children. M. 1998

Yumashev. G.S. First prefigure help. M. 1995