Middle ear. Ulitskaya organ and outdoor ear Drumpandal refers to the middle ear
Auris Interna.
Form the bone and recharge labyrinths located in it.
From all sides, important education in the inner ear is adjacent in surgical treatment: from above - the average cranial pit, from the bottom - the upper bulb internal yarem Vienna, in front - internal carotid artery, from behind - sigmid sinus, outside - the drum cavity, sump - the rear cranial pit.
Fig. 64. Elements inner earbordering a medial wall eardrobe. View on the right and outside.
Open the lateral semicircular channel, the channel of the facial nerve, partially snail, the channel of the internal carotid artery.
The bone labyrinth (Labyrinthus Osseus) is located inside the pyramid of the temporal bone parallel to its posteriorial surface and consists of three parts communicating with each other: in the middle - antifreeze (Vestibulum), Kechada and medial from it - Snails (Cochlea), rear and lateral - semicircular channels (Canales Semicirculares Ossei).
All maze departments are enclosed in solid compact bone.
Perfect - small, incorrect oval form cavity. On the inner wall of the threshold, adjacent to the back of the bottom of the inner auditory passenger pass, is located, which divides it into two pockets: Front - Recessus Sphericus, rear - Recessus Ellipticus.
In the top end of the scallop of the run-in, called Pyramis Vestibuli, there are several small holes (Macula Cribrosa Superior), through which n on the thread penetrate. Utriculoampullaris and PP. AMPULARES ANTERIOR AND LATERALIS.
Through another hole group (Macula Cribrosa Media), located in the Recessus Sphericus, passes N. Saccularis. In the area of \u200b\u200bthe rear periphery, the Recessus Ellipticus area next to the CRUS Commune begins with a small hole (Apertura Interna Aqueductus Vestibuli) Water pipeline (Aqueductus Vestibuli), leading through the thickness of the pyramid to its rear surface, where the stop from the inner auditory pass (Apertura Externa Aqueductus Vestibuli) is ends. In the forefront of the Fatitude of the Fatitude, a hole is placed (Ge-Cessus Cochlearis), in which the bone snail canal begins.
Fig. 65. Bone labyrinth of the inner ear. View on the right, outside and slightly below.
The exterior wall of the thread is removed, partially opened the front, lateral and rear semicircular channels; Snail is opened by a longitudinal saw from the top to the base; A partial bottom of the internal auditory pass is opened; The membered labyrinth is partially removed.
In the outer wall of the runaway there is a Fenestra Vestibuli and above it - the channel of the face nerve.
Semicircular channels, Canales Semicirculares Anterior, Posterior and Lateralis, communicate with running up five holes.
The front semicircular channel is located in a vertical plane perpendicular to the axis of the pyramid of the temporal bone. Its AMPULLA Ossea Anterior begins part from the top, part of the lateral walls of the thread and is directed upwards. Channel arc forms convexity up and fit close (2-2.5 mm) to Sinus Petrosus Superior, as well as directly to the middle of the surface Fades Anterior Pyramids of the temporal bone, where the Eminentia Arcuata convex is formed. A simple channel leg is close to Fades Posterior Pyramids, then connects to the same feet of the rear semicircular channel and forms CRUS Commune, which opens in the upper part of the rearbed wall of the run.
R iP. 66. Bone labyrinth. View on the right, outside and a little behind.
The plane of the lateral semicircular channel is tilted relative to the horizontal: plane back and outward an average of 30 °. AMPULLA OSSEA LATERALIS begins from the outdoor wall of the eve of the front channel's ampoule and above the Fenestra Vestibuli and goes backwards, down and out. Important practical significance of the ampoule's relationships and ampular legs with a front nerve canal. In most cases, the ampoule is located above the channel of the facial nerve and its course is relatively parallel to the channel. However, sometimes the ampoule can be placed in or even below the channel level of the face nerve; In these cases, the ampoule is approaching the channel, and if it is located below the channel level, it disrupts it. The arc of the lateral semicircular canal is directed by the outward, the forset and down and in the Aditus AD Antrum area is closest to the bone surface, forming a smooth convex site - Prominentia Canalis Semicircularis Lateralis (Fig. 55). In this place the channel is most accessible for surgical interventions on the labyrinth. Along with this, due to its superficial position, it can serve as a place of penetration of infection from the drum cavity to a labyrinth. The Crus Simplex of the lateral channel opens in the backstand area of \u200b\u200bthe eve of the lateral and slightly lower from the CRUS Commune.
Fig. 67. Bone labyrinth. View on the right, from the inside and somewhat rear.
The rear semicircular channel is located in a vertical plane parallel to the axis of the pyramid of temporal bone. AMPULLA OSSEA POSTERIOR begins from the bottom of the opposite and heads down and back. On the medial wall of the ampoule there is a series of holes (Macula Cribrosa Inferior) for passing N. Ampullaris Posterior. The arc of the rear semicircular channel is directed back and outside and is located close to the rear surface of the pyramid and at a distance of 6-8 mm from the sigmoid sinus, but in some cases this distance can be reduced to contact the sinus and channel walls. Also close (4-5 mm) Crus Ampullare is located Knutrice from the channel of the facial nerve, and from the bottom - from the Fossa Jugularis arch.
Snail of the inner ear It is a bone canal (Canalis Spiralis Cochleae), which, gradually narrowing, spirally coats around the horizontally located bone rod (modiolus) and forms 272 turns. Basis Cochleae and Basis Modioli will be adjusted to the front of the bottom of the inner auditory passage. The top of the snail (Coupula Cochleae) is directed forward and outward to the drum cavity and rests on the inner wall of Semicanalis m. Tensoris Tympani, close (3-4 mm) or even close to the channel of the inner carotid artery. In addition, the inner wall of the drum cavity is projected: in the region of Promontorium - the satellite curl of the snail, in the FENESTRA COCHLEAE - SCALA TYMPANI area. From above to the snail, between her and in anticipation, the channel of the face nerve is adjacent. Inside the modiolus, on its axis, there are Canales Longitudales Modioli, in which Pars Cochlearis N branches are held. Statoacustration. These branches on numerous tubules are associated with Ganglion Spirale, concluded in Canalis Spiralis Modioli, which is located along the Modiolus periphery at the base of Lamina Spiralis Ossea. A bone spiral plate, consisting of two sheets, begins in the Recessus Cochlearis of the Thread Starting, the modiolus is screwed and ends at its top hook - Hamulus Laminae Spiralis. The tubules are placed between the sheets of the plate, through which the nervous fibers from Ganglion Spirale penetrate the ductus cochlearis of the webbed labyrinth. There is a Ductus Cochlearis between the free edge of the Lamina Spiralis Ossea and the outer wall of the snail channel, which, together with a spiral plate, divides the channel into two parts: SCALA Vestibuli Staircase and the Baraban Staircase (Scala Tympani). Scala Vestibuli Starting on the eve of the tops in the area, called Heli-Cotrema, with Scala Tympani, which comes to the medial wall of the drum cavity and separated from her Membrana Tympani Secundaria. In the initial part of the drum staircase, a small hole begins canaliculus cochleae, ending on the bottom of the pyramid surface of the pyramid (Apertura Externa Ca Naliculi Cochleae) and connecting the perilim-fate space of the labyrinth with under-web brain space.
The scapulled labyrite (byrinthus membranaceus) is built of a thin, closed connective tissue, forming a group of ducts and cavities, which are located in the bone maze, are repeated in the main features and filled with transparent liquid - endolymph.
Due to the fact that the recharge maze by volume is less than the bone maze, space is formed between them (Spatium perilymphaticum) filled with perilimph. Separate parts of the refiliated labyrinth are fixed to the walls of the bone with the help of connective tissues. According to the functions performed, the membrane labyrinth can be divided into vestibular, or static, department and cochlear, or auditory, department. The first is the utriculus,
pouch (Sacculus) and semicirculares (Ductus semicirculares), to the second - Local duct (Ductus Cochlearis).
Large largest uteros is located in the Recessus Ellipticus and reminds the tube expanded from above. Kepened from her in the RESESSUS SPHERICUS is placed smaller the magnitude of the bag, resembling a pear inverted with a thin end down. From the side of the inner wall in the bag and the treasury, vessels and nerves penetrate; Therefore, in this place, they are closely adjacent to the wall and are firmly connected with it. They are not suitable for the lateral wall and separated from it perilimphatic space. On the front wall of the fallower and on the medial wall, the bag has a whitish thickened spots - Macula Utriculi and Macula Sacculi. They correspond to branching here n. UTRICULOAMPULLARIS AND P. Saccularis with their wildcakes (Neurepithelium), which are covered with a static membrane (Membrana Statoconiorum), which gives spots a whitish color and consisting of a student with a multitude of smallest carbon dioxide crystals.
Ductus semicirculares Anterior, Lateralis and Posterior) are completely repeated by the form of bone channels, and therefore they have the latest AMPULLAE Membranaceae Anterior, Lateralis and Posterior, as well as Crura Membranaceae Simplex, Commune and Ampullare.
Semicircular ducts, being less in the diameter of bone channels and seamless to their convex side, from the side of the concave part of the bone channel, leave a significant largest space filled with perilimph and connective tags that fasten the walls of both channels. In contrast to them, the overflowing ampoules almost entirely perform bone. On the convex side of each ampoule there is a cross-lined scallop, Crista ampullaris, where each ampoule Nn is branched, respectively. AMPULARES ANTERIOR, LATERALIS AND POSTERIOR with their neuroepithelium (Neurepithelium) covered on top of Cupula - a cunty substance in which there are no otoliths.
All departed labyrinth departments communicate with each other. The semicircular channels five holes fall into the treasury, from which the Ductus Utriculosaccularis, connecting with the DUCTUS EPDOLYMPhaticus before penetrating it in Aqueductus Vestibuli. The Ductus Endolymphaticus itself departs from the rear surface of the bag and penetrates through the water repertline water pipe on the back surface of the pyramid of the temporal bone, where it ends between the sheets of solid brain shell blind bag (Saccus Endolymphaticus). On the other hand, the lower part of the bag, gradually narrowing, goes into a thin short duct (Ductus Reuniens) connecting the bag with a snippered duct.
Fig. 68. Effective labyrinth of the inner ear. View on the right, outside and slightly below.
The exterior wall of the thread is removed, partially bone semicircular channels and snail are opened; On the second and last curl of the snail preserved the bone snail periosteum. The staircase of the run-up and drum staircase is not opened.
Snailing duct (Ductus Cochlearis) begins in the field of Recessus Cochlearis Thread Starts (Caecum Vestibulare). From here, the duct goes along the spiral snail channel, located between the free edge of the Lamina Spiralis Ossea and the outer wall of the snail, and, making 21/2 turns, ends with a blind pocket (Caecum Cupulare) in the top of the vertex of the snail.
On the cross section, the slim duct has a triangle shape, which has a continuation of the spiral bone plate and facing Scala Tympani, is called Paries Tympanica. It consists of Membrana Spiralis and Lamina Basilaris. At the latter there is Cortiev Organ (Organum Spirale), forming a spiral elevation of Prominentia Spiralis, consisting of supporting and sensitive epithelial cells equipped with hairs. Peripheral processes of bipolar cells forming Ganglion Spirale are suitable for sensitive auditory cells. The central processes of these cells form Pars Cochlearis n. Statoacustration.
The other side facing the outer wall of the snail is growing with her perios and is called Paries Externus Ductus Cochlearis.
The third party facing Scala Vestibuli is formed by a thin plate and is called Paries Vestibularis Ductus Cochlearis.
Arteries and veins of the labyrinth. Arterial blood The labyrinth receives from a. Labyrinthi. The artery penetrates into the inner hearing passage and is divided into Rami Vestibulares and Ramus Cochleae, which, together with nerves penetrate the appropriate departments of the maze and blood supply to them. Venous blood from the run-up and semicircular channels express vv. Vestibulares, going to V. AQUEDUCTUS VESTIBULI, which, through the same channel, leaves the labyrinth and flows into Sinus Petrosus Superior. V. Spiralis Modioli, reducing blood from snail, and VV. Vestibulares, reducing blood from Sacculus and Utriculus Experience, form V. Canaliculi Cochleae, which, passing through the same channel, is poured or in Sinus Petrosus Inferior or in Bulb us v. Jugularis Superior.
Fig. 69. Topography of the nerves of an internal auditory passage. View of the right, from the inside and behind.
The rear wall of the inner auditory pass is removed to the transverse ridge.
The internal auditory passage (Meatus Acusticus Internus) is a short channel with a medial-lateral direction. The bottom of it (Fundus Meatus Acustici Interni) serves as the inner wall of the snail and the run-up and Crista Transversa is divided into the upper and lower fields. Within the top field are located: front - Area N. Facialis with holes for facial nerve, rear -area vestibularis superior with a number of holes for the top of the Pars Vestibularis N. Statoacustici consisting of n. UtriculoAMPullaris, N. AMPULLARIS ANTERIOR AND N. Ampullaris Lateralis. On the bottom field, the Ara Cochleae is placed with spiralized holes (TRACTUS SPIRALIS FORAMINOSUS) for passing through them Pars Cochlearis N. Statoacustration, Behind --area Vestibularis Inferior with holes for passing N. Saccularis. The following is the Formen Singulare for N. Ampullaris Posterior.
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Similar materials:
001. The bone labyrinth of the inner ear does not include:
a) snail
b) internal auditory passage
c) Spell
d) semicircular channels
Correct answer: b
002. Information is not correct:
a) in each semicircular channel there is a smooth and extended knee
b) the front and rear channels smooth knees are merged into one general
c) all five knees are facing the elliptical pocket of the run
d) all five knees facing spherical pocket
Correct answer: g
003. Reflective semicircular channels are communicated with:
a) snail
b) with an elliptical bag
c) with the EDOLIMFATIC DOWN
d) with a spherical bag
Correct answer: b
004. Snail - bone spiral canal having a person:
a) 1 turnover around the bone rod - modiolus
Correct answer: g
005. Wedding Staircase (Scala Vestibuli) and Drum (Scala Tympani)
divided:
a) only bone spiral record
b) only a basilar or main membrane
c) only rassine membrane
d) from the rassine membrane, from the bottom - the bone spiral plate
and main membrane
Correct answer: g
006. Reflection Snail (Ductus Cochlearis) is not located:
a) between the runway's staircase and the drum staircase
b) between the rassine membrane and the main membrane
c) in the bone spiral channel
d) between the bone spiral plate and the rassine membrane
Correct answer: g
007. Between the bone wall of the snail and sniffs is:
a) Endolimfa
b) Perilimfa
c) Likvor
d) Corticimfa
Correct answer: b
008. In the soupbails in the runway is:
a) Endolimfa
b) Perilimfa
d) Likvor
Correct answer: a
009. Perilimf communicates with subarachnoid space through:
a) Hole - Helicotrema
b) Snail water supply
c) round window
d) semicircular channels
Correct answer: b
010. Perilimph of both stairs is mixed at the top of the snail:
a) through the hole - Helicotrema
b) is not mixed
c) through a snail
d) through the round window
Correct answer: a
011. The departed maze departments belonging to the vestibular
analyzer:
a) sniffle
b) vestibular staircase
c) semicircular channels
d) drum staircase
Correct answer: in
012. The endolymphatic pouch is located:
b) on the back surface of the pyramid of the temporal bone
c) on the upper surface of the pyramid of temporal bone
d) on the medial surface of the drum cavity
Correct answer: b
013. In the inner hearing aisle there are no nerves:
a) facial
b) Additional
c) Men
d) Humorspilebular
Correct answer: b
014. The inner ear is bloodlinked with artery:
a) inner sleepy
b) Zatilochny
c) vertary
d) temporal
Correct answer: in
015. The spiral body is located in Snail on:
a) Basilar plate (main membrane)
b) predvead membrane
c) bone spiral record
d) spiral bundle
Correct answer: a
a) at the base of the snail
b) at the top
c) near a spherical bag
d) in the middle of the snail
Correct answer: b
017. The organ of spiral (Cortieva) does not include cells:
a) internal and outdoor hazel cells
b) external and internal column cells
c) wandering secretory
d) supporting and feeding (deuteris, genes, claudiis)
Correct answer: in
018. Cortiene's Hair Cells are in:
a) Perilimfe
b) Endolimfe
c) Corticimfe
d) interstitial fluid
Correct answer: in
019. The audio-visible apparatus includes:
a) drumpipe
b) auditory bones
c) cortiyev organ
d) Perilimfa
Correct answer: in
020. Conductive sound analyzer paths include:
a) 2 neuron
Correct answer: g
021. The cortex center of hearing is located in:
a) the temporal share of the brain
b) the frontal share of the brain
c) the parietal fraction of the brain
d) the occipital fraction of the brain
Correct answer: a
022. Cortiev Authority is located:
a) in the stairs of the run
b) in the drum stairs
c) in snail progress
d) in a spherical bag
Correct answer: in
a) vibration
c) Rotation
d) acceleration
Correct answer: b
024. When transmitting sound oscillations from a drumpatch on
studying the stupidity plate takes place:
a) increases the amplitude of sound oscillations and increase their strength
b) the amplitude remains constant and the pressure force remains constant
c) the amplitude of oscillations decreases, but their strength increases
d) the amplitude of the oscillations decreases and their strength decreases
Correct answer: in
025. The power of the sound when transmitting sound oscillations from the eardrum to the footwind plate is increased by approximately:
a) by 10 dB
b) for 25 dB
c) for 50 dB
d) per 100 dB
Correct answer: b
026. Soundwork more suffers from:
a) violations of oscillations of the main membrane
b) impaired mobility
c) the thickness of the eardrum
d) limitations of mobility of labyrinth liquids
Correct answer: b
027. Frequency range characterizing spoken speech:
a) from 2500 hertz and above
b) from 250 to 2500 hertz
c) from 16 to 250 hertz
d) from 4000 hertz and above
Correct answer: b
028. This indicator does not characterize any sound:
a) height
b) resonance
Correct answer: b
029. Sound force measurement units in clinical practice:
b) Decybel
d) octave
Correct answer: b
030. Human ear can perceive sounds with a frequency:
a) from 1 to 10 thousand hertz
b) from 16 to 40 thousand hertz
c) from 16 to 20 thousand hertz
d) from 0 to 5 thousand hertz
Correct answer: in
031. With a comparative study of air and bone conductivity
the experience is called:
b) Federic
d) Schwabach
Correct answer: in
032. With a comparative tuning chain study of a hearing with a maidial process and a goat, we carry out:
a) experience gall
b) Federichi's experience
c) Weber Experience
d) the experience of Schwabach
Correct answer: b
033. Negative blood samples, Rinne and Federichi are most characteristic of:
a) neurosensory touginess
b) sudden deafness
c) Otosclerosis
d) epitimpanita
Correct answer: in
034. Lodimentation of sound (Weber Experience) in the violation of sound safety:
a) in a healthy side
b) in the sick side
c) in better hearing ear at 2-sided defeat
d) in both ears with one-sided defeat
Correct answer: b
035. Phenomenon of reflection of the sound wave from those found on its way
obstacles called:
b) diffraction
c) reverb
d) interference
Correct answer: a
036. It does not apply to the main properties of the auditory analyzer
the ability to distinguish sound by:
a) height (frequency concept)
b) volume (intensity)
c) timbre (including tone and overtones)
d) distribution speed
Correct answer: g
037. Threshold hearing called the energy of sound oscillations:
a) minimal energy capable of causing a sound
b) middle degree, Sustainably perceived
c) intense, perceived as sound
d) intense, causing already pain
Correct answer: a
038. Honeytopic is:
a) the ability to determine the intensity of the sound
b) ability to determine the direction of sound
c) the ability to determine the tone frequency
d) ability to adapt to silence
Correct answer: b
039. The main role in the trophy of the spiral body is played:
a) Perilimfa
b) Endolimfa
c) vascular strip
d) Corticimfa
Correct answer: in
040. The rising auditory paths do not include:
a) spiral node and cochlear kernels
b) upper olive and lower hill plates roof
c) inner crankshaft and temporal share
d) cerebellum
Correct answer: g
041. The audience's hearing neuron is concentrated in:
a) cochlear kernels of the oblong brain
b) the complex of the upper olive
c) the lower hills of the plates of the roof or the bottom twolymia
d) medial crankshaft
Correct answer: g
042. Localization of sound sources in vertical space depends on:
a) ear shell
b) external auditory passage
c) middle ear
d) inner ear
Correct answer: a
043. The centers of the static analyzer are located:
a) in temporal and parietal
b) in ancient crust and frontal share
c) in the occipital fraction of the brain
d) in cerebellum and oblong brain
Correct answer: a
044. The otolite apparatus is:
a) in the inner hearing aisle
b) in snail
c) in anticipation
d) in semicircular channels
Correct answer: in
a) vibration
c) angular acceleration
d) straight acceleration
Correct answer: in
046. The receptor apparatus of semicircular channels adequately reacts to:
a) straight acceleration
b) centrifugal force
c) the power of earthly attraction
d) angular acceleration
Correct answer: g
047. Angular acceleration is perceived by hairsmaps:
a) in the windows of the labyrinth
b) in snail
c) in anticipation
d) in semicircular channels
Correct answer: g
048. Changing the body position in space is an adequate stimulus for:
a) Cortiee organ
b) ampular apparatus
c) parental apparatus
d) brain cortex
Correct answer: in
049. Okulotor reactions are implemented due to the bonds of vestibular nuclei with:
a) brain cortex
b) cerebellum
c) wandering nerve nuclei
d) the kernels of the glazation nerves
Correct answer: g
050. Vestibosomatic reactions are implemented due to the bonds of vestibular nuclei with:
a) brain cortex
b) cerebellum
c) spinal cord
d) wandering nerve nuclei
Correct answer: in
a) rapid component
b) slow component
c) plane
d) amplitude
Correct answer: a
052. On the presence of fistula labyrinth testifies to Nistagm:
a) post-free
b) caloric
c) Pressory
d) galvanic
Correct answer: in
053. Pressure nistagm is called:
a) compression and decompression of air in a rumor passage
b) water injection in the auditory passage
c) irritation electric shock
d) by the rotation of the patient
Correct answer: a
054. It is not a symptom of irritation of the vestibular analyzer:
a) dizziness
b) change in the tone of the cross-striped muscles
c) reduced hearing
d) nausea, vomiting
Correct answer: in
055. The labyrinth equilibrium disorders are directed towards:
a) the slow component of nystagma
b) the rapid component of nystagma
c) the slow and fast components of Nistagma
d) neither slow nastaghma
Correct answer: a
056. To clarify the function of the vestibular analyzer, is not investigated:
a) stability in the pose of Romberg
b) direct and flank gait
c) index trial
d) acumen
Correct answer: g
057. U. healthy man Nistagma will not:
a) for caloric sample
b) pneumatic sample
c) rotational sample
d) galvanic sample
Correct answer: b
058. The study of the parental apparatus is carried out to determine:
a) professional fitness
b) detecting the vestibular apparatus
c) hearing acute
d) level of lesion of conductive tracks of the vestibular analyzer
Correct answer: a
059. The characteristic of the Nistagma on the plane does not apply to Nistagm:
a) horizontal
b) vertical
c) small-sided
d) rotator
Correct answer: in
060. Adiadochokinesis - a specific symptom of the disease:
a) the temporal lobe of the brain
b) cerebellum
c) vestibular analyzer
d) auditory analyzer
Correct answer: b
Gortan - Anatomy.
001. Lightan is located at:
a) IV - VI cervical vertebrae
b) II - IV cervical vertebrae
c) VI - VII cervical vertebrae
d) VII - VIII cervical vertebrae
Correct answer: a
002. GORTAN is a hollow organ, the basis of which is:
a) bone structures
c) cartilage, muscles, ligaments
d) elastic cone
Correct answer: in
003. The main cartilage of the larynx, to which all other cartilage are attached:
a) Padigant
b) thyroid
c) Cherpealovoid
d) Pisnevoid
Correct answer: g
004. The largest cartilage of the larynx:
a) Cherpealovoid
b) thyroid
c) Pisnevoid
d) Padigant
Correct answer: b
005. Pisnevoid and thyroid cartilage larynges are:
a) Hyalinov
b) elastic
c) mixed (gealinovo - elastic)
d) rudimentary
Correct answer: a
006. Pisnevoid cartilage consists of:
a) 2 - x recurring plates at an angle
b) bases and petals
c) silt and arc
d) Arches and Body
Correct answer: in
007. The Nastestrian is:
a) non-cartilage cloth
b) mixed cartilage
c) Hyalin cartilage
d) elastic cartilage
Correct answer: g
008. Pisnevoid and thyroid cartilage are interconnected:
a) tight - motionless
b) by means of joint
c) one single muscle and hang on each other
d) do not interconnect
Correct answer: b
009. Spear-shaped cartilage has processes in quantity:
c) four
d) one
Correct answer: a
a) Rozhkovoid cartilage
c) muscular process of scariable cartilage
d) the basis of the scarlet cartilage
Correct answer: b
011. The larynx cartilage belongs to:
a) Pisnevoid
b) thyroid
c) Cherpealovoid
d) Padigant
Correct answer: in
012. The larynx cartilage belongs to:
a) Pisnevoid
b) thyroid
c) hornsoid
d) Padigant
Correct answer: in
013. The larynx cartilage belongs to:
a) Pisnevoid
b) thyroid
c) wedge-shaped
d) Padigant
Correct answer: in
014. Unpaired garland cartilage are:
a) wedge-shaped
b) Rozhkovoid
c) Cherpealovoid
d) Pisnevoid
Correct answer: g
015. Unpaired garnet cartilage are:
a) wedge-shaped
b) Rozhkovoid
c) Cherpealovoid
d) thyroid
Correct answer: g
016. Unpaired garland cartilage are:
a) wedge-shaped
b) Rozhkovoid
c) Cherpealovoid
d) Padigant
Correct answer: g
017. Pisnevoid and sink-shaped cartilages are interconnected:
a) stationary
b) moving through the joint
c) do not connect to each other
d) elastic membrane
Correct answer: b
a) vestibular fold
c) elastic cone
d) conical bunch
Correct answer: a
a) to the corner of the thyroid cartilage
b) to the sub-band bone
d) to the arc of the pisteward cartilage
Correct answer: a
020. Gunted ventricles are:
a) deepening outside of the Cherpealonadcantic folds
b) pockets on the front surface of the larynx
c) deepening between the root of the tongue and the halt
Correct answer: g
021. The cavity of the larynx on the cut is:
a) hourglass
d) triangle
Correct answer: a
a) Spells of the larynx
c) swinging space
d) vestibular folds
Correct answer: b
a) duplicate mucous membrane
b) muscle education
d) honey pockets
Correct answer: a
024. Motor nerve for larynx is preferably:
a) Verkhnegorthand
b) Mediterranean
c) Nizhnevegorthand
d) Language
Correct answer: in
025. The sensitive nerve for the larynx is preferably:
a) Language
b) Nizhnevegorthand
c) secondary
d) Verkhnegorthand
Correct answer: g
026. Social function of the larynx is:
b) respiratory
c) separation
d) Protective
Correct answer: a
027. Vital (life) The larynx function is:
b) respiratory
c) condenser
d) Protective
Correct answer: b
028. Mountain is located:
a) to the right of the esophagus
b) to the left of the esophagus
c) Kepende from the esophagus
d) stop from the esophagus
Correct answer: in
029. In the larynx allocate floors and reflexogenic zones:
d) four
Correct answer: in
030. Upper reflexogenic Zone Lastani is:
a) on the eve of the larynx
d) in the field of only the half
Correct answer: a
031. The average reflexogenic zone of the larynx is:
a) on the eve of the larynx
c) in the stamping department of the larynx
d) in the field of the Nasta
Correct answer: b
032. Lower Reflexogenic Zone Lastani is:
a) on the eve of the larynx
c) in a swinging department of the larynx
d) in the field of the Nasta
Correct answer: in
a) pearl white
b) red
c) Pink
d) blue
Correct answer: a
034. The physiological crepitate of the larynx is due to:
a) abbreviation of the muscles of the larynx
b) movement in the joints of the larynx and friction her about the spine
d) air movement in the lumen of the larynx
Correct answer: b
a) front
b) Middle
c) rear
d) all three
Correct answer: b
036. The conical bundle of the larynx is:
a) in the lumen of the larynx between the dampalovoid cartilage
b) on the front surface of the larynx between the thyroid and hand-shaped cartilage
c) between thyroid cartilage and sub-language bone
d) between the Arc of Pisnoid cartilage and the trachea
Correct answer: b
037. Location of the point of the greatest vibration of voice folds (the area of \u200b\u200bgrowth of benign tumors):
c) on the border of the front and middle third of the folds
Correct answer: in
a) nervous impulse
b) air jet
c) sound oscillations
d) mechanical oscillations
Correct answer: b
a) cylindrical
b) flicker
c) eyelashes
d) flat
Correct answer: g
040. The largest part of the larynx is covered with epithelium:
a) flicker
b) flat
c) cylindrical
d) cubic
Correct answer: a
041. The greatest lumen of the larynx is:
a) an average of 6 mm.
b) an average of 15 mm.
c) an average of 20 mm.
d) an average of 40 mm.
Correct answer: b
c) between screams - dotted folds
d) Gunted ventricles
Correct answer: a
a) nervous pulses from the cortex of the brain
b) air jet oscillations in Laugh
c) volition muscular contractions
d) shifting cartilage larynx
Correct answer: a
044. The outflow of lymphs from the upper and lower floors of the larynx occurs:
a) in the occipital lymph nodes
b) in the foothill group l / nodes
c) in submandibular l / nodes
d) in deep cervical l / nodes along the inner jugular vein
Correct answer: g
Trachea
001. The length of the trachea in an adult fluctuates on average:
a) from 9 to 11 cm
b) 11 - 13 cm
d) 2 - 4 cm
Correct answer: a
002. Bifurcation of trachea is:
a) the place of transition of the larynx in the trachea
b) refilled back wall trachea
c) cartilage semiring trachea
d) place of fission trachea into two main bronchi
Correct answer: g
003. Level of the location of the trachea:
a) from the first vertebra to IV breast vertebra
b) from the III cervical vertebra to the VI cervical vertebra
c) from the IV cervical vertebra to Vi cervical vertebra
d) from the lower edge of the Vi of the cervical vertebra to the top edge of the vi breast
Correct answer: g
004. The projection of the trachea bifurcation on the front wall in adults corresponds to:
a) level II - III ribs
b) level III - IV ribs
c) level IV - V ribs
d) level V - VI ribs
Correct answer: a
005. The number of trachea rings:
a) constantly
b) inconstant
c) in children less
d) the elderly decreases
Correct answer: b
006. The trachea consists of a half-collar in quantity:
Correct answer: in
007. The front wall of the trachea is presented:
a) muscles
b) Bundles
d) cartilage half rings
Correct answer: g
008. Rear wall of the trachea:
a) confused
b) cartilage
c) bone
d) Advential
Correct answer: a
009. The trachea is bordered:
a) with the esophagus
b) with larynx
c) with spine
d) with carotid arteries
Correct answer: a
010. Semi-rings of tracheas are connected to each other:
a) mucous membrane
b) cartilage cloth
c) fibrous ligaments
d) muscles
Correct answer: in
011. The mucous membrane of the trachea is presented:
a) flat epithelium
b) fiscal epithelium
c) cubic epithelium
d) cylindrical epithelium
Correct answer: b
012. Inspection of the whole trachea is possible at:
a) indirect laryngoscopy
b) direct laryngoscopy
c) tracheobronchoscopy
d) esophagoscopy
Correct answer: in
013. The most secure trachea inspection method:
a) Fibrolaringotrachoobronchoscopy
b) rigid laryngotracheobronchoscopy
c) indirect laryngoscopy
d) straight laryngoscopy
The average ear consists of cavities and channels communicating with each other: a drum cavity, an auditory (Evstachiyeva) pipe, the stroke in Antrum, Antrum and the cells of the mastoid process (Fig.). The boundary between the outer and middle ear is the drummeal (see).
Fig. 1. Lateral wall of the drum cavity. Fig. 2. Medial wall of the drum cavity. Fig. 3. Cutting head, spent along the axis of the hearing pipe (bottom of the cut): 1 - Ostium Tympanicum Tubae Audltivae; 2 - TEGMEN TYMPANI; 3 - Membrana Tympani; 4 - Manubrium Mallei; 5 - Recessus EpityMpanicus; 6 -caput Mallei; 7 -Incus; 8 - Cellulae Mastoldeae; 9 - Chorda Tympani; 10 --n. Facialis; 11 - a. CAROTIS INT.; 12 - CANALIS CAROTICUS; 13 - Tuba Auditiva (Pars Ossea); 14 - Prominentia Canalis Semicircularis Lat.; 15 - Prominentia Canalis Facialis; 16 - a. Petrosus Major; 17 - m. TENSOR TYMPANI; 18 - Promontorium; 19 - Plexus Tympanicus; 20 - Stapes; 21- Fossula Fenestrae Cochleae; 22 - Eminentia pyramidalis; 23 - Sinus Sigmoides; 24 - Cavum Tympani; 25 - Entrance to Meatus AcustLCus EXT.; 26 - Auricula; 27 - Meatus AcustLCus EXT.; 28 - a. ET V. Temporales superficiales; 29 - Glandula Parotis; 30 - Articulatio TemporomandiBularis; 31 - Ostium Pharyngeum Tubae Auditivae; 32 - PHARYNX; 33 - Cartilago Tubae Auditivae; 34 - Pars Cartilaginea Tubae Auditivae; 35 --n. mandibularis; 36 - a. Meningea Media; 37 - m. PteryGoideus Lat.; 38 - in. Temporalis.
The average ear consists of a drum cavity, Eustachius pipes and aircraft cells of a preceding process.
There is a drum cavity between the outer and inner ear. Its volume is about 2 cm 3. It is lined with a mucous membrane, filled with air and contains a number of important elements. Inside the drum cavity, there are three auditory bones: hammer, anvil and rapidly called so similar to the specified objects (Fig. 3). Hearing bones are interconnected by moving joints. The hammer is the beginning of this chain, it is woven into the eardrum. The anvil occupies the middle position and is located between the hammer and the shirling. Pephing is a closing link in the chain of the auditory bones. On the inside of the drum cavity there are two windows: one - round, leading to the snail, tightened by a secondary membrane (unlike the already described eardrum), another - oval, in which inserted as in the frame, is swipping. The average weight of the hammer is 30 mg, an anvil is 27 mg, and the plenty - 2.5 mg. The hammer has a head, a cervix, a short process and handle. Handle hammer is woven into the eardrum. The head of the hammer is connected to the anvil joint. Both of these bones are suspended using ligaments to the walls of the drum cavity and can shift in response to the oscillations of the eardrum. When examining the eardrum, the short process and handle hammering through it are visible.
Fig. 3. Hearing bones.
1 - body anvil; 2 - a short revolution of anvil; 3 - a long anvil process; 4 - the rear leg of the stirrups; 5 - a foothold of the stirrup; 6 - Handle hammer; 7 - front process; 8 - neck hammer; 9 - head hammer; 10 - Molotochko-anvil articulation.
Anvil has a body, short and long proof. With the help of the latter, it is associated with a sprinkling. Stirling has a head, neck, two legs and a main plate. The handle hammer is woven into the drum membrane, and the footing of the stirrup plate is inserted into the oval window than and the chain of the auditory bones is formed. Sound oscillations are distributed from the eardrum on the chain of auditory bones forming the lever mechanism.
In the drum cavity, six walls are distinguished; The outer wall of the drum cavity mainly serves a drummeal. But since the drum cavity comes upwards and the book beyond the drumpoint, then in the formation of its outer walls, except the eardrum, even bone elements.
The upper wall is the roof of the drum cavity (Tegmen Tympani) - separates the middle ear from the cavity of the skull (medium cranial fox) and is a thin bone plate. The lower wall, or the bottom of the drum cavity, is located slightly below the edge of the eardrum. Under it there is a bulb of the jugular vein (Bulbus Venae Jugularis).
The rear wall is bordered with an air-caporous system of a mastoid process (antrums and cells of a mastoid process). In the rear wall of the drum cavity, the descending part of the front nerve passes, from which the ear string (Chorda Tympani) leaves.
The front wall in the upper part is occupied by the mouth of the Evstachiye tube connecting the drum cavity with the nasopharynk (see Fig. 1). The lower unit of this wall is a thin bone plate separating the drum cavity from the ascending segment of the internal carotid artery.
The inner wall of the drum cavity simultaneously forms the outer wall of the inner ear. Between the oval and round window on it there is a protrusion - Cape (Promontorium), corresponding to the main curl of the snail. On this wall of the drum cavity above the oval window there are two elevations: one corresponds to the front nerve channel passing directly here, and the second is the protrusion of the horizontal semicircular channel, which is above the front of the facial nerve.
In the drum cavity there are two muscles: the strive muscle and the muscle pulling the drumpatch. The first is attached to the head of the stirrup and is innervated by the face nerve, the second is attached to the hammer-handle and is innervated by a trigeminal nerve sprig.
Eustachyeva pipe connects the drum cavity with the cavity of the nasopharynx. In a single international anatomical nomenclature approved in 1960 at the VII International Congress of Anatomas, the name "Evstachiev pipe" was replaced by the term "hearing pipe" (Tuba Anditiva). In the Eustachius pipe distinguish the bone and cartilage parts. It is covered with a mucous membrane lined with flicker cylindrical epithelium. Epithelium cilia move towards the nasopharynx. The length of the pipe is about 3.5 cm. In children, the pipe is shorter and wider than adults. In a calm condition, the pipe is closed, as it is the walls in the most narrow place (at the place of transition of the bone part of the pipe in the cartilage) fit to each other. When swallowing movements, the pipe opens and the air falls into the drum cavity.
The mining process of temporal bone is located behind the ear shell and the outer auditory passage.
The outer surface of the deputyid process consists of compact bone tissue and ends at the bottom of the top. The minimized process consists of a large amount of air-axle (pneumatic) cells separated by bone partitions from each other. It is often found for preserving processes, the so-called dipoleetic, when the basis of them is a spongy bone, and the amount of air-capacious cells is insignificant. In some people, especially those who suffer, the chronic purulent disease of the middle ear, the maternity process consists of dense bones and does not contain air-capacious cells. These are the so-called sclerotic mastoid processes.
The central part of the mining process is a cave - Antrum. It is a large aircraft cell, which communicates with the drum cavity and with other aerial cells of the mastoid process. The top wall, or the roof of the cave, separates it from the middle skull. There is no newborn maternity output (not yet developed). It is usually evolving on the 2nd year of life. However, Antraum also has newborns; It is located in them above the auditory pass, is very superficial (at a depth of 2-4 mm) and in the future shifted by the stop and book.
The upper boundary of the deputyid process is the temporal line - the protrusion in the form of a roller, which is a continuation of the zickthrower. At the level of this line, in most cases there is a bottom of the middle skull. On the inner surface of the maternity process, which is addressed to the rear cranial fossa, there is a grooved deepening, which places a sigmid sine, discharge venous blood From the brain in the bulb of the jugular vein.
The middle ear is supplied arterial blood Basically from the outer and to a lesser extent from the inner carotid arteries. The innervation of the middle ear is carried out by branches of the pharyngeal, facial and sympathetic nerves.
How the ear is arranged (hearing organ)How the ear is arranged (hearing organ)
The organ of hearing consists of three departments - allocate outdoor, average and inner ear.
Outdoor ear includes ear sink and an outer hearing aisle, which continues to the eardrum. These parts of the exterior ear treat sound and sound conductive departments.
The secondary ear consists of three departments: the auditory (Evstachiyeva) pipe, the drum cavity and cells of the mastoid process of the temporal bone located in the ear region. All cavities of the middle ear are filled with air, and their walls are lined with a mucous membrane, which is the continuation of the nasophack mucosa.
The hearing tube has two holes - one in the nasopharynx (connection with the cavity of the nasopharynx), the other in the eardrity. The hearing tube is designed to perform two functions - ventilation and drainage. The essence of the ventilation function lies in the fact that through the hearing tube there is a constant exchange of air in the entire system of the middle ear (in the drum cavity and the cells of the mastoid process). With swallowing movements, air from the nose and nasopharynx enters the hearing tube, the drum cavity and cells of the mastoid process. The drainage function provides an outflow from the middle ear of the exhaust content (air and secretion).
The second department of the middle ear is a drum cavity, which has a cube shape of 1 cm3 and 6 walls. At the internal-side wall, the mouth (hole) of the hearing pipe is opening through which it communicates with the nasooplot. A hole leading to the ear region and air cells opens on the outer-side wall. The outer wall serves the eardrum, the inner - the wall, behind which the vestibular apparatus and the auditory nerve are located. The upper wall is bordered by the cavity of the skull, and the bottom - with large vessels. In the drum cavity itself there is a chain of auditory bones (hammer, anvil and elderly), which carries out the transmission of sound to the inner ear and on the auditory nerve.
The third, the most profoundly located department is the cells of a mastoid process filled with air, which constantly comes through the hearing tube and the drum cavity. Among the numerous cells there is one large - Antrum, which most often suffers from the inflammatory process, especially in young children.
All departments of the middle ear communicate with each other, as well as with the closures of the nose, nasopharynx and pharynx. The state of the latter has a direct impact on the functions of the middle ear, in particular for hearing. As noted, in the hearing pipe and the drum cavity, the mucous membrane is similar to the structure of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx, being a continuation. therefore inflammatory processarising in the nose and nasopharynk, easily applies to the pipe and the drum cavity. This is the main cause of the occurrence. frequent diseases ear.
The inner ear in functionality plays an important role. Composite parts of the inner ear are snail and three semicircular channels. Inside the snail there is a complex structure, the nerve end of which perceive sound waves and transmit them in a rumor nervous, which is in the inner hearing aisle, into the hearing centers of the brain. The semicircular channels belong to the vestibular apparatus and allow you to determine the position of the body in space.
L. Kovaleva
"How the ear is arranged (an organ of hearing)" - an article from the section
The inner ear is one of the sections of the human ear. Due to a specific appearance, the inner ear is also called a labyrinth. It perceives the pulsations sent only by the eardrum.
The inner ear is an intermediary between the outside world and the brain. In the inner ear there are the most important elements of the entire hearing apparatus of a person.
Ear - the most difficult person. Serves as an apparatus of the perception of sounds, as well as control of body orientation in space. This pair body is placed in the temporal bones of the skull. Anatomically shared three departments:
- Outdoor ear consisting of ear shell and outdoor auditory passage.
- having a drum cavity with auditory bones.
- Inner ear. In structure, it is designed more difficult than two.
The inner ear includes bone and membrane labyrinths. Hollow elements associated with each other form bone labyrinth. Special attention deserves the protection of this body from external factors.
It is so firmly closed in the bone that there is no space between him and the pyramid. Inside is meat LabyrinthHe perfectly repeats the form of bone, but less in size.
The structure of the inner ear of man
What filled the cavity of the inner ear:
- Endolimfa - A transparent viscous substance - circulates in the maze.
- Perilimfa Fills the space between labyrinths, called perilimphatic.
Interestingly, the whole labyrinth is a system of liquids and hypersensitive cells, which are responsible both for sound perception and the spatial orientation of the person.
Anatomy of the inner ear is represented by three main parts:
- retail;
- snail;
- semicircular canals.
The trimmer is the center of the labyrinth. From behind, this cavity is closed with two-screw channel tubes, two holes are located on the side wall of the runaway - windows. The first one - the oval window is bonded with a sprinkling, and the round, communicating with the spiral snail channel, has a secondary eardrum.
The final part contains two reporting education: elliptical and spherical bags. They are filled with lymph, and their walls are laid by special hairsdown cells.
The feature of the structure of the snail is that it is a spiral hollow channel, accused around the bone rod. In this rod, the longitudinal canals with hairs and support cells are running, which are the basis of the Cortiyev organ.
Over the entire length of the snail has a bone spiral plate. It shares the snail cavity for two moves:
- on the top - pre-master staircase;
- on the bottom - drum staircase.
The bottom of the spiral channel snail is elimano the main membrane. The drum and finally stairs are external channels communicating among themselves at the top of the snail. In the spiral channel there is a liquid - endolymph, perilimph also fills the runner of the anticipation and drum staircase.
Semicircular channels start on the eve of: front, rear and lateral. Three in each ear, they are in the same planes and have an arc shape. The legs of the arc are closed on the eve of the elliptic bag.
Feature of the structure of semicircular channels It is that one leg of each arc is expanding with an ampoule adjacent to the bag. The front and rear channels are growing at the base and have a common output on the eve.
Functions of the inner ear
It is likely that the inner ear, its structure and functions have been subjected to evolution. In modern man, it performs two functions:
- Hearing function. The processes responsible for, occur in the snail.
- Orientation function. For orientation in space, semicircular channels and the run-up are responsible.
Hearing element
The movement of the endolyphma in the snail canal causes the pushes of the membrane in the circular window. Perilimph is moving along the drum and finally stairs. The oscillations bending the areas of the membrane and irritate the hairs cells of the Cortiyev organ. The transformation of sound signals into nerve impulses is the main task of the Cortiee organ.
The brain in which impulses received, analyzes the information and a person understands what he heard. Hair cells combined with the tips of nerve fibers form the nerve, leaving the Cortiyev organ. Respectively, snail is the hearing part of the inner ear.
Interestingly, various areas of the membrane react to certain sounds. At the top of the snail, it perceives low sounds, at the base - high.
Vestibular apparatus
Working on the principle of construction level, the vestibular apparatus helps us maintain balance. Severe channels and threads perform this feature, they have a very complex system. In ampoules of the Arc of semicircular channels placed receptors - scallops.
According to the functions, they are similar to the hairs cells of the snail membrane. Scallops are kinetic receptors, that is, they perceive corner acceleration (head movement). Receptors are irritated by moving jelly-like substance.
Vestibular apparatus
With linear acceleration (orientation in space) Receptors are activated in the soups of the run-up, the so-called, the retrieval apparatus. Linear acceleration causes endolymph movement, irritating receptors, which for nerve fibers transmit information to the brain. Next, all received information is collected and analyzed in the brain. If visual and hearing information do not coincide, a person feels dizziness.
Ear is a complex and important body. In order to avoid different, leading to reduction and loss of hearing, due attention should be paid to their ears. Stay behind the surface of the ears, not to translate and do not abuse loud sounds - the best recommendations for preserving good hearing.
