Human hearing body is needed for the natural functioning of a person. Ears are responsible for the susceptibility of sound waves, processing in nerve impulses and the departure of the transformed decibel in the brain. In addition, the ear is responsible for performing the equilibrium function.

Despite the outer simplicity of ear shell, the construction of the hearing body is considered incredibly difficult. In this material, the structure of the human ear.

Ear Organ It has a pair structure and is located in the temporal part of the cortex of a large brain hemisphere. The ear body is characterized by constant execution of several tasks.

However, among the main functions are considered reception and processing of sounds of different frequencies.

In the future, they are transmitted to the brain and send signals into the body in the form of electrical signals.

The auditory unit perceives both low-frequency sounds and high-frequency up to 2 tens of kHz.

A man takes frequencies above sixteen hertz. However, the highest threshold of the human ear does not exceed twenty thousand hertz.

For the human eye, only the outer area is open. In addition, the ear consists Of the two departments:

• average;
• internal.

Each section of the auditory apparatus has an individual structure and specific functions. Three sections are connected in an elongated hearing tube, which is directed to the brain. For visualization of this picture Inspect the photo of the ear in the context.

The composition of the ear of man

The exceptional body in the structure of the body is an hearing body. Despite the external simplicity, this area has a complex design. The main function of the organ is the difference in signals, noise, tones and speech, their conversion and increase or decrease.

For maintaining all tasks in the ear correspond to the following elements:

1. Outdoor. The structure of this area includes an outer shell, which goes into a hearing tube.
2. Next is the drum area separating the outdoor ear from the middle area.
3. The cavity, which is behind the drum area is called the middle ear, which includes auditory bones and Eustachyev tube.
4. Further, the inner region of the ear is located, which is considered one of the most intricate and tangled in the structure of the organ described. The main task of this cavity is to maintain equilibrium.

In the anatomy of the ear are the following structural elements:

• curl;
• - this is a bulge on the outer part of the ear, located on the outer part;
• farm body of the goat - anti-raising. It is located on the top of the lobe;
• earlobe.

Outdoor area

Exterior of the earwhich a person sees is called an outdoor area. It consists of soft tissues and a cartilaginous shell.

Unfortunately, due to the soft structure of this area,

This leads to severe pains and a protracted treatment.

Most of the broken cartilage and bones of ear suffer from small children and people professionally engaged in boxing or oriental martial arts.

In addition, the ear shell is subject to numerous viral and. Most often this happens in the cold season and with a frequent touch with dirty hands to the hearing body.

Thanks to the outer area, a person has the ability to hear sounds. It is through the outer part of the hearing agency sound frequencies pass in the brain.

Interestingly, in contrast to animals, a human hearing body has a fixed and in addition to the functions described, it does not have additional features.

When the audio frequencies arrive in the outdoor ear, the decibels fall on the auditory passage into the middle part. To protect and maintain the functioning of the middle region, it is covered with skin folds. This allows you to additionally protect your ears and process any sound frequencies.

The human ear can identify sounds at various distances: from one centimeter to twenty or thirty meters, depending on age.

Sulfur tube.

Hear the described sound oscillations to the outer ear helps hearing tube which at the end of the pass is converted into bone tissue. In addition, the auditory pipe is responsible for the operation of the sulfuric glands.

Sulfur is a yellow tint mucosa needed to protect the organ of hearing from infections, bacteria, dust, foreign objects and minor insects.

Usually sulfur is output from the body alone. However, with improper purification or absence of hygiene, formed sulfur plug. Self-elimination of the traffic jam is prohibited, since you can push it further by the auditory passage.

To eliminate such an unpleasant problem, contact a specialist. He promotes the ear specialized tinctures. With that situation, the campaign to a qualified doctor is impossible, acquire "" or "". These funds will delicately eliminate sulfur and clean your ear. However, use drugs allowed with a small sulfur cluster.

Outdoor ear goes into mid Region. They are separated by the eardrum. After processing sounds with this area, the sound goes into the middle part. For visualization, see the photo of the outer shell below.

The structure of the outer area

It is clear to see the structure of the outer ear of a person with a description in the diagram below.

Own sink consists Of the twelve elements of different complexity of the structure:

• curl;
• rook;
• budrock Darwin;
• the cavity of the auricle;
• antiques;
• middle;
• leg of curl;
• kids;
• bowl of sink;
• bottom leg of the contamination;
• triangular jam;
• the upper leg of the contamination.

The basis of the outdoor ear includes elastic cartilage. The upper and outer edge of the ear is converted into curls. A pair body curling is closer to the aisle. It enhances the outer hole and forms two protrusions:

1. Podposhelok located behind.
2. The goselmer located in front.

Earlobe represents soft fabricin which there are no bones and cartilage.

Bugurg Darwin It has a pathological structure and is considered an organism anomaly.

The structure of the middle ear of man

Middle ear The person is behind the drum area and is considered the main structure of the hearing body. The volume of the middle part is about one cubic centimeter.

The average region accounts for the temporal part of the head in which they are settled Next elements:

1. Drum area.
2. The auditory tube combining the nasopharynk and the drum part.
3. Next is part temporal bone called a minimized process. It is located behind the outside of the auditory tube.

From the presented elements, it is necessary to disassemble the structure of the drum part more in more detail, since in this area there are basic functions of processing sound frequencies. So, the drum region is divided three parts:

1. To the eardrum adjoins first part - hammer. Its function includes obtaining sound waves and transmit them in the following areas.
2. After the hammer is an anvil. The main function of this area is the initial processing of sounds and the direction to the plenty.
3. Immediately before the inner area of \u200b\u200bthe hearing organ and after the hammer, it is dying. It processes the resulting sound and translates the cleaned signals further.

Main function of auditory bones - this is the conversion of signals, noise, low or high frequencies and transmission from the outer part interior Ear. In addition, the hammer, anvil and rapidly responsible for the following tasks:

• maintaining the tone of the drum and support for its functioning;
• softening too high sounds;
• increase low sound waves.

Any trauma or complication after lead to dysfunctions Stripping, anvil and hammer. It can provoke not only the worsening of hearing, but also the loss of acute sounds forever.

It is important to understand that sharp sounds, for example, explosions, can cause a reflex reduction. Thereby harm the structure of the organ of hearing. This will lead to a partial or complete loss of hearing.

Interior Ear

The inner ear is considered one of the most complex component of the described organ. Due to complex design, this area is often called refluenced labyrinth.

The inner part is located in the stony area of \u200b\u200bthe temporal bone and connects with the middle ear by windows of different shapes.

The structure of the inner ear of the person includes the following elements:

• retalue of the labyrinth;
• snail;
• channels semicircular shape.

The composition of the last element includes fluids forms Two types:

1. Endolimf.
2. Perilimph.

In addition, in the inner ear is vestibular system. It is responsible for the equilibrium function in space.

As mentioned above, the labyrinth is inside the bone skull.

The inner ear is separated from the brain with space filled with viscous fluid. She is responsible for conducting sounds.

In the same area, snail is located.

Snail It looks in the form of a spiral-shaped channel, which is divided into two parts. This spiral channel is responsible for converting sound oscillations.

Conclusion

After reading what the ear and with its structure consists, it is important to follow the health of the ears daily. It is important to support the immune system and with the slightest signs of the disease to contact a specialist.

Otherwise, the main function of the hearing organ can break and lead to severe complications in the form of loss of sensitivity of sounds and noise forever.

Remember that the hearing body must fulfill its functions smoothly. Ears inflammations include severe consequences, and any disorders seriously affect human activity.

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The outdoor ear includes the ear shell and the outer hearing pass.

The ear sink (Auricula) has a complex relief formed at the expense of protrusions and presses, which makes the restoration of the lost auricle surgically by a very complex problem of plastic surgery. Normally, the height of the ear shell for people of the European race is equal to the length of the back of the nose. Deviations from this standard may be regarded as macro or microatium, requiring (especially macrolation) surgical correction.

1 - ear sink; 2 - cartilage part of the external auditory pass; 3 - bone part of the external auditory pass; 4 - eardrum; 5 - drum cavity; 6 - bone hearing pipe department; 7 - cartilage department of the auditory pipe; 8 - snail; 9 - semicircular channels

The elements of the ear shell are a kid, curl with its leg, anti-guns, antiques, a triangular pamph, cavity and a shuttle of the auricle - Rye (Scapha), a dirling of ear shell. Such a detailed division of the auricle is necessary for practical purposes, as it allows to clarify the place of manifestation of the pathological process.

1 - antique; 2 - the cavity of the auricle; 3 - anti-drawers; 4 - Rye; 5 - Footless legs; 6 - curl; 7 - triangular pits; 8 - shuttle sinks; 9 - kids; 10 - external hearing pass; 11 - Middle

The basis, or "skeleton", the ears of the sink is fibrous cartilage with the surname. Crying is not in the urine, which is like a skin duplicature with a pronounced fatty tissue.

The skin, lining the ear shell, is heterogeneous: on the front surface, it is very closely fragmented with a superior, there is no fat stupor, the skin can not be collected in a fold. The rear surface of the auricle is covered with elastic, delicate skin, is normally assembled into the fold, which is used when plastic Operations on the ear.

The cavity of the auricle, is funally deepening, goes into an external hearing aisle (Meatus Acusticus EXTERNUS), the diameter of which is variable, which, however, does not affect the severity of hearing. The length of the external auditory passage in an adult is 2.5-3 cm. In children under the age of 2 years, an outer hearing pass consists only of a web-shit-cartilaginous department, as the bone frame develops later. This explains the fact that young children in pressing the ear intensifying pain in the ear, although inflammation can only be in the middle ear, behind the drummeal (pressure directly on the inflamed eardrum).

The outer hearing aisle is a curved protector tube, inclined book. The outer hearing pass consists of two parts. The outer part is represented by cartilage, which is continuing from the ear shell. The cartilage outer hearing aisle has a kind of gutter, the aspired wall of the auditory passage consists of soft tissues. In the lower, cartilage, the wall there are transversely arranged slots (santorinites of the slit), which causes the propagation of purulent processes from the auditory passage to the parole salivary gland.

In the outer hearing pass, the following walls are distinguished: upper, mainly bordering with a medium cranial fossa; front, facing in the direction of the temporomandibular joint and bordering it; lower, bordering a capsule of the parole salivary gland; The rear, partially bordering the cave and cells of the mastoid process. Such interrelation of the auditory pass with the surrounding zones predetermines the appearance of a series of typical clinical signs Inflammatory or destructive processes in the ear: hanging the ass wall of the outdoor auditory passage when mastoid, soreness in chewing in the event of a furuncle on the front wall of the auditory passage.

The skin of the auditory passage is heterogeneous at all its length. In the outer departments, the skin contains hair, a lot of sweat and modified sebaceous (CERUMEN) glands producing ear sulfur. In the deep departments, the skin is thin, is simultaneously periositis and is easy to view when wiping an auditory pass, various dermatoses.

The blood supply to the outer ear is carried out by branches of the outer sleepy and inner jaw arteries.

Lymphottok takes place in lymph nodes, located ahead and above the goat, as well as behind the ear shell, the tops of the mastoid process. This must be taken into account when evaluating the appearance of swelling and pain in this area, which is connected both with the damage to the skin of the auditory passage and with the defeat of the middle ear.

Innervation of the skin of the outer ear is carried out by branches trigeny nerve (ear-temporal nerve - branch from the mandibular nerve), ear branch wandering nerve, a large ears from the neck plexus, the rear-ear nerve from the facial nerve.

The outer hearing pass in depth ends by the eardrum, which distinguishes the outdoor and middle ear.

Yu.M. Ovchinnikov, V.P. Gamov

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The inner ear (Auris Interna) is divided into three parts: anticipation, snail, semicircular channel system. Phylogenetically more ancient education is an equilibrium organ.

The inner ear is represented by outer bone and internal webbed (it used to be called by leather) by the labyrinths. Snail refers to auditory, run-up and semicircular channels - to vestibular analyzers.

Bone labyrinth

Its walls are formed by a compact bone substance of the pyramid of temporal bone.

Snail (Cochlea)

Fully corresponds to its name and is a curled channel in 2.5 turns twisting around the bone cone-shaped rod (modiolus), or spindle. From this spiral, a bone plate, having a snail, as it moves from the base of the snail to a snail dome, an unequal width: at the base it is much wider and almost comes into contact with the inner wall of the curl, and the top is very narrow and comes off.

In this regard, at the base of the snail, the distance between the edge of the bone spiral plate and the inner surface of the snail is very small, and in the top area is noticeably wider. In the center of the spindle there is a channel for fibers hearing nerveFrom the trunk of which the numerous tubules are departed towards the edge of the bone plate. Through these tubules, the fiber of the auditory nerve are suitable for spiral (cortiyev) organ.

Vestibulum

Bone retarder - small, almost spherical cavity. Its outer wall is almost entirely occupied by a hole overwhelming windows, on the front wall there is a hole leading to the base of the snail, on the back wall - five holes leading to semicircular channels. On the inner wall, small holes are visible through which the pre-vertex-liqueforming nerve fibers in the area of \u200b\u200bsmall presses on this wall of spherical and elliptic form are visible.

1 - elliptical pouch (uteros); 2 - an outer channel ampoule; 3 - endolymphatic bag; 4 - snail duct; 5 - spherical bag; 6 - perilimphatic duct; 7 - Snail window; 8 - Starter Window

Bone grazing channels (Canales semicircularesossei) are three arcuate curved thin tubes. They are located in three mutually perpendicular planes: horizontal, frontal and sagittal and are called lateral, front and rear. The semicircular channels are located not strictly in the specified planes, but deviate from them by 300, i.e. The lateral is rejected from the horizontal plane by 300, the front will be rotated to the middle of 300, the rear is rejected by the for 300. This should be considered when a study of the function of semicircular channels.

Each bone half-breeding channel has two bone legs, one of which is expanded as an ampoule (ampular bone leg).

Meat Labyrinth

Located inside the bone and completely repeats its contours: Snail, intense, half-breeded ducts. All reconciliated labyrinth departments are connected to each other.

Snail Dash

From the free edge of the bone spiral plate at all its length towards the inner surface of the snail curls, the fibers of the "string" of the basilar plate (membranes) are departed, and thus the snail curl is divided into two floors.

Upper floor - Staircase Starter (Scala Vestibuli) begins on the eve of, spirally rises to the dome, where through the hole of the snail (Helicotrema) goes into another, the bottom, the floor is the drum staircase (Scala Tympani), and also goes down to the base of the snail. Here the lower floor ends with a snail window, tightened by a secondary eardrum.

On the cross section, the sponamed snail labyrinth (snail duct) has a triangle shape.

From the site of attaching a basilar plate (Membrana Basillaris) also towards the inner surface of the curl, but at an angle there is another pillage membrane - the degree of snelled duct (predominant, or vestibular, membrane; rassine membrane).

Thus, in the upper staircase - the Staircase of the Travel (Scala Vestibuli), an independent channel is formed, spirally rising from the base to the dome of the snail. This is a sniffer duct. Outside from this interfachable labyrinth in the drum staircase and in the runner of the runway there is a fluid - perilimph. It is generated by a certain system of the inner ear, represented by the vascular network in the perilimphatic space. Through the plumbing of the snail of the perilimf communicates with the cerebral liquid of the subarachnoid space.

An endolymph is located inside the web-changer. It differs from perilimphs with the content of ions K + and Na +, as well as electric potential.

Endolymph produces a vascular strip that occupies the inner surface of the outer wall of the sniplike passage.

A - cut of the snail of the axis of the rod; B - wrinkled snail labyrinth and spiral organ.

1 - snail hole; 2 - Start of the Travel; 3 - the membered snail labyrinth (snail duct); 4 - drum staircase; 5 - bone spiral plate; 6 - bone rod; 7 is the degree of snelled duct (raisner membrane); 8 - vascular strip; 9 - spiral (basic) membrane; 10 - cover membrane; 11 - Spiral Organ
Spiral, or cortiyev, the organ is located on the surface of the spiral membrane in the lumen of the sniplike duct. The width of the spiral membrane is unequal: at the base of the snail its fibers are shorter than, stretched stronger, more elastic than in areas approaching the coup of the snail. Two cell groups are distinguished - sensory and supporting, - providing the mechanism of perception of sounds. There are two rows (internal and external) support, or pillars, cells, as well as external and internal sensory (hairs) cells, and external hairs cells 3 times more than internal.

Hair cells resemble an elongated thimble, and their lower edges are based on the body of the denthesum cells. Each wicket cell at its upper end has 20-25 hairs. Over hair cells stretches the cover membrane (Membrana Tectoria). It consists of thin, soldered with each other fibers. Fibers, originating in the snail node (spiral node of the snail), located at the base of the bone spiral plate are suitable for hair cells. Internal hairs cells are "thin" localization and distinction of individual sounds.

Outdoor hazel cells "connect" sounds and contribute to a "integrated" sound sensation. Weak, quiet sounds are perceived by outer hairs cells, strong sounds - internal. Outdoor haightened cells are the rosters, they are damaged faster, and therefore the perception of weak sounds suffers at the defeat of the sound analyzer. Hair cells are very sensitive to the lack of oxygen in the blood, endolymph.

Reflective runly

Represented by two cavities engaged in spherical and elliptic deepening on medial wall Bone Experience: Spherical Bag (Sacculus) and Elliptic Bag, or Match (UTRiculus). In these cavities is an endolymph. The spherical bag is reported to a snippene duct, an elliptical bag - with semicircular ducts. Between both babes are also connected by a narrow duct, which turns into an endolymphatic duct - Water pipeline (Agueductus Vestibuli) and ends blindly as an endolymphatic bag (SACCULUS ENDOLYMPHATICUS). This small bag is located on the back wall of the pyramid of the temporal bone, in the rear cranial fossa and can be a collector of endolymphs, stretch when it is excess.

In the elliptical and spherical bags there is a healite apparatus in the form of spots (Maculae). The first of these details drew attention to another a.scarpa in 1789. He also pointed out for the presence on the eve of the "Kamushkov" (Otolites), and also described the move and end of the hearing nerve fibers in the "whitish tubercles" in anticipation. In each bag of "parental apparatus" there are terminal nerve endings of a sentence-snelled nerve. Long fibers of the support cells form a thick network in which the otolites are located. They are surrounded by a gelatin-like mass forming a rolled membrane. Sometimes it is compared with wet felt. Between this membrane and the elevation, which is formed by cells of the sensitive epithelium of the parental apparatus, the narrow space is determined. According to it, the rolled membrane slides and deflects the hairstyle cells.

Semicircular ducts are locked in the semicircular channels of the same name. Lateral (horizontal, or outer) duct has an ampoule and independent leg, which it opens in an elliptical bag.

Frontal (front, top) and sagittal (rear, bottom) Duks have only self-connectable ampoules, and their simple leg is combined, and therefore only 5 holes open on the thread. On the border of the ampoule and simple legs of each channel there is an ampular scallop (Crista Ampularis), which is a receptor for each channel. The space between the expanded, ampular, part in the scallop area is delivered from the enlightenment of the film by a transparent dome (Cupula Gelotinosa). It is a gentle diaphragm and is detected only with a special tinted endolymph. The dome is on the scallop.

1 - endolymph; 2 - transparent dome; 3 - ampular scallop

The impulsation occurs when moving the moving gelatin dome on the scallop. It is assumed that these dome shifts can be compared with fan-shaped or pendulum movements, as well as with sail oscillations when the direction of air movement changes. Anyway, but under the influence of the endolymph current, the transparent dome, moving, deflects the hairs of sensitive cells and causes them to excite and the occurrence of impulse.

The pulsation frequency in ampular nerve varies depending on the direction of the deviation of the hair beam, the transparent dome: when the elliptic bag is deviated to the elliptic bag - an increase in pulsation, in the direction of the channel - a decrease. The composition of the transparent dome has mucopolysaccharides playing the role of piezoelectric elements.

Yu.M. Ovchinnikov, V.P. Gamov

There are quite a lot of diseases that sign about their development in the ears. To determine which particular disease struck the hearing body, you need to understand how a person's ear is arranged.

Scheme of auditory body

First of all, let's see what the ear is. This is a huumow-test pair body that performs only 2 functions: the perception of sound impulses and responsibility for the position of the human body in space, as well as for holding equilibrium. If you inside a person's ear, the structure implies the presence of 3 parts:

• outdoor (external);
• average;
• internal.

Each of them has its own equally intricate device. Connecting, they are a long tube penetrating into the depths of the head. Consider the structure and functions of the ear in more detail (it is best to demonstrate the human ear diagram).

What is an outdoor ear

The structure of the human ear (external part) is represented by 2 components:

• sink ear;
• external ear passage.

The sink is elastic cartilage, which entirely covers the skin. It has a complex shape. In the lower segment there is a mole - this is a small skin fold, filled in a fatty layer. By the way, it is the outer part that has the highest sensitivity to various kinds of injury. For example, at the fighters in the ring, it often has a very far from the primordial form.

The ear sink serves as a peculiar receiver for the waves of sound, which, falling into it, penetrate into the hearing body. Since it has a folded structure, the sound enters the passage with insignificant distortions. The degree of error depends, in particular, from where the sound comes from. Its location is horizontal or vertical.

It turns out that more accurate information data on where the sound source is located in the brain. So, it can be argued that the main feature of the shell is to catch the sounds that should flow into the human ear.

If you look a little deeper, you can see that the sink prolongs the cartilage of an external aisle. Its length is 25-30 mm. Next, the zone of cartilage is replaced by bone. The external ear completely lifts the skin, in which the glands of 2 types are contained:

• sulfur
• shan.

The external ear, the device of which we have already described, is separated from the middle part of the hearing body by means of the membrane (it is also called the eardrum).

How is the middle ear

If we consider the middle ear, the anatomy is lies in:

• cavity drum;
• pipe Eustachieva;
• culture cottage.

All of them are interrelated. The drum cavity is an outlined space of the membrane and the area of \u200b\u200bthe inner ear. The place of its location is temporal bone. The ear structure here looks like this: in the front part there is an union of the cavity of the rolling with a nasopharynk (the function of the connector is performed by the pipe of Evstachiev), and in its rear part - with a depository process by entering its cavity. In the drum cavity there is air, which in the Eustachius pipe falls there.

The anatomy of human ear (child) up to 3 years has a significant difference from how an adult ear is arranged. The kids have no bone passage, and it did not grow up the back-shaped process. Children's secondary ear is represented by only one bone ring. Its inner region has the shape of a groove. It is just a drum membrane. In the upper zones of the middle ear (where there is no this ring) the membrane is connected to the lower edge of the scales of the beam.

When the kid reaches 3 years of age, the formation of its ear passage is completed - the structure of the ear becomes the same as in adults.

Anatomical Features of the Interior Department

The inner ear is the most difficult department. Anatomy in this part is very complicated, so she was given the second name - "Meat Labyrinth of Ear." It is located in the stony zone of temporal bone. To the middle ear implies windows - round and oval. Comprises:

• thread;
• snails with a Cortium Organ;
• semicircular channels (filled with liquid).

In addition, the inner ear, the structure of which involves the presence of a vestibular system (apparatus), is responsible for the permanent holding of the body in a state of equilibrium, as well as for the possibility of accelerating in space. The oscillations arising in the oval window are transmitted to the fluid that fills the semicircular channels. The latter serves as an irritant for receptors located in the snail, and this is already the reason for the launch of nerve impulses.

It should be noted that the vestibular apparatus has receptors in the form of hairs (stereocilium and cocylony), which are on special elevations - Makulach. These hairs are alone opposite others. Looking, stereociles provoke the occurrence of excitement, and the cinema helps braking.

Let's summarize

In order to more accurately imagine the structure of the human ear, the diagram of the hearing body should be before the eyes. It is usually depicted a detailed device of human ear.

It is obvious that the human ear is a rather complex system consisting of many different formations, and each of them performs a number of major and indeed indispensable functions. Ear scheme demonstrates it clearly.

Regarding the device of the outer part of the ear, it should be noted that each person has individual, due to genetics, features that in no way affect the main function of the hearing body.

Ears need regular hygienic care. If you neglect this necessity, you can partially or completely lose the ear. Also, the lack of hygiene is able to lead to the development of diseases affecting all parts of the ear.

There is nothing surprising that the person is considered the most perfect sensual organ of the auditory apparatus. Inside it contains the highest concentration of nerve cells (over 30,000 sensors).

Human apparatus of man

The structure of this apparatus is very complex. People are understood by the mechanism for which the perception of sounds is carried out, but scientists still do not quite aware of the feeling of hearing, the essence of the conversion of signals.

In the structure of the ear allocate such basic parts:

• outdoor;
• average;
• internal.

Each of the above areas is responsible for performing specific work. The outer part is considered a receiver that perceives the sounds from the external environment, the average - an amplifier, an internal transmitter.

The structure of the ear of man

The main components of this part:

• auditory pass;
• own sink.

The ear sink consists of cartilage (he is characterized by elasticity, elasticity). From above it covers skin cover. Downstairs is a glass. This site has no cartilage. It includes fatty tissue, skin. The ear shell is considered pretty a sensitive organ.

Anatomy

Small elements of the auricle are presented:

• curl;
• kids;
• disabled;
• curl legs;
• antiques.

Kosch is a specific coating that lins the auditory passage. Inside it contains glands, which are considered vital. They allocate the secret protecting against many agents (mechanical, thermal infectious).

The end of the pass is presented in a kind of impasse. This specific barrier (eardrum) is needed to separate the outdoor, middle ear. It begins to hesitate when hitting sound waves about him. After hitting the wave of sound about the wall, the signal is transmitted further, towards the middle part of the ear.

Blood to this site goes on two branches of the arteries. Blood outflow is performed by veins (v. Auricularis Posterior, V. RetromandiBularis). Local in front, behind the ear shell. They take place of lymphs.

In the photo the structure of the outdoor ear

Functions

We indicate significant functions that are fixed behind the outer part of the ear. It is capable of:

• take sounds;
• transmit sound to the middle of the ear;
• direct the wave of sound to the inner part of the ear.

Possible pathology of the disease, injury

Note the most commonly encountered diseases:

Average

The middle ear plays a huge role when the signal is gained. Strengthening is possible due to the auditory bones.

Structure

We indicate the main components of the middle ear:

• drum cavity;
• hearing (Eustachiev) pipe.

The first component (drumpoint) contains inside the chain, which includes small bones. The smallest bones play an important role in the transmission of sound oscillations. Eardrum Consists of 6 walls. Its cavity contains 3 auditory bones:

• hammer. Such a bone is endowed with a rounded head. This is the connection with the handle;
• anvil. It includes a body, processes (2 pcs.) Different lengths. With stirring its compound is performed by means of a minor oval thickening, which is located at the end of a long process;
• stirrup. In its structure, a small head is isolated, carrying the articular surface, anvil, legs (2 pcs.).

Artery go to the drum cavity from a. Carotis Externa, being her branches. The lymphatic vessels are directed to the nodes located on the side wall of the pharynx, as well as to those nodes that are localized behind the ear shell.

The structure of the middle ear

Functions

Bones from the chain are needed for:

1. Sound.
2. Transmission of oscillations.

The muscles placed in the middle ear region specialize in performing various functions:

• protective. Muscular fibers protect the inner ear from sound irritation;
• toning. Muscular fibers are needed to maintain a chain of hearing bones, tone of the eardrum;
• accommodation. The sound conducting machine adapts to the sounds endowed with various characteristics (power, height).

Pathology and diseases, injuries

Among popular middle ear diseases, we note:

• (perforated, non-perforated,);
• Qatar middle ear.

Acute inflammation can appear in injuries:

• otitis, mastoiditis;
• otitis, mastoiditis;
• , Mastoidite, manifested with wounds of temporal bone.

It happens complicated, uncomplicated. Among specific inflammation, we indicate:

• syphilis;
• tuberculosis;
• exotic diseases.

Anatomy of outdoor, middle, inner ear in our video:

We indicate the significant importance of the vestibular analyzer. It is necessary for regulating the position of the body in space, as well as for the regulation of our movements.

Anatomy

The periphery of the vestibular analyzer is considered a plot of the inner ear. In its composition, we highlight:

• semicircular channels (these parts are placed in 3 planes);
• stavtocytic organs (they are represented by bags: oval, round).

Planes are called: horizontal, frontal, sagittal. Two pouches are the threshold. Round pouch is near curl. The oval bag is placed closer to semicircular channels.

Functions

Initially, the analyzer is excited. Due to the vestibular-spinal nervous bonds, somatic reactions occur. Such reactions are needed to redistribute muscle tone, support for body equilibrium in space.

The relationship between vestibular nuclei, cerebellum determines movable reactions, as well as all reactions to coordinate movements that appear when performing sports, labor exercises. To maintain equilibrium, vision, muscular and articular innervation are very important.