Sinuses of a solid cerebral shell, Sinus Durae Matris, are peculiar venous vessels, the walls of which are formed by a solid brain shell sheets. The total solid cerebral shell with venous vessels in the sinuses is that both the inner surface of the veins and the inner surface of the sinuses is lined with endothelium. Honors between the veins and sinuses serve, firstly, the structure of their walls; The wall of the veins is elastic, consists of three layers, the lumen of them falling down, the walls of the sinuses are tightly stretched, are formed by a durable fibrous tissue with an admixture of elastic fibers, the lumen of the sinuses when cutting gaps; Secondly, venous vessels have valves, and the valve sinuses do not contain. In the cavity of the sinuses there is a number of fibrous crossbars covered with endothelium and incomplete partitions, throwing from one wall to another and reaching considerable development in some sinuses. The sinus walls, in contrast, do not contain muscle elements.

The sines of the solid cerebral shell includes:

1. Upper sagittal sinus, Sinus Sagittalis Superior. It has a lumen of a triangular shape and walks along the top edge of the large brain sickle (the process of a solid cerebral shell) from Crista Galli to Protuberantia Occipitalis Interna, where it might most often in the right transverse sine, Sinus Transversus Dexter.
2. The lower sagittal sinus, Sinus Sagittalis Inferior, goes along the entire bottom edge of the cinema sickle. At the lower edge of the sickle, the lower sagittal sinus is poured into a straight sine, Sinus Rectus.
3. The straight sinus, Sinus Rectus, is located along the site of the joint brain sickle compound with the cerebellum notate, Tento-Rium Cerebelli. It has a quadrangular shape and is formed by a hard-cerebral sheet of cerebellum. Sine is sent from the rear edge of the lower sagittal sinus to the inner occipital protrusion, where it flies into the transverse sine.
4. Transverse sinus, Sinus Transversus, a pair, lumps in a transverse groove of the skull bones along the rear edge of the brazower scale. From the field of internal occipital protrusion, where both sines are widely communicated between themselves, they are sent to the dust in the area of \u200b\u200bthe cottage corner of the parietal bone. Here, each of them goes into a sigmoid sine, Sinus Sigmoideus, which lies in the furrow of a sigmoid sine temporal bone And through the jugular hole goes to the upper bulb of the jugular vein, Bulbus V. Jugularis Superior.
5. The occipital sinus, Sinus Occipitalis, goes back to the edge of the cerebuline sickle, Falx Cerebelli, along the inner occipital crest from the internal occipital protrusion to a large occipital opening. Here, he splits in the form of edge sinuses, which bypass the left and right of a large occipital hole, pour into a sigmoid sinus, less often - directly to the top bulb of the jugular vein. Sinuses, Confluens Sinuum, is located in the field of internal occipital protrusion, only in third cases here are connected here. The following sinuses: Both Sinus Transversus, Sinus Sagittalis Superior, Sinus Rectus
6. Cave-sinus, Sinus Cavernosus, pair, lies on the side surfaces of the body of a wedge-shaped bone. His lumen has an irregular triangular shape. The name of the sinus (cavernous) is due to the large number of connective tissue partitions, which permeate its cavity, giving it a cavernous character. In the cavity of the cavernous sinus, there is an internal carotid article, a. CAROTIS INTERNA, with its surrounding sympathetic plexus, and a leakage nerve, n. abdunces. In the outer wall, the sinus wall passes: the glasses of the nerve, n. Oculomo-torius, and block, n. Trochlearis; In the outer-block wall-head nerve, n. Ophthalmicus (first trigeminal nerve branch).
7. Interpoctic sinuses, Sinus Intercavernosi, are located around the Turkish saddle and pituitary gland. These sines connect both cavernic sinuses among themselves and form a closed venous ring with them.
8. Sinus sphenoparietal sinus sphenoparietalis, pair, located along the small wings of a wedge-shaped bone; Blows into the cavernous sinus.
9. The top rocky sinus, Sinus Petrosus Superior, the pair, lies in the upper rocky groove of the temporal bone and goes from the cavernous sinus, reaching his rear edge of the SIGMO-visible sine.
10. Lower rocky sinus, Sinus Petrosus Inferior, pair, lies in the lower rocky groove of the occipital and temporal bone. Sine comes from the rear edge of the cavernous sinus to the top bulb of the jugular vein.
11. Basilar plexus, Plexus Hasilaris. Locals in the area of \u200b\u200bthe clinoid and occipital bone. It has a network type that connects both cavernous sinus and both lower stony sinus, and below is connected to the inner spinal venous plexus, Plexus VENOSUS VERTEBRALIS INTER-NUS. Sinuses of a solid cerebral shell take the following

Skull slice showing sinuses of a solid brain shell

Sinuses of a solid cerebral shell (venous sinuses, sinuses of the brain) - venous collectors located between the sheets of a solid cerebral shell. Blood is obtained from the inner and outer veins of the brain, participate in the reabsorption of the liquor from the subarachnoid space.

Anatomy

The sinus walls are formed by a solid cerebral shell lined with endothelium. The lumen of sinuses gapies, valves and muscle shell, unlike other veins, are missing. In the cavity of the sinuses, fibrous partitions are covered with endothelium.

From sinus, blood enters internal jugs, in addition, there is a connection of sinuses with veins. outdoor surface Skulls through reserve venous graduates.

Venous sinuses

• Upper sagittal sinus (Lat. Sinus Sagittalis Superior) - located along the upper edge of the solid brain cerebral cerebral process, ending at the level of the internal occipital protrusion, where it opens most often in the right transverse sine.
• Lower sagittal sinus (Lat. Sinus Sagitalis Inferior) - spreads along the bottom edge of the sickle, poured into a straight line.
• Direct sinus (Lat. Sinus RECTUS) is located along the site of the compound of the sickle process with a mumout of the cerebellum. It has a four-headed shape, directed from the rear edge of the lower sagittal sinus to the inner occipital protrusion, opens into the transverse sine.
• Transverse sine (Lat. Sinus Transversus) - a pair, located in the transverse groove of the bones of the skull, located along the rear edge of the Mozeretchka mood. At the level of internal occipital protrusion, transverse sines communicate with each other. In the area of \u200b\u200bhouse-like corners of dark bones, cross-like sines go to sigmid sinusesEach of which opens through the jugular hole in the bulb of the jugular vein.
• Baseline sinus (LAT. SINUS OCCIPITALIS) is in the thick of the edge of the cerebuline sickle, spreading to a large occipital opening, then splits, and in the form of edge sinuses opens into a sigmoid sinus or directly into the top bulb of the jugular vein.
• Cave (cavernous) sinus (Lat. Sinus Cavernosus) - pair, located on the sides of the Turkish saddle. In the cavity of the cavernous sinus there are internal carotid artery with its surrounding sympathetic plexus, and a taking nerve. In the walls of the sinus pass the glasses, block nerves and eye nerves. The cavernic sinuses are connected by interpoctic sinus. Through the upper and lower stony sines are connected, respectively, with transverse and sigmoid.
• Inter-expert sinuses (Lat. Sinus Intercavernosi) - located around the Turkish saddle, forming a closed venous ring with cavernous sinus.
• Wedge-shaped dark sinus (Lat. Sinus sphenoparietalis) - pair, heads along the small wings of a wedge-shaped bone, opens into the cavernous sinus.
• Upper rocky sinus (Lat. Sinus Petrosus Superior) - a pair, comes from the cavernous sinus along the upper rocky groove of the temporal bone and opens into the transverse sine.
• Nizhny rocky sinus (Lat. Sinus Petrosus Inferior) - a pair, lies in the lower rocky groove of the occipital and temporal bone, connects the cavernous sinus with a sigmoid.

Clinical meaning

As a result of the injury of a solid cerebral shell, which may be due to the fracture of the bones of the skull, the sinus thrombosis is possible. Also sinus thrombosis can develop as a result

Sinuses of a solid cerebral shell, collecting venous blood from the brain veins, are formed in places attaching a solid cerebral shell to the bones of the skull due to the splitting of its sheets. According to sinus, blood flows out of the cavity of the skull into the inner yarem Vienna (Fig. 4.15). Valves sinuses do not have.

Fig. 4.15. Sinuses of a solid cerebral shell. The blue arrows indicates the direction of blood current by sinus:

1 - Sinus Sagittalis Superior; 2 - Falx Cerebri; 3 - Sinus Sagittalis Inferior; 4 - sinus sphenoparietalis; 5 - Sinus Intercavernosus; 6 - SINUS PETROSUS Superior; 7 - Plexus Venosus Basilaris; 8 - SINUS PETROSUS INFERIOR; 9 - FORAMEN JUGULARE; 10 - SINUS SIGMOIDEUS; 11 - SINUS TRANSVERSUS; 12 - Sinus Occipitalis; 13 - Falx Cerebelli; 14 - Confluens Sinuum; 15 - Sinus Sagittalis Superior; 16 - SINUS RECTUS; 17 - v. Cerebri Magna (Galen); 18 - Tentorium Cerebelli.

Upper sagittal sinus solid cerebral shell sinus Sagittalis Superior.located in the upper edge falx Cerebri.attached to the Skull Skoresone Soviet Soviet, and extends from crista Galli. before protuberantia Occipitalis Interna. In the front sections of this sinus there are anastomoses with veins of the nasal cavity. Through the dark emissary veins, it is associated with diploic veins and surface veins of the skull. The rear end of the sine falls in sinusale Stocks Herophilus [nerophilus], confluens Sinuum.

Lower sagittal sinus, sinus Sagittalis Inferior., is located in the lower edge falx Cerebri. And goes into a straight sinus.

Direct sinus, sinus Rectus.located on the junction falx Cerebri. And the cerebellummy and goes in the sagittal direction. Large vein brain also flows into it, v. Magna Cerebri Blowing blood from a large brain substance. The straight sine, like the upper sagittal, flows into the sine.

Baseline sinus, sinus Occipitalis, passes at the base of the cerebellum sickle, falx Cerebelli.. Its upper end flows into the sine flow, and the lower end in a large occipital opening is divided into two branches, enveling the edges of the hole and flowing into the left and right sigmoid sines. The occipital sinus through emissary veins is associated with the surface veins of the skull vein.

In this way, in sineu stock, Confluens Sinuum, Venous blood gets from the upper sagittal sinus, direct (and through it from the lower sagittal sinus) and the occipital sinus. Of confluens Sinuum Blood reaches B. cross sinuses.

Transverse sine, sINUS TRANSVERSUS., pair, lies at the bottom of the mouse of the cerebellum. On the inner surface of the scales of the occipital bone, it corresponds to a wide and well-visible furrowing of the transverse sine. On the right and on the left, the transverse sinus continues to the sigmoid sinus of the corresponding side.

Sigmid sinus, sinus Sigmoideus., it takes venous blood from the transverse and heads to the front of the jugular opening, where it goes into the upper bulb of the inner jugular vein, bulbus Superior V. Jugularis Internae.. The course of sinus corresponds to the same-named furrow on the inner surface of the base of the depository process of temporal and occipital bones. Through the deputyid emissary veins, the sigmoid sinus is also associated with the surface veins of the skull of the skull.

In a pair come sinus, sinus CavernosusLocated on the sides of the Turkish saddle, the blood flows out of small sines of the front cranial fossa and the veins of the orcass (Fig. 4.16).

Fig. 4. 16.. Sinuses of a solid cerebral shell on the inner base of the skull.

1 – sinus Sagittalis Superior.; 2 - Falx Cerebri; 3 - V. Ophthalmica Superior; four - sinus Intercavernosus; 5 - v. Media Superficialis Cerebri; 6 - sinus Cavernosus; 7 - Plexus Venosus Basilaris; eight - sinus Petrosus Superior.; 9 - sinus Petrosus Inferior.; 10 - Ramus Tentorius a. CAROTIS INTERNAE; 11 - Tentorium Cerebelli; 12 - v. Inferior Cerebri; 13 - sINUS TRANSVERSUS.; 14 - sinus Sagittalis Inferior.; 15 - sinus Rectus.; 16 - Falx Cerebri; 17 - confluens Sinuum; 18 - sinus Sagittalis Superior.; 19 - v. Cerebri Magna (Galen); 20 - n. Hypoglossus (XII); 21 --n. Accessorius (XI); 22 - sINUS TRANSVERSUS.; 23 - sinus Sigmoideus.; 24 - Foramen Jugulare; 25 - n. Glossopharyngeus (IX), N. Vagus (X); 26 - N. Facialis (VII), N. Vestibulocochlearis (VIII); 27 - v. Petrosa; 28 - n. abducens (vi); 29 - a., V. Meningea Media; 30 - n. MandiBularis (V 3); 31 - Ganglion Trigeminale (Gasser); 32 - n. MaxillaRis (V 2); 33 - N. Ophthalmicus (V 1); 34 - n. Trochlearis (IV); 35 - sinus sphenoparietalis; 36 - N. Oculomotorius (III); 37 - a. CAROTIS INTERNA; 38 - N. Opticus (II); 39 - Hypophysis.

Eye Vienna fall into it, vv. Ophthalmicae.Anastomosing with the veins of the face and with deep wonderful venous plexus of the face, plexus Pterygoideus.. The latter is connected with the cavernous sinus also through emissary. Right and left sinuses are related to interpoctic sinus - sinus Intercavernosus ANTERIOR ET POSTERIOR. From the cavernous sinus, blood flows through the upper and lower stony sinuses ( sinus Petrosus Superior Et Inferior) to a sigmoid sinus and further into the inner jugular vein.

The connection of the caverning sine with surface and deep veins and with a solid cerebral shell is of great importance in the spread of inflammatory processes and explains the development of such severe complications as meningitis.

Through the cavernous sinus pass internal carotid artery, a. CAROTIS INTERNA., and leaving nerve, n. abdunces. (VI pair of chmn); Through its outer wall - the glasses of the nerve, n. Oculomotorius. (III pair of chmn), block nerve, n. Trochlearis. (IV pair of chmn), as well as the branch of a trigeminal nerve - eye nerve, n. Ophthalmicus. (Fig. 4.17).

Fig. 4.17. Cave sinus (front cut):

1 - a. COMMUNICANS POSTERIOR; 2 - n. Oculomotorius (III Couple CHMN); 3 - n. Trochlearis (IV pair of chmn); 4 - Sinus Cavernosus; 5 - n. Ophthalmicus (I branch of a trigeminal nerve); b - n. Maxillaris (II branch of a trigeminal nerve); 7 - N. abdunces (VI pair of chmn); 8 - hypophysis; 9 - PARS NASALIS PHARYNGIS; 10 - Sinus sphenoidalis; 11 - a. CAROTIS INTERNA; 12 - Chiasma Opticum.

With some fractures of the base of the skull, the internal carotid artery may be damaged within the cavernous sinus, as a result of which arteriovenous fistula is formed. Blood arterial Under high pressure enters into the sinus veins, especially eyeballs. As a result, the eye protrusion (Exophthalm) and redness of conjunctiva arise. In this case, the eye pulsates synchronously with the pulsation of the arteries - there is a symptom of "pulsating exophthalm". The nerves listed above can be damaged, adjacent to sinus, with the corresponding neurological symptoms.

Hasters of a trigeminal nerve unit arrive at the back of the cavernous sinus - ganglion Trigeminale . Sometimes fatty fiber of a wonderful sinus, which is a continuation of the fat body of the cheek sometimes suitable for the front selection of the caverning sine.

Thus, venous blood from all parts of the brain through brain veins falls into a particular sinus of a solid cerebral shell and further into the inner jugular vein. With an increase in intracranial pressure, blood from the skull cavity may additionally be reset to the system of surface veins through emissary veins. The reverse of blood flow is possible only as a result of developing for one or another cause of the thrombosis of the surface vein associated with emissary.

Facial head of the head

On the surface of the front head of the head, the fields of the eyes are highlighted, regio orbitalis, nose, regio Nasalis, mouth, regio Oralisadjacent to her chore region regio Mentalis.. On the sides are subject to supporting. regio infraorbitalis, brush, rEGIO BUCCALIS., and the eye-chewing, regio parotideomasseterica., area. In the latter, the surface and deep parts are distinguished.

Blood supply face carried out mainly outdoor carotid artery, a. Carotis Externa., through its branches: a. Facialis, a. Temporalis superficialis and a. Maxillaris.(Fig. 4.18).

Fig. 4.18. Arteries and veins of persons.

1 - a. zygomaticoorbitalis; 2 - a., V. TRANSVERSA FACIEI; 3 - a., V. supraorbitalis; 4 - a., V. Supratrochlearis; 5 - v. Nasofrontalis; 6 - a., V. Dorsalis NASI; 7 - a., V. zygomaticotemporalis; 8 - a., V. angularis; 9 - a., V. zygomaticofacialis; 10 - a., V. infraorbitalis; 11 - v. PROFUNDA FACIEI; 12 - a., V. Facialis; 13 - a., V. lingualis; 14 - a. CAROTIS Communis; 15 - a. Carotis Externa; 16 - a. CAROTIS INTERNA; 17 - v. Jugularis Interna; 18 - v. RetromandiBularis; 19 - v. jugularis externa; 20 - a., V. Temporaalis superficialis.

In addition, in the blood supply to the face takes part and a. Ophthalmica. of a. CAROTIS INTERNA.. There are anastomoses between the arteries of the systems of internal and outer sleepy arteries.

The vessels of the face form an abundant network with well-developed anastomoses, as a result of which the injury wounds are very bleeding. At the same time, thanks to the good blood supply to soft tissues, the wounds of the face, as a rule, heal quickly, and the plastic surgery on the face ends favorably. As well as on the skull, the arteries of the face are located in the subcutaneous fatty tissue, unlike other areas.

Veins faces, like arteries, widely anatomize among themselves. From the surface layers, venous blood is subject to facial vein, v. Facialis., and partly by the guardianship, v. RetromandiBularis., from deep - on the maxillary vein, v. Maxillaris.. Ultimately, for all these veins, blood flows into the inner jugular vein.

It is important to note that the veins of persons also anastomize with the veins falling into the cven sinus of a solid cerebral shell (through v. Ophthalmica, as well as via emissary veins on the outer base of the skull), as a result of which purulent processes on the face (furuncula) in the course of the veins may apply to Brain shells with the development of severe complications (meningitis, sinus phleets, etc.).

Sensitive innervation On the face is provided branches of triple nerve (n. Trigeminus., V pair of chmn): n. Ophthalmicus. (I branch), n. Maxillaris. (II branch), n. mandibularis. (III branch). The branches of the trigeminal nerve for the skin of the face are out of bone channels, the holes of which are located on one vertical line: foramen. (or incisura.) supraorBitale for n. SupraorBitalis from I branches of triple nerve, foraMen InfraorBitale for n. infraorBitalis from the II branches of a trigeminal nerve and formen Mentale for n. Mentalis Of the III branch of the trigeminal nerve (Fig. 4.19).

Fig. 4.19.. True nerve branches innervating skin:

1 - N. supraorbitalis (branch n. Ophthalmicus (from a trigeminal nerve - V 1)); 2 - n. SUPRATROCHLEARIS (from V 1); 3 - n. lacrimalis (from V 1); 4 - n. infratrochlearis (from V 1); 5 - n. Ethmoidalis Anterior (from V 1); 6 - n. infraorBitalis (from N. Maxillaris - V 2); 7 - r. ZygomaticOFACIALIS (V 2); 8 - r. ZYGOMATICOTEMPORALIS (V 2); 9 - n. Mentalis (from N. MandiBularis - V 3); 10 --n. Buccalis (V 3); 11 - N. Auriculotemporaalis (V 3)

The neuralgia of a trigeminal nerve is characterized by sudden attacks of painful pain, not removing painkillers. Most often affected n. Maxillaris, less often n. MandiBularis and even less often - n. Ophthalmicus. The exact cause of the development of neuralgia of a trigeminal nerve is unknown, but in some cases it is established that it arises due to the compression of a trigeminal nerve in the cavity of the skull of an abnormally-coming blood vessel. Its dissection led to the disappearance of pain.

Mimic musculature innervate branches facial nerve, n. Facialis. (VII Couple CHMN), chewing - III branch of a trigeminal nerve, n. mandibularis..

The area of \u200b\u200bthe orders Regio orbitalis

Eyeless orbita.- paired symmetric recess in the skull, in which the eyeball is located with its auxiliary apparatus.

Persons in person have the form of four-headed pyramids, the truncated vertices of which are drawn back to the Turkish saddle in the skull cavity, and the wide bases are the kleon, to its face surface. The axis of the heads of the pyramids converge (converge) by the stop and diverge (diverge) the kleon. Medium Size of the Elets: The depth of an adult fluctuates from 4 to 5 cm; The width at the entrance to it is about 4 cm, and the height usually does not exceed 3.5-3.75 cm.

The walls are formed differently in the thickness of bone plates and separate the wrist: upper - from the front cranial fossa and the frontal sinus; nizhny - from the maxillary separation sinus, sinus Maxillaris (gaimor sinus); medical - from the nasal cavity and lateral - From the temporal fossa.

Almost at the very top of the eyelid, there is a rounded hole with a hole of about 4 mm in the diameter - the beginning of the bone visual channel, canalis Opticus., 5-6 mm long, serving to pass the visual nerve, n. Opticus., and eye artery, a. Ophthalmica., in the skull cavity (Fig. 4.20)

Fig. 4.20. Rear wall of the orbit. Summary channel:

1 - Fissura Orbitalis Superior; 2 - n. lacrimalis; 3 - n. Frontalis; 4 - n. Trochlearis (IV); 5 - v. Ophthalmica Superior; 6 - m. Rectus Lateralis; 7 - N. Oculomotorius (III), Ramus Superior; 8 - Fissura Orbitalis Inferior; 9 - n. abducens (vi); 10 --n. Nasociliaris; 11 - N. Oculomotorius (III), Ramus Inferior; 12 - m. Rectus Inferior; Pars Medialis Orbitae; 13 - a. Ophthalmica (in Canalis Opticus); 14 --n. Opticus (in Canalis Opticus); 15 - m. Rectus Medialis; 16 - m. Rectus Superior; 17 - m. Obliquus Superior; 18 - m. Levator Palpebrae Superior.

In the depths of the eye, on the border between the upper and the outer walls, next to canalis Opticus., there is big upper basic gap, fissura Orbitalis Superior.connecting the cavity of the socket with the cavity of the skull (medium cranial pocket). It takes:

1) eye nerve, n. Ophthalmicus.,

2) Overall nerve, n. Oculomotorius.;

3) Valid nerve, n. abdunces.;

4) block nerve, n. Trochlearis.;

5) upper and lower eye veins, .

On the border between the outer and lower walls of the orcass bottom Fine Charm, fissura Orbitalis Inferior., leading from the cavity of the orcuit in the walled and niche and the Nizhnevochnya. Through the bottom of the basic gap pass:

1) Nizhneglasnichnaya nerve, n. infraorBitalis, together with the same artery and vein;

2) Bottle nerve, n. zygomaticotemporalis;

3) Sculolina nerve, n. zygomaticofacialis.;

4) venous anastomoses between the emissions of the wrist and venous plexus of the wonderland yam.

On the inner wall of the eyelid, the front and rear lattice holes are located, which serve to pass the epidias of the nerves, arteries and veins from the eye to the labyrinths of the lattice bone and the nasal cavity.

In the thicker of the lower wall of the eye, the Nizhneglaznichnaya Garrot is running, sulcus infraorbitalis, turning the kleon to the same channel, opening on the front surface with the corresponding hole, foraMen InfraorBitale. This channel serves to pass the lower-flame nerve with the artery and vein.

Entrance to the eye aditus Orbitae.limited bone edges and closed with a basic partition, septum orbitalewhich separates the region of the eyelids and the earthen eye.

Eyelids palpebrae.

These are curved in the form of the front segment eyeball Skin-cartilage plates protecting the surface of the eye.

Layers

Leather Thin, movable.

Subcutaneous tissue Loose, it is the anastomosis of the vessels of the eyeball with the vessels of the face.

As a result, it easily arises in it, eagerly arises, both under local inflammatory processes (for example, barley) and with common (angioedema, kinkie, kidney disease, etc.).

Thin subcutaneous muscle is part of the Mimic Muscle Eyes, m. Orbicularis Oculi.And, like the rest of the facial muscles of the face, is innervated by the face nerve.

Under the muscle is a layer consisting of a cartilage of the age and attached to it to it, which is fixed by other edges to the above and under-judicial edges.

The rear surface of the cartilage and the ordown partition is lined with a mucous membrane - conjunctive, conjunctiva Palpebarummoving on the eyeline of the eyeball conjunctiva Bulbi.. The places of transition of conjunctiva with a century on the scler form the upper and lower arches of conjunctivations - fornix Conjunctivae Superior Et Inferior. The lower arch can be viewed by pulling the eyelid book. To inspect the top arch of the conjunctiva, you need to turn the top eyelid.

The front edge of the eyelids has eyelashes, at the base of which the sebaceous glands are located. Purulent inflammation of these glands is known as Barley - Chalazion. Closer to the rear edge of the eyelid, the openings of peculiar coarse, or meibomy glasses laid in the thicker of the cartilage (Fig. 4.21) are visible.

Fig. 4.21. Eyelid and conjunctiva:

1 - Tunica Conjunctiva Palpebrae; Glandulae Tarsales (Meibomi) is seen through the conjunctiva; 2 - Pupilla (visible through the cornea - Cornea); 3 - Iris (visible through the cornea - Cornea); 4 - Limbus Corneae; 5 - Tunica Conjunctiva Bulbi; 6 - FORNIX CONJUNCTIVAE INFERIOR; 7 - Tunica Conjunctiva Palpebrae; Glandulae Tarsales (Meibomi) is seen through the conjunctiva; 8 - Papilla Lacrimalis Inferior et Punctum Lacrimale; 9 - Caruncula Lacrimalis, Lacus Lacrimalis; 10 - Plaica Semilunaris Conjunctivae; 11 - Papilla Lacrimalis Superior Et Punctum Lacrimale.

The free edges of the eyelid in the lateral and medial angles of the eye crack form the corners fixed to the kites of the socket with ligaments.

Tear gland glandula Lacrimalis.

Teleberry gland is located in a tears in the upper bearer of the socket (Fig. 4.22)

Fig. 4.22. Tears apparatus.

1 - OS FRONTALE; 2 - Glandula Lacrimalis, Pars Orbitalis; 3 - Glandula Lacrimalis, Pars Palpebralis; 4 - Ductuli Excretorii Glandulae Lacrimalis; 5 - Plica Semilunaris Conjunctive; 6 - Caruncula Lacrimalis; 7 - Papilla Lacrimalis Inferior et Punctum Lacrimale; 8 - mouth of Ductus Nasolacrimalis; 9 - MEATUS NASI INFERIOR; 10 - Conca Nasalis Inferior; 11 - Cavitas NASI; 12 - Conca Nasalis Media; 13 - DUCTUS NASOLACRIMALIS; 14 - Saccus Lacrimalis; 15 - Canaliculi Lacrimales; 16 - Papilla Lacrimalis Superior Et Punctum Lacrimale.

Medical parts of the eyelid, devoid of eyelashes, limit the tears lake, lacus Lacrimalis. In this place, the tears of the canals fall into the telescope, saccus Lacrimalis. The contents of the peeling bag are assigned to the rosal duct, ductus Nasolacrimalis, in the bottom nasal stroke.

Eyeball, bulbus Oculi.

The eyeball is placed in the cavity of the orcuit, occupying it only partially. It is surrounded by fascia, the vagina of the eyeball, vagina Bulbi., or a tonon capsule, a Tenon Capsule, Dressing the Eye Apple almost all over its length, except for the area corresponding to the cornea (front) and the place of departure from the eye of the optic nerve (back), as if hangs the eyeball in the eyeball among the fatty fiber, being fixed itself Fascial heavyweights, going to the walls of the eye and her edge. The walls of the capsule are trying the tendons of the muscles of the eyeball. Tenonova Capsule does not grow firmly with an eyeball: Between her and the surface of the eyes there is a gap, spatium Episclerale.that allows the eyeball to move in this space (Fig. 4.23).

Fig. 4.23. Elets on a horizontal cut:

1 - LIG. Palpebre Mediale; 2 - Cavitas NASI; 3 - Retinaculum Mediale; 4 - Cellulae Ethmoidales; 5 - periorbita; 6 - m. Rectus Medialis et Fascia Muscularis; 7 - Vagina Bulbi (Tenoni); 8 - SCLERA; 9 - Spatium Episclerale; 10 --n. Opticus (II); 11 - Sinus sphenoidalis; 12 - Anulus Tendineus Communis (Zinn); 13 - Corpus Adiposum ORBITAE; 14 - m. RECTUS LATERALIS ET FASCIA MUSCULARIS; 15 - Spatium Episclerale; 16 - Vagina Bulbi (Tenoni); 17 - SCLERA; 18 - periorbita; 19 - Retinaculum Laterale; 20 - Lig. Palpebreland Laterale; 21 - Cornea; 22 - Tunica Conjunctiva Bulbi; 23 - Tunica Conjunctiva Palpebrae; 24 - Tarsus.

Behind the Tenon Capsule is a retrobulber department.

Retrobulberry department Busy fatty tissue, ligament apparatus, muscles, vessels, nerves.

The muscular apparatus of the eyeball includes 6 muscles of the eyeball (4 straight muscles and 2 oblique) and the muscle lifting the upper eyelid ( m. Levator Palpebrae Superior.). Outdoor straight muscle innervates n. abdunces., upper oblique - n. Trochlearis., the rest, including the muscle, raising the upper eyelid, - n. Oculomotorius..

Optic nerve n. Opticus. (II pairs), covered on to it (up to a sclera) solid, paustoic and soft shells. In a fatty tissue surrounding the visual nerve with its shells, eye artery and vascular-nerve bundles of the enemy apple muscles.

All fabrics of the soccer, including the eyeball, receive food from the main arterial barrel - the eye artery, a. Ophthalmica.. It is a branch of the inner carotid artery, from which hesitates in the cavity of the skull; Through the auditorium, this vessel penetrates the eyeboard, gives the branches to the muscles and the eyeball and, divided by the final branches: a. SupraorBitalis, a. Supratrochlearis and a. Dorsalis Nasi., comes out of the eye on the facial surface (Fig. 4.24).

Fig. 4.24. The arteries of the soccer.

1 - a. Supratrochlearis; 2 - a. Dorsalis NASI; 3 - a. Meningea Anterior; 4 - a. ethmoidalis anterior; 5 - a. Ethmoidalis Posterior; 6 - a. Ophthalmica; 7 - r. Muscularis to m. Obliquus Superior; 8 - a. Ophthalmica; 9 - a. CAROTIS INTERNA; 10 - a. Centralis Retinae; 11 - a. lacrimalis; 12 - r. Muscularis to m. Rectus Lateralis; 13 - aa. CiliaRes Posteriores; 14 - RR. zygomatici; 15 - a. supraorbitalis; 16 - Glandula Lacrimalis; 17 - a. Palpebralis Lateralis Superior; 18 - a. Palpebralis Medialis Superior.

The anastomoses of the surface branches of the eye artery with the branches of the outer carotid artery provide the possibility of collateral blood flow when decreasing the blood flow of the Willisian circle (atherosclerotic plaques in the inner carotid artery). In this case, retrograde blood flow is observed in the eye artery.

According to the results of ultrasound Doppler studies of the alternate artery, one can judge the state of intracranial blood flow.

Eye veins vv. Ophthalmicae Superior Et Inferior, go from the upper and lower walls of the orbit; At the rear wall, the bottom flows into the upper, which through the upper basic slit enters the skull's cavity and flows into the cavernous sinus. The eye veins are anastomosed with the veins of the face and the nasal cavity, as well as with the venous plexus of the walled-nicheme (Fig. 4.25). In the veins of the eye there are no valves.

Fig. 4.25. Veins of the orbit.

1 - v. Supratrochlearis; 2 - v. supraorbitalis; 3 - V. Ophthalmica Superior; 4 - Sinus Cavernosus; 5 - v. Ophthalmica Inferior; 6 - Plexus Pterygoideus; 7 - v. Maxillaris; 8 - v. RetromandiBularis; 9 - v. PROFUNDA FACIEI; 10 - v. Facialis; 11 - VV. Vorticosae; 12 - v. angularis; 13 - v. Nasofrontalis.

Nose region, Regio Nasalis

The upper boundary of the area corresponds to a horizontal line connecting the medial ends of the eyebrows (nose root), the lower line, carried out through the attachment of the nasal partition, and the side boundaries are determined by appliant and nasolabial folds. The area of \u200b\u200bthe nose is divided into the outer nose and the cavity of the nose.

Outdoor nose, nasus Externus., at the top is formed by the nose bone, on the side of the top-like overhead jaws and cartilage. The upper narrow end of the back of the nose in the forehead is called the root, radix Nasi.; Above it is a somewhat in-depth area between the abrasion arcs - the protrusion, glabella. The side surfaces of the nose of the book convexs are excluded clearly pronounced nasolabial grooves, sulcus Nasolabialis., moving and make up the wings of the nose, alae Nasi.. Between the lower free edges of the wing of the nose formed the movable part of the nasal partition, pars Mobilis Septi NASI.

Leather The root of the nose is thin and movable. At the tip of the nose and on the wings, the skin is thick, rich in large silent glares And firmly smashed with cartilage outdoor nose. In the nasal holes, it proceeds to the inner surface of the cartilage, forming the anticipation of the nasal cavity. The skin here has sebaceous glands and thick hairs ( vibrisae.); They can achieve considerable length. Next, the skin goes into the mucous membrane of the nose.

Blood supply Outdoor nose is carried out a. Dorsalis Nasi. (ultimate branch a. Ophthalmica) and branches of the face artery. Veins are associated with facial veins and with the sources of eye veins.

Sensitive innervation It is carried out by the branch of a trigeminal nerve.

Nose cavity, cavum Nasi., It is the initial respiratory tract and contains the sense of smell. In front of it leads apertura Piriformis Nasi.Behind the paired holes, choans, report it with the nasophal. Through the nasal bone partition, septum Nasi OsseumThe nasal cavity is divided into two non-completely symmetrical halves. Each half of the nasal cavity has five walls: upper, lower, rear, medial and lateral.

Top Wall formed a small part of the frontal bone, lamina Cribrosa. lattice bone and partly by wedge-shaped bone.

Part bottom wall, or the bottom, includes a chicken outflow of the upper jaw and a horizontal plate of the roasting bone, which make up a solid panel, palatum Osseum. The bottom of the nasal cavity is the "roof" of the oral cavity.

Medial wall Makes the nasal partition.

Back wall It is only available at a short distance in the upper part, since the joans are below. It is formed by the nasal surface of the body of a wedge-shaped bone with the paired hole available on it - apertura Sinus Sphenoidalis.

In education lateral wall The nasal cavity is involved in a peeling bone, oS LaCrimale, I. lamina Orbitalis. The lattice bone separating the nasal cavity from the soccer, the nasal surface of the frontal top of the upper jaw and its thin bone plate, the excavating cavity of the nose from the topless sinus, sinus Maxillaris..

The lateral wall of the nasal cavity is hanging inside the three nasal sinks, which are separated from each other three nasal strokes: upper, middle and lower (Fig. 4.26).

Fig. 4.26. Nasal moves:

1 - Sinus Frontalis; 2 - Conca Nasalis Superior; 3 - MEATUS NASI Superior; 4 - Conca Nasalis Media; 5 - Agger NASI; 6 - atrium Meatus Medius; Vestibulum NASI; 7 - MEATUS NASI Medius; 8 - Concha Nasalis Inferior; 9 - Limen NASI; 10 - Vestibulum NASI; 11 - MEATUS NASI INFERIOR; 12 - Processus Palatines Maxillae; 13 - Canalis Incisivus; 14 - Palatum Molle; 15 - Lamina Horizontal Ossis Palatine; 16 - PARS NASALIS PHARYNGIS; 17 - Ostium Pharyngeum Tubae Auditivae; 18 - Torus Tubarius; 19 - MEATUS NASOPHARYNGEUS; 20 - Fascia Pharyngobasilaris; 21 - Pars Basilaris Ossis Occipitalis; 22 - TonSilla Pharyngealis; 23 - Sinus sphenoidalis; 24 - hypophysis; 25 - Apertura Sinus Sphenoidalis; 26 - Recessus sphenoethmoidalis.

Top nose, meatus Nasi Superior., is located between the upper and medium sinks of the lattice bone; It is twice the midst of the middle course and is located only in the back of the nasal cavity; communicate with him sinus Sphenoidalis, Foramen SphenopalatinumIt opens the rear cells of the lattice bone.

Middle nose, meatus Nasi Medius., comes between the middle and lower shells. It is opened in it cellulae Ethmoidales Anteriores et Mediae and sinus Maxillaris.

Lower nose, mEATUS NASI INFERIOR., runs between the bottom shell and the bottom of the nasal cavity. A rose canal opens in his front department.

The space between the nasal sinks and the nasal partition is indicated as a common nose.

On the side wall of the nasophacks sipbinding the cavity of the pharynx with the cavity of the middle ear (drum cavity). It is located at the level of the rear end of the lower shell at a distance of about 1 cm to it.

The vessels of the nose cavity form anastomotic networks arising from several systems. Arteries belong to branches a. Ophthalmica (AA. Ethmoidales Anterior and posterior.), a. MaxillaRis (a. Sphenopalatina) and a. Facialis (RR. Septi NASI). Vienna form networks located more superficially.

Especially thick venous plexus, having a type of cavernous formations, are concentrated in the submissible tissue of the lower and middle nasal shells. Of these plexes, most nasal bleeding occurs. Veins of the nasal cavity are anastomosed with the veins of the nasopharynx, the sockets and the brain shells.

Sensitive innervation The mucous membrane of the nose is carried out by I and II branches of a trigeminal nerve, that is, eye and upper-eyed nerves. Specific innervation is carried out by an olfactory nerve.

Occondition sinuses, sinus Paranasales.

On each side, the topless and frontal sinus, lattice labyrinth and partly wedge-shaped sinus are adjacent to the nose cavity.

Toppers, or Gaimore, sinuses, sinus MaxillarisLocated in the thickness of the maxillary bone (Fig. 4.27).

Fig. 4.27. Topper daze:

1 - Sinus Frontalis; 2 - orbita; 3 - Radix dentis; 4 - SINUS MAXILLARIS; 5 - Fossa Pterygopalatina; 6 - HIATUS MAXILLARIS

This is the largest of all the incomplete sinuses; Its capacity in an adult is an average of 10-12 cm 3. In the form of the Gaimores, the sinus resembles a four-headed pyramid, the foundation of which is located on the side wall of the nasal cavity, and the top of the outer jaw at the zhilagogo. Facial wall adds kpeeda upper, or the orphanage, the wall separates the gaymorov sinus from the eye, rear It is facing a shaking and wonderful-sideline pits.

Bald wall The maxillary sinus forms an alveolar extension of the upper jaw, separating the sinus from the oral cavity.

Internal, or nasal, the wall of the gaimore sinus from a clinical point of view is most important; It corresponds to most of the lower and middle nasal moves. This wall, with the exception of its lower part, rather fine, and gradually thinning upwards. A hole, by which the Gaimorest sinus is reported to the cavity of the nose, hiaTus Maxillaris., is highly under the bottom of the eyeball, which contributes to the stagnation of the inflammatory secret in the sulk. To the front of the inner wall sinus Maxillaris A rosal channel is departed, and to the reckless part - lattice cells.

Upper, or the ordown, the wall of the gaimor sinus is the finest, especially in the rear section.

When inflammation of the maxillary sinus (sinusitis), the process can spread to the eye.

In the thickness of the orchard wall, the canal of the porcier nerve passes, sometimes the nerve and blood vessels will be directly adjacent to the sinus mucosa.

Front, or facial, the wall is formed by the top of the upper jaw between the porznichny edge and the alveolar process. It is the most thick of all the walls of the gaimor sinus; It is covered with soft cheek tissues, accessible to feeling. Flat recess in the center of the front surface of the front wall, called the "fanging fossa" corresponds to the most thin part of this wall. At the top edge of the fanging fossa there is a hole for the outdoor nerve outlet, formen infraorbitalis. Through the wall pass rR. Alveolares Superiores Anteriores et Medius (branches n. infraorBitalis from the II branches of the trigeminal nerve) forming plexus Dentalis Superior., as well as aa. Alveolares Superiores Anteriores. from the under-judicial artery (from a. Maxillaris.).

Nizhny The wall, or bottom of the gaimor sinus, is located near the rear of the alveolar outflow of the upper jaw and usually corresponds to the lunas of the four rear upper teeth. With the average sizes of the gaimore sinus, its bottom is at about the bottom of the nasal cavity level, but is often located below.

When the lower wall of the sinuse is very thin, when the tooth is removed, infection may be penetrating into the cavity of the Gaimore sinus. On the other hand, the inflammation of the sinus mucosa (sinusitis) due to the total sensitive branches of the maxillary nerve (see Fig. 4.27) can lead to a sensation of dental pain. If necessary, you can open the maxillary sinus through the corresponding tooth hole.

Frontal sickness, sinus Frontalis., It is located between the plates of the iconic part and the scales of the frontal bone. Its dimensions vary significantly. It distinguishes the bottom, or a backbone, front, or facial, rear, or brain, and middle walls.

Sinuses of solid shell brain , sinus Durae Matris is the channels in solid brain shell splitting lined with endothelium, according to which venous blood is subject to brain, and eyeball, inner ear, bones of skull and brain shells. It falls out of sinuses into the inner jugular vein, which originates in the field of the yapper of the skull. In addition, Sinuses are involved in the exchange of spinal fluid. In its structure, they differ significantly from the veins, on the cross section they have a triangular form. When cut, the sines do not fall down, there are no valves in their lumen. Such a structure contributes to the free outflow of blood from the brain, regardless of the oscillations of intracranial pressure. Major venous sinuses:

1. Upper sweat-shaped sinus, Sinus Sagittalis Superior, unpaired, is formed along Sulcus Sinus Sagittalis Superioris Skull Vault in the upper edge of a large brain sickle. Sine begins on the blind hole of the frontal bone and reaches the internal protrusion of the occipital bone, where flows into the sine. Surface veins of a large brain semi-guns and diploic veins are falling into the upper sagittal sinus.

2. Lower sweat-like sinus, Sinus Sagittalis Inferior, unpaired, is the splitting of the lower edge of the cinema sickle. Begins ahead morale body And ends at the site of the combination of a large brain vein Galen and direct sinus.

3. Straight sinus, Sinus RECTUS, non-rooted, is located in the splitting of the brazower scale along the attachment line to the cinema sickle. Takes a large brain vein and lower sagittal sinus. Fences the fusion of the transverse and upper sagittal sinuses. This place is called sinuschard, Confluens Sinuum.

4. Transverse sine, Sinus Transversus, is located in the frontal plane in the stingy bone of the same name. It extends from sinus runoff to a sigmoid groove, where it continues to the sigmoid sinus of the corresponding side.

5. Sigmoid sinus, SINUS SIGMOIDEUS, pair, is located in the stunched furrow on the inner surfaces of the dark, temporal and occipient bones, being a continuation of the transverse sinus. Ends in the region of the jugular hole on the basis of the skull, where it goes into the inner jugular vein.

6. The occipital sinus, Sinus Occipitalis, not a pair, is at the base of the cerebelley sickle. Starts from the flow of sinuses , confluens Sinuum, it goes parallel to the inner gripping ridge, reaches a large occipital opening that covers the back and from the sides. Blows into the sigmoid sinus of the corresponding side, connects with internal venous spinal plexuses.

7 . PEpierce sinus, Sinus Cavernosus, pair, is located on the base of the skull, on the sides of the Turkish saddle. Through this sinus passes the inner carotid artery and a tanning nerve, and in the lateral wall it is a glazing, block and eye nerves. The pulsation of the inner carotid artery in the caverning sine contributes to the outflow of blood from the individual extensions (caves), as the sinus walls are little podiatiliv. In the front department of the sinus flows a wedge-rare sinus.

8. Front and rear inter-expert sinuses, Sinus Intercavernosi Anterior et Posterior, are in front and rear from the Turkish saddle in the splitting of Diaphragma Sellae. They connect the right and left cavernous sines, take the top basic vein and blood from basilar plexus, Plexus Basilaris, which is located on the skull's skate. This plexus connects the rear inter-expert sine, the lower rocky sinus and the inner vertebrate venous plexus, forming the second path of the outflow of venous blood from the cavity of the skull in the verteb.

9. Wedge-shaped sinus, Sinus sphenoparietalis, pair, is located in the back of the edge of small wings of a wedge-shaped bone and connects to Sinus Cavernosus.

10. Upper rocky sinus, Sinus Petrosus Superior, pair, corresponds to the furrow of the upper stony sine pyramid of temporal bone, connects the cavernous and sigmoid sines.

11. Nizhny rocky sinus, Sinus Petrosus Inferior, pair, corresponds to the furrow of the lower stony sine, has a greater lumen than the top rocky sinus. Connects with interpoctic sinus and basilar plexus.

Fig. 2.18. Venous sinuses of the solid shell of the brain and their connection with vv.diploicae and the outer veins of the head (scheme).

1 - VV. Diploicae; 2 - Sinus Sagittalis Superior; 3 - SINUS TRANSVERSUS ET Confluens Sinuum; 4 - SINUS SIGMOIDEUS; 5 - v. Occipitalis; 6 - v. Jugularis Interna; 7 - v. Facialis; 8 - v.GulaRis; 9 - Sinus Cavernosus; 10 - v. Temporaalis superficialis.

II. Diplootic veins of the bones of the skull arch.

Diploic veins vv. diploicae, are in the spongy substance of the bones of the skull. Through graduate veins vV. emissariae, they fall into the surface veins of the heads and anastomosize with sines of a solid cerebral shell, providing communication between systems of internal and outer jugs. The valves in the diploic veins are absent, so blood flow is possible in two directions.

The main diploic veins are located in the czech of the same name, this is:

1. Lobal diploic Vienna, V. Diploica Frontalis;

2. Tempodic diploic veins, v.V. Diploicae Temporale;

3. Grocery diploic Vienna, v..diploica occipitalis.

The human brain acts as a coordinating body, which also ensures the regulation of all functions and systems of the body. The study of the anatomy of this main functioning body over the years leading specialists from various countries.

The brain consists of 85 billion nerve cells that form a gray substance. The weight of the brain depends on the floor and some features of the human body. For example, in men, its average weight is 1350 g, and in women - 1245

The weight of the brain is 2% of the total mass of the chela.

It is worth noting that the brain mass may have a size of more than 500g greater than the average, but this does not affect intellectual abilities. It was found that some intellectual advantage have people with a more developed structure of the brain, as well as with a higher number of connections produced by this body.

The main components of the brain are nervous and glial cells. The first form and then organize the transfer of pulses, and the second perform executive functions. Inside the brain there are cavities (ventricles).

The brain covers 3 main shells:

• Solid
• Soft
• Pautinic

There is a free space between these shells, which is filled with liquor. The study of the anatomy of each shell made it possible to allocate individual characteristics of the structure and the number of vessels. Also these shells are additionally from the effects of the cranial injury.

Solid brain sheath

The solid brain shell (TMO) covers the cranial cavity from the inside, and also performs the role of the inner periosteum. In the portion of the large hole and the backbone, the TMO is sent to the spinal department. In the plot of the cranial base, the shell is tightly adjacent to the bone tissue. In particular, the durable communication can be seen in the area of \u200b\u200bexecution of the binder function of the elements and the release of nerves from the cranial cavity.

The entire internal region of the TMO is covered with endothelium, thanks to which the shell takes a smooth surface and a shade of pearl.

In some areas there is a separation of the shell, after which its process is beginning to form in this place. In areas where processes extended, channels are formed, which are also covered by endothelium.

These channels are the sines of the TMO.

Brain Sinuses: Anatomy

The formation of TMO sinuses occurs due to their separation into two plates, which are represented by channels. These channels of the distribution of venous blood from the brain, which is then sent to the jugular veins.

TMO leaflets that form sinus are represented by tight strained ropes that are subsequently discarded. Allows blood to circulate freely from the brain, regardless of the state of intracranial pressure of the person.

The following varieties of Sinus TMO are distinguished:

1. Upper and lower sagittal. The first passes along the top edge of the sickle process and ends in the area of \u200b\u200bthe occipital protrusion, and the second along the lower edge of the sickle and goes into a straight sinus
2. Straight. It passes along the site in which the sickle process is associated with the cerebelchikov
3. Transverse (pair). Located in the transverse furrow of the skull, located along the rear edge of a mosper
4. Occipital. Located in the thickness of the ceremonic sickle, and then moves to the occipital opening
5. Sigmoid. Located in Brozde in the ventral part of the cranial box
6. Cave (pair). Located on the sides of education in the body of a wedge-shaped bone (Turkish saddle)
7. Wedge-shaped dark sinus (pair). Subject to the small edge of the wedge-shaped bone and in the end it takes off in the cavernous sine
8. Stony (pair). Located near the upper and lower edge of the pyramidal temporal bone

The cine-cereal sines begin to generate anastomoses with outer venous brain vessels with the help of emissary veins. Also, the sinuses begin to communicate with diploral branches, which, in turn, are located in the cranial arch and are then sent to the brain vessels. Next, blood begins to flow through vascular plexuses and then flows into the sinus of a solid cerebral shell.

Vascular

The main amount of pigment cells is observed on the basis of the brain. Also, this shell includes:

• Lymphoid and fat cells
• Fibroblasts
• Neural fibers and their receptors

Each part of the shell is accompanied by the vessels of the arteries, which further reach the arteriole. Between the walls and shells are Virchov's spaces - Robin, which are filled with liquor. Through them pass the ropes - fibrils on which the vessels are suspended, creating conditions for their displacement during the ripple, without affecting the brainstant.

Powered Mo

This type of cerebral shell is separated by subarachnoid space from subdural, and is represented by a taut rope between the convolutions, but does not connect directly to the furrows themselves. The composition of the paustoral MO includes various kinds of plots, which belong to the channels and to the cells.

Region over the channels are highlighted by high permeability through which the liquor's liquor current existing in it is available.

In areas where the shell is located, the subpautical space forms various tank values \u200b\u200b(subpautented). Over the convex areas of the brain and on the surface of the sowls, the web and vascular mo tightly associated with each other. It is in these areas that the subpasy space narrows significantly and in the end turns into a capillary gap.

The largest brain tank is the largest, the anatomy of which is strong enough. Allocate the following types:

1. Mazezychkovo-brain, which is located between the oblong brain and cerebellum. In the rear, this tank is limited by a spider shell. Is the largest tank
2. Lateral fox tank is located in the cranial fossa
3. Crossroad tank is located on the basis of a large brain, in front of the visual intersection
4. Interzoovaya, is formed in a fifth of the skull between the legs of the brain, in front of the rear reinforced substance

The subpasic space in the site of the occipital opening is associated with the subpautic space of the spinal department. Likvor, which fills the subparent space, is produced by the plexuses of vessels of brain ventricles.

From the side ventricles, Likvor is sent to 3 ventricles, where the plexus of vessels is also located. From 3 ventricle, through the brain water system, the liquor is directed to 4 ventricles, and then joins the cerebelchikov-brain tank of the subpasy space.

Vessels and nerves solid mo

TMO, covering the front smell of the skull, is supplied with the blood of this artery. In the back of the cranial fossa, the rear meningeal artery is branched, which is sent from the carotid artery to the branch of the pharyngeal and then penetrates the cavity of the cranial box.

Also in this section include meningeal branches from the vertebral artery and the preceding branch from the occipital. The veins of the vascular shell are connected to the next sinus of solid MO and including in the walled venous plexus. In the front custal fossa section, branches come to it eye nerve (Tenty).

This branch in turn supplies the necessary cerebellum and brain sickle substances. The average meningeal branch is directed to the middle cerebral fox site, as well as the branch from the mandibular nerve.

Age Features of the shells of the head and spinal cord

The anatomy of solid MO in a newborn is thin, tightly sprinkled with a bone structure of the skull. Process of this shell weak development. TMO sinuses are thin walls, with relative latitude. Also, the sinuses of the brain of the newborn are marked by greater asymmetry than adults. However, after 10 years of development, topography and structure of sinuses are identical to adults.

Cellic and vascular cerebral shell in newborns thin and gentle. The subpautical space is distinguished by a relatively large size, the capacity of which reaches about 20 cm 3 and subsequently increases rapidly. By the end of 1 year of life up to 20 cm 3, by 5 years to 50 cm 3, by 9 years to 100-150 cm 3.

Mozychechkovo-brain, internet and other tanks on the base of the brain in a newborn rather large. Thus, the height of the cerebelchiko-brain tank is about 2 cm, and its width (at the upper boundary) - from 0.8 to 1.8 cm.