Biological emergencies include epidemics, epizootia and epiphyotsis.
The epidemic is the widespread dissemination of infectious disease among people, significantly exceeding the incidence of incidence in this territory.
Pandemic is an unusually large distribution of morbidity both in terms of the level and scale of distribution with a number of countries, entire continents and even the whole globe.
Among the many epidemiological classifications, the classification was widely used, which was based on the transmission mechanism of the pathogen.
In addition, all infectious diseases are divided into four groups:
intestinal infections;
infection respiratory tract (aerosol);
blood (transmissive);
Infections of external covers (contact).
The basis of the Obbiological Classification infectious diseases Their division is primarily in accordance with the peculiarities of the reservoir of the pathogen - anthroponosis, zoonoses, as well as the separation of infectious diseases into transussive and non-transmission.
Infectious diseases are classified by type of pathogen - viral diseases, Ricketsiosis, bacterial infections, Protocal diseases, helminthiasis, tropical myoses, blood system disease.
Epizootia - infectious diseases of animals - a group of diseases that have such general signs as the presence of a specific pathogen, cyclicality of development, the ability to transmit from an infected animal to healthy and taking epizootic distribution.
The epizootic focus is the place of stay of the source of the causative agent of infection on a certain area of \u200b\u200bthe terrain, where with this situation it is possible to transmit the pathogen with susceptible animals. The epizootic focus can be the premises and territories with animals there, which detected this infection.
By latitude of distribution, the epizootic process is found in three forms: sporadic morbidity, epizooty, polesolation.
Sporads are isolated or infrequent cases of the manifestation of infectious diseases, usually not related to each other by a single source of causative agent of infections, the lowest degree of intensity of the epizootic process.
Epizooty - middle degree Intensity (tensions) of the epizootic process. It is characterized by a wide spread of infectious diseases in the farm, area, region, country. Epizootia is characteristic of the mass, the community of the source of the causative agent of infection, the simultaneity of the lesion, frequency and seasonality.
Panzoo - higher degree Epizotia development is characterized by an unusually wide distribution of infectious disease, covering one state, several countries, mainland.

According to epizootological classification, all infectious animal diseases are divided into 5 groups.
The first group is an alimentary infections are transmitted through infected feed, soil, manure and water. Basically amazed organs digestive system. Such infections include Siberian ulcers, lush, sap, brucellosis.
Second group - respiratory infections (Aerogenic) - damage to the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and lungs. The main transfer path is airborne. These include: paragripp, exotic pneumonia, sheep, and goats, carved plague.
The third group is transmissible infections, infection is carried out with the help of bloodsowing arthropods. The pathogens constantly or in certain periods are in the blood. These include: Encephalomyelitis, tularemia, infectious anemia of horses.
The fourth group - infection, the pathogens of which are transmitted through external covers without the participation of carriers. This group is quite diverse by the features of the transmission mechanism of the pathogen. These include tetanus, rabies, pieces of cows.
Fifth group - infection with unexplained infection paths, i.e., non-classified group.
Epiphetation - infectious diseases of plants. To assess the scale of plant disease, such concepts as epiphyputations and panties are used.
Epiphyputations - the spread of infectious diseases for significant territories within a certain time.
Panfattia is massive diseases covering several countries or continents.
The susceptibility of plants to phytopathogen is inability to resist the infection and propagation of the phyto pathogen in tissues, which depends on the stability of the zoned varieties, the time of infection and weather. Depending on the stability of varieties, the ability of the pathogen cause infection, the fruitiness of the fungus, the rate of development of the causative agent and, accordingly, the risk of the disease.
The earlier there are sowing contamination, the higher the degree of lesion of plants, more considerable crop loss.
The most dangerous diseases are the stem (linear) rust of wheat, rye, yellow rust of wheat and phytoophluorosis of potatoes.
Plant diseases are classified by the following features:
place or phase of plant development (diseases of seeds, seedlings, seedlings, adult plants);
place of manifestation (local, local, common);
current (sharp, chronic);
Affected culture;
The cause of the occurrence (infectious, non-infectious).
All pathological changes in plants are manifested in a variety of forms and are divided into rot, mummification, withering, necrosis, raids, highlights.

According to the materials of the book - "Safety of Vital Performance" edited by prof. E. A. Arustamova.

Natural fires

The concept of natural fires includes forest fires, fire and green arrays fires, peat and underground firefire firefire fires.

Self typical cases of forest fire:

1) a burning match, cigarettes;

2) careless handling of weapons;

3) non-compliance with TB rules;

4) boning of fires in places with frying grass, on the forest, under the crowns of trees, etc.;

5) burning grass on forest glades, rogs or forests;

6) a shard glass, thrown in a sunny place, focused solar rays like an incendiary lens;

7) Economic work in the forest (Korchevka, explosion, burning garbage, construction of roads, electrolytes, pipelines, etc.).

Forest fires are classified by:

1) the nature of the ignition;

2) distribution speeds;

3) the size of the area covered by fire.

If you are in the forest during a fire, the direction is the opposite fire, can tell the birds and animals that run from the fire in the opposite side.

Peat fires are moving slowly, several meters per day. ʜᴎʜᴎ are especially dangerous to unexpected fire breakthroughs from the underground focus and the fact that the edge of it is not only noticeable and can fall into the burnt peat. For this reason, during the fire, peat swamps should be avoided, and with extremely important, it is to move along a peat field only by the group, and the first in the group must check the sixth soil, as when driving thin ice. The sign of the underground fire - the ground is hot, the smoke goes out of the soil.

A small fire (the width of the edge - up to 1 km) may stop a group of 3-5 people in half an hour or without special means. For example, a broom of green branches, a young church (1.5-2 m), burlap, tarpaulom or clothing knocking down the flame. The fire must be overwhelmed, fit into the side of the fire, small flame languages \u200b\u200bto hide their feet.

Another common reception is to throw the edge of the earth.

The fight against forest fires is primarily engaged in a public service, which has its own airbases, fire and chemical stations, a walk-guard service, etc. Large forces and techniques applied by professionals can be concentrated in one place of the region.

The zone of biological infection is called territory within which infection is possible. Biological emergencies include epidemics, epizootia and epiphyotsis. The causative agents of infectious diseases are pathogenic (pathogenic) microorganisms (or their toxins - poisons).

Epidemic - The wide distribution of infectious disease among people, significantly exceeding the incidence of incidence in this territory.

Pandemic - Unusually large distribution of morbidity in both the level and scale of distribution with the coverage of a number of countries, entire continin -ents and even in the globe.

Among the many epidemiological classifications, the classification was widely used, which was based on the transmission mechanism of the pathogen.

Infectious diseases are classified by type of pathogen - viral diseases, ricketersiosis, bacterial infections, protozoan diseases, healeintosis, tropical myoses, blood system disease.

Epizootia. Animal infectious diseases are a group of diseases that have such common features as the presence of a specific pathogen, the cyclicality of development, the ability to transmit from an infected animal to healthy and take epizootic distribution.

Epiphetia. To assess the scale of plant diseases, such concepts as epiphyothesia and panty are used.

Epiphetia - the spread of infectious diseases for significant territories within a certain time.

Panfattia is massive diseases covering several countries or continunions.

Preventive measures against the spread of infectious diseases are a complex of anti-epidemic and sanitary measures, early detection of patients and suspected disease by circumventing houses, enhancing medical monitoring of infected, their insulation or hospitalization, sanitary processing of people and disinfection of premises, terrain, transportation of food disinfection Waste, wastewater, sanitary supervision of the mode of operation of life support enterprises, sanitary and educational work. Epidemiological well-being is ensured by the joint efforts of health authorities, sanitary and epidemiological services and the population.

Biological emergencies - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Biological emergency" 2017, 2018.

Biological emergencies include epidemic, epizooty, epiphyotsis.

The epidemic is the widespread dissemination of infectious disease among people, significantly exceeding the incidence of incidence in this territory.

Pandemic is an unusually large distribution of morbidity both in terms of the level and scale of distribution with a number of countries, entire continents and even the whole globe.

Among the many epidemiological classifications, the classification was widely used, which was based on the transmission mechanism of the pathogen.

In addition, all infectious diseases are divided into four groups:

Intestinal infections;

Respiratory tract infections (aerosol);

Blood (transmissive);

Infections of external covers (contact).

The generally chip classification of infectious diseases is based on their division before it in accordance with the peculiarities of the reservoir was excited - anthroponosis, zoonoses, as well as the separation of infectious diseases for transmissible and non-transmissible.

Infectious diseases are classified according to the type of the waist - viral diseases, ricketersiosis, bacterial infections, protozoal diseases, helminthiasis, mycoses, blood system disease.

Epizootia. Animal infectious diseases are a group of diseases that have such general features as the presence of a specific pathogen, cyclical development, the ability to transmit from an infected animal to healthy and take epizootic distribution.

The epizootic focus is the place of stay of the source of the causative agent of infection on a certain area of \u200b\u200bthe terrain, where with this situation it is possible to transmit the pathogen with susceptible animals. The epizootic focus can be the premises and territories with animals there, which detected this infection.

By latitude of distribution, the epizootic process is found in three forms: sporadic morbidity, epizooty, polesolation.

Sporidy is a single or infrequent occasion of the manifestation of infectious diseases, usually unaffected by a single source of causative agent of infections, the most. Low degree of intensity of the epizootic process.

Epizootia is an average degree of intensity (tension) of the epizootic process. Epizeta is characterized by a wide distribution of infectious diseases in the farm, district, region, country. Epizootia is characteristic of the mass, the community of the source of the causative agent of infection, the simultaneity of the lesion, frequency and seasonality.

Panzoo - the highest degree of development of epizootia is characterized by an unusually wide propagation, infectious disease, covering one state, several countries, mainland.

According to epizootological classification, all infectious diseases of animals are divided into 5 groups:

The first group is alimentary infections are transmitted through the soil, feed, water. Basically affect the organ of the digestive system. The pathogen is transmitted through

infected feed, manure and soil. Such infections include Siberian ulcers, lush, brucellosis.

The second group is respiratory infections (aerogenic) - damage to the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and lungs. The main transfer path is airborne. These include: paragripp, exotic pneumonia, sheep, and goats, carved plague.

The third group is transmissible infections, the mechanism of their transmission is carried out using bloodsowing arthropods. The pathogens constantly or in certain periods are in the blood. These include: Encephalomyelitis, tularemia, infectious anemia of horses.

The fourth group - infection, the pathogens of which are transmitted through external covers without the participation of carriers. This group is quite diverse by the features of the transmission mechanism of the pathogen. These include: tetanus, rabies, pieces of cows.

Fifth group - infection with unexplained infection paths, i.e., non-classified group.

Epiphetation. To assess the scale of plant diseases, such concepts like epiphyputations and panitias are used.

Epiphyputations - the spread of infectious diseases for significant territories within a certain time.

Panfitpotia - mass diseases covering several countries or continents. Plant susceptibility to phytopathogen is inability to resist infection and spreading in tissues. Susceptibility depends on the zoned varieties, the time of infection and the floors. Depending on the stability of varieties, the ability to cause infection, the fertility of the flu, the rate of development of the causative agent and, accordingly, the absence of diseases.

The earlier there are sowing contamination, the higher the degree of lesion of plants, more considerable crop loss.

The most dangerous diseases are the stem (linear) rust of wheat, rye, yellow rust of wheat and phytoophluorosis of potatoes.

Plant diseases are classified according to the following features:

Place or phase of plant development (diseases of seeds, seedlings, seedlings, adult plants);

Place of manifestation (local, local, common);

Current (sharp, chronic);

Affected culture;

The cause of the occurrence (infectious, non-infectious).

All pathological changes in plants are manifested in a variety of forms and are divided into rot, mummification, withering, necrosis, raids, highlights.

The biological emergency is a state in which the normal living and activities of people, the existence of farm animals and plant growing, the life and health of people, the danger of the widespread dissemination of infectious diseases, is violated as a result of the source on a certain territory.

The cause of a biological information may be a natural disaster, a large accident or disaster, the destruction of an object related to research in the field of infectious diseases, as well as bringing pathogens to the country with adjacent territories (terrorist act, military actions). The zone of biological infection is a territory within which the biological agents are common (introduced), dangerous for people, animals and plants. The focus of biological lesion (OBP) is a territory, within which there was a mass lesion of people, animals or plants. OBP can be formed both in the zone of biological infection and beyond its borders as a result of the spread of infectious diseases.

Biological emergencies include epidemics, epizootia and epiphyotsis. The epidemic is the widespread dissemination of infectious disease, significantly exceeding the incidence of incidence on this territory. Epidemic focus is the place of infection and the stay of a sick person surrounding his people and animals, as well as the territory, within which there is a contamination of people with causative agents of infectious diseases.

The epidemic process is the phenomenon of the occurrence and distribution of infectious diseases among people representing a continuous chain of consistently emerging homogeneous diseases. Sources and ways of transmission of infection. Infected people or animals are natural carriers of pathogens. These are sources of infection. From them microorganisms can be transmitted healthy people. The main ways of transmission of infection are aircraft, food, water, transmissible, i.e. through blood, and contact.

The following groups of infectious diseases are distinguished: anthroponosis, zoonoses and zooanthroponomoses. Anthroponosis - infectious diseases in which the source of infection is the bacyl separator (the patient a person emitting the pathogen into the external environment) or the bacilloser (a person without signs of illness). Examples: cholera, dysentery, malaria, syphilis, etc.

Zoonoses - diseases whose sources are sick animals or birds, such as pigs, pseudochuma birds.

Zooanthroponomoses - diseases in which sick people and animals can be sources of infection, as well as bacillos (for example, plague).

Pandemic (from Greek. Pandemía is the whole people), an epidemic characterized by the spread of an infectious disease into the territory of the whole country, the territory of neighboring states, and sometimes many countries of the world (for example, cholera, flu).

Epizeta is the widespread use of animal infectious diseases in the farm, area, region, country, characterized by the generality of the source of the pathogen, simultaneously lesion, frequency and seasonality. The epizootic focus is the place of stay of the source of the causative agent of infection on a certain area of \u200b\u200bthe terrain, where with this situation it is possible to transmit the pathogen with susceptible animals. The epizootic focus can be the premises and territories with animals there, which detected this infection.

According to an epizootological classification, all infectious animal diseases are divided into 4 groups: the first group is an alimentary infections are transmitted through infected feed, soil, manure and water. Basically affect the organs of the digestive system. Such infections include Siberian ulcers, lush, sap, brucellosis.

The second group is respiratory infections (aerogenic) - damage to the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and lungs. The main transfer path is airborne. These include: paragripp, enzootic pneumonia, powder of sheep and goats, plague of carnivores.

The third group is transmissible infections, infection is carried out with the help of bloodsowing arthropods. The pathogens constantly or in certain periods are in the blood. These include: Encephalomyelitis, tularemia, infectious anemia of horses.

The fourth group - infection, the pathogens of which are transmitted through external covers without the participation of carriers. This group is quite diverse by the features of the transmission mechanism of the pathogen. These include tetanus, rabies, pieces of cows.

Endemic disease is a characteristic disease for a particular area. Associated with a sharp failure or redundancy of the content of any chemical element in the environment. Diseases of plants, animals and humans. For example, if Iodine deficiency in food is a simple goiter (endemic goiter) in animals and people, with the redundancy of selenium in the soils - the appearance of a poisonous selestic flora and many other endemics.

Epiphetia is the spread of infectious diseases of plants for significant territories within a certain time. The most malicious epiphitations are celebrated during the years with a soft winter, warm spring and wet cool summer. The grain harvest is often reduced to 50%, and during years with favorable for fungus, the conditions of the harvest can reach 90-100%.

Particularly dangerous diseases of plants are a violation of the normal metabolic substances of the plant under the influence of phytopathogen or unfavorable conditions of the medium, leading to a decrease in plant productivity and the deterioration of the quality of seeds (fruits) or their complete death. Plant diseases are classified according to the following signs: the place or phase of plant development (seed disease, seedlings, seedlings, adult plants); place of manifestation (local, local, common); current (sharp, chronic); Affected culture; The cause of the occurrence (infectious, non-infectious).

Fitofluorosis of potatoes is a widespread malicious disease, leading to the undevelopment of the harvest due to the premature death of the affected tops during the period of formation of tubers and their massive rotting in the ground. The pathogen of phytoofluorosis - mushroom, which remains in the tubers during the winter. It is striking all land organs

Yellow wheat rust - malicious common fungal diseaseexcept wheat striking barley, rye and other types of cereals.

The stem rust of wheat and rye is the most malicious and common disease of the grain cereals, most often the striking wheat and rye. The causative agent of the disease - mushroom, destroying stalks and leaves of plants

Emergencies of biological origin are infectious diseases of people and farm animals, damage to diseases of agricultural plants.

The epidemic is a wide, progressive in time and space distribution of infectious disease, significantly exceeding the incidence of incidence for this territory. The epidemic, as an emergency, has a focus of infection and the stay of people with infectious diseases of people, or territory, within the limits of which in certain borders of the time it is possible to infect people and agricultural animals with causative agents of infectious disease. Sometimes the dissemination of the disease is characterized by a pandemic, that is, covers the territories of several countries or continents under certain natural or socio-hygienic conditions.

Depending on the nature of the disease, the basic ways of distribution of infection during the epidemic can be:

Water and food, for example, with dysentery and abdominal typhoid;

Airborne drip (with flu);

Transmissive - with malaria and suction typhoid;

Often, the role of several ways to transmit the pathogen of infection is played.

Epidemics are one of the most detrimental dangerous natural phenomena. Statistics indicate that infectious diseases have taken more human lives than war. Chronicles and chronicles reported to this time of the description of monstrous pandemic, devastating huge territories and destroying millions of people. Some infectious diseases are characterized only by people: Asian cholera, genuine pieces, abdominal typhoid, suction typhus, etc.

There are also common diseases for humans and animal diseases: Siberian ulcers, sap, lush, tularemia, etc.

The causes of epidemics are limited. For example, the dependence of the distribution of cholera from solar activity was detected, four of the six pandemic are associated with the peak of the active sun. Epidemics also arise in natural disasters causing the death of a large number of people in hunger countries in large droughts spreading in large territories.

So, for example, the sixth century - the first pandemic - "Justinian Plague" - originated in the Eastern Roman Empire. For 50 years, about 100 million people died in the territory of several countries. Plague-edged infectious disease of man and animals.

1347-1351 - The second pandemic of plague in Eurasia. Died 25 million people in Europe and 50 million people in Asia. (Every fifth) "Black death"

1380 - 25 million people died from the plague in Europe.

1665 - only in the same city of London, about 70 thousand people died from the plague.

The end of the XIX century is the third pandemic of plague, common rats from sea ships, covered more than 100 ports of many countries of the world.

Until now in the world there are pandemics various diseases. So in the period from 1816-1926. - According to Europe, India and America, 6 pandemic cholera rolled consistently.

1831 - 900 thousand people died from cholera in Europe.

1848 - in Russia, more than 1.7 million people got sick, of which about 700 thousand people died.

In 1967, there are about 10 million in the world with an abscess, 2 million of which they died. The World Health Organization begins a large-scale campaign for vaccination.

In the USSR, since 1980, vaccination against smallpox ceased. It is believed that gas is destroyed in the world.

1981 - the opening of AIDS disease. Currently, about 6,500 people from them about 1,000 children are infected daily in the world.

Almost all over the world there is an increase in the number of diseases of tuberculosis (2 - 3 million people are ill annually, of which 1-2 million dying).

In the event of a focus of infectious infection on the affected area, a quarantine or observation is introduced. Permanent quarantine events are also carried out by customs at state borders.

Quarantine is a system of anti-epidemic and regime measures aimed at full insulation of the focus of infection from the world and the elimination of infectious diseases in it. Armed guard is established around the focus, entry and departure are prohibited, as well as the removal of property. The supply is performed through special items under strict medical control.

Observation is a system of insulating-restrictive measures aimed at restricting entry, departure and communication of people in the territory announced dangerous, enhancing medical observation, preventing the distribution and elimination of infectious diseases. The observation is introduced when the causative agents of infection, not related to the group, especially dangerous, as well as in areas directly contacting the boundary of the quarantine zone.

At the moment, quarantine and observation are the most reliable ways of struggle.

In recent years, concerns in the world causes widespread the so-called "bird flu" - infectious diseases of birds caused by one of the influenza virus strains. Obtaining in the countries of Southeast Asia, the "bird flu" extends to the north and east. In 2005, the foci of this disease were registered already in countries in the south of Europe (Turkey, Romania, Ukraine), as well as in some regions of Russia. It is believed that the disseminate diseases are migrating waterfowls (most often wild ducks). Poultry, including chickens and turkeys, especially susceptible to the epidemic of a rapidly propagating mortal influenza. It is especially dangerous by its type - the H5N1 virus, as there are cases of human defeat after contact with a sick bird. So far, fortunately, this virus is not transmitted from man to man. But according to the specialists of epidemiologists - this is only a matter of time.

In many countries, including in Russia, by the beginning of 2006, vaccines have been developed to prevent bird flu virus.

It is assumed that, since the spring of 2006, poultry vaccination will be conducted in potentially dangerous regions lying on the migration of birds as well as a number of sanitary and preventive measures.

Currently, the World Health Organization has not recommended to introduce any restrictions on travel to countries in which outbreaks of bird flu are registered, but when visiting these countries should be refrained from visiting places where contact with infected bird may occur, first of all markets which sells or a slaughter of living birds.

If over time, all more people They will become infected, it will increase the likelihood that these people, if they are simultaneously infected with the strains of human influenza and bird flu, will become a "vessel for mixing" and a new subtype of the virus with a sufficient number of human genes will appear to be easily transmitted from person to person. If an event occurs, a pandemic may occur.

Based on the historical examples, the flu pandemic may occur on average three or four times each age, when a new subtype of the virus appears and quickly applies to person to person. However, the appearance of influenza pandemic is unpredictable. In the 20th century, a large flu pandemic in 1918-1919, which was the cause of 40-50 million people around the world, followed by a pandemic in 1957-1958 and 1968-1969.

Epizootia is the widespread of animal infectious disease, significantly higher than the level of ordinary morbidity in this area.

Epizootia, like epidemics, can be the character of real natural disasters. The occurrence of epizootia is possible only in the presence of a complex of interrelated elements representing the so-called epizootic chain: the source of the causative agent of infection (sick animal or animal-microbrier), transmission factors of the causative agent of infection (objects of inanimate nature) or live carriers (susceptible animals susceptible).

The most dangerous and common types of infectious diseases include: African Sap, Encephalitis, Lush, Plague, tuberculosis, flu, Siberian ulcers, rabies.

In 1996 in the UK Over 500 thousand heads of agricultural animals infected the close cattle. This caused the need to destroy and utilize the remains of patients of animals.

Epiphetia is a wide distribution of infectious diseases of plants, covering the area, an area or country.

Epiphetation appears, for example, rust and head grain heads under the defeat of which the crop loss is 40-70%; rice pyrocularium - the disease is caused by fungus, crop loss can reach 90%; Potato phytoofluorosis, apple covers and many other infectious diseases.

Panfutheatius is a massive disease of plants and a sharp increase in the number of pests of plants in the territory of countries or continents

Saranschant causes no comparable damage agriculture In many countries, Africa, Asia and the Middle East. Its raids are subject to almost 20% of the surface of the globe. A locust, moving at a speed of 0.5-1.5 km / h, destroys it literally all the vegetation on its way. So, in 1958, one hundred destroyed 400 thousand tons of grain in Somalia per day. Under the weight of the settlement flocks of locusts break down trees and shrubs. Larisa of locusts feed on 20-30 times a day