Fossa Temporaalis is a temporal fossa, limited from above and behind the temporal line, from below - Crista Infratemporalis and the lower edge of Arcus Zygomaticus, in front - zicky bone. Fossa Temporalis is made by temporal muscle.
Fossa Infratemporaalis is a omitous fossa, continues the immediate continuation of the book of the temporal fossa, and the boundary between them serves the crista infratemporalis of the large wing of a wedge-shaped bone. Outside, Fossa Infratemporalis is a part covered by the branch of the lower jaw. Through Fissura Orbitalis Inferior, she communicates with the eyeboard, and through Fissura Pterygomaxillaris with a wonderland-sky straw.
Fossa Pterygopalatina is a wonderland-pavement, located between the upper jaw in the front (front wall) and a wonderful process of rear (rear wall). It serves the vertical plate of the sky bone, separating the walled pan of the pummue from the nasal cavity.

5 holes leading: 1) medial - in the nasal cavity - Foramen sphenopalatinum, the place of passage of co-nerve and vessels; 2) Supply - in the middle cranial fossa - Foramen Rotundum, through it goes into the cavity of the skull II branch trigeny nerve; 3) Front - in the eye player - Fissura Orbitalis Inferior, for nerves and vessels; 4) the bottom - into the oral cavity - Canalis Palatinus Major, formed by the upper jaw and a coolen groove of the sky bone and representing the funk-like narrowing of the Blookid-Sky Square Book, from which pacificed nerves and vessels pass on the channel; 5) Rear - on the base of the skull - Canalis Pterygoideus, due to the course of vegetative nerves (N. Canalis Pterygoidei)

Skull of the newborn

The ratio of the size of the parts of the skull of the newborn with the length and mass of his body is different than in an adult. The child skull is much larger, and the skull bones are separated. Spaces between bones are filled with layers connective tissue or neo-stained cartilage. The brain skull in size prevails significantly over the facial. If an adult ratio of the facial skull volume to the brain is approximately 1: 2, then the newborn is 1: 8 ratio.

The main distinguishing feature of the newborn skull is the presence of spring. Springki is the deserted sections of the connecting skull (desmocranium), which are located in places of formation of future seams.

At the first stages of development of the fetus, the roof of the skull is a webcate formation covering the brain. In 2-3 months, bypassing the stage of cartilage, the bone kernels are formed, which subsequently merge with each other and form bone plates, that is, the bone base of the bones of the roof of the skull. By the time of birth between the formed bones, sites of narrow bands and broader spaces are preserved. It is thanks to these areas of the connecting skull that can be added and fused, there is a significant displacement of the bones of the skull, which ensures the possibility of passing the head of the fetus by narrow places of generic pathways.

Front, or large, spring (Fonticulus Anterior) has a rhombus form and is located in the junction of the frontal and dark bones. Fully he fuses to 2 years. Rear, or small, Spring (Fonticulus Posterior) is located between the occipital and dark bones. He only turns on the 2-3st month after birth. Wedge-shaped spring (fonticulus sphenoidalis)) pair, located in the front section of the side surfaces of the skull, between the frontal, dark, wedge-shaped and temporal bones. He turns almost immediately after birth. Parium large-shaped spring (Fonticulus Mastoideus) is a stee from a wedge-shaped, in the connection site of the occipital, dark and temporal bones. Oveakers at one time with wedge-shaped.

Fossa Temporalis:

· Limited: from above - Linea Temporaalis Inferior;

· Duza - Crista Infratemporalis;

· Front - Arcus Jugomaticus;

· Walls: medial - lower dread bone department (Angulus Schenoidalis), temporal surface of Cesh. Parts of temporal bone, Ala Major Ossis Schenoidalis.

· Front - os zygomaticum.

· Holes: f. ZYGOMATICOTEMPORALE (front wall).

· Made: m. Temporalis, fascia, fat, vessels, nerves.

· Fossa Infratemporaalis:

· Walls: the top - the surface of the big wing;

· Front - rear of Tuber Maxillae;

· Medial - Lamina Lateralis Processus Pterygoideus.

· Outside and bottom - no, but with a side of Ramus Mandibulae.

· Between the front and medial walls of the hole:

· Fissura Pterygomaxillaris - Fossa Pterygopalatina;

· Fissura Orbitalis Inferior - the cavity of the eye.

· Made: M.Temporaalis, m. Schenoidalis Lateralis, vessels, nerves.

Fossa Pterygopalatina - a walled-packer, causing between the upper jaw in the front (front wall) and a wonderful process of rear (

back wall). The medial wall is served by the vertical plate of the sky bone, separating the wonderland-palate hole from the nasal cavity.

5 holes leading to the widwid-shaped yammy:

1) medial - in the nasal cavity - ForaMen Sphenopalatinum, the place of passage of co-nerve and vessels;

2) Supply - in the middle cranial fossa - ForaMen Rotudum, it comes out of the cavity of the skull II branch of a trigeminal nerve;

3) Front - in the eye player - Fissura Orbitalis Inferior, for nerves and vessels;

4) the bottom - into the oral cavity - Canalis Palatinus Major, formed by the upper jaw and a coolen groove of the sky bone and representing the funk-like narrowing of the Blookid-Sky Square Book, from which pacificed nerves and vessels pass on the channel;

5) rear - on the base of the skull - Canalis Pterygoideus, due to the course of vegetative nerves (N. Canalis Pterygoidei), when viewed by a skull from above (Norma Verticalis), a cork arch and its seams are visible: sagittal suture, Sutura Sagitalis, between the medial edges of dark bones; Verinary seam, Sutura Coronalis, between the frontal and dark bones, and the lambudoid seam, Sutura Lambdoidea (in similarity with the Greek letter "Lambda"), between the dark bones and the occipital.

1.27. The structure of the joint: three components, biomechanics joint, classification.

The joint is a discontinuous, strip, moving connection, or articulation, articulatio synovialis. In each joint, the articular surfaces of the articular bones are distinguished, the articular capsule surrounding the coupling ends of the bones, and the articular cavity inside the capsule between the bones.

1. Articular surfaces facies Articulares covered with suns

brand cartilage, Cartilage Articularis, Hyalin, less often fibrous, 0.2-0.5 mm thick. Due to the constant friction of the articular cartilage, smoothness, facilitating the gliding of the articular surfaces, and due to the elasticity of the cartilage, it softens the shock and serves as a buffer. The articular surfaces usually more or less correspond to each other (congruent). So, if the articular surface of one bone is convex (the so-called articular head), then the surface of the other bone is appropriately concave (articular collar).

2. articular capsule, capsula Articularis, Surrounding hermetically articular cavity, growing up to the articular bones along the edge of their articular surfaces, or several retreats from them. It consists of an outer fibrous membrane, membrana Fibrosa, and inner synovial membrana synovialis. The synovial membrane is coated on the side facing the joint cavity, the layer of endothelial cells, as a result of which it has a smooth and brilliant appearance. It highlights the joints of the joint is a sticky transparent synovial liquid - synovia, synovia, The presence of which reduces the friction of the joint surfaces. The synovial membrane ends along the edges of the articular cartilage. It often forms small processes, called synovial Villas, villi Synoviales. In addition, it forms it forms the greater, then the smaller sinovial folds, plicae Synoviales, Throwing to the hollow of the joint. Sometimes synovial folds contain a significant amount of grease more turnting in them, then the so-called fatty folds are obtained, plicae Adiposae An example of which the palua alres of the knee joint can serve.

Sometimes in sophisticated places, the capsules are formed bag-shaped protruding or with a synovial membrane - synovial bags, bursae synoviales Located around the tendons or under the muscles lying near the joint. Being filled with synovia, these synovial bags reduce the friction of tendons and muscles when driving.

3. Articular cavity, cavitas Articularis, It is a hermetically closed sliding space bounded by the articular surfaces and a synovial membrane. Normally, it is not a free face, but is filled with synovial fluid, which moisturizes and shows the articular surfaces, reducing the friction between them. In addition, Sinovia plays a role in the exchange of fluid and in strengthening the joint due to the clutch of surfaces. It also serves as a buffer, softening compression and shocks of the joint surfaces, as the movement in the joints is not only sliding, but also the discrepancy between the articular surfaces.

Between the joint surfaces there is a negative pressure (less atmospheric). Therefore, their discrepancy prevents atmospheric pressure.

In case of damage to the joint, the air falls into the body cavity, as a result of which the articular surfaces are immediately diverted under normal conditions to discrete articular surfaces, except for negative pressure in the cavity, pregnancy (intra and embracing) and muscles with their tendons of semoid bones are also pregnant. Bundles and muscle tendons constitute auxiliary firming joint apparatus. In a number of joints there are additive devices that complement the articular surfaces - intra-articular cartilage; they consist of fibrous cartilage tissue and have the form or solid cartilage plates - disks, disci Articulares, or uninstalled, curved in the form of crescent formations and therefore called menisci, menisci Articulares., or in the form of cartilage rims, labra Articuldria..

All of these intra-articular cartilages in their circumference are growing with the articular capsule. They arise as a result of new functional requirements as a reaction to complication and an increase in static and dynamic load. They develop from the finishing of primary continuous compounds and combine the fortress and elasticity in themselves, having resistance to shocks and contributing to the movement in the joints.

1.28. The bones of the skull: types of seams. Temporable mandibular joint: structure, classification, muscles acting on this joint, movement of motion.

The compounds between the bones of the skull are mainly Syndesmos: the seams on the turtles of adults and intercepted membrane (spring) on \u200b\u200bthe turtles of newborns, which reflects the development of the bones of the skull in the soil of the connective tissue and is associated with its preferential protection function. Almost all bones of the roof of the skull, with the exception of the scales of the temporal bone, are connected using a toothed seam, sutura Serrdta. The scales of temporal bones are connected to the scaly edge of the ray bone through the scaly seam, sutura Squamosa. The bones of the face are adjacent to each other with relatively smooth edges, sutura Plana. The seams are indicated by the name of two bones connecting with each other, for example, Sutura sphenofrontalis, sphenoparietalis, etc. based on the skull synchondrosis From the fibrous cartilage, which is in the creams between the bones: synchondrosis Petrooccipitalis, between the pyramid of the temporal bone and the Pars Basilaris of the occipital bone, then synchondrosis Sphenopetrosa. At the place of Fissure Sphenopetrosa, Synchondrosis Sphenoethmoidalis on the site of a wedge-shaped junction with a lattice. IN young age is still synchondrosis sphenooccipitalis Between the body of a wedge-shaped bone and Pars Basilaris occipital and synchronosis between the four parts of the occipital bone. Synchondrosis of the base of the skull is the remnants of cartilage tissue, on the basis of which the bones of the base are developing, which is associated with its function of support, protection and movement. In addition to constant seams and synchronosis, some people have even additional, non-permanent, in particular front, or methodical, seams, sutura Frontalis, Metopica - 9.3%, when non-exclusion of both headquarters scales.

In the seams there are non-permanent bones of the skull: the bones of the Rodnichkov, t. Fontieulorum and bones of seams, Ossa Suturalia. The only darterosis on the skull is the pair of the mandatory joint, which connects the lower jaw with the base of the skull.

The temporomandibular joint, Articulacio temporomandibularis, is formed by Caput Mandibulae and Fossa Mandibularis of the temporal bone. The articular surfaces are supplemented by underlying intra-articular fibrous cartilage, discusus Articularis, Which of its edges is growing with a joint capsule and shouts the articular cavity into two separate departments. The articular capsule is attached along the edge of Fossa Mandibularis to Fissura PetrotyMpanica, entering into a tuberculum articulare, and the Collum Mandibulae covers the bottom. Near the temporomandibular joint are 3 bundles, of which directly related to the joint has only lig. Laterale Going on the sideline of the joint from the zhulic process of the temporal bone of Kosos back to the cervix of a mumane trafficking of the lower jaw. It slows down the movement of the articular head of the Zada. The remaining two bundles (Lig. SphenomandiBulare et Lig. StylomandiBulare) Lailed from the joint and are not ligaments, but artificially allocated areas of fascia, forming a loop that contributes to the suspension of the lower jaw.

Both temporomandibular joints function at the same time, therefore represent one combined articulation. The temporal-lower-jaw joint refers to the mysterious joints, but due to the intra-articular disk, it is possible in three directions. The movements that the lower jaw makes are: 1) lowering and raising the lower jaw with the simultaneous opening and closing of the mouth; 2) shifting it back and forth and 3) lateral movements (rotation of the lower jaw to the right and left, as it happens when chewing). The first of the blood is performed in the lower joint, between the Discus Articularis and the head of the lower jaw.

The movements of the second kind occur in the upper joint department. With lateral movements (third gene), the head of the lower jaw together with the disk comes out of the articular fifth on the tubercle only on one side, while the head of the other side remains in the articular cavity makes the rotation around the vertical axis.

Possible small circular movements in 3 planes.

Muscles: m. Masseter, m. Temporaalis, m. Pterygoideus Medialis, m. Pterygoideus Lateralis.

The ovative fossa is small in size and narrow, but relatively wide in the diameter. In anatomy, it is known as "Fossa Infratemporalis".

general information

The ovative fossa is formulated from above due to the bone coming from the hanging ridge, or rather, adjacent to the wing from the larger side. Ahead of the zone is contacting with the removal to her rear bug. From the wedge-shaped bone there is an education called lateral. It is the medial wall of the region under consideration. But from the bottom and outside the body is not limited. From the side of the ovative fossa ends near the lower jaw.

The nearest neighbor of the omitous fossa is also a fossa, but called the wonderland-sky. It is a gap resembling a funnel, and begins where the omitous fossa is deepened at the point of convergence of the walls of the medium and limiting the front office.

In this zone, the muscles of the temple, nerves, vessels, as well as the muscle, called the wing-lateral, are partially present in this area. All this ensures the relationship of the shaking holes and eye cavities.

Temple and ilossochny

Close neighbor of the area under consideration - temporal fossa. It is close to the Zhilo Arc. The area is limited to the leen of the temple from above, and the role of the medial wall plays at the bottom. Partially the temporal fossa form:

Sphenoid bone;

Temporal bone;

Cheekbone.

The temporal fossa is determined with one of the sides of the zilly arc, and the method is formed at the bottom.

There are temporal and hatching pits closely, while the second is under the first one. It is reported with a cranial pammol due to an accelerant, for contact with the wonderland-sky, a wonder-top-jewish gap is provided.

Abscesses

A shaver can be amazed by an infection that has penetrated through the lower border, because it is sufficiently conditional. Anatomically, the yam is in contact with the underground space and cheeks. The lack of isolation from this side allows infected cells of the eyes, cheeks, other bottles to quickly infect fatigue.

The abscess of hatching pits are initiated by the periostitis that appeared at the level of the upper large molars. Because this disease amazes the fat lump of the cheeks, followed first of all it suffers exactly a omk.

Venous sinusitis affect the hatching hole due to contact with the walled venous plexus, through which the infection comes from the eye.

• brain;
• occonditional region;
• solid brain sheath.

Phlegmons

FLEGMONS OF HOUSE SPACE AND WORKIDNO-SHEBS is diagnosed together due to close contact of the affected spaces.

Flegmon is inflammatory process Zones conjugate with purulent discharges, severe pain. When infected with the hole, the affected area grows over time, causing severe intoxication of the body.

For a oss, a weakly sprinkled inflammatory jaw contracture is characteristic. The patient fix high temperature and strong headache. After 48 hours, it develops leading to exophthalm.

Phlegnon treatment is operational, emergency. If you be late with surgery, the space is defeated near the pharynx, which is why it suffers, breathing is hampered, it becomes almost impossible to swallow.

The operation is carried out by opening the oral cavity in its anticipation, producing a 2-3-centimeter incision in the top of the top molars. Applying a curved clamp, open the way through the harsh in the direction of the walled-palate pits, allowing the exudate to calmly pour. In simpler cases, when an umnot is at this level, such an operation is sufficient, a cure occurs. In case the infection struck the area, the surgeon performs percutaneous incision from under the jaw.

Mossy Yamca Located behind the zilly arc and the branch of the lower jaw. It is located the post off, on the side of the lateral walled process, in front of the deputyid and cylinder processes, below the large wing of a wedge-shaped bone.

The bottom of its border is the fastening of the medial wing like muscle to the lower jaw. In the oss, the lower part of the temporal muscle, the lateral and medial walled muscles, the maxillary artery and its branches, the mandibular (V 3) nerve and its branches, ear gangulia, the wonderful venous plexus. Muscles of the omitous pits are described in the table below.

but) Topper artery. The maxillary artery, the ultimate branch of the outer carotid artery, gives a few branches in the ompecotic yam. It can take place laterally or medially the lateral wing muscles before leaving the hanging hole through the wing-upper-eyed gap. The lateral wing like muscle shares the artery into three segments, the first two of which lie within the limits of a hatch.

To important branches the first segment is related: Middle meningeal artery, which passes upwards, ribous ear-visible nerve, and enters the skull cavity through an awesome hole; As well as lower alveolar artery, powered by lower jaw, gums and teeth. The relevant branches of the second segment are deep temporal, wonderland, chewing and chewing arteries.

b) Lumine nerve. As described above, the mandibular nerve is included in the idle hole through the oval hole. Here from gives motor and sensitive branches, which include ear-temporal, lower alveolar, pagan and brush nerves. The ear gangulia is located a book from the round hole and the medial of the mandibular nerve.

Temple Yamca , fossa. temporalis.is located on each side on the side outer surface of the skull. The conditional boundary separating it from above and coming from the rest of the skull sections is the upper temporal line, linea Temporalis Superior., rare and frontal bones. Its internal, medial, wall is formed by the lower separation of the outer surface of the parietal bone in the region of a wedge-shaped corner, temporal surface scaly part of the temporal bone and outdoor surface Big wing. The front wall makes up the cheekbone and the cut of the frontal bone of the stop from the top temporal line. Outside the temporal hole closes the cheeky arc, arcus Zygomaticus..

The lower edge of the temporal fossa is limited to the adolescent comb "wedge-shaped bone.

On the front wall of the temporal fossa opens the boring hole, formen zygomaticotemporale., (temporal fossa is performed by temporal muscle, fascia, fat, vessels and nerves).

Fossa fossa, Fossa Infratemporalis (See Fig. 126), in short and already temporal, but the transverse size is more. The upper wall of it is formed by the surface of the large wing of a wing of a wedge-shaped bone of Knuts from a hanging ridge.
The front wall serves the back of the head of the upper jaw. The medial wall is represented by the lateral plate of the wingid process of wedge-shaped bone. Outside and from the bottom, the omitous fossa does not have a bone wall, its side limits the branch of the lower jaw. On the border between the front and medial walls, the hatching jam is deepened and goes into a funnel-shaped gap - a walled-palate pit, Fossa Pterygopalatina.
Kepened a hatching straw through the bottom of the orphanage is reported with the cavity of the eyelid (in the omitous fossa there are lower sections of the temporal muscle, the lateral wonderland muscle, a number of vessels and nerves).

Walled , fossa Pterygopalatina., (See Fig. 125, 126), formed by areas of the upper jaw, wedge-shaped and sky bones. With a hatching straw connects wide up and narrow book worfall-upper-eyed gap, fissura Pterygomaxillaris.. The walls of the walled-sky pits are: in front - the ilty surface of the upper jaw, facies Infratemporalis Maxillae.where the upper jaws are located, behind the wing-shaped process of wedge-shaped bone, medially the outer surface of the perpendicular plate of the sky bone, from above, the maxillary surface of the large wing of a wedge-shaped bone.

In the upper part, the wonderland-pavement is reported to the orphanage through the bottom of the orphanage, with a nasal cavity - through a wedge-hair opening, with a skull cavity - through a round hole, formen Rotundum, and through the wingid channel, canalis Pterygoideus.- With the outer surface of the base of the skull and the outside goes into a hatching fossa.

Wedge-shaped chicken hole formen sphenopalatinumA nasal cavity mucous membrane is closed on a non-targeted skull (a number of nerves and arteries in the nasal cavity passes).

In the lower part, the walled-palate jam is moving into a narrow channel, in the formation of the upper part of which large palate grooves of the upper jaw, the sky bone and the walled freight of the wedge bone are involved, and the lower part is only top jaw and sky bone. The channel is called the Bolshoi Sky Canal, canalis Palatinus Major, and opens on solid sky with big and small sky holes, formen Palatinum Majus et Foramina Palatina Minora, (In the channel there are nerves and vessels).

Question 19 Craniometric points of the facial skull. Large-longitudinal and high-rise skull indicators ..

An important indicator for the characteristics of the facial skull is the magnitude of the facial angle, i.e. the angle between the orphanage horizontal and the line connecting the upper-nosed point and the scenterel. It is formed by a normal horizontal (the straight line between the Pozrion point is on the upper edge of the external auditory passage and the lower point of the lower orbital edge of the orbit) and the line between the dots of the outline and the scenterel.

Craneometric points: 1 - Saying - the top point of the nose root;, 2 - henation - the lowest point on the lower jaw on the medial line., 3 - Pyrion - a point in the middle of the top edge of the external auditory passage

Question 20 The structure of the skeleton of the upper limb. Development, options and anomalies of the upper limb. Features of the upper limb as a tool of labor.

Skeleton of the upper limbs Consists of a shoulder belt and a skeleton of free upper extremities (hands). Part shoulder belt There are two pairs of bones - a clavicle and a blade. The free part of the upper limb, Pars Libera Membri Superioris, is divided into three departments: 1) proximal - shoulder bone; The average bone of the forearm consists of two bones: radiation and elbow; 3) The skeleton of the distal part of the limb - the bones of the brush, the queue is divided into the bone of the beast, the metalliac bones (I - V) and the dice of the fingers (phalanx).
Skeleton of the upper limb, right . A - front view; B - rear view; 1 - Clavicle (Clavicula); 2 - scapula (Scapula); 3 - shoulder bone (Humerus); 4 - elbow bone (ULNA); 5 - radius (Radius); 6 - wrist bones (Ossa Carpi); 7 - Metacarpi Ossa Metacarpi; 8 - dice of fingers (Ossa Digitorum)

Collarbone (Clavicula) - S-shaped curved pair bone, having the body and two ends - sternum and acromial. The sternum end is thickened and connected with the handle of the sternum. The acromial end is flattened, connected with the acromion of the blade. The lateral part of the clavicle is convexed back, and the medial is forward.

Cologiar, right (front view, bottom): 1 - clavicle body (Corpus Claviculae); 2 - acromial end (extremitas acromialis); 3 - Framed End (Extremitas Sternalis)

Shopper (Scapula) is a flat bone on which two surfaces are distinguished (ribric and dorsal), three edges (top, medial and lateral) and three angles (lateral, upper and lower). The lateral angle is thickened, it contains the articular collar for articulation with the shoulder bone. Above the articular depression is a beak arbitrary. The ribal surface of the blade is slightly concave and is called a subband straw; It begins the eponymous muscle. The dorsal surface of the blade is divided by the dust of the blades into two pits - the supervoloral and contractual, in which the muscles are underlined. Ax of the blade ends with a protrusion - acromion (shoulder process). It has a topical surface for articulation with a clavicle.

Shovel, right . A - Rear view; B - the appearance of the right; B - front view; 1 - Upper Edge (Margo Superior); 2 - MEDIALIS (Margo Medialis); 3 - Lateral region (Margo Lateralis); 4 - top corner (Angulus Superior); 5 - lateral angle (ANGULUS LATERALIS); 6 - Nizhny Angular (Angulus Inferior); 7 - Fossa Infraspinata; 8 - SPINA SCAPLAE (Spina Scapulae); 9 - supervolorate (Fossa Supraspinata); 10 - acromion (Acromion); 11 - Curacoideus (Processus Coracoideus); 12 - Cutting blades (Incisura Scapulae); 13 - Podlophauskaya Yamek (Fossa Subscapularis); 14 - cervical scapula (Collum Scapulae); 15 - Cavitas Glenoidalis (Cavitas Glenoidalis)

Brachial bone (Humerus) - long tubular bone, consists of a body (diaphysis) and two ends (epiphysis). At the proximal end there is a head separated from the rest of the anatomical cervical. Below the anatomical neck from the outside is two elevations: large and small tuberculos, separated by the integrabright groove. Distalier tubercles is slightly narrowed plot of bone - surgical cerv. This name is due to the fact that bone fractures occur more often in this place.

Top of body shoulder bone It has a cylindrical shape, and the lower - trothed. In the middle third of the body of the shoulder bone behind, the groove nerve google passes. The distal end of the bone is thickened and is called the mystery of the shoulder bone. On the sides, it has protrusions - medial and lateral supermarkets, and below are the head of the math of the shoulder bone to connect with the radial bone and the blasting block for joints with the elbow bone. Over the block in front there is an agricultural fossa, and behind the rear - a deeper fossa of the elbow process (they have the same names of the elbow bone).

Shoulder bone, right . A - front view; B - rear view; B - species on the right; 1 - the head of the shoulder bone (Caput Humeri); 2 - anatomic neck (Collum Anatomicum); 3 - large tuberculum (tuberculum majus); 4 - small tuberculum (tuberculum minus); 5 - Interbugugar Garrot (Sulcus Intertubercularis); 6 - Surgical cervic (Collum Chirrgicum); 7 - body of the shoulder bone (Corpus Humeri); 8 - Deltaida Deltoida (Tuberositas Deltoidea); 9 - groove ray nerve (sulcus n. Radialis); 10 - Vernoe Piece (Fossa Coronoidea); 11 - medial supermarkets (Epicondylus Medialis); 12 - Shoulder Bone Block (Trochlea Humeri); 13 - the head of the math of the shoulder bone (Capitulum Humeri); 14 - lateral supercharges (Epicondylus Lateralis); 15 - Rady Yamka (Fossa Radialis); 16 - Fossa Olecrani Schedule (Fossa Olecrani)

Bones of the forearm: The radiation is located laterally, the elbow occupies a medial position. They relate to long tubular bones.

Bones of the forearm right . A - front view; B - rear view; B - species on the right; 1 - body of the elbow bone (Corpus ULNAE); 2 - radial bone body (Corpus Radii); 3 - elbow process (Olecranon); 4 - coronoideus (Processus Coronoidus); 5 - block-shaped clipping (Incisura Trochlears); 6 - radialis (Incisura Radialis); 7 - Bugger of the ulnae (tuberositas ulnae); 8 - the head of the elbow bone (Caput Ulnae); 9 - articular circle (CircumFerentia Articularis); 10 - styloideus (Processus Styloideus); 11 - radial bone head (Caput Radii); 12 - articular circle (CircumFerentia Articularis); 13 - ray dice neck (Collum Radii); 14 - ray bone bay (Tuberositas Radii); 15 - Styloideus Pridesus (Processus Styloideus)

Radius (Radius) consists of a body and two ends. At the proximal end there is a head, and on it - the articular fossa, with the help of which the radiation bone is articulated with the head of the brachial bone. On the head of the radial bone there is also a joint circle for connecting to the elbow bone. The neck is below the neck, and under it - the beagrousity of the radial bone. The body distinguishes three surfaces and three edges. The sharp edge is addressed to the same edge of the edge of the elbow bone and is called inter-emergency. On the distal expanded end of the radial bone there are a custodial articular surface (for articulation with a proximal numbling of wrist bones) and an elbow clipping (for articulation with an elbow bone). Outside, at the distal end there is a seamless process.

Elbow bone (ULNA) consists of a body and two ends. On the thickened proximal end there are bemark and elbow processes; They are limited to the block-shaped clipping. From the lateral side, the base of the angry process is ray cutting. Below the coronary process there is a bouffer dice.

The body of the bone of the triangular shape, and on it distinguish three surfaces and three edges. The distal end forms the head of the elbow bone. The surface of the head facing the radial bone is rounded; It contains a joint circle to connect with the clipping of this bone. From the medial side from the head departs down a shill -ide process.

Bones brushes We are divided into the bones of wrist, metropolitan bones and phalanges (fingers).

Dice brush, right; Palute surface . 1 - trapezoideum (OS Trapezoideum); 2 - a trapezium (OS Trapezium); 3 - Lord Happiness (OS Scaphoideum); 4 - semi-lunar bone (OS LINATUM); 5 - triangular bone (OS TRIQUETRUM); 6 - pea bone (OS Pisiforme); 7 - Gunny bone (OS Capitatum); 8 - hooked bone (OS Hamatum); 9 - the base of the Metacarpalis (Basis Metacarpalis); 10 - Metacar Bone Body (Corpus Metacarpalis); 11 - Metacar Bone Head (Caput MetacarPalis); 12 - proximal phalanx (Phalanx Proximalis); 13 - middle phalanx (Phalanx Media); fourteen - distal phalanx (Phalanx Distalis); 15 - Sesamoid Bones (Ossa Sesamoidea)

Bones of wrist - Ossa Carpi (CarPalia) are located in two rows. The proximal row is (in the direction from the radial bone to the elbow), the visionary, semi-lunar, trothed, pea bone. The first three arodifies are bent, form an ellipseed surface for a connection with radial bone. The distal row form the following bones: bone-trapezium, trapezoid, dinner and hooked.

Bones of wrist It is not in the same plane: on the back side, they form bulges, and with a palm - concave in the form of a gutter - a swadder groove. This furrow is deepened by the medially located pea bone and hook hook, laterally, a bumpy trapezium.

Metatny bones In the amount of five are short tubular bones. Each of them distinguish the base, body and head. Bone account is carried out on the part of the thumb: I, II, etc.

Falanga fingers belong to tubular bones. Thumb It has two phalanges: proximal and distal. Each of the other fingers have three phalanges: proximal, medium and distal. Each phalanx has a base, body and head.