Ear is a complex organ that performs two functions: a hearing by which we perceive sounds and interpret them, thus communicating with the environment; and maintaining equilibrium of the body.

Auricle - catches and sends sound waves into the inner hearing channel;

Rear Labyrinth, or semicircular channels - directs movement to the head and brain to regulate body equilibrium;

Front Labyrinth, or snail - contains sensory cells, which, catching the vibration of sound waves, transform mechanical pulses into the nervous;

Auditory nerve - sends common nerve impulses to the brain;

Bones of middle ear: hammer, anvil, swipping - get vibrations from auditory waves, strengthen them and transmit them interior Ear;

External auditory passage - catches the sound waves coming from the outside, and directs them to the middle ear;

Eardrum - the membrane, vibrating sound waves from entering it and transmitting vibrations along the fire chain in the middle ear;

Eustachian tube - Canal connecting the drumppe with a throat and allows you to maintain
In equilibrium, the pressure generated in the middle ear, with the pressure of the environment.

The ear is divided into three departments whose functions are different.

; The outdoor ear consists of ear shell and an external auditory channel, its purpose consists in catching sounds;
; the middle ear is in temporal bone, separated from the inner ear mobile membrane - drummeal - and contains three articular bones: hammer, anvil and swallowed, taking part in the transmission of Sudki sounds;
The inner ear, also called the labyrinth, is formed from two departments that perform various functions: anterior labyrinth, or a snail, where the Cortis is a body, responsibility for rumor, and rear maze, or semicircular channels in which pulses are produced involved in maintaining equilibrium Body (article "Equilibrium and hearing")

The internally ear, or the labyrinth, consists of a very durable bone skeleton, an ear capsule, or a bone maze, inside of which a membrane mechanism with a structure similar to a bone, but consisting of membrane tissue. The inner ear is hollow, but filled with liquid: there is a perilimph between the bone maze and the membrane, while the maze itself is filled with endolymph. The front labyrinth, the bone shape of which is called snail, contains structures that generate auditory impulses. The rear labyrinth involved in the regulation of body equilibrium has a bone skeleton consisting of a cubic part, the run-up and three channels in the form of an arc - semicircular, each of which includes space with a flat plane.

Snail, called so because of its spiral shape, contains a membrane consisting of channels filled with liquid: the central channel of the triangular cross section and a curl containing endolymph, which is located between the exterior staircase and the drum staircase. These two stairs are partially separated, they go to large snail channels covered with thin membranes separating the inner ear from the medium: the drum staircase begins with an oval window, while the runner of the rundder reaches a rounded window. A snail having a triangular shape consists of three faces: the top, which is separated from the ladder of the eve of the membrane of the raisner, the bottom, separated from the drum staircase, the main membrane, and the side, which is attached to the sink and is a vascular groove that produces endolymph. Inside the snail there is a special hearing agency - Cortiev (the sound perception mechanism is described in detail in the article "

Ear is a complex organ of our body, located in the temporal part of the skull, symmetrically - to the left and right.

In humans, it consists of (ear shell and an auditory pass or channel), ( drumpatch and tiny seeds, oscillating under the action of sound with a specific frequency) and (which processes the resulting signal and with the help of a hearing nerve transmits it to the brain).

Functions of the outdoor department

Although we are all habitually confident that the ears are only an organ of hearing, in fact they are multifunctional.

In the process of evolution, those ears that we use now have developed from vestibular apparatus(the equilibrium body, whose task is to maintain the correct position of the body in space). Performs this crucial role so far.

What is a vestibular device? Imagine an athlete who is trained late in the evening, at twilight: runs around his house. Suddenly he stumbled on a thin wire, invisible in the dark.

What would happen if he had no vestibular apparatus? He would crash, hitting his head on asphalt. I could even die.

Actually most healthy people In this situation, it throws a hand forward, springs by them, falling relatively painlessly. This is due to the vestibular apparatus, without any participation of consciousness.

A man coming along a narrow tube or a gymnastic log also does not fall due to this body.

But the main role of the ear is the perception of sounds.

It matters for us, because with sounds, we focus in space. We go on the way and hear what is happening in your back, we can endure, giving way to the road passing car.

With the help of sounds we communicate. This is not the only channel of communication (there is still visual and tactile channels), but very important.

In definitely, organized, harmonized sounds we call "music". This art, like other arts, reveals the huge world of human feelings, thoughts, relationships to those who love His people.

Our sounds depends on psychological conditionOur inner world. The splash of the sea or the noise of trees is soothered, and technological noises annoy us.

Hearing characteristics

Man hears sounds in the range of approximately from 20 to 20 thousand hertz.

What is hertz? This is the unit for measuring the frequency of oscillations. What is the "frequency"? Why is it measuring the power of sound?

When the sounds fall into our ears, the eardrum fluctuates with a certain frequency.

These oscillations are transmitted bone (hammer, odds and sprinkle). The frequency of these oscillations serves as a unit of measurement.

What is "oscillations"? Imagine girls swinging on a swing. If in a second they manage to rise and go down to the same point, where they were a second ago, it would be one oscillation per second. The oscillation of the eardrum or the bones of the middle ear is the same.

20 Hertz is 20 oscillations per second. This is very small. Such a sound, we are difficult to distinguish as very low.

What "Low" sound? Click on the piano the lowest key. Distribute low sound. He is a quiet, deaf, thick, long, heavy for perception.

High sound we perceive as thin, shrill, short.

The frequency range perceived by a person is not very big. Elephants hear extremely low-frequency sounds (from 1 Hz and above). Dolphins are much higher (ultrasound). In general, most animals, among which cats and dogs, hear sounds in a wider range than we.

But this does not mean that they have better hearing.

The ability to analyze sounds and almost instantly draw conclusions from the audience in incomparably higher than that of any animal.

Photo and scheme with description

In the figures with the notation, it can be seen that a person is a bizarre cartilage, covered with leather (ear sink). At the bottom hangs the pole: this is a bag of leather filled with a fatty tissue. Some people have (one of ten) on the inside of the ear, on top, there are Darwinov Budrock, Rudiment, remaining from those times when the ears of the human ancestors were sharp.

It can firmly lay down to the head or hang out (blindness), to be of different magnitude. This does not affect the rumor. Unlike animals, a person does not play an outdoor ear. We would hear about the same way as hearing, even without it. Therefore, our ears are stationary or sediments, and the ear muscles in most representatives of the type Homo Sapiens are atrophied, as we do not use them.

Inside outdoor ear hearing channel, Usually quite wide at the beginning (you can put a little finger in there), but tapering to an end. This is also cartilage. The length of the auditory canal is from 2 to 3 cm.

- This is a system of transmission of sound oscillations, consisting of a drumpoint, which ends the auditory channel, and three small bones (these are the smallest parts of our skeleton): hammer, anvil and stirru.

Sounds, depending on their intensity, cause Drumpatch fluctuate with a certain frequency. These fluctuations are transmitted by the hammer, connected with the drumpox with its "handle". He hits the oskovalenka, which transmits the swords of the Spirit, the base of which is connected to the oval window of the inner ear.

- Transmission mechanism. It does not perceive the sounds, but only transmits them to internal ear, at the same time they are significantly increased (approximately 20 times).

All the middle ear is only one square centimeter in the temporal bone of the person.

Designed to perceive sound signals.

For round and oval windows separating the middle ear from the inner, there are snail and in different ways located relative to each other small containers with lymph (this is such a liquid).

Lymph perceives oscillations. Through the end of the auditory nerve, the signal comes to our brain.


Here are all parts of our ear:

• auricle;
• auditory channel;
• eardrum;
• hammer;
• okovanyanka;
• stirrup;
• oval and round windows;
• retail;
• snail and semicircular channels;
• auditory nerve.

Are there any neighbors?

They are. But their only three. This is a nasopharynk and brain, as well as a skull.

The middle ear is connected to the nasooplotum using the Eustachius pipe. Why do you need it? To equilibrate the pressure on the eardrum from the inside and outside. Otherwise, it will be very vulnerable and may be damaged and even torn.

In the temporal bone of the skull and just are located. Therefore, sounds can be transmitted through the skull bones, this effect is sometimes very pronounced, because of which such a person hears the movement of his eye applesAnd his own voice perceives distorted.

With the help of a hearing nerve, the inner ear is associated with auditory analyzers of the brain. They are located in the upper side of both hemispheres. In the left hemisphere - the analyzer responsible for the right ear, and on the contrary: in the right - responsible for the left. Their work is not connected directly to each other, but coordinated through other brain departments. That is why you can hear one ear, closing another, and this often turns out to be enough.

Useful video

Check out visually with the human ear structure with a description below:

Conclusion

In a person's life, hearing is played not the same role that in the life of animals. This is due to many of our special abilities and needs.

We cannot boast the most acute hearing from the point of view of its simple physical characteristics.

However, many owners of dogs noticed that their pet, although hears more than the owner, reacts slower and worse. It is explained by the fact that the sound information coming into our brain is analyzed much better and faster. We have better developed prognostic abilities: we understand what kind of sound, which means that it may follow.

Through the sounds, we are able to transmit not only information, but also emotions, and feelings, and complex relationships, impressions, images. Animals are all deprived.

People have no most perfect ears, but the most developed souls. However, very often the path to our souls lies exactly through our ears.

There is nothing surprising that the person is considered the most perfect sensual organ of the auditory apparatus. Inside it is contained highest concentration nerve cells (over 30,000 sensors).

Human apparatus of man

The structure of this apparatus is very complex. People are understood by the mechanism for which the perception of sounds is carried out, but scientists still do not quite aware of the feeling of hearing, the essence of the conversion of signals.

In the structure of the ear allocate such basic parts:

• outdoor;
• average;
• internal.

Each of the above areas is responsible for performing specific work. The outer part is considered a receiver that perceives the sounds from the external environment, the average - an amplifier, an internal transmitter.

The structure of the ear of man

The main components of this part:

• auditory pass;
• own sink.

The ear sink consists of cartilage (he is characterized by elasticity, elasticity). From above it covers skin cover. Downstairs is a glass. This site has no cartilage. It includes fatty tissue, skin. The ear shell is considered pretty a sensitive organ.

Anatomy

Small elements of the auricle are presented:

• curl;
• kids;
• disabled;
• curl legs;
• antiques.

Kosch is a specific coating that lins the auditory passage. Inside it contains glands, which are considered vital. They allocate the secret protecting against many agents (mechanical, thermal infectious).

The end of the pass is presented in a kind of impasse. This specific barrier (eardrum) is needed to separate the outdoor, middle ear. It begins to hesitate when hitting sound waves about him. After hitting the wave of sound about the wall, the signal is transmitted further, towards the middle part of the ear.

Blood to this site goes on two branches of the arteries. Blood outflow is performed by veins (v. Auricularis Posterior, V. RetromandiBularis). Local in front, behind the ear shell. They take place of lymphs.

In the photo the structure of the outdoor ear

Functions

We indicate significant functions that are fixed behind the outer part of the ear. It is capable of:

• take sounds;
• transmit sound to the middle of the ear;
• direct the wave of sound to the inner part of the ear.

Possible pathology of the disease, injury

Note the most commonly encountered diseases:

Average

The middle ear plays a huge role when the signal is gained. Strengthening is possible due to the auditory bones.

Structure

We indicate the main components of the middle ear:

• drum cavity;
• hearing (Eustachiev) pipe.

The first component (drumpoint) contains inside the chain, which includes small bones. The smallest bones play an important role in the transmission of sound oscillations. The drum membrane consists of 6 walls. Its cavity contains 3 auditory bones:

• hammer. Such a bone is endowed with a rounded head. This is the connection with the handle;
• anvil. It includes a body, processes (2 pcs.) Different lengths. With stirring its compound is performed by means of a minor oval thickening, which is located at the end of a long process;
• stirrup. In its structure, a small head is isolated, carrying the articular surface, anvil, legs (2 pcs.).

Artery go to the drum cavity from a. Carotis Externa, being her branches. The lymphatic vessels are directed to the nodes located on the side wall of the pharynx, as well as to those nodes that are localized behind the ear shell.

The structure of the middle ear

Functions

Bones from the chain are needed for:

1. Sound.
2. Transmission of oscillations.

The muscles placed in the middle ear region specialize in performing various functions:

• protective. Muscular fibers protect the inner ear from sound irritation;
• toning. Muscular fibers are needed to maintain a chain of hearing bones, tone of the eardrum;
• accommodation. The sound conducting machine adapts to the sounds endowed with various characteristics (power, height).

Pathology and diseases, injuries

Among popular middle ear diseases, we note:

• (perforated, non-perforated,);
• Qatar middle ear.

Acute inflammation can appear in injuries:

• otitis, mastoiditis;
• otitis, mastoiditis;
• , Mastoidite, manifested with wounds of temporal bone.

It happens complicated, uncomplicated. Among specific inflammation, we indicate:

• syphilis;
• tuberculosis;
• exotic diseases.

Anatomy of outdoor, middle, inner ear in our video:

We indicate the significant importance of the vestibular analyzer. It is necessary for regulating the position of the body in space, as well as for the regulation of our movements.

Anatomy

The periphery of the vestibular analyzer is considered a plot of the inner ear. In its composition, we highlight:

• semicircular channels (these parts are placed in 3 planes);
• stavtocytic organs (they are represented by bags: oval, round).

Planes are called: horizontal, frontal, sagittal. Two pouches are the threshold. Round pouch is near curl. The oval bag is placed closer to semicircular channels.

Functions

Initially, the analyzer is excited. Due to the vestibular-spinal nervous bonds, somatic reactions occur. Such reactions are needed to redistribute muscle tone, support for body equilibrium in space.

The relationship between vestibular nuclei, cerebellum determines movable reactions, as well as all reactions to coordinate movements that appear when performing sports, labor exercises. To maintain equilibrium, vision, muscular and articular innervation are very important.

The peripheral part of the hearing sensor system is represented by outer, middle and inner ear (Fig.). Hearing receptors are in the snail of the inner ear, which is located in the temporal bone. Sound oscillations are transmitted to them through a system of auxiliary formations that are part of the exterior and middle ear.

Outdoor Ear It consists of ear shell and outdoor auditory passage. In humans, the muscles are developed weakly and the ear sink is almost fixed.

The outer hearing pass contains modified sweat glands that produce ear sulfur - a viscous secret with bactericidal properties.

On the border between the outer and middle ear there is a drummeal. It has a form of a cone with a vertex directed into the middle ear cavity. The eardrum reproduces sound oscillations that came along the outer auditory passage from the external environment, and transmits them into the middle ear.

Middle ear Presented by three auditory bones (hammer, anvil and rapidly), located in the drum cavity. The latter through the hearing tube is connected to the nasooplot.

The handle hammer is woven into the eardrum, and ispidden to connect with the membrane of the oval window of the inner ear.

A system of auditory bones, working like levers, increases the sound wave pressure of about 50 times. This is especially important for transmission to the inner ear of weak sound waves. A loud sound causes contraction of the muscles that limit the mobility of the bone, and the pressure on the oval window membrane is reduced. These processes arise reflexively, without the participation of consciousness.

The auditory pipe supports the same pressure in the drum cavity and in the nasophaling. During swallowing or yawn, the pressure in the throat and the drum cavity is aligned. As a result, the conditions for the vibration of the eardrum are improved, and we hear better.

Over the middle ear begins the inner ear, located in the depths of the temporal bone of the skull. It is a labyrinth system, which includes a snail. It has the appearance of a spiral curved channel having 2.5 curls. Two membranes (vestibular and primary) channel is divided into the upper, middle and lower stairs filled with special liquids.

On the main membrane there is a sound-by-provincial apparatus - Cortiev organ with hair receptor cells.

How do we perceive the sounds? Aerial sound waves fall through the outer hearing passage to the eardrum and lead it. The oscillations of the eardrum are transmitted to the auditory bone. Working like levers, bones enhance sound waves and report them snail. In it, the oscillations are transmitted using liquids from the top to the lower stairs. This entails a change in the position of the receptor hairs cells of the Cortiyev organ and arises in them.

From receptor cells, the excitation is transmitted by a rumor nerve to the hearing zones of the temporal fractions of the cortex of large hemispheres of the brain. Sound recognition is carried out here, and the corresponding sensations are formed.

It is interesting. For higher animals, binaural hearing is characterized (from Lat. Bini - two, Auris - Ear) - Calling sound with two ears. Sound oscillations running around, reach one ear slightly earlier than to another. Due to this, the time of receipt in the central nervous system Pulses from the right and left ear differs that it makes it possible to determine the location of the sound source with high accuracy.
If a person does not hear one ear, he determines the direction of sound by rotating the head until the sound is the most clearly distinguishable healthy ear.
The highest sound that is able to hear a person is within 20,000 oscillations per second (Hz), the lowest - 12-14 Hz. In children, the upper border of hearing reaches 22,000 Hz, in the elderly - about 15,000 Hz.
For many vertebrates, the upper boundary of the hearing is higher than that of a person. In dogs, for example, it comes to 38,000 Hz, in cats - 70,000 Hz, and the bats have 100,000 Hz and above.

Hygiene hearing

Despite the fact that the main elements of the hearing sensor system are deep in the temporal bone of the skull, to preserve a good hearing, some hygienic rules must be observed. In the outer hearing aisle, dirt and ear sulfur can accumulate. They cause irritation and itching, worsen hearing. In no case cannot be removed from the sulfur from the ears, a pencil or pins. These actions may damage the eardrum.

In cold and windy weather, you must protect your ears from supercooling. For infectious diseases (angina, flu, cortex and other) microorganisms from nasopharynx with nasal mucus fall through a hearing tube in the middle ear and can cause its inflammation (otitis). With pain in the ear you need to immediately consult a doctor.

Noise, loud sharp sounds are harmful to hearing. If a person is exposed to noise for a long time, he may have a hearing sharpness. Serious risk for hearing is systematic use of headphones for listening to music. It is undesirable to use headphones on the go, because a person at this moment is isolated from external stimuli and cannot be reactually reacting, for example, on the approaching car. Excessive intensive sounds accelerate the onset of fatigue, lead to the development of insomnia.

With the help of sensory systems, or analyzers, a person receives information about the world around him.

You got acquainted with the structure and functions of a number of analyzers. All of them are organized according to a single principle: receptors, conductors and analytical center in the cerebral cortex. The receptors of each sensory system specialize in the perception of certain stimuli, or rather the energy of these stimuli, and have high sensitivity to them. Irritant (light, sound, temperature, etc.) causes the excitation of receptors, which in nerve fibers goes to the crust of large hemispheres, where its final analysis is carried out and the image of an irritant is formed - the sensation.

Sensory systems interact with each other. Thanks to this, the boundaries of the perception of the outside world are significantly expanding. Information obtained by analyzers provides mental activity and human behavior.

Ear - a complex complex of structures. It perceives sound, vibration and gravitational signals. The receptors are located in the confusion of the opposition and the webbed snail. All other structures are auxiliary and form outdoor, average and inner ear.

1. Outdoor ear -performs a sounding function. It consists of ear shell, its muscles and an outdoor auditory passage.

1.1. Auricle - skin fold, based on elastic cartilage. The narrowed part is directed to the outer auditory passage. The end forms the top of the shell. Convex surface - back. The front edges form a palm, the entrance to the root is a gap. The cartilage of the shell is attached to the cartilage of an outdoor auditory passage. Based on the ear shell - a fat body. The skin of the shell is covered with hair, short on the back, to the roaster is longer, closer to the auditory aisle, hair is shortened and they are becoming smaller, but the amount of grease glasses are increasing, which produce sulfur. Form and mobility in different species and rocks of animals are different. In the dogs, the rear edge of the shell at the bottom is split and the skin pouch is formed.

1.2. External hearing aisle - conducts sound oscillations with an outdoor eardrum. It is a narrow tube, different lengths, cats and pigs are long, the horse and dogs are short. The basis is the elastic cartilage and bone tube of rocky bone. The skin contains glands of ear lubrication. The inner opening of the passage is bordered by the middle ear, separated from it by a drum ring with a tightened membrane.

1.3. Muscles of the ears - well developed, a lot. Move the sink to the sound source. Animals are very mobile. Depending on the position and places of attachment, 3 muscle groups are distinguished:

1.3.1. From the bones of the skull to the cartilage shield -muscles form a strain strain.

1.3.2. Starts on the shield or skull, and ends on the sink -very well developed, contributes to the movement of the shell.

1.3.3. Weakly developed lying on the earnest sink.

2. The middle ear -sidewriting and sound-forming department. It consists of a drum cavity, a drumpoint, auditory bones with their muscles and ligaments, and a hearing tube.

2.1. Drum cavity - it is located in the drum cavity of the rocky bone, is lined with fiscal epithelium (except for the eardrum). On the inner wall there are two holes (windows) - the window of the Thread Warm closed and the snail window is closed with an internal eardrum. On the front (sleepy) wall of the cavity - the holes leading to the hearing tube, which opens in the throat. In the dorsal wall passes the channel of the facial nerve. Outdoor wall - eardrum.

2.2. Eardrum - the weak resistant membrane with a thickness of 0.1 mm .. separates the middle ear from the outer. Consists of radical and circular collagen fibers. Outside - flat multilayer epithelium, from the middle ear - flat single-layer.

2.3. Hearing bones - hammer, anvil, lentil bone and rapidly. They are combined with the help of joints and ligaments into a single chain, one end rests on the drum membrane, and the other in the window of the Threadmaster, thereby transmitting oscillations on the perlimph (internal ear liquid). In addition to transmission, this chain increases or reduces the power of oscillations, i.e. Sound.

2.3.1. Hammer -it has a handle, neck and head. The handle is injected to the basis of the eardrum, and with the wall of the drum cavity - a liga. A muscle is attached to the muscular process of handle - the drum strain strain, which reduces the oscillations and increases the hearing sharpness. On the head there is a articular surface for anvil.

2.3.2. Anvil -it has a body and two legs. The body is attached with the head hammer joint. A long leg through a lentil bone is combined with a sword joint, and a short-ligament is attached to the wall of the drum cavity.

2.3.3. Pepherly -he has a head, 2 legs and base. The head is connected to the leg of the anvil, and the base closes the Thread Start window. The head of the stirred muscle is attached near the head, which begins near the Snail window, strains rapidly relaxing oscillations in the chain with strong sounds.

2.3.4. Hearing pipe -it reports the drum cavity with the nasopharynx, goes along the muscular proof of the rocky bone, is lined with a mucous membrane. It lines the pressure of the air inside the drum cavity with an external one.

Species features of the middle ear. Dogs and MRCs have a smooth and large cavity. Dogs have the largest hearing bones. The cattle and pig cavity is relatively small, bones and tubes are short. At the horse, the auditory pipe consists of a short bone and long (up to 10 cm) of the cartilage part, the mucous pipe forms a diverticulum (blind bag) located between the base of the skull and the larynx.

3. Interior Ear -it contains equilibrium and hearing receptors, consists of bone and connecting labyrinth.

3.1. Bone labyrinth - the cavity system in the rocky part of the temporal bone. It has 3 departments: run-up, 3 semicircular channels and snail.

3.1.1. Spell -oval cavity with a diameter of up to 5 mm .. On the medial wall there is a hole of the internal auditory passage - the auditory nerve. On the lateral wall - the window covered by the base is a swelin from the middle ear. The caudal wall opens the openings of semicircular channels. The bone snail canal begins in the front wall with a small hole, its ventral on the runway.

3.1.2. Bone semicircular channels -doro-caudally lie on the eve of three interdependacular planes.

3.1.3. Bone snail -lies rolling out of the run. It has bone speck and spiral channel. The spiral canal makes a few curls around the asset (horse - 2, ruminants - 3, 5, pig - 4). The base of the snail is definted, addressed media to the inner auditory passage - Ulitskaya nerve. The peak is directed laterally. In the spiral channel there is a bone plate, it grows with the sustain of the snail, at the base of the plate there is a spiral ganglia. Spiral plate along with a webbed snail divides the bone snail channel for 2 parts: 1. Staircase in anticipation -begins from the run-up. 2. Drum staircase -begins the window of the snail from the drum cavity of the middle ear. From the beginning of the drum ladder, the water pipe of the snail, which opens on the medial surface of the rocky bone. Under the vertex of the snail both stairs are communicated to each other.

3.2. Meat Labyrinth - this combination of the small cavities of the wall that are formed by the coupling membranes are approved, and the cavities are filled with Endolymph liquid.

3.2.1. Oval pouch (Match) -lies in a special day of the runout.

3.2.2. Reflective semicircular channels -located in bone canals. Opened by four holes in the fallower cavity at the border with which the expansions are formed - ampoules.

3.2.3. Round Pouch -lies in the bone opposition. On the inner surface of the walls of oval and round bags there are equilibrium stains - Makula, and on the walls of ampoules scallops. Makula and scallops are sensitive devices (receptor) where impulses arise about changing the position of the body and head in space. The bags are communicated with the endolymphatic duct, which passes through the bone water supply line of the opposition on the medial surface of the rocky bone, here the plumbing is expanding as a bag (lies between the hard shell sheets). Changes in intracranial pressure are transmitted through endolymph pouch on the eve of the receptor.

3.2.4. Meat Channel -the cut has a view of a triangle. The wall of the snail facing the drum staircase is the main one, it lies the auditory receptor - Cortiev organ. The opposite wall is the pre-detver membrane.