Revival

In severe injuries, when the victim does not submit any signs of life, it is very important to establish whether the victim is alive. If signs are found, it is necessary to immediately begin to revive the wounded. If there is no clarity, still immediately take measures to revitalize to prevent the death of another living person. It happens when the victim is in a deep unconscious state after falling from large heights, automotive and rail accidents, collaps and avalanche, strangling, drowning. Most often, this is observed in the injuries of the skull, when compressing chest or abdomen. The victim lies without movement, sometimes there are no signs of injury on it.

First, it is necessary to determine whether a person is alive. The definition of a heartbeat by hand or on the hearing on the left, below the nipple, is the first explicit sign that the victim is still alive. The pulse is determined on the neck, where the largest - carnival - artery, or on the inside of the forearm. Breathing is installed on the movements of the chest, according to moisturizing the mirror, applied to the mouth or the nose of the victim, on the movement of the hairs of lightweight fabric, brought to the nostrils. When illuminating the eye pocket lantern There is a narrowing of pupils; A similar reaction can be seen in the event that the open eye of the victim to obscure the hand, and then the hand is quickly left. However, with a deep loss of consciousness, there is no reaction to the light. Signs of life are unmistakable proof that immediate assistance can bring success.

Signs of death. With the termination of the heart and stop the breath, death comes. The body does not have enough oxygen, it causes fuses of cerebral cells. Therefore, when a revival, focus on the activities of the heart and lungs should be focused on the activities of the heart and lungs.

Man dies, passing two phases - clinical and biological death. During clinical death, lasting 5-7 minutes, a person is no longer breathing, the heart stops fighting, but there are no irreversible phenomena in the tissues. During this period, there has not yet been severe brain disorders, heart and lungs, the body can be revived. After 8-10 min. Biological death comes, and life victim is no longer possible.

When establishing whether the victim was still alive, proceed from the manifestations of clinical and biological death, from the so-called dubious and explicit signs.

Doubtful signs of death - the victim does not breathe, the heartbeat is not determined, there is no reaction to the needle injection, the reaction of pupils on strong light is negative. As long as there is no confidence in the death of the victim, it is necessary to help him.

One of the first eye signs of death is the cloud of the cornea and its drying. When squeezing the eye from the sides, the pupil is narrowed and resembles a cat's eye.

The corpse stuff starts from the head, 2-4 hours after death. Cooling body occurs gradually; Current bluette spots appear due to blood outflow in the lower parts of the body. At the corpse lying on the back, the pipe stains are observed on the lower back, buttocks and on the blades. When the stomach stot is found on the face, chest and on the corresponding parts of the limbs.

The revival consists of two main procedures: respiratory restoration measures - artificial respiration - and measures to restore cardiac activity - a heart massage. It is extremely undesirable to apply receptions of revival, if a person has enough cardiac activity, in this case other techniques are used (in particular, the heart may have enough to beat the heart, but breathing is blocked, in this case you need to try to quickly establish the reason for this and act in circumstances) . The indirect heart massage is extremely difficult for the rib victims during fractures.

Artificial respiration. The essence of artificial respiration is in artificial introduction of air into the lungs. It is produced in all cases of stopping respiratory activities, as well as in the presence of improper breathing. The main condition for successful artificial respiration is the free patency of the respiratory tract and the presence of fresh air. Until now, a method of artificial respiration by compressing and expanding the chest is ineffective. Most effective way breathing is breathing conducted by the method "Mouth in the mouth" When revitalizing, up to 1.5 l of air is introduced along this method, which constitutes the volume of one deep breath.

The wounded laid on the back. The help becomes from the right side of the victim and, laying under the neck right hand, lifts his neck. Thanks to this, the head of the wounded thumps back and its respiratory tract, before that, they were blocked by the splash, open. Then, the appropriate left palm assists on the forehead of the wounded, thereby helping his head in the back of the position; At the same time, he pursues his nose with big and index fingers. After that, the help assigns the right hand from the neck of the victim and, putting pressure on the chin, opens his mouth. Then the help makes a deep breath and all the contents of the lung exhales the wounded in the mouth. Air flow into the lungs is manifested by the expansion of the chest injured. In young children artificial respiration You can produce, inhaling the air simultaneously in your mouth and in the nose. Breathing should be rhythmic, 16-19 times in a minute. Artificial respiration can also be made by the "mouth to the nose". The main position is the same as with the method of "mouth in the mouth". But at the same time, the mouth of the victim should be closed.

In the case when the affected face is damaged and it is impossible to produce artificial respiration "from the mouth to mouth", the method of compression and expansion of the chest should be used by folding and pressing the hands of the wounded to the chest with their subsequent dilution to the parties. The victim lies on his back, and under the blade, the roller is put on the blade, his head is a little trapped back.

Heart massage. Often, artificial respiration is not successful, and wounded, despite his holding, dies. This is observed in cases where assist forgets about the heart and the pulse, which are the main signs of the body's activities and the main manifestations of life. Stopping cardiac activity occurs with a direct strike in the heart area, when drowning, strangled, gas poisoning, with electric shock, when braking the circulatory control of the center located in oblong brain, in some heart disease, mainly with myocardial infarction, with prolonged insufficient breathing. Cardiac stop is also observed when heat strike, blood loss, burns and freezing. Due to the stop of the heart, there is a cessation of blood circulation, as a result of which clinical death comes. In this case, the only opportunity to save the victim life is a heart massage. Cardiac activity is to compress and expand the heart. When you stop the heart, it is necessary to reduce it artificial way. This is as follows: the victim laid on anything solid, to the ground, the table, rhythmically, 60 times in a minute, squeeze the chest at its lower half. Pressure is produced by the inside of the wrist of one hand, the best left to which the pressure is additionally put on the right hand.

The heart is located approximately under the bottom of the chest, on which the pressure of the pressure is exposed from outside. The pressure is transmitted to the heart, which is squeezed between the breast and the spine. Pressure must be reached with such a force so that the chest bone is shifted towards the spine at 5-6 cm. Pressure causes artificial compression of the heart, and its expansion is caused by the discontinuation of pressure. So forcibly resumed the activity of the heart, which after some time usually begins to work independently. Heart massage is an effective measure of revitalization when it combines with artificial respiration; It is necessary to carry out artificial respiration, because at a man's stop in a person ceases respiratory activities. If the revival of the victim is spent only one person, then he must make a heart massage at the same time, and artificial respiration. On 15 squeezing of the chest produced 3 artificial inhales. Heart massage is a measure that requires great caution, so it is resorted only in cases of extreme need and should provide an experienced person.

Principles of first aid. Signs of life and death. Clinical and biological death. The reaction of the body on injury - fainting, collapse, shock.

The concept and principles of first prefigible assistance

First Medical I. prefigure help - This is a complex of emergency measures conducted by the victim or patient at the scene and in the period of delivery of it to the medical institution.

In military medicine - a complex of urgent simple events aimed at saving the life of the affected, prevention of severe consequences or complications, as well as to reduce or complete the impact of affecting the striking factors; It is carried out by the affected (self-help), his comrades (mutual assistance), a sanitation or a sanitary instructor.

The first medical and prefiguration assistance includes the following activities:

• Immediate cessation of the effects of external damaging factors (electric current, high or low temperature, gravity compression) and removing the victim from the unfavorable conditions in which he hit (removal from water, removal from burning or from a ridden room).
• Providing first medical or prefigure assistance to the victim depending on the nature and type of injury, an accident or sudden disease (stop bleeding, overlay bandage on the wound, artificial respiration, heart massage, etc.).
• The organization of the speedy delivery (transportation) of the victim to the medical institution.

Of great importance in the complex of emergent of first aid has the fastest delivery of the victim to the medical institution. Transport the victim should not only quickly, but also right, those. In the position most secure for it in accordance with the nature of the disease or the type of injury. For example, in the position on the side - with an unconscious state or possible vomiting. The optimal method of transportation - sanitary transport (ambulance and emergency care). In the absence of such, you can use ordinary vehiclesbelonging to citizens, institutions and organizations. In some cases, with minor damage, the victim can get to the medical institution independently.

When providing first aid, follow the following principles:

1. All actions of assistance must be appropriate, deliberate, decisive, fast and calm.
2. First of all, it is necessary to estimate the situation and take measures to terminate the impact of the factors harmful to the body.
3. Quickly and correctly assess the condition of the victim. This contributes to the clarification of the circumstances in which injury or a sudden disease, time and place of injury occurred. This is especially important if the victim is unconscious. When inspecting the victim, it is established, it is alive or dead, determine the form and severity of injury, whether the bleeding continues and continues.
4. Based on the inspection of the victim, the method and sequence of first aid is determined.
5. It is found out what funds are needed to provide first aid, based on specific conditions, circumstances and opportunities.
6. Provide first medical care and prepare victims of transportation.

In this way, first medical and preference - This is a complex of urgent measures aimed at stopping the impact of a damaging factor on the body, liquidation or decrease in the effects of this impact and ensuring the most favorable conditions for transporting the affected or patient to the medical institution.

Signs of life and death. Clinical and biological death

With severe injury, electric shock, drowning, suffocation, poisoning, as well as a number of diseases may develop loss of consciousness, i.e. The condition when the victim lies without movement, does not answer the questions, does not respond to others. This is the result of the violation of the Central nervous system, mainly brain.
Help must clearly and quickly distinguish the loss of consciousness from death.

The offensive of death is manifested in an irreversible violation of the basic vital functions of the body, followed by the cessation of the vital activity of individual tissues and organs. Death from old age is rarely found. More often the cause of death is a disease or impact on the body of various factors.

In case of massive damage (aviation, rail injuries, brain injuries with brain damage) Death comes very quickly. In other cases, death is preceded by death agonywhich can last from a few minutes to hours and even days. During this period, cardiac activity, respiratory function weaken, the skin of the dying becomes pale, the features of the face are sharpened, the sticky cold sweat appears. The agonal period goes into a state of clinical death.

Clinical death is characterized by:
- cessation of breathing;
- Heart stop.
During this period, irreversible changes in the body have not yet developed. Various organs die at different speeds. The higher the level of the organization of the fabric, the more it is sensitive to the lack of oxygen and the more quickly this tissue is dying. The highest organized fabric human organism - The bark of large hemispheres of the brain dies as quickly as possible, after 4-6 minutes. The period while the large semi-hare is called a clinical death. During this period of time, the function of nerve cells and the central nervous system may be restored.

Biological death It is characterized by the onset of irreversible processes in tissues and organs.

If signs of clinical death, it is necessary to immediately begin resuscitation measures.

Signs of life

Heartbeat. It is determined by ear, attaching the ear to the left half of the chest.

Pulse. It is convenient to determine the pulse on the radial, sleepy and femoral arteries. To determine the pulse on the carotid artery, it is necessary to put the fingers on the front surface of the neck in the field of cartilage larynx and move the fingers to the right or left. Femoral artery It takes place in the area of \u200b\u200bthe grooves. Pulse is determined by index and middle fingers. Do not determine the pulse big finger. The fact is that on the inside thumb It takes an artery, blood supplying, quite large caliber, and in some cases it is possible to define its own pulse. In critical situations, when the victim is unconscious, it is necessary to determine the pulse only on carotid arteries. The radiation artery has a relatively small caliber, and if there is a victim low blood pressure, it may not be possible to determine the pulse on it. Sleepy artery is one of the largest human body and determine the pulse on it is possible even at the lowest pressure. The femoral artery is also one of the largest, but the definition of the pulse on it may not always be comfortable and correct.

Breath. Breath is determined by the movement of the chest and the abdomen. In the case when it is impossible to determine the movement of the chest, with very weak surface breathing, the presence of respiration is determined by bringing to the mouth or the nose of the affected mirror, which fogging from breathing. In the absence of a mirror, you can use any brilliant cold object (clock, glasses, knife blade, glass shard, etc.). In the absence of these items, it is possible to use thread or cotton, which will fluctuate to breathing tact.

Reaction of cornea eye to irritation. The cornea of \u200b\u200bthe eye is a very sensitive formation rich in nervous endings, and with minimal irritation there is a reaction of the eyelid - a blink reflex (remember which sensations arise when self-signed). The reaction of the cornea of \u200b\u200bthe eye is checked as follows: to the eye gently touched the tip of the nasal handkerchief (not with a finger!), If the person is alive - the eyelids are blinking.

Reaction of pupils into light. The pupils of a living person react to light - narrowed, and in the dark expands. In the bright day of the day, the reaction of pupils to the world is determined as follows: if a person lies with her eyes closed, then they raise the eyelids - pupils will narrow; If a person lies with open eyes, then closes his eyes with a palm for 5-10 seconds, and then palm cleaned - pupils will narrow. In the dark, it is necessary to light the eye with a light source, for example, a flashlight. The reaction of pupils to the light must be checked in both eyes, as one eye can be artificial.

Signs of clinical death

• Lack of signs of life.
• Agronal breath. The occurrence of death in most cases is preceded by agony. After the death of death for a short time (15-20 seconds), the so-called agonal breathing continues, that is, the breath is frequent, superficial, hoarse, possibly the appearance of foam at the mouth.
• Cramps. Also are manifestations of agony and continue a short time (a few seconds). There is a spasm of both skeletal and smooth muscles. For this reason, almost always death is accompanied by involuntary urination, defecation and ejaculation. Unlike some diseases, accompanied by convulsions, at the occurrence of death, the convulsions are messengers and neurko expressed.
• Reaction of pupils into light. As mentioned above, signs of life will be absent, however, the reaction of pupils into light in a state of clinical death is preserved. This reaction is the highest reflex closed on the bark of large hemispheres of the brain. Thus, while the corticle of large hemispheres of the brain, the reaction of pupils into light will be maintained. It should be noted that the first seconds after death as a result of the convulsion will be maximally expanded.

Given that agonal breathing and convulsions will only take place in the first seconds after death, the main sign of clinical death will be the reaction of pupils for light.

Signs of biological death

Signs of biological death are not manifested immediately after the end of the stage of clinical death, and some time later. Moreover, each of the signs is manifested at different times, and not all at the same time. Therefore, we will analyze these signs in the chronological order of their occurrence.

"Feline eye" (symptom of white ey). Appears in 25-30 minutes after death. Where does such a name come from? A man is pupil round shape, and the cat is elongated. After the death of a person's tissue loses their elasticity and elasticity, and, if you surpasses the Eye of the Dead Man from two sides, it is deformed, and the pupil is deformed with the eyeball, taking an elongated shape, like a cat. A live person to deform the eyeball if not impossible, it is very difficult.

Drying cornea eye and mucous membranes. Appears 1.5-2 hours after death. After death, the lacrimal glands cease to function, which produce a tear fluid, which, in turn, serves to moisturize eyeball. The living person's eyes are wet and shine. The cornea's cornea of \u200b\u200ba dead person as a result of drying loses the natural human glitter, becomes muddy, sometimes a grayish yellowish flare appears. Fast dried mucous membranes, which were more moisturized during life. For example, lips become dark brown, wrinkled, dense.

Potted spots. There are due to the posthumous redistribution of blood in the corpse under the action of gravity. After stopping the heart, blood flow through the vessels is stopped, and blood, by virtue of their gravity, begins to gradually flop into lower parts of the corpse, interlaying and expanding capillaries and small venous vessels; The latter are shouted through the skin in the form of a shiny-crimson color of the spots, which were called corpse. The coloring of the body spots is not uniform, and the spotted, has the so-called "marble" pattern. They appear in about 1.5-3 hours (sometimes after 20-30 minutes) after death. Corpent spots are located in the underlying body offices. When the corpse is positioned on the back, the pipe stains are located on the posterior and rear - side surfaces of the body, on the stomach - on the front surface of the body, face, when vertical position corpse (hanging) - on lower limbs and lower abdomen. In some poisoning, the pipe stains have an unusual color: pinkish-reddish (carbon monoxide), cherry (blue acid and its salt), grayish brown (bertolet salt, nitritis). In some cases, the color of the body spots may vary when the environmental state changes. For example, when removing the drum of a drowned shore to the shore on its body, the body spots of the blue-bugs, due to the penetration of air oxygen through the loose skin, can change the color to pink-red. If death has come as a result of a big blood loss, then the pipe stains will have a much larger shade or absent. When the corpse is located under conditions of low temperatures, the pipe stains will be formed later, up to 5-6 hours. The formation of body spots takes place in two stages. As is known, the body blood during the first day after death is not coincided. Thus, in the first day after death, when the blood has not rolled out, the location of the body spots is inconvenient and can change when the position of the corpse is changed as a result of the flow of incomparable blood. In the future, after coagulation of blood, the body stains will not change their position. Determine the presence or absence of blood clotting is very simple - you need to press on the stain with your finger. In case the blood did not curl, when pressing the body spot at the point of pressure burns. Knowing the properties of body spots, perhaps at the scene to determine the approximate limitation of death, and also find out, turned the corpse after death or not.

Rigor mortis. After the occurrence of death in the corpse, biochemical processes occur, which initially lead to muscle relaxation, and then to the reduction and hardening of the pipe stuff. The corpse stuff is developing within 2-4 hours after death. The mechanism for the formation of body stuff is not yet clear. Some researchers believe that the biochemical changes in muscles are based on, others in the nervous system. In this state, the muscles of the corpse create an obstacle for passive movements in the joints, therefore, to extend the limbs that are in a state of pronounced ceiling, it is necessary to use physical force. The complete development of the body rocker in all groups of muscles is achieved on average by the end of the day. A corpse stuff is developing in all groups of muscles at the same time, and gradually, from the center to the periphery (the muscles of the face, then the neck, chest, back, abdomen, limbs are subjected to stuffing. After 1.5-3 days, the stuff disappears (permitted), which is expressed in the relaxation of the muscles. The pipe stuff is allowed in the sequence, reverse development. The development of the body rocker is accelerated under high temperature conditions, its delay is low. If death comes as a result of the injury of the cerebellum, the body stuff develops very quickly (0.5-2 seconds) and fixes the corpse's pose at the time of death. The body stuff is resolved before the established period in case of violent stretching.

Cooling. Corpse temperature due to termination exchange processes And energy generations in the body gradually decreases to ambient temperature. The offensive of death can be considered reliable when the body temperature decreases below 25 degrees (according to a number of authors - below 20). It is better to determine the temperature of the corpse better in areas closed from environmental impact (axillary collar, oral cavity), since the temperature of the skin is completely dependent on the ambient temperature, the availability of clothes, etc. The booming rate may vary depending on the ambient temperature, but on average is 1 degree / hour.

Body reaction to injury

Fainting

Sudden loss of consciousness for a short time. It is usually due to the acute insufficiency of blood circulation, which leads to a decrease in the blood supply of the brain. The lack of providing the brain oxygen occurs most often with a decrease in blood pressure, vascular attacks, heart rate disorders. Syncotia sometimes is observed with a long stay on the legs in the standing position, with a sharp rise from the position lying (the so-called orthostatic faint), especially in persons weakened or suffering from hypotension, as well as in patients receiving medicines that reduce blood pressure. More often fainting in women.

The factors provoking the onset of fainting are violation of the power mode, overwork, heat or solar blow, alcohol abuse, infection, intoxication, recently transferred severe diseases, cranial and brain injury, finding in a stuffy room. Syncs may arise as a result of excitement, fright, at the sight of blood, from severe pain when hitting and injuries.

Signs of fainting: There are dizziness with a ringing in the ears, the feeling of emptiness in the head, sharp weakness, yawning, darkening in the eyes, cold sweat, evil, nausea, numbness of the limbs, strengthening the activity of the intestine. The skin becomes pale, the pulse is weak, filamentous, blood pressure is reduced. The eyes first wander, then closed, the short-term loss of consciousness occurs (up to 10 s), the patient falls. The consciousness is then gradually restored, the eyes open up, breathing and cardiac activity normalizes. Some time after fainting remain headache, weakness, malaise.

First aid. If the patient did not lose consciousness, he must offer to sit down, bend down and lowered his head to improve blood flow and flow of oxygen to the brain.

If the patient lost consciousness, it is placed on the back with the head down and raised legs. It is necessary to unbutton the collar and the belt, spray the face with water and lose its towel moistened in cold water, give to breathe pairs of ammonia alcohol, cologne, vinegar. In the stuffy room well open the window to provide fresh air access.

If a snowstanding condition It does not pass, the patient is put in bed, they are laid down, they provide peace, give heart and soothing medicines.

Shock

A severe overall response of the body, acutely developing as a result of the effects of extreme factors (severe mechanical or mental injury, burn, infection, intoxication, etc.). The basis of the shock is sharp disorders of vital functions of blood circulation and respiratory systems, nervous and endocrine Systems, metabolism.

The most frequently found traumatic shock, developing with extensive injuries of the head, chest, belly, pelvis, limbs. A variety of traumatic shock is burn shockarising from deep and extensive burns.

In the initial phase, immediately after injury, short-term excitement is usually marked. The victim in the consciousness, was worried, does not feel the severity of his state, messengers, sometimes shouts, jumps up, trying to run. His pale face, pupils expanded, eyes restless, breathing and pulse are rapidly. In the future, the indifference quickly comes, complete indifference to the surrounding, decreases or there is no reaction to pain. The skin of the affected pale, with the earthly tint, covered with cold sticky, then, the hands and feet are cold, the body temperature is reduced. There is a rapid, superficial respiration, the pulse is frequent, threaded, sometimes not tackling, thirst appears, sometimes vomiting occurs.

Cardiogenic shock - A special severe form of heart failure, complicating the course of myocardial infarction. Cardiogenic shock is manifested by a drop in blood pressure, pulse and circulatory impairment (pale, blue leather, sticky cold sweat), often loss of consciousness. Need treatment under conditions of cardioreanimation.

Septic (infectious-toxic) shock develops with severe infectious processes. Clinical picture The shock in this case is complemented by an increase in body temperature, chills, the presence of a local purulent-septic focus. In this state, the patient needs specialized assistance.

Emotional shock Arises under the influence of a strong, sudden mental injury. It can manifest themselves to the state of complete immobility, indifference - the victim "chainets from horror". This condition can last from a few minutes to several hours. In other cases, on the contrary, there is a sharp arousal, which is manifested by shouts, meaningless throwing, escape, often in the direction of danger. Strategic vegetative reactions are noted: heartbeat, sharp pale or redness of the skin, sweating, diarrhea. The patient in the state of emotional shock must be hospitalized.

First aid It is to stop exposure to the affected traumatic factor. To do this, it is necessary to free it from under the root, repay burning clothes, etc. In external bleeding, it is necessary to take measures to stop - to impose a sterile gulling bandage on the wound or (when arterial bleeding) To impose above the wounds of the hemostatic harness or twist from the primary materials (see Bleeding). If a fracture or dislocation is suspected, a temporary immobilization of the limb should be ensured. The oral cavity and nasopharynx of the victim frees from the vomit, blood, foreign languages; If necessary, perform artificial respiration. If the victim is unconscious, but breathing and heart activities are preserved, it is placed on the stomach to the respiratory tract to prevent the pumped masses into the respiratory tract, and they turn to the side. The victim, which is conscious, can be given inside the painful agents (Analgin, Pentalgin, Sadalgin). It is important without delay to deliver the victim to the medical institution.

Collapse

A severe, life-threatening condition characterized by a sharp decrease in blood pressure, inhibition of the central nervous system and metabolic disorders. Vascular failure and decrease in blood pressure - the result of the fall vascular tonecaused by the oppression of the vessels center in the brain. With collapse of vessels organs abdominal cavity Completed with blood, while the blood flow of the brain vessels, muscles and skin sharply decreases. Vascular failure is accompanied by a decrease in oxygen content in blood, washing tissues and organs.

Collapse may occur with a sharp blood loss, a lack of oxygen, power impairment, injuries, sharp changes in poses (orthostatic collapse), excessive exercise, as well as in poisoning and certain diseases (abdominal and raw typhus, pneumonia, pancreatitis, etc.).

When the collapse, the skin is pale, covered with cold sticky later, the limbs acquire marble-blue color, veins fall down and become indistinguishable under the skin. Eyes are seized, the features of the face are sharpened. Arterial pressure drops sharply, the pulse is barely tight or even absent. Breathing is a rapid, superficial, sometimes intermittent. There may be involuntary urination and intestinal emptying. The body temperature is reduced to 35 ° and below. The patient is sluggish, consciousness is darkened, and sometimes absent.

First aid. When collapse, the patient needs emergency treatment: it is necessary to urgently cause an ambulance aid. Before the arrival of the patient, the patient is laid without a pillow, the bottom of the body and the legs are somewhat lifted, they give a sniffing alcohol pair. Highlights are applied to the limbs, give a patient with hot strong tea or coffee, the room is ventilated.

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Indicators with which you can confidently assert that the person is alive, called the indicators of life. Such data are very important in those situations when a person has lost consciousness.

In the case when they were installed signs of life, You must immediately take measures to provide first aid that will provide a successful result, that is, the person will revitalize. Conduct fainting or attacks with loss of consciousness can a variety of diseases, be careful.

The most important factors of the assessment:

• Heartbeat. In order to check such a criterion, it is necessary to attach an ear to the chest of the victim;
• Pulse. Install, there is still a pulse or not in many parts of the body. But it is best to define such an indicator on the femoral and carotid arteries. If we are talking about the most difficult situation, then check the presence of a pulse It can be solely on the carotid artery, because even low pressure does not prevent detect the pulse. With such a goal, you need to attach your fingers to the surface of the neck, namely near the cartilage larynx, and gradually make the movement of the fingers then into the right, then on the left side. The femoral artery is located in the Pakhova Fold area and, in this case, the pulse can only be fascinated by a medium or index finger. If you look for a pulse with a thumb, then there is a possibility that a person will hear his pulse, but not affected;
• Breath. In order to determine the person breathes or not, it is necessary to bring a glass item to the nose or to the mouth of the victim. The mirror or other glass product will fog in case the breath is still present. If the situation is simple, then breathing can be determined by the movements of the abdomen or chest. You can try to bring the lightweight objects to the mouth of the affected mouth (sheet of fine paper, pen, textile tape, etc.), which will begin to fluctuate from breathing;
• The reaction of the eye cornea. Doctors note that the cornea is the most sensitive part of the eye, where many nerve endings are present. If you touch such a part of the eye, for example, some cloth, then a living person necessarily blinks;
• Reaction to the light of pupils. It has been proven that the pupils of a living person will definitely be narrowed if they send the flow of light to the eyes.

It should be noted that in some situations, even the absence of all the above features may not indicate that a person is dead, as it can be about clinical death. In this case, you can help a person only with the help of modern equipment and qualified doctors. Do not hesitate and call ambulance Immediately. Without a doctor, the doctor can not do here, even if a person came into feelings and at first glance looks quite healthy. Visit medical institution It is necessary.

Often, at accidents, it is necessary to quickly install: a person is alive or dead. This issue is especially important if the victim does not submit signs of life. The fact is that when you find at least minimal signs of life, you must immediately begin to revive the wounded. If a " Ambulance»On the way, there is no knowing man, Remember and follow the elementary rules for revitalizing, so that in carelessness to prevent the death of another person.

Signs of life.

Heartbeatit is determined by hand or on the hearing on the left, below the nipple and is the first sign that the victim is still alive.

Pulsedetermined on the neck, where the largest is a carotid artery, or on the inside of the forearm.

Breathit is established according to the movements of the chest, according to the moisturization of the mirror applied to the nose of the victim, or on the movement of the wool, brought to the nose holes.

Reaction to light - With a sharp illumination of the eye, a pocket flashlight is observed a narrowing of pupils. However, with a deep loss of consciousness, there is no reaction to the light.

Signs of revival.

If you correctly provided first medical care, then the results can be determined by the following features.

Narrowing of pupils -reaction to light.

The presence of a pulse wave -on trunk and peripheral arteries. First - synchronously with the pushing on the chest, and then - on your own, right up to distinct heartbeats.

Tone Age - blinking.

Spontaneous movements of the larynx -before restoring independent respiratory movements.

Changing skin color -and the mucous membranes of the animated - they become pink.

Restoration of muscle tone - Muscles begin to twitch, and a person to move.

Signs of death.

Death consists of two phases - clinical and biological. During clinical death, lasting 5-7 minutes, a person is no longer breathing, the heart ceases to beat, but there are no irreversible phenomena in the tissues. During this period, there has not yet been severe brain disorders, heart and lung organism can be revived.

Biological death occurs after 8-10 minutes. In this phase, the victim is already impossible to save the victim.

Signs of death:termination of the heart and stop breathing.

Doubtful signs of death: The victim does not breathe, the heartbeat is not determined, there is no reaction to the needle injection, the reaction of pupils on strong light is negative.

Explicit pipe signs:browse the cornea and its drying. When squeezing the eye from the sides, the pupil is narrowed and resembles a cat's eye. The pipe stuff starts from the head, namely 2-4 hours after death. Cooling the body occurs gradually: there are corpped bluish stains that occur due to blood flow into the following parts of the body. At the corpse lying on the back, the pipe stains are observed on the lower back, buttocks and on the blades. When the stomach stot is found on the face, chest and on the corresponding parts of the limbs.

A man's man's sewers are carried. He is:

- Guys, and guys, can a tablet ..?

- silent, patient!

- Guys, and guys, can the Ukolchik?

- silent, patient!

- Well, guys, can a dropper?

- silent, patient! - The doctor said: "In the morgue," means in the morgue!

The risk of accidents or sudden diseases always exists, but it is especially great when traveling to another country. Accident, poisoning, drowning - it is impossible to prepare for such situations.

But what if you still witnessed or participant in an accident, and nearby do not do doctors or necessary medicines, no means of transport immobilization? Fortunately, not only doctors can save the life of the victim, this is the main thing - to know the rules for the provision of first aid (PMP).

In this article we will tell you about the first and most important stage of the provision of PMP - to determine the signs of life and death in the victim.

Heavy injuries, drowning, poisoning ... In these and many other cases, the loss of consciousness may occur, i.e. A condition in which a person is not aware of the surrounding reality or does not respond to the external stimulation (the victim lies without movement, does not answer questions). This is due to the violation of the CNS and the brain.

Code takes place violation of the brain activity?

1. Injury: bruises, concussion, brain hemorrhage, poisoning, etc.
2. Blood supply violation of the brain: loss of blood, fainting, stop or violation of cardiac activity.
3. Blood insatization with oxygen: stroke, drowning, chest compression.
4. Supercooling and overalling: frostbite, thermal impact, hyperthermia.

Obtaining first aid, you should be able to quickly distinguish the loss of consciousness from death. So, first of all, we define whether the victim is alive.

Signs of life

1. Heartbeat. It can be heard, leaning against the ear to the left side of the chest, or simply attach a hand to this place.
2. Arterial pulse is looking for a neck, in the wrist area and in groin.
3. Breathing can be determined by the movement of the chest and abdomen. You can also applied to the nose and mouth of the affected mirror or bring a piece of cotton to nostrils.
4. Do not forget to check the reaction of pupils into the light. If when illuminating the eye beam of light, the pupil is narrowed - the victim is alive. In the afternoon, this reaction can be checked like this: for a few minutes, close the eye of the victim with your hand, then dramatically remove your hand aside, so you can notice whether the pupil narrowed.

If the victim is alive, immediately begin to take measures to revive.

However, the situation may be different. Assistance will be meaningless if you find signs of death.

Signs of death

1. The cornea of \u200b\u200bthe eye of the victimped was listened and dried.
2. He does not react to pain stimuli.
3. Temperature of the body is significantly reduced.
4. Conductable spots appeared on the body (blue-violet color). If the victim lies on the back, the stains appear on the blades, lower back, buttocks, if on the stomach, spots can be seen on the face, neck, chest.

The stuff that occurs a few hours after death.

First aid activities are needed to maintain life functions before ambulance. Before traveling to regions with an increased risk of terrorist attacks, natural cataclysms, epidemics and other emergency situations It is recommended to design a medical insurance policy for traveling with an extended risk set.

The list of all available options can be viewed in our online calculator. By default, special risks (evacuation by helicopter, search and rescue activities, etc.) are not covered by a standard insurance contract.

Important: in the absence of medical insurance policy, health care (Including transportation) Foreign citizens are provided only subject to full payment for services according to the current tariffs.