The chemical composition of the blood in a healthy person is unchanged. Even if some shifts occur, the balance of chemical components is rapidly aligned with the mechanisms of regulation. This is important to maintain the normal operation of all organs and tissues of the body. If the chemical composition of the blood changes noticeably, it speaks of any serious pathology, therefore the most common method of diagnosis in any disease is.

In solid blood and the plasma of the person there is a large number of organic compounds: proteins, enzymes, acids, lipids, lipoproteins, etc. All organic substances in the blood of a person are divided into nitrogenous and bezoty. Nitrogen contain some proteins and amino acids, and do not contain -, fatty acids.

The chemical composition of human blood is determined by organic compounds by about 9%. Inorganic compounds are no more than 3% and about 90% - water.

Organic blood compounds:

• . This is a blood protein that is responsible for the formation of blood clots. It is it that allows for the form of clots, bunches that stop bleeding if necessary. If there is damage to the tissues, vessels, the fibrinogen level increases and increases. This protein is part of. Its level increases significantly before childbirth, which allows preventing bleeding.
• . This is a simple protein, which is part of the blood of a person. When analyzing blood, we usually talk about serum albumin. The liver is responsible for its development. This type of albumin is contained in serum. It is more than half of all proteins contained in plasma. The main function of this protein is the transportation of substances that are poorly dissolved in the blood.
• . When, under the influence of various enzymes, protein compounds in the blood are destroyed, urinary acid begins. It is excreted from the body through the intestines and kidneys. It is urinary acid, accumulating in the body, can cause a disease under the name of the gout (inflammation of the joints).
• . This is an organic compound in the blood, which is part of the membranes of tissue cells. Cholesterol performs an important role of the construction cell material, and its level must be maintained. However, at elevated content, cholesterol plaques, causing blockage of blood vessels and arteries, may be formed.
• Lipids. Lipids, that is, fats, and their compounds perform the energy function. They provide the body with energy, participate in various reactions, metabolism. Most often, speaking of lipids, implies cholesterol, but there are other varieties (high and low density lipids).
• Creatine. Creatine is a substance that is formed as a result of chemical reactions in the blood. It is formed in the muscles and participates in the energy exchange.

Electrolyte composition of human blood plasma

Electrolytes are mineral connections that perform very important functions.

A person contains about 90% of water, in which organic and inorganic components are dissolved. The electrolyte composition of the blood is the ratio of cations and anions, which are neutral in the amount.

Important components:

• Sodium. Sodium ions are contained in and blood plasma. A large amount of sodium in the blood leads to swelling and accumulation of fluid in tissues, and its disadvantage - to dehydration. Sodium also plays an important role in muscle and nervous excitability. The easiest and affordable source of sodium is the usual cook salt. The required amount of sodium is absorbed in the intestine, and the excess is derived by the kidneys.
• Potassium. Potassium in large quantities is contained in cells than in the intercellular space. In the blood plasma of his little. It is excreted by kidneys and controlled adrenal hormones. Increased potassium level is very dangerous for the body. This state can lead to a stop of breathing and shock. Potassium is responsible for the conductivity of the nervous pulse in the muscle. With its lack of heart failure, heart failure can develop, since the heart muscle loses the ability to shrink.
• Calcium. The blood plasma contains ionized and non-ionized calcium. Calcium performs many important functions: responsible for nervous excitability, blood ability to coagulation is included in the bone tissue. Calcium is also excreted from the body by the kidneys. And increased, and reduced calcium content in the blood is seriously transferred by the body.
• Magnesium. Most of the magnesium in the human body concentrates inside the cells. Much more than this substance is contained in muscle tissue, but it is present in blood plasma. Even if the level of magnesium in the blood decreases, the body fills it from muscle tissue.
• Phosphorus. Phosphorus is present in the blood in various kinds, but most often consider inorganic phosphate. Reducing the level of phosphorus in the blood often leads to rickets. Phosphorus plays an important role in the energy exchange, maintaining nervous excitability. The lack of phosphorus may not appear. In rare cases, a strong deficit causes the weakness of muscles and disturbances.
• . In blood, iron is mainly contained in red blood cells, in the blood plasma its small amount. In the synthesis of hemoglobin, iron is actively spent, and when it is decaying it is released.

The identification of the chemical composition of blood is called. At the moment, this analysis is the most versatile and informative. With it begins any survey.

Biochemical blood test allows you to evaluate the work of all organs and systems of the body. In the biochemical blood test indicators, proteins, lipids, enzymes, blood calves, electrolyte composition of blood plasma are included.

The diagnostic procedure can be divided into 2 stages: preparation for analysis and blood fence itself. Preparatory procedures are very important, as they help reduce the likelihood of error in the results of the analysis. Despite the fact that the composition of the blood is quite constant, blood indicators react to any effect on the body. For example, blood indicators may vary in stress, overheating, active physical exertion, incorrect power and when exposed to certain drugs.

If the rules for preparation for biochemical blood test were violated, errors are possible as a result of analyzes.

The abundance of fats in the blood leads to the fact that blood serum turns too far and becomes unsuitable for analysis.Blood is given on an empty stomach and preferably in the morning. 8-10 hours before surrendering, nothing is recommended or drinking, except for clean non-carbonated water.

Useful video - biochemical blood test:

With the deviation of some indicators, the blood test is preferably repeated to eliminate the possibility of an error.Blood fence is carried out in the laboratory of the medical staff. Blood is taken from Vienna. The patient can sit or lie if it does not tolerate the procedure. The interrogation of the patient is dragging the harness, and blood is taken from the vein on the bending of the elbow with a syringe or a special catheter. Blood is collected in the test tube and is transmitted for microscopic research into the laboratory.

The entire blood fence procedure takes no more than 5 minutes. It is pretty painless if it is conducted by an experienced specialist. The results are issued to the patient the next day. Decipher should do a doctor. All blood indicators are measured together. Deviation in a single indicator may be the result of an error.

Norm and deviation from the norm

Each indicator has its own normal. The deviation from the norm may be a consequence of physiological causes, as well as pathological conditions. The stronger the indicator deviates from the norm, the higher the probability of the pathological process in the body.

Decryption tank:

• . Hemoglobin in an adult normal should be more than 120 g / l. This protein is responsible for the transportation of oxygen to organs and tissues. Reducing the level of hemoglobin speaks of oxygen starvation and, pathological excess (more than 200 g / l) - the lack of some vitamins and in the body.
• Albumen. This protein must be present in the blood in the amount of 35-52 g / l. If the level of albumin is growing, then the body for some reason suffers from dehydration, if the level decreases, it means that problems with the kidneys and intestines are possible.
• Creatine. Since this substance is formed in the muscles, men have a slightly higher than that of women (from 63 mmol / l, whereas in women - from 53). Increased creatinine levels about excessive use of protein food, a large muscle load or muscle destruction. Creatinine level is reduced during muscle dystrophy.
• Lipids. As a rule, the most important indicator is the level. Common cholesterol in the blood of a healthy person is present in the amount of 3-6 mmol / l. Increased cholesterol levels refers to the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases, heart attacks.
• Magnesium. The magnesium rate in the blood is 0.6 - 1.5 mmol / l. Magnesium deficiency arises as a result of incorrect nutrition or intestinal disorders and leads to convulsive syndrome., impairment of muscle, chronic fatigue.
• Potassium. Potassium is present in the blood of a healthy person in the amount of 3.5-5.5 mmol / l. Hypercalemia can cause various injuries, operations, tumors, hormonal failures. With the elevated content of potassium in the blood, muscle weakness arises, impairment of the heart, in severe cases, hyperglycemia leads to paralysis of respiratory muscles.

Blood test allows you to identify violations in the work of certain bodies, but the diagnosis is set, as a rule, after further examination. For this reason, you should not make a diagnosis independently, the decoding of the analysis results is better to entrust the doctor.

In sports practice, blood test is used to assess the impact on the body of the athlete of training and competitive loads, assessing the functional state of the athlete and its health. The information obtained in the study of blood helps the coach to manage the training process. Therefore, a specialist in the field physical culture Must have the necessary ideas about the chemical composition of blood and its changes under the influence of physical exertion of various nature.

General characteristic of blood

The blood volume in a person is about 5 l, which is approximately 1/13 part of the volume or body weight.

In terms of its structure, blood is a liquid cloth and like any tissue consists of cells and an intercellular fluid.

Blood cells are called forming elements . These include red cells (erythrocytes), White cells (leukocytes) Blood plates (platelets). Cells account for about 45% of blood volume.

Liquid part of blood called plasma . The plasma volume is respectively approximately 55% of the blood volume. Blood plasma from which fibrinogen protein removed is called serum .

Blood biological functions

The main functions of blood are the following:

1. Transport function . This function is due to the fact that the blood is constantly moving along the blood vessels and tolerates substances dissolved in it. You can select three varieties of this function.

Trophic function. With blood to all organs delivered substances necessary to ensure metabolism in them (Energy sources, construction material for synthesis, vitamins, salts, etc.).

Respiratory function. Blood is involved in the transfer of oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and transfer carbon dioxide From tissue to easy.

Selective function (excretory). With the help of blood, the finite products of metabolism are transported from tissue cells to excretory organs, followed by their removal from the body.

2. Protective function . This feature is primarily to ensure immunity - the protection of the body from foreign molecules and cells. The protective function can also include the ability of blood to coagulation. In this case, the organism is protected from blood loss.

3. Regulatory function . Blood is involved in ensuring the constancy of body temperature, in maintaining the constancy of pH and osmotic pressure. With the help of blood, the hormones are transferred - metabolic regulators.

All listed functions are aimed at maintaining the constancy of the conditions of the internal environment of the body - gomeostasis (constancy of chemical composition, acidity, osmotic pressure, temperature, etc. in the cells of the body).

The chemical composition of blood plasma.

The chemical composition of blood plasma is relatively constant. The main components of the plasma are as follows:

Proteins - 6-8%

Other organic

substances - about 2%

Minerals - about 1%

Blood plasma proteins divided into two fractions: albumin and globulins . The ratio between albumin and globulin is called "albumin-globulin coefficient" and equal to 1.5 - 2. Performance of physical exertion is accompanied at first an increase in this coefficient, and with very long work it decreases.

Albumin - low molecular weight proteins with a molecular weight of about 70 thousand yes. They perform two main functions.

First, thanks to good solubility in water, these proteins perform a transport function, transferring various insoluble substances with a blood current (for example, fats, fatty acids, some hormones, etc.).

Secondly, due to high hydrophilicity, albumin has a significant hydrate (water) Shell and therefore delay water in the bloodstream. The water delay in the bloodstream is necessary due to the fact that the water plasma content is higher than in the surrounding tissues, and water due to diffusion seeks to get out of blood vessels in the tissue. Therefore, with a significant decrease in albumin in the blood (with starvation, with the loss of proteins with urine for kidney diseases) There are ease.

Globulins - These are high molecular weight proteins with a molecular weight of about 300 thousand yes. Like albuminum globulins also perform transport function and contribute to the delay in water in the bloodstream, but in this they are significantly inferior to albumin. However, Globulins

there are also very important functions. Thus, some globulins are enzymes and accelerate chemical reactions leaking directly in the bloodstream. Another function of globulins is their participation in blood coagulation and in providing immunity (protective function).

Most of the plasma proteins are synthesized in the liver.

Other organic substances (except proteins) Usually divided into two groups: azotista and besoty .

Nitrogenous connections - These are intermediate and finite products of the exchange of proteins and nucleic acids. From intermediate protein exchange products in blood plasma low molecular weight peptides , amino acids , creatine . End products of protein metabolism is primarily urea (its blood plasma concentration is quite high - 3.3-6.6 mmol / l), bilirubin (the end product of the decay of the heme) I. creatinine (The final product of the decay of creatine phosphate).

From intermediate products of the exchange of nucleic acids in the blood plasma can be detected nucleotides , nucleosides , nitrogen base . The final product of the decay of nucleic acids is uric acid which is always contained in a small concentration.

To estimate the blood content of non-protein nitrogen connections, the indicator is often used. « netless nitrogen » . Netless nitrogen includes low molecular weight nitrogen (non-chicken) The compounds are mainly listed above that remain in plasma or blood serum after the removal of proteins. Therefore, this indicator is also called "residual nitrogen". The increase in the blood of residual nitrogen is observed in the diseases of the kidneys, as well as with long muscular work.

To bezazotic substances Plasma blood apply carbohydrates and lipids , as well as intermediate products of their metabolism.

The main carbohydrate plasma is glucose . Its concentration in a healthy person alone and the state of "empty stomach" fluctuates in a narrow range from 3.9 to 6.1 mmol / l (or 70-110 mg%). Glucose is entered into the blood as a result of suction from the intestine when digesting food carbohydrates, as well as when mobilizing the glycogen of the liver. In addition to glucose plasma also contain other monosaccharides in small quantities - fructose , galactose, Ribose , deoxyribese and others. Intermediate products of carbohydrate exchange in plasma are presented pirogradna and dairy acids. Alone content of lactic acid (lactate) Low - 1-2 mmol / l. Under the influence of physical exertion and especially intense, the concentration of lactate in the blood increases sharply (even ten times!).

Lipids are presented in blood plasma grease , fatty acids , phospholipids and cholesterol . Due to insoluble water all

lipids are associated with plasma proteins: fatty acids with albumin, fat, phospholipids and cholesterol with globulin. From intermediate products fat Exchange There are always plasma ketone bodies .

Minerals are in the blood plasma in the form of cations (Na +, K +, Ca 2+, Mg 2+, etc.) and anions (CL -, HCO 3 -, H 2 PO 4 -, HPO 4 2-, SO 4 2_, J -, etc.).Most of the plasma contains sodium, potassium, chlorides, bicarbonates. Deviations in the mineral composition of blood plasma can be observed in various diseases and with significant water loss due to sweating when performing physical work.

Table 6. The main components of blood

Component	Concentration in traditional units	Concentration in units
B e l to and
Common protein	6-8 %	60-80 g / l
Albumin	3,5- 4,5 %	35-45 g / l
Globulins	2,5 - 3,5 %	25-35 g / l
Hemoglobin in men among women	13,5-18 % 12-16 %	2.1-2.8 mmol / l 1.9-2.5 mmol / l
Fibrinogen	200-450 mg%	2-4.5 g / l
Netherkin nitrous substances
Residual nitrogen	20-35 mg%	14-25 mmol / l
Urea	20-40 mg%	3.3-6.6 mmol / l
Creatine	0.2-1 mg%	15-75 μmol / l
Creatinine	0.5-1.2 mg%	44-106 μmol / l
Uric acid	2-7 mg%	0.12-0.42 mmol / l
Bilirubin	0.5-1 mg%	8.5-17 μmol / l
Bezazotic substances
Glucose (on an empty stomach)	70-110 mg%	3.9-6.1 mmol / l
Fructose	0.1-0.5 mg%	5.5-28 μmol / l
Lactarterial blood deoxygenated blood	3-7 mg% 5-20 mg%	0.33-0.78 mmol / l 0.55-2.2 mmol / l
Ketone bodies	0.5-2.5 mg%	5-25 mg / l
Lipids common	350-800 mg%	3.5-8 g / l
Triglycerides	50-150 mg%	0.5-1.5 g / l
Cholesterol	150-300 mg%	4-7.8 mmol / l
Minerals
Sodium Plasma Erythrocytes	290-350 mg% 31-50 mg%	125-150 mmol / l 13.4-21.7 mmol / l
Potassiumplasm Erythrocytes	15-20 mg% 310-370 mg%	3.8-5.1 mmol / l 79.3-99.7 mmol / l
Chlorida	340-370 mg%	96-104 mmol / l
Calcium	9-11 mg%	2.2-2.7 mmol / l

Red Cells (Erythrocytes)

Erythrocytes constitute the bulk of blood cells. In 1 mm 3 (μL) Blood is usually contained 4-5 million red cells. Erythrocytes in the red bone marrow are formed, they function in the bloodstream and are destroyed, mainly in the spleen and in the liver. Life cycle These cells are 110-120 days.

Erythrocytes are twofolded cells, devoid of cores, ribosomes and mitochondria. In this regard, these processes as protein synthesis and tissue breathing do not occur. The main source of energy for erythrocytes is an anaerobic decay of glucose (Glycoliz).

The main component of red cells is protein hemoglobin . It accounts for 30% of the erythrocyte mass or 90% of the dry residue of these cells.

In terms of its structure, hemoglobin is a chromoproteide. Its molecule has a quaternary structure and consists of four subunits . Each subunit contains one polypeptide and one gem. . Subunits differ from each other only by the structure of polypeptides. Gem represents a complex cyclic structure of four pyrrolest rings containing in the center of a bivalent atom gland (Fe 2+):

The main function of the erythrocyte - Silent . With the participation of red blood cells transfer oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carbon dioxide From tissue to easy.

In the capillaries of the lungs, the partial oxygen pressure is about 100 mm Hg. Art. (Partial pressure This is part of the total pressure of the mixture of gases, which comes to a separate gas from this mixture. For example, at atmospheric pressure of 760 mm Hg. Art. The oxygen is accounted for 152 mm Hg. Art., i.e. 1/5 part, so As in the air, it is usually contained 20% oxygen). At such a pressure, almost all hemoglobin binds to oxygen:

HB + O 2 ¾® HBO 2

Hemoglobin oxygemoglobin

Oxygen is joined directly to the iron atom included in the gem, and only bivalent can interact with oxygen (restored)iron. Therefore, various oxidants (for example, nitrates, nitrites, etc.), turning iron from bivalent to trivalent (Oxidized), Violate the respiratory function of blood.

The resulting hemoglobin complex with oxygen - oxygemoglobin the blood current is transferred to various organs. Due to oxygen consumption by tissues, the partial pressure of it is much smaller here than in the lungs. At low partial pressure, the oxymemoglobin dissociation occurs:

HBO 2 ¾® HB + O 2

The degree of decomposition of oxymemoglobin depends on the size of the partial pressure of oxygen: the less partial pressure, the greater the oxygen oxymemoglobin is cleaned. For example, in the muscles at rest, the partial pressure of oxygen is approximately 45 mm Hg. Art. With this dissociation pressure, only about 25% of oxigimo-

globin. When operating moderate power, the partial pressure of oxygen in the muscles of approximately 35 mm Hg. Art. And about 50% oxygemoglobin is already decaying. When performing intense loads, the partial oxygen pressure in the muscles is reduced to 15-20 mm Hg. Art., What causes a deeper dissociation of oxymemoglobin (by 75% or more). This nature of the dependence of the dissociation of oxymemoglobin from the partial pressure of oxygen can significantly increase the supply of muscles with oxygen when performing physical work.

The increase in the dissociation of oxymemoglobin is also observed by increasing the body temperature and increasing blood acidity (for example, when entering large amounts of lactic acid in the blood of intensive muscular work), What also contributes to the best use of oxygen tissues.

In general, a day, a person who does not perform physical work uses 400-500 liters of oxygen. With high motor activity, oxygen consumption increases significantly.

Transport of blood carbon dioxide It is carried out from the tissues of all organs, where its formation occurs in the process of catabolism, into the lungs, of which it stands out into the external environment.

Most of the carbon dioxide is transferred to the blood in the form of salts - bicarbonate Potassium and sodium. The conversion of CO 2 in bicarbonates occurs in red blood cells with the participation of hemoglobin. Bicarbonates of potassium accumulate in red blood cells (KHCO 3), and in blood plasma - sodium bicarbonates (NaHCO 3). With blood current, the formed bicarbonates go into the lungs and turn there again into carbon dioxide, which is removed from the lungs with

exhaled air. This transformation is also occurring in red blood cells, but already with the participation of oxymemoglobin, which occurs in the lungal capillaries by attaching oxygen to hemoglobin (see above).

The biological meaning of such a carbon dioxide transfer mechanism is that potassium bicarbonates and sodium have high solubility in water, and therefore in red blood cells and in plasma they can be significantly greater than the amounts of carbon dioxide.

The small part of CO 2 can be transferred in physically dissolved blood, as well as in the hemoglobin complex, called carbgemoglobin .

At rest per day, it is formed and stands out from the body of 350-450 liters CO 2. Performance of physical exertion leads to an increase in the formation and separation of carbon dioxide.

White cells(leukocytes)

Unlike red cells, leukocytes are full cells with a large core and mitochondria, and therefore such essential biochemical processes as protein synthesis and tissue respiration proceed.

In a state of rest in a healthy person in 1 mm 3 blood contains 6-8 thousand leukocytes. For diseases, the number of white cells in the blood can be reduced (leukopenia), So increase (leukocytosis). Leukocytosis can also be observed in healthy people, for example, after eating or when performing muscle work (Moiogenic leukocytosis).With myogenic leukocytosis, the number of leukocytes in the blood can increase to 15-20 thousand / mm 3 or more.

Three types of leukocytes distinguish: lymphocytes (25-26 %), monocytes. (6-7%) and granulocytes (67-70 %).

Lymphocytes are formed in lymph nodes and spleen, and monocytes and granulocytes - in the red bone marrow.

Leukocytes are performed protective function involving immunity .

In the most general form, immunity is the protection of the body from the total "alien". Under the "strangers" implies various alien high molecular weight substances, which have specificity and uniqueness of their structure and differing from this from their own organism molecules.

Currently, two forms of immunity are distinguished: specific and nonspecific . Under the specific immunity, and nonspecific immunity is different factors of non-specific protection of the body.

Specific immunity system includes timus (thymus), spleen, lymph nodes, lymphoid clusters (in the nasopharynk, almonds, appendix, etc.) and lymphocytes . The basis of this system is lymphocytes.

Any alien substance that is capable of reacting the immune system The body is indicated by the term antigen . Antigenic properties have all "other people's" proteins, nucleic acids, many polysaccharides and complex lipids. Antigens may also be bacterial toxins and whole cells of microorganisms, more precisely macromolecules included in their composition. In addition, low molecular weight compounds, such as steroids, some drugs, under the condition of their preliminary binding with a carrier protein, for example, blood plasma albumin. (This is based on the discovery of the immunochemical method of some doping drugs during doping control).

The antigen entered in the bloodstream is recognized by special leukocytes - T-lymphocytes, which then stimulate the conversion of another type of leukocyte - in lymphocytes in plasma cells, which are further synthesized by special proteins in the spleen, lymph nodes and bone marrow - antibodies or immunoglobulins . The larger the antigen molecule, the more different antibodies are formed in response to its admission to the body. Each antibody has two binding areas to interact with a strictly defined antigen. Thus, each antigen causes the synthesis of strictly specific antibodies.

The resulting antibodies enter the blood plasma and are associated with an antigen molecule. The interaction of antibodies with an antigen is carried out by forming non-covalent bonds between them. This interaction is similar to the formation of an enzyme-substrate complex in enzymatic catalysis, and the binding portion of the antibody corresponds to the active center of the enzyme. Since most antigens are highly molecular compounds, a lot of antibodies are simultaneously attached to the antigen.

The complex complex antigen antibody. Next subjected phagocytosis . If an antigen is an alien cell, the antigen-antibody complex is exposed to blood plasma enzymes under the general name common system . This complex enzymatic system ultimately causes the lysis of a foreign cell, i.e. Her destruction. Food formed lysis further also exposed phagocytosis .

Since, in response to the receipts of the antigen antibodies, they are formed in excessive amounts, their significant part remains for a long time in the blood plasma, in the G-globulin fraction. A healthy person in the blood contains a huge number of different antibodies formed by contacts with very many alien substances and microorganisms. The presence of finished antibodies in the blood allows the body to quickly neutralize the antigen in the blood. In this phenomenon, preventive vaccinations are founded.

Other forms of leukocytes - monocytes. and granulocytes Participate B. phagocytosis . Phagocytosis can be viewed as a non-specific protective reaction, aimed, first of all, on the destruction of microorganisms entering the body. In the process of phagocytosis, monocytes and granulocytes absorb bacteria, as well as large alien molecules and destroy them with their lysosomal enzymes. Phagocytosis is also accompanied by the formation of the active forms of oxygen, the so-called free radicals of oxygen, which, oxidizing the lipoids of bacterial membranes, contribute to the destruction of microorganisms.

As noted above, the phagocytosis is also subject to antigen antibody complexes.

The factors of nonspecific protection include skin and mucous barriers, gastric juice bactericidity, inflammation, enzymes (lysozyme, proteinases, peroxidases), antiviral protein - interferon, etc.

Regular sports and recreation physical education stimulates the immune system and non-specific protection factors and thereby increase the body's stability to the action of adverse environmental factors, contribute to a decrease in the overall and infectious incidence, increase the life expectancy.

However, exclusively high physical and emotional overloads, characteristic of higher achievements, have an adverse effect on immunity. Often, highly qualified athletes have an increased morbidity, especially during the period of responsible competitions. (It is at this time that physical and emotional tension reaches its limit!).Excessive loads for a growing organism are very dangerous. Numerous evidence suggests that the immune system of children and adolescents is more sensitive to such loads.

In this regard, the most important medical and biological objective of modern sports is the correction of immunological disorders in highly qualified athletes by applying various immunostimulating agents.

Blood plates(thrombocytes).

Platelets are nuclear cells formed from cytoplasm megakaryocytes - bone marrow cells. The amount of blood platelets is usually 200-400 thousand / mm 3. The main biological function of these uniform elements is to participate in the process. blood coagulation .

Chopping blood - the most difficult enzymatic process leading to the formation of blood clots - thromba. In order to prevent blood loss in damage to blood vessels.

Components of platelets are involved in blood clotting, blood plasma components, as well as substances entering the bloodstream from surrounding tissues. All substances participating in this process got a name coagulation factors . In structure all coagulation factors except two (ions CA 2+ and phospholipids) are proteins and synthesized in the liver, and Vitamin K is involved in the synthesis of a number of factors.

Protein coagulation factors enter the bloodstream and circulate in it in inactive form - in the form of pro-ferrises (predecessors of enzymes) Which in case of damage to the blood vessel is capable of becoming active enzymes and participate in blood clotting process. Due to the permanent availability of pro-estimation, blood is all the time in a state of readiness to coagulation.

In the most simplified form, the blood coagulation process can be divided into three major stages.

At the first stage, starting to impaired the integrity of the blood vessel, platelets are very fast (for seconds) They accumulate in the place of damage and, sticking together form a kind of "plug" that limits bleeding. Part of the platelets is destroyed, and of them in the blood plasma phospholipids (one of the coagulation factors).Simultaneously in the plasma due to contact with the damaged surface of the vessel wall or with any foreign body (for example, needle, glass, knife blade, etc.)an activation of another coagulation factor is activated - contact factor . Next, with the participation of these factors, as well as some other coagulation participants, an active enzyme complex is formed, called protrombinase or thrombocinase. Such a mechanism of activation of the prolrombinal is called internal, since all participants in this process are contained in the blood. The active protegrosis is also formed by external mechanism. In this case, the participation of the coagulation factor that is missing in the blood itself is required. This factor is available in the tissues surrounding blood vesselsand enters the bloodstream only during damage to the vascular wall. The presence of two independent activation mechanisms of the prombibinase increases the reliability of the blood coagulation system.

At the second stage, the plasma protein occurs under the influence of the active promotinase protromina (this is also a coagulation factor) in an active enzyme - thrombin .

The third stage begins with the effects of the resulting thrombin on plasma protein - fibrinogen . From the fibrinogen, part of the molecule and fibrinogen turns into a simpler protein - fibrin-monomer , whose molecules spontaneously, very quickly, without the participation of any enzymes are subjected to polymerization to form long chains, called fibrin polymer . The resulting fibrin-polymer threads are the basis of the blood clock - thrombus. Initially, a study-like bunch is formed, which includes in except for fibin-polymer filaments, there is still plasma and blood cells. Next, special contractile proteins are distinguished from platelets included in this clutch. (type of muscular), Correcting (retraction) Blood bunch.

As a result of the listed steps, a durable thrombus is formed consisting of fibrin-polymer and blood cells. This thrombus is located in the damaged area of \u200b\u200bthe vascular wall and prevents bleeding.

All stages of blood clotting proceed with calcium ions.

In general, the process of blood coagulation takes 4-5 minutes.

Within a few days after the formation of a blood cluster, after restoring the integrity of the vascular wall, there is now no desired thrombus. This process is called fibrinolysis and is carried out by splitting fibrin included in the blood clots under the action of the enzyme plazmina (fibrinolysin). This enzyme is formed in the blood plasma from its predecessor - plasminogen proferred under the influence of activators, which are in plasma or enter the bloodstream from surrounding tissues. The activation of the plasmin also contributes to the congestion of the blood-polymer blood coagulation.

Recently, it is found that there is still in the blood antosvertible The system that limits the process of coagulation only by the damaged section of the bloodstream and does not allow total coagulation of all blood. In the formation of an anticular system, plasma, platelet and surrounding tissues are involved having a common name anticoagulants. By the action mechanism, most anticoagulants are specific inhibitors acting on coagulation factors. The most active anticoagulants are antithrombins that prevent the transformation of fibrinogen into fibrin. The most studied thrombin inhibitor is heparin which warns blood coagulation both in vivo and in vitro.

An anticular system can also include a fibrinolysis system.

Acid Blood Balance

Along a healthy person, blood has a weakly alkaline reaction: pH capillary blood (It usually takes it from the finger) is approximately 7.4, pH venous blood equals 7.36. The lower value of the hydrogen indicator of venous blood is explained by more carbon dioxide in it occurring in the process of metabolism.

The constancy of blood pH is ensured by buffer systems in the blood. The main buffers of blood are: bicarbonate (H 2 CO 3 / NaHCO 3), phosphate (NAH 2 PO 4 / NA 2 HPO 4), protein and hemoglobine . The most powerful buffer blood system was hemoglobin: it accounts for 3/4 of the entire buffer blood capacity (Buffer mechanism, see Chemistry).

All buffer blood systems prevails (alkaline) Component, as a result, they are neutralized significantly better to blood acids than alkali. This feature of blood buffers has a large biological significance, since various acids are often formed during metabolicism as intermediate and final products. (Pyerograd and lactic acids - during the decay of carbohydrates; Metabolites of the Krebs cycle and b-oxidation of fatty acids; ketone bodies, coal acid, etc.). All the acid arising in cells can get into the bloodstream and cause the pH shift into the acidic side. The presence of a large buffer container with respect to acids in blood buffers allows them to neutralize significant amounts of acidic products entering blood, and thereby contribute to the preservation of the constant level of acidity.

The total content in the blood of the input components of all buffer systems is indicated by the term « Alkaline blood reserve ». Most often, the alkaline reserve is calculated by measuring the body's ability to associate CO 2. Normally, a person is 50-65 of the person. %, i.e. Each 100 ml of blood can bind from 50 to 65 ml of carbon dioxide.

In maintaining the constancy of blood pH also involve the allocation authorities (kidneys, lungs, leather, intestines). These organs are removed from blood excess acids and bases.

Due to buffer systems and excretory fluctuation organs, the oscillation of the pH in physiological conditions is insignificant and not dangerous to the body.

However, with metabolic violations (for diseases, when performing intensive muscle loads) may increase the formation in the organism of acidic or alkaline substances (First of all, sour!). In these cases, blood buffer systems and excretory organs are not able to prevent their accumulation in the bloodstream and keep the pH value at a constant level. Therefore, with excessive formation in the body of various acids, the acidity of blood increases, and the value of the hydrogen indicator is reduced. Such a phenomenon got a name acidosis . With blood pH acidosis can decrease to 7.0 - 6.8 units. (It should be remembered that the pH shift per unit corresponds to the acidity change of 10 times).Reducing the size of the pH below 6.8 is incompatible with life.

Significantly less often the accumulation of alkaline compounds can occur, the blood pH increases. This phenomenon is called alkalosis . Limit increase in pH - 8.0.

Athletes often occur with acidosis caused by formation in muscles with intensive work of large amounts of lactic acid (lactate).

Chapter 15. Biochemistry of kidneys and urine

Urine, as well as blood, is often an object of biochemical studies conducted in athletes. According to the analysis of the urine, the coach can get the necessary information about functional state Athlete, on biochemical shifts arising in the body when performing physical exertion of various character. Since when taking blood for analysis, an athlete infection is possible (for example, hepatitis or AIDS infection)In recent times, urine study becomes more and more preferable. So coach or teacher physical education We must have information about the mechanism of formation of urine, about its physicochemical properties and chemical composition, about changing urine indicators when performing training and competitive loads.

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✪ From what is blood

✪ Internal environment of the body. The composition and function of the blood. Biology video tutorial 8 class

✪ BTS "Blood Sweat & Tears" Mirrored Dance Practice

Subtitles

I do not like to do it, but from time to time I need to donate blood. The thing is that I'm afraid to do it, just like a small child. I really do not like injections. But naturally, I force myself. I rent blood and try to divert myself until the blood fills the needle. I usually turn away, and everything goes fast and almost imperceptibly. And I go out of the clinic absolutely happy, since it all ended and I no longer need to think about it. Now I want to trace the path that bloods of blood after it was taken away. At the first stage, blood gets into the test tube. This is happening directly on the day of blood intake. Typically, such a test tube is ready and waiting for blood in it. This is the lid of my test tube. Inside the test tube draw blood. Full test tube. This is not a simple test tube, its walls are covered with a chemical that prevents blood coagulation. It is impossible to make blood coagulation, as it extremely difficult to further research. That is why a special test tube is used. Blood in it will not come. To make sure that it is all right with her, the test tube shake slightly, checking the sample pussy .. Now the blood gets into the laboratory. In the laboratory there is a special apparatus, which gets my blood and blood of other people who visited the clinic on this day. All our blood is marked and put in the apparatus. And what makes the device? He quickly rotates. Spinning truly quickly. All test tubes are fixed, they will not fly away, and they, accordingly, are spinning in this apparatus. Rotating test tubes, the device creates force called "Centrifugal force". And the whole process is called "Centrifugation". Let's write. Centrifugation. And the device itself is called centrifuger. Test tubes with blood rotate in some side. And as a result, blood begins to separate. Heavy particles are moving towards the tube's snacks, and less dense part of the blood rises to the lid. After the blood in the test tube was centrifuging, it will look like this. Now I will try to portray it. Let it be a test tube to rotation. Before rotation. And this is a test tube after rotation. This is her view after. So, what does the test tube look like after centrifuging? The key difference will be that instead of a homogeneous liquid, which we had, we get an externally completely different liquid. Three different layers are distinguishable that I am now for you. So this is the first layer, the most impressive, constituting most of our blood. It is here at the top. He has the smallest density, which is why it remains near the cover. In fact, it is almost 55% of the total blood volume. We call him plasma. If you ever heard the word plasma, now you know what it means. Take a drop of plasma and try to know its composition. 90% of plasma - just water. I wonder if it is not. Just water. The bulk of blood is plasma, and most of the water. The main part of the blood is plasma, most of the plasma is water. That is why people say: "Drink more water so that there is no dehydration" Since most of the blood is water. It is true for the rest of the body, but in this case I will focus on blood. So what remains? We already know that 90% of plasma is water, but it is not all 100%. 8% of plasma consists of protein. Let's show you some examples of such a squirrel. This is albumin. Albumin, if you are unfamiliar with him, is an important protein in a blood plasma, which makes it impossible to flow blood from blood vessels. Another important protein is an antibody. I am sure that you heard about him, antibodies are associated with our immune system. They monitor you are beautiful and healthy, did not suffer from infections. And one more type of protein, which you need to remember - fibrinogen. Fibrinogen. He takes a very active part in blood clotting. Of course, in addition to it, there are other coagulation factors. But about them - a little later. We listed proteins: albumin, antibody, fibrinogen. But we still have 2%, there are substances such as hormones, insulin, for example. Also there are electrolytes. For example, sodium. Also in these 2% are powered nutrients. Such, for example, glucose. All these substances make up our plasma. Many substances that we say when we discuss the blood are contained in plasma, including vitamins and other similar substances. Now consider the next layer, which is right under the plasma and is isolated white. This layer is a very small part of the blood. Less than 1%. And it forms its white blood cells, as well as platelets. Platelets. These are cellular parts of our blood. They are very small, but they are very important. Under this layer is the most dense layer - red blood cells. This is the last layer, and its share will be approximately 45%. Here they are. Red blood cells, 45%. These are red blood cells within which hemoglobin is contained. It should be noted here that not only the plasma contains proteins (which we mentioned at the beginning of the video), white and red blood cells also contain a very large amount of proteins, which should not be forgotten. Just an example of such a protein is hemoglobin. Now serum is the word that you probably heard. What is it? Serum is practically the same as the plasma. Now I will summarize everything that is part of the serum. All that circled a blue line is serum. I did not include the fibrinogen and factors of blood coagulation. So, plasma and serum are very similar except that there are no fibrinogen in serum and blood coagulation factors. Let's consider now the red blood cells, what can we find out? You may have heard such a word as hematocrit. So, the hematocrit is 45% of blood volume in this picture. This means that hematocrit is equal to the volume that occupies red blood cells divided into a total volume. In this example, the total volume is 100%, the volume of red blood cells is 45%, so I know that the volume of hematocrit will be 45%. It is just a percentage that make up red blood cells. And it is very important to know, since red blood cells carry oxygen. In order to emphasize the meaning of hematocrit, and also submit several new words, painting three small blood test tubes. Let's say, I have three test tubes: one, two, three. They are the blood of different people. But these people are one sex and age, since the amount of hematocrit depends on the age, gender, and even on what height above the sea level you live. If you live on top of the mountain, your hematocrit will be varied with the level of hematocrit in the inhabitants of the plains. The hematocrit is influenced by many factors. We have three people who are very similar to such factors. The plasma of the blood of the first person, painting it here, takes such a part of the total blood. The second plasma takes this part of the total blood volume. And the plasma of the third occupies the greatest part of the total blood, say, the entire volume to Niza. So, you scrolled all three test tubes, and that's what they got. Of course, in all three there are white blood cells, draw them. And everyone has platelets, we said that this is a thin layer less than 1%. And the residue constitutes red blood cells. This is a layer of red blood cells. There are a lot of their second person. And the third is the least. Red blood cells occupy at all not most of the total. So, if I need to evaluate the state of these three people, I would say that the first person is all right. The second has many red blood cells. They are numerically dominated. We are observing a really big percentage of red blood cells. Really big. So, I can conclude that this person has polycythemia. Polycythemia is a medical term meaning that the amount of red blood cells is very large. In other words, he has elevated hematocrit. And this third person has a very low number of red blood cells in relation to the total volume. Conclusion - he has anemia. If you now hear the term "anemia", or "polycithimemia", you will know that the volume of red blood cells occupy the volume of the total blood. See you with you in the next video. Subtitles by The Amara.org Community

Properties of blood

• Suspension properties Dependes on the protein composition of blood plasma, and on the ratio of protein fractions (in the normal albumin, more than globulins).
• Colloidal properties associated with the presence of proteins in the plasma. Due to this, the constancy of the liquid composition of the blood is ensured, since the protein molecules have the ability to hold water.
• Electrolyte properties Depend on the content of anions and cations in the blood plasma. The electrolyte properties of blood are determined by osmotic blood pressure.

The composition of blood

The entire volume of the blood of a living organism is conditionally divided into peripheral (which is circulating in the row of vessels) and blood in the blood-forming organs and peripheral tissues. Blood consists of two main components: plasma and suspended in it forming elements. Calculated blood consists of three layers: the upper layer is formed by a yellowish plasma of blood, an average, relatively thin gray layer constitute leukocytes, the lower red layer form red blood cells. In an adult healthy person, the plasma volume reaches 50-60% of solid blood, and the uniform elements of blood are about 40-50%. The ratio of uniform elements of blood to its total volume, expressed as a percentage or represented in the form of a decimal fraction with accuracy to hundredths, is called a hematocrit (from Dr. Greek. αἷμα - blood, κριτός - Indicator) or hematocrit (HT). Thus, hematocrit is part of the blood volume per erythrocytes (sometimes defined as the ratio of all uniform elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets) to the total blood volume). The determination of hematocrit is carried out using a special glass graduated tube - hematokritwhich is filled with blood and centrifuged. After that, they note what part of it is occupied by the uniform elements of blood (leukocytes, platelets and red blood cells). In medical practice to determine the hematocrit (HT or PCV), the use of automatic hematological analyzers is becoming increasingly.

Plasma

Forming elements

In an adult, uniform elements of blood are about 40-50%, and the plasma is 50-60%. Uniform blood elements are represented erythrocytes, thrombocytians and leukocytes:

• Erythrocytes ( red blood tales) - The most numerous of the uniform elements. Mature erythrocytes do not contain kernels and have the shape of two-screwed discs. Circulated 120 days and destroyed in the liver and spleen. Erythrocytes contain iron-containing protein - hemoglobin. It provides the main function of the erythrocytes - the transport of gases, primarily oxygen. It is hemoglobin that gives blood red color. In lungs, hemoglobin binds oxygen, turning into oxygemoglobinwhich has a light red color. In the tissues of oxymemoglobin, oxygen releases, forming hemoglobin again, and the blood darkens. In addition to oxygen, the hemoglobin in the form of carbohemoglobin transfers from tissues into light carbon dioxide.

Blood is required by victims of burns and injuries, as a result of massive bleeding: when carrying out complex operations, in the process of heavy and complicated childbirth, and patients with hemophilia and anemia - to maintain life. Blood is also vital for oncological patients with chemotherapy. Every third resident of the Earth at least once in life needs donor blood.

Blood taken from the donor (donor blood) is used in research and educational purposes; in the production of blood components, medicines and medical devices. The clinical use of donor blood and (or) its components is associated with transfusion (transfusion) to the recipient for therapeutic purposes and the creation of reserves of donor blood and (or) its components.

Blood Diseases

• Anemia (Greek. αναιμία anemia) - A group of clinical and hematological syndromes, a common point for which is to reduce the concentration of hemoglobin in circulating blood, often with a simultaneous decrease in the number of erythrocytes (or the total volume of red blood cells). The term "anemia" without detail does not determine the specific disease, that is, anemia should be considered one of the symptoms of various pathological conditions;
• Hemolytic anemia - increased destruction of red blood cells;
• The hemolytic disease of the newborn (GBN) is the pathological state of the newborn, accompanied by the massive decay of the red blood cells, in the process of hemolysis caused by the immunological conflict of the mother and the fetus as a result of the incompatibility of the blood of the mother and the fetus in the blood group or the rear factor. Thus, the forming elements of the blood of the fetus become for the mother alien agents (antigens), in response to which antibodies are produced, penetrating the hematoplazent barrier and attacking erythrocytes of the fetus of the fetus, as a result of which already in the first hours after birth, the child begins the massive intracadudious hemolysis of the erythrocytes. Is one of the main reasons for the development of jaundice in newborns;
• Hemorrhagic disease of newborns - Coagulopathy, developing at the child between 24 and 72 hours of life and is often associated with a lack of vitamin K, due to the deficit of which there is a lack of biosynthesis in the liver of blood coagulation factors II, VII, IX, X, C, S. Treatment and prevention concludes In addition to the diet, the newborn shortly after the birth of vitamin K;
• Hemophilia - low blood consumption;
• Disseminated intravascular blood intake - the formation of microtrombov;
• Hemorrhagic vasculitis ( allergic purpura ) - The most common disease from the group of systemic vasculitis, based on the aseptic inflammation of the walls of the microsuds, multiple microcurodating, affecting the skin vessels and internal organs (most often kidney and intestines). The main reason for causing clinical manifestations of this disease is the blood circulation in the blood of immune complexes and activated components of the complement system;
• Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purple ( Verlgood disease) - a chronic wave-like disease, which is primary hemorrhagic diathesis, due to the quantitative and qualitative insufficiency of the thrombocytic hemostasis;
• Gemoblastosis - a group of neoplastic blood diseases, conditionally divided into leukemic and non-leukemic:
  • Leukemia (leukemia) - a clonal malignant (neoplastic) disease of the hematopoietic system;
• Anaplasmosis is a form of blood disease in domestic and wild animals, with carriers of which are ticks of the genus anaplast (lat. Anaplasma) of the Lat family. Ehrlichiaceae.

Pathological conditions

• Hypovolemia is a pathological decrease in circulating blood;
• Hypervolemia - a pathological increase in circulating blood;

Cardiac activity depends on blood electrolyte composition.

An important role in the normal life of the heart belongs to electrolytes.

Changes in the blood concentration of potassium salts and calcium have a very significant impact on automatization and processes of excitation and reduction of the heart.

The excess of potassium ions inhibits all sides of cardiac activity, acting negatively chronotropic (regenerates heart rhythm), is inotropic (reduces the amplitude of heart abbreviations), drromotropino (worsens the excitation in the heart), buttropino (reduces the excitation of the heart muscle). With an excess of ions to + heart stops in diastole. Sharp heart ventures occur when decreasing the content of ions to + in blood (with hypokalemia).

Excess calcium ions acts in the opposite direction: positively chronotropic, inotropic, drromotropic and buttopino. With an excess of ions of Ca 2+, the heart stops in systole. With a decrease in the content of Ca 2+ ions in the blood, cardiac abbreviations are weakened.

Table. Neurohumoral regulation of the activity of the cardiovascular system

Sodium is the main extracellular cation. Plays a major role in maintaining osmotic pressure - 90%. Participates in the emergence and maintenance of PP and PD, potassium and sodium are antagonists at the cellular level, i.e. An increase in sodium content leads to a decrease in potassium in the cell.

11. Hemolysis and its types textbook

Hemolysis is called the destruction of the erythrocyte shell, accompanied by a hemoglobin output in a blood plasma, which is painted in the red color and becomes transparent ("Lacquer Blood").

The destruction of erythrocytes can be caused by a decrease in osmotic pressure, which first leads to swelling, and then the destruction of red blood cells is the so-called osmotic hemolysis (It occurs when the osmotic pressure of the surrounding erythrocyte solution decreases twice as compared to normal). The concentration of NaCl in the surrounding solution of the solution at which hemolysis begins is a measure of the so-called erythrocyte resistance (resistance). In humans, hemolysis begins at a 0.4% NaCl solution, and all erythrocytes are destroyed by 0.34%. With different pathological conditions, the osmotic resistance of erythrocytes can be reduced and complete hemolysis may occur at large NaCl concentrations in the solution.

Chemical hemolysis It occurs under the influence of substances that destroy the protein-lipid membrane erythrocyte-ether, chloroform, benzene, alcohol, bile acids, saponin and some other substances.

Mechanical hemolysis the effect of strong mechanical impacts is the effect of strong mechanical effects, for example, as a result of concussing the ampoule with blood.

Hemolysis also cause repeated freezing and thawing blood - thermal hemolysis.

12. Blood Groups RH System Work 3.13 - p. 95

13. Determination of the reserves-affiliation of human blood. RH value Work 3.13 - p. 95

14. Determining the amount of hemoglobin in the blood according to the Sali method, Work 3.3 - p.77

Determination of the amount of hemoglobin. The principle of determination is colorimetric (comparing the color of the blood under study with standard solutions). (a) Hemometry: Sali hemometer - a small tripod with three test tubes, where the blood underdeveloped is placed in the middle tube, and the two other tubes contain a standard solution for comparison. The blood under study is mixed with hydrochloric acid (for hemolysis and the formation of brown solicinal hematine). The distilled water is then added until the solution of the blood studied on will be the same color as standard solutions. The middle tube has a scale in units of measurement of the amount of hemoglobin. Normal content Hemoglobin 130-160 g / l. (b) photoelectrocolorimetry (using FEC).

To measure the content of hemoglobin there are many methods, including:

1) determining the number of connected O 2 (1 g ny can attach up to 1.36 ml o 2);

2) analysis of iron level in blood (iron content in hemoglobin is 0.34%);

3) colorimetry (comparing the color of blood with the color of the standard solution);

4) extinction measurement (spectrophotometry). When conducting routine definitions, hemoglobin levels prefer the last method, since

Fig. 22.5. The frequency distribution of hemoglobin concentrations in adult men (♂), adult women (♀) and newborns. Along the axis of the ordinate-relative frequency of occurrence, along the axis of the abscissa content of hemoglobin; μ-mean value (median), ST-standard deviation (the value characterizing the variation of values; corresponds to the distance from the median curve of the normal distribution to the value corresponding to the coolest section of this curve)

the use of the first two ways is necessary complex equipment, and the method of colorimetry is inaccurate.

Spectrophotometric analysis. The principle of the method consists in determining the content of NC in the extrainction of monochromatic light. Since dissolved hemoglobin is unstable, and extinction depends on the degree of oxygenation, it is necessary to pre- translate into a stable shape.

Spectrophotometric measurements of hemoglobin content are as follows. Blood is gained in capillary pipette and then mixed with a solution containing potassium iron (K 3), potassium cyanide (KCN) and sodium bicarbonate (Nanes 3). Under the action of these substances, red blood cells are destroyed, and hemoglobin turns into cyan methemoglobin HBCN (containing trivalent iron) capable of persist for several weeks. With spectrophotometry, cyanmethemoglobin solution is illuminated by monochromatic light with a wavelength of 546 nm and determine extinction E. Knowing the extinction coefficient E and the thickness of the solution of the solution d, it is possible, based on lambert Baer Law [Equation (2)], determine the concentration of the solution with directly by extinction of E. More often, they prefer, however, to pre-calibrate the extinction scale with the help of a standard solution. Currently, the cyanmethemoglobine method is considered the most accurate of the generally accepted methods for measuring the content of hemoglobin.

The body fabric consisting of plasma and weighted uniform elements -eritrocytes, leukocytes and platelets. Carries out transport of gases and substances in the body, and also performs protective, regulatory and some other functions.

The human blood is approximately 8% of the entire mass of the body. This is a special connecting tissue, vital biological fluid.

Blood is constantly circulating on our body and without this movement life is simply impossible. It penetrates all organs and fabrics and can change the composition depending on the state of the body. That is why, one by one blood test, it is often possible to obtain information about the transferred and existing diseases, the general condition of the body and violations in different organs.

How to correctly understand the results obtained? What does blood consist of and what is its components important? What is blood type, what is their difference and why it is so important to know them when overflowing? Answers to these and many other questions you will find in this article.

Blood in adults

The volume of blood in the human body ranges from 4 to 6 liters. This is a multicomponent connective tissue, which consists mainly of specific cells and liquid plasma. The ratio of elements is conditionally stable and can vary depending on age, health status, transferred infections and other factors.

In the body, blood performs several important functions:

• Transportation substances.

Due to blood movement, the organs receive the necessary nutrients and get rid of metabolic products. In particular, it is the blood that supplies all the organs of the organism oxygen. Supply and cleaning occurs continuously, and the suspension of this process, for example, when the vessel is blocked, only 10-15 minutes can lead to irreversible consequences for the starving tissue - the development of necrosis.

• Homeostasis (provision of a constant inner medium in the body).

The blood of a person is responsible for life support and tissue regeneration, water-electrolyte balance. It also controls the body temperature.

• Immunity.

It is in the blood that contains protective cells (leukocytes) and antibodies to various antigens. Without this cloth, we could not fight with various species pathogenic microorganisms.

• Turgor.

Due to the constant tide of the blood, the organs retain their shape and tissue voltage.

Blood in men

In men, the volume of blood is more than women - comes up to 6 liters. At the same time, it is above the concentration of erythrocytes, which means hemoglobin (135-160g / l), which is responsible for oxygen transport. This is extremely important for the endurance of the body, because during exercise the need for this gas from organs and tissues increases. The peculiarity of male blood allows it to deliver it faster, which means that it is possible to withstand loads longer.

The rate of sedimentation of erythrocytes in men's blood is below - up to 10 mm / h. In women, this indicator can reach up to 15 mm / h, which in men's analysis will indicate the development of the inflammatory process. Also, in contrast to the blood of women, male is relatively constant in composition throughout life.

Blood in women

Total blood volume in women's body Less is 4-5 liters, and it can change in composition. It is brighter that this is reflected in the hemoglobin rate, which can be significantly reduced during menstruation or pregnancy. On average, the blood of women contains 120-140 g / l, but the weak floor representatives can carry lower and lower indicators. For example, anemia of up to 90 g / l can only manifest themselves with a small fatigue.

Pregnancy is significantly reflected in the blood of a woman's blood. First of all, the level of hormones - estrogen, progesterone, prolactin increases. The volume of circulating blood changes, because the blood system of the growing fetus is connected to the parent organism. An increase in volume affects blood saturation: so, for example, the amount of protein in plasma decreases, the level of hemoglobin, creatinine decreases.

But other indicators in general blood test may increase:

• The level of insulin often exceeds the norm, the doctors even allocated a separate diagnosis of pregnant diabetes. The condition is temporary and passes after childbirth.
• Since the metabolic processes are noticeably accelerated in the body, the blood of women is saturated with cholesterol. Its level during this period is usually greater than the norm.
• Increased uric acid concentration can be an indicator of the failure of the kidney, even intoxication.
• Minor exceeding the norm of potassium, chlorine, phosphorus and sodium is observed in healthy pregnant women and is not a dangerous symptom.

Another feature of the blood of women during pregnancy is a significant increase in coagulation rates. This is a natural process of preparing the body to an increase in blood level and defined protection with possible blood loss during childbirth.

Pregnant anemia

The body of a pregnant woman needs an increased iron intake, so one of the most common diagnoses during this period is iron deficiency anemia. Most often, it is manifested in the second half of pregnancy, but at a weakened organism or low weight, anemia can be observed from the first weeks.

Anemia is diagnosed if the hemoglobin level in the blood drops below 110 g / l. Fabrics and organs are not allowed oxygen, which is transported by hemoglobin, and the woman feels general weakness, fatigue, dizziness and headaches, appear shortness of breath. But the most dangerous at the anemia of pregnant women is oxygen fasting fruit, which affects growth and development, in severe cases can provoke a miscarriage or a pair of placenta.

Blood in nursing women

The milk of a nursing woman is produced from a blood plasma content. Therefore, its composition can affect milk. So, in particular, certain types of drugs can be transferred to the baby. Wherein breast-feeding Safe with diseases that are transmitted through blood: B and C, HIV. Therefore, when positive analyzes blood for these infections breastfeeding, as a rule, can not be stopped.

The composition of the blood in children is characterized by its instability - in the process of growth, the ratio of the main components is constantly changing. In addition, the indicators are highly dependent on external factors: a method of nutrition, a day mode, physical activity. Leukocyte levels in children's blood are increased, since it is during this period that there is an active formation of immunity - blood cells are constantly faced with new antigens, antibodies are produced. After birth and before adolescent age, the blood in children gradually comes to the indicators of an adult: improved coagulation, the rate of sedimentation of erythrocytes increases, the total number of uniform elements comes to normal.

Blood in newborns

In percentage ratio, the amount of blood in a newborn is significantly higher than in an adult, it is about 14% of the body weight, it turns out that 1 kg of weight accounts for about 150 ml. In the first 12 hours, the blood in children is distinguished by an increased level of immatrict erythrocytes and hemoglobin. However, already in the first day, these indicators fall significantly. The fact is that erythrocytes in the blood of newborns live much less than in an adult organism - they are destroyed on average for 12 days.

In premature children in the first months of life, anemia is often observed. If, with similar decrease in hemoglobin, the general health state does not cause anxiety, no additional symptoms are manifested, the early premature anemia is not considered dangerous and is an ordinary response to adapt to new conditions.

After the birth of a child in a placenta and a cord vein, up to 150 ml of blood with specific characteristics are preserved. Previously, she did not attach much importance, but today it is increasingly a bubble blood preserve. It contains a large amount of stem cells that can be used in the treatment of various diseases. They are unique in their characteristics, since they are not differentiated, they can give the offspring of any specialized types of cells.

The blood system consists of a heart that pumps blood, and hollow vessels for which it flows. In the human body, blood moves in two circles:

• Small passes through the heart and lungs. Here the blood is enriched with oxygen and gives carbon dioxide - that is why we exhale it.
• A large circle begins in the heart and passes through all other fabrics and organs. In this circle, blood provides the transportation of beneficial substances in all departments of the body.

Vessels - hollow tubes of different diameters, for which blood flows continuously and under pressure.

Blood from the artery

Artery - vessels for which blood flows from the heart muscle to different organs. It is oxygen-enriched blood purified from metabolic products, which delivers the necessary substances. In a small circle, arterial blood, on the contrary, flows through the veins to the heart.

The arteries are pulsing in the rhythm of heart abbreviations - these shocks are good forgiveness, if you press the vessel with your fingers. Therefore, it is by arteries that the pulse is measured. Also on the strength of the blood current in them, arterial pressure is determined - one of the key performance indicators of the cardiovascular system.

The vessels differ in diameter, the largest human body is aorta. Arteries walls are quite dense and elastic, capable of withstanding a large pressure. At the same time, it is precisely damage to the arteries, especially large, cause rapid blood luminosity of a large volume, since blood is poured out of the vascular bed under pressure. Arterial blood brightly alley in color.

Vienna - vessels that carry blood from organs to heart. It is deprived of oxygen, enriched with carbon dioxide and other metabolic products. The main function of blood from Vienna is the transport of waste produced by the authorities.

Blood movement by arteries is provided by the impetus. But on the veins, it passes through venous impulses and is moving with the help of special venous valves. The pressure here is less than in the arteries, besides, they need to lift blood from the lower extremities, therefore these are vessels with a developed muscles of the walls. If for some reason the vessels are weak, and the valves work not efficiently, varicose veins develops.

Among the largest in the diameter of the veins - jugular, upper and lower hollow veins. Their damage also leads to serious blood loss.

Blood from Vienna is dark, thick, in normal, it is warmer arterial. All veins and arteries are connected by capillaries located in organs - it is passing through them, blood gives oxygen and other nutrients, and also takes carbon dioxide.

Blood: General characteristics of components

Human blood - multicomponent liquid. 40-45% fall on uniform elements: erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets. The remaining 55-60% occupies plasma - a liquid part consisting mainly of the water, according to which the cells move. The ratio of elements and plasma is called hematocrit. In the norm of blood in men, it varies in the range of 0.40-0.48, and in women below - 0.36-0.46.

Each component of blood performs its functions, its elevated or reduced level in the analysis indicates the presence of disease, can threaten life. The shaped elements are produced by the bone marrow, so their shortage or defective form can talk about violations of its work.

Erythrocytes

Erythrocytes are red blood cells that are responsible for transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide. They perform this feature due to hemoglobin - iron-containing protein, which can attach oxygen when the blood passes through a small circulation of blood circulation. The cytoplasm of a healthy blood cell is 98% composed of this protein. It is he who gives her a characteristic red color.

The lack of erythrocytes is the main cause of anemia. However, in some cases, marriage in the cells themselves is found - with a sufficient amount of red blood cells, the hemoglobin content is lowered. Such deviations from the norm cause oxygen starvation of organs and tissues, can lead to other diseases.

Erythrocytes are the most numerous uniform elements, they constitute about 99% of their total volume, as well as ¼ of all cells in the human body.

In the form of red blood cells resemble a disk concave in the center. If for some reason their form changes, it also causes blood diseases.

• Function: Gas transport.
• The amount in the blood liter: men - 3.9-5.5 x 1012, in women - 3.9-4.7 x 1012, in newborns - up to 6.0 x 1012.
• Size: Diameter - 6.2-8.2 μm, thickness - 2 microns.
• Living lifetime: 100-120 days.

Leukocytes

Leukocytes - white blood cells, different in size and appearance. At the same time, they all do not have coloring and are nuclear cells. Types of leukocytes are distinguished: lymphocytes, basophiles, neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes. Despite the difference in sizes and types, they all perform the same function - the protection of the body from various antigens. These cells can penetrate the capillaries in the tissue of organs, where foreign microorganisms attack.

Different types of leukocytes are highly specialized blood cells that appear in specific diseases. Therefore, their presence, type, the amount in the general blood test can tell a doctor, which infection is present in the body and what stage it is. The beginning of the course of the disease and a sharp period is distinguished by an increased level of young leukocytes, during recovery, on the contrary, the cells of eosinophils predominate in the blood. For viral infections The number of lymphocytes increases, with bacterial - different types of neutrophils, and during sluggish infections in the blood, the content of monocytes is increased. Deciphering blood on leukocytes also helps to understand how efficiently prescribed treatment.

Leukocytes are able to capture foreign bodies and absorb them, however, in the process of struggle, most of white blood cells die. In these places, decay products are accumulated - pus is formed.

• Function: phagocytosis is a protective reaction of the body.
• The amount in the blood liter: adults - 4-9x109, children up to a year - 6.5-12.5x109.
• Size: depends on the type of leukocyte.
• Living lifetime: 2-4 days, some forms - 10-12 days, lymphocytes can stay throughout life.

Thrombocytes

Platelets are colorless and nuclear-free cells that are responsible for stopping bleeding at the first stage. One of the main features of these uniform elements is the activation of the slightest stimulus. In the normal state, the platelets travel along the blood strength, but as soon as the impulse is received, they are modified and acquired the ability to glue together and glued to the vessel wall. Thanks to this, they climb even the smallest damage to the walls of the vessels, do not give bleeding.

Such processes occur in the body constantly, but in some diseases, the formation of blood clots is dangerous. For example, during atherosclerosis, a decrease in the diameter of the arteries due to cholesterol sediments on their walls. In this case, the broken thrombus may also take the blood flow in another portion of the cardiovascular system, and block the patient with the artery. This is most often the main cause of myocardial infarction.

• Function: blood coagulation.
• Number of blood litter: blood testing normal can show from 180 to 400 thousand cells.
• Size: 2-4 μm, capable of changing the size depending on the need.
• Living lifetime: 5-7 days.

Plasma blood

Plasma of blood - a liquid medium in which uniform elements are moving. It consists of 90-92% of water and 10% of organic and inorganic substances. Such a ratio of components provides a normal blood flow, if the amount of water decreases, rheology is significantly reduced. And this can lead to stagnant processes, an increase in the load on the heart.

10% of blood plasma fall on:

• Proteins - albumin, globulins and fibrinogen.
• Inorganic salts that are responsible for maintaining the level of pH and regulate the amount of water - calcium, chlorine, sodium, potassium, magnesium, and others.
• Other substances are glucose, urea, amino acids, uric acid, vitamins, etc..

Plasma is often used for blood transfusions as a separate component.

Since according to blood, it is possible to determine the presence of infections, as well as the course of various diseases, there are many specialized tests. For example, blood can be checked for viruses and antibodies to them. The blood test to oncomarcresters determines the specific proteins that are produced by malignant cells. Checking the content of hormones can tell about the state of the endocrine system, and for women during pregnancy - on the development of the fetus. Elevated blood sugar is a confirmation of the presence of diabetes.

Almost any diagnosis of health begins with basic research, among which one of the key is a common blood test. It is by his indicators a doctor and judges what diagnostics to appoint further.

General blood analysis

A general blood test is a study of all uniform elements, their quantities and parameters, plasma and hematocrit. Separately chemoglobin is checked, leukocyte formula and other important indicators are calculated.

Basic studies:

• Hemoglobin and red blood cells are the parameters that are the main to determine anemia.
• Color indicator - how far erythrocytes are saturated with hemoglobin. We are needed to clarify the diagnosis of Malokrovia and the choice of treatment. The blood test in the norm will be marked in the range from 0.80 to 1.05.
• Leukocytes are an indicator of infection and the presence of immunity to specific types of pathogenic microorganisms. The leukocyte formula (leukogram) is calculated, which shows the percentage ratio of different types of white blood cells.
  • Shard (p / me) neutrophils.
  • Segmented (s / me) neutrophils.
  • Eosinophils - may indicate recovery after infectious disease, as well as allergies or gliste invasions.
  • Basophiles.
  • Lymphocytes - cells responsible for acquired immunity. Their presence says that man suffered an infection in the past.
  • Monocytes.
• ESO (Erythrocyte Settlement Speed) can talk about the development of the inflammatory process.
• Platelets - the reduced level indicates the deterioration of blood coagulation. In some cases, this is the norm, for example, during menstruation, as well as when taking drugs affecting the formation of thromboms.

For analysis, blood is taken from veins or from finger.

This is a more complex study that gives an expanded picture on the state of human health. Thanks to the biochemical analysis of blood, the doctor can judge the functional state of organs and tissues, suspect the development of pathological processes (for example, malignant neoplasms). It also checked the effectiveness of therapy, adjustments are made to the designated treatment.

Biochemistry main indicators:

• Glucose ("blood sugar") - the main parameter for diagnosis sugar diabetes.
• Cholesterol is checked for two types: LDL (low density, LDL), HDL (high density, HDL). It is dangerous to increase the first, since it is an indirect confirmation of the presence of atherosclerosis. When deciphering the blood, attention is paid, first of all, on it.
• The atherogenicity coefficient (ka) is the estimated indicator of the degree of risk of atherosclerosis in humans.
• Urea and creatinine shows the work of the kidneys, the increased figure indicates the violation of filtration.
• Lipids, in particular triglycerides and phospholipids, which are responsible for the structural and energy functions of the body.
• Bilirubin and general protein in the blood say, above all, about liver diseases.
• Amylaza and lipase are important to determine the state of the pancreas. Increased amylase speaks about inflammation.
• Albumin is the main plasma protein. Used to clarify other indicators.
• The AST enzyme is needed to evaluate the work of the heart.
• The Alt Enzyme shows how the liver works.
• The rheumatoid factor is certain antibodies, the presence of which speaks of various autoimmune diseases.
• Alkaline phosphatase is mainly responsible for the state of the bones. With this indicator of the biochemical analysis of blood, rickets and other diseases can be identified.
• Sodium and chlorine regulates water and acid Alkaline Balance blood.
• Calcium and potassium shows the state of the cardiovascular system.

This analysis is extremely important for the diagnosis of overall health. Therefore, doctors recommend donating blood to biochemistry at least once a year.

Deciphering blood test

Blood norms are highly dependent on age and gender. In the form, these indicators are most often indicated by a separate column, however, the decoding of blood test is the task exclusively a doctor. Since the extinguishing from the norm may be caused by non-health problems, and the conditions under which the analysis has surrendered. For example, after exercise may increase platelet levels. And sugar in the blood depends on when and that man ate on the eve, whether the analysis was worried if alcohol took. Nicotine can also change the indicators.

When to donate blood: preparation for analysis

The composition of the blood and the level of some indicators depend on the products that a person ate, so the study is conducted on an empty stomach in the morning hours. Strictly speaking, from the last meal before the analysis should pass 8-12 hours.

In addition, in a few days, before passing the blood, you need to exclude alcohol, fried or too fat dishes, receiving medicines (for example, aspirin). At least 1 hour before the examination is not worth smoking.

Also, physical activity may also affect the results, so before surrendering blood, it is necessary to sit in 10-15 minutes, restore breathing, and until this reduce the possible loads. In the morning, the analysis is better to cancel the morning jog and charging.

Water does not affect blood components, however, can increase the percentage of lymph (?).

Those who give blood to cholesterol, it is important for 2 weeks to cancel drugs affecting this indicator. It is possible to take them only if the decoding of blood test is necessary to verify the effectiveness of treatment.

Blood transfusion (hemotransfusion) is a complex transplantation for tissue transplantation, therefore it is carried out in extreme cases and taking into account all possible risks. To date, clear standards for the feasibility of this procedure have been developed. After all, complications from incompatibility can lead to serious consequences, up to death.

At the same time, blood transfusion is vital treatment for many patients. Some gemotransfusion is necessary daily.

Donor blood is most often divided into components - erythrocyte mass, plasma, cryoprecipitate and thrombocyte mass. It is their doctors that are used for planned overflowings. This not only reduces the risk of complications, but also makes it possible to use one portion of donor blood for different recipients. Whole blood is also used in hemotransphus, but less often.

Causes of blood transfusion

One of the main testimony to blood transfusion is a massive blood loss. It may occur due to injuries, accidents, in diseases of vessels, as well as during childbirth. Bleeding is dangerous in that the reduction in blood levels in the row affects the homeostasis, the turgore of organs and blood ability to transfer oxygen. Often blood loss is associated with oxygen starvation, which can be eliminated only by the transfusion of solid blood or erythrocytic mass.

Gemotransfusion is prescribed with such diagnoses:

• Anemia of different gravity and etiology.
• Blood coagulation disorders.
• Leukopenia.
• Sepsis.
• Incixation of the body.
• Chronic and acute purulent processes, for example, in the case of extensive burns.
• Oncological diseases, chemotherapy.

In some infections, diseases of the liver, the DVS syndrome uses plasma.

Another possible cause of transfusion is planned operations. If the patient has indicators and blood level in the norm, it is possible to carry out the so-called autodonalism - the billet of its own blood. This completely eliminates the risk of incompatibility.

Blood rate

Normally, the blood in the body is redistributed to circulating and deposited. The first is approximately 60% of the total volume and moves through the cardiovascular system. It is it poured under blood loss. Deposited Blood is a certain margin, 40% of the total, which is located in the liver, spleen, connecting tissues. In critical situations, it can replace circulating.

Thus, blood loss up to 20% does not threaten life - blood is redistributed, blood flow does not fall blood flow. Of course, such a state leads to anemia, however, if the hemoglobin indicator does not fall below 80-70 g / l, the blood transfusion is impractical. Performances can be introduced into the bloodstream, and only if the state does not improve, the erythrocytic mass is overflowed.

Blood Group I, II, III, IV

In modern medicine, there are several types of blood types of blood types, the most popular of them - 0AV (4 blood groups) and a rhesus factor. It is for them that doctors are focused when determining the compatibility of the donor and the recipient.

Still in the beginning. The twentieth century Australian immunologist Karl Landteiner was noticed that in some cases the mixture of blood two patients leads to the sticking of red blood cells, the so-called agglutination. This process is irreversible and leads to a fatal outcome. In the course of research, the doctor found that antigens A and B, as well as antibodies to them α and β in plasma may be on the surface of the red blood cells. The simultaneous presence of an antigen and antibodies is impossible to it, therefore 4 blood groups were allocated:

• 1 group (0) - only antibodies α and β.
• 2 group (a) - a and β.
• 3 Group (B) - α and В.
• 4 Group (AV) - only antigens A and V.

These indicators do not change all their life - the blood type remains constant from birth to death.

The introduction of the antigen leads to agglutination, to which there is an antibody in the blood. For example, for the 2nd blood group (the presence of β), the transfusion 3 of the group (presence B) will result in complications. Therefore, donors with blood 1 groups were considered universal, but the owners of AV, on the contrary, were highly specialized. According to modern standards, such compatibility rules are not applied, and blood transfusion is allowed only within the same group.

Resh factor

Another important indicator for blood compatibility is a protein D, which may be present or absent on the surface of the red blood cell. It is its presence and determines the reserves factor - a positive RH + and negative RH-.

According to an outdated system, donors with a negative Rhvas factor were considered universal, since their blood was not perceived as alien to all patients. That is, the blood of 1 groups with a negative rhesv factor could be transferred to any patient. Now this alignment is unacceptable - only blood is used with the relevant recipient of the Rh Factor. Therefore, today, under the conduct of hemotransphus, 8 blood groups are isolated - 4 positive (0 RH +, A Rh +, B Rh +, AB Rh +) and 4 negative (0RH-, A RH-, B Rh-, AB Rh-).

Since all components, including infections, the World Health Organization recommends that the World Health Organization recommends that the World Health Organization recommends that the World Health Organization recommends that the World Health Organization recommends. First of all, we are talking about diseases that are transmitted through blood and its components:

• Hepatitis B and C.
• Syphilis.

The blood transfusion was even recently one of the main ways to transfer hepatitis, today the percentage of infected decreased. But the risk still remains. Therefore, if the recipient requires systematic hemotransfusion, it is best to choose constant donors and make vaccination from hepatitis V.

If it is necessary to pass the blood for a recipient with reduced immunity, it must additionally be checked into a number of other infections. Even if the donor does not affect the patient, they can lead to serious complications. For donation, blood is taken from veins, an average of 400 ml.

Disease blood

Under blood diseases, different types of diseases affect shaped elements and plasma are combined. Often they become a consequence of bone marrow pathologies, because it is precisely in it leukocytes, erythrocytes and platelets. In some cases, the following categories also include diseases of other organs that significantly affect blood levels, its composition, blood flow and work of the SCC. For example, oxygen starvation may be caused by both problems with red blood tales and blockage of vessels due to cholesterol plaques.

The symptoms of this group of diseases are directly related to what kind of shaped element suffers. So, when lowering the level of hemoglobin in the blood, people note such changes in well-being:

• Total weakness.
• Dizziness.
• Fatigue.
• Sludge in the body.

The lack of platelets is expressed in poorly healing wounds, the rapid formation of bruises, the inability to stop blood, internal bleeding.

Often, human blood disease is undergoing without specific symptoms, are characterized by a general deterioration of well-being and proceed for a patient in the first steps unnoticed. In their development, the body temperature may increase, bone pain appear, funding states And other heavy symptoms.

Laboratory signs of blood disease

According to one symptoms, it is impossible to determine the disease, so the final diagnosis is made on the basis of deciphering blood analysis. Moreover, the initial diagnosis is quite a standard general study.

Erythrocyte level

Erythrocytes are responsible for oxygen transport to cells and timely removal of carbon dioxide. Therefore, if in the overall blood test, their number is lower than the norm - this is a sign of anemia (Malokrovia).

If the blood of red blood cells is elevated in the blood, it is also a possible symptom of the disease - polycythemia. This is a tumor process that proceeds hard enough and is treated much more complex to anemia.

Also, the analysis can be identified by the atypical forms of red blood cells, which also affect their functions. For example, reduce the life expectancy of the cell.

Hemoglobin

It happens that the number of erythrocytes does not change, but the signs of Malokrovia are still present. Most often, this suggests that in red blood cells there is not enough hemoglobin - a component, which is responsible for the attachment of oxygen atoms. Therefore, in the blood test, the determination of this protein is highlighted in a separate item. Since hemoglobin makes red blood cells with red, when deciphering the blood, the color factor is taken into account - the protein content can be determined by the saturation of the color.

Level platelet

Platelets provide normal blood coagulation, and their reduced level, thrombocytopenia, is a direct threat to a person's life. After all, with such a disease, a small wound can cause massive blood loss. Against the background of the low level of platelets, the state of the walls of the vessels can deteriorate - they lose elasticity, become fragile. If the blood levels are elevated in the blood, this may lead to the formation of thromboms, blockage of small vessels and such consequences as the development of necrosis, including kidneys, myocardium, brain cells.

Leukocyte level

Leukocytes are responsible for immunity, and their reduced level (leukopenia) threatens dangerous health effects. With a minor discharge from the norm, the patient is more susceptible to infections, often sick seasonal diseasesIt may be hard to carry diseases, get complications. Leukopenia can manifest on the background medical treatment, often it accompanies such infectious diseases as measles, rubella. In such cases, leukocyte levels are restored after treatment. However, the low indicator of these blood components can talk about serious diseases: tuberculosis, malignant tumors, bone marrow damage, HIV presence.

Leukocytosis (elevated level of white blood cells) can be a sign of the development of a strong inflammatory process. Blood in children may contain an increased number of leukocytes, which is the norm and does not affect well-being.

Some indicators are not directly related to blood diseases, but strongly affect the functioning of the cardiovascular system and other organs involved in the blood circulation process.

In blood elevated cholesterol

Blood analysis on cholesterol is taken to determine the risk of developing atherosclerosis or ischemic heart disease. Such a survey is desirable to spend once a year, in comprehensive preventive diagnostics at the cardiologist. By itself, this lipid is not dangerous, because helps the arteries to support the elasticity and integrity of the walls. However, this applies to the so-called "good" cholesterol - HDP. But another indicator, LDL, can lead to its sticking on the walls of the vessels and the formation of plaques, which narrow the clearance of the arteries. The blood test is normal for general cholesterol - 3.6-7.8 mmol / l.

Bilirubin increased in the blood

Bilirubin is formed as a result of the destruction of hemoglobin. This is a yellow blood pigment, an increase in the level of which gives jaundice - one of the important symptoms of the lesion of the liver cells. Moreover, the severity of disease can be different. For example, an increase in bilirubin is noted in conventional poisoning, but may also testify about cirrhosis, hepatitis and even oncological process.

A straight bilirubin is isolated, which appears in the blood in the violation of the outflow of bile, and the indirect - the result of amplifying the decay of red blood cells. The liver is an important body for blood, since it is kept here the greatest stock of its deposited component.

Blood rate in Bilirubina:

• Common - 3.4-17.1 μmol / l.
• Direct - 0-7.9 μmol / l.
• Indirect - up to 19 μmol / l.

Creatine is increased in blood

Creatine is metabolite, the final product of the decay of exchange processes that occur in the muscles. And although his small amount is always in plasma, the main percentage is excreted by the kidneys. If creatinine is increased in blood, this indicates possible development, in particular renal failure. Also, the high concentration of metabolite indicates possible problems with muscles. However, only the doctor can correctly decipher the blood test, since creatinine is easily rising and decreases from physical activity, the use of certain foods and even on the background of stress.

The kidneys are extremely important for the normal state of blood, since it is here that its filtration occurs. On a day, healthy kidneys can be treated with 1700 liters of blood, that is, approximately 3 minutes through them all its total volume passes. In the event that the kidneys do not cope with their functions, blood is contaminated, the decay products begin to circulate through the circulatory system and can harm other organs.

Creatine Blood Norm:

• Men - 62-115 μmol / l.
• Women - 53-97 μmol / l.

Blood sugar level

Checking the level of glucose is the main method of diagnosing diabetes mellitus. With improved sugar in the blood, the risk of developing diseases of the CSS is significantly increasing. Including myocardial infarction, which against the background of the type 1 diabetes may occur even in childhood. It also occurs the danger of overlapping peripheral vessels, and this in turn leads to suppuration, ulcers and even the loss of limbs. Too low blood sugar affects the general condition, hypoglycemia develops, which, without medical assistance, leads to a coma and death.

Today, the analysis of blood sugar is one of the easiest. Diabetics control this indicator using homemade glucose meters, which give the result less than per minute. Healthy people This analysis is recommended to be held at least once a year. Decoding blood test depends on many factors, in particular, the last meal is taken into account.

Normal glucose level on an empty stomach:

• Children under 14 years old - 3.33-5.55 mmol / l.
• Adults - 3.89-5.83 mmol / l.
• Older people - 4,44-6.38 mmol / l.

The most common blood disease is anemia (anemia), which is characterized by a decrease in hemoglobin / erythrocytes. The reasons for the shortage of this protein can be caused by different factors. The most common iron deficiency form, provoked by a shortage or poor absorption of iron. The most serious types of anemia are associated with a violation of the operation of the bone marrow and the pathology of the uniform elements: the hemolytic is caused by the rapid destruction of red blood cells, aplastic - inhibition of growth or complete cessation of blood cell production. Separate species allocate postghemorgic anemiadeveloping on the background of different types blood loss, including internal hemorrhages.

However, despite different etology of diseases, they represent a similar danger - oxygen starvation of the body and the consequences caused by it. According to severity, three stages of anemia are distinguished:

1. Light (hemoglobin above 90 g / l).
2. Average (90-70 g / l).
3. Heavy (less than 70 g / l).

The most severe forms require treatment with blood transfusion, and if anemia is caused by pathologies or bone marrow diseases, then the hemotransfusion is carried out by the course.

Iron-deficiency anemia

Among all the diagnosed anemia, the iron deficiency is in the first place. The fact is that most often it develops on the background of pathology, but due to improper nutrition. The low level of hemoglobin in the blood can manifest itself from vegetarians, the population living away from the sea, people who often sit on strict diets.

Iron deficiency anemia is developing and when the body needs increased iron consumption. An example may be a period of pregnancy and menstruation.

Malokroviya mild, caused by lifestyle, is regulated without the use of medicines, and by adjusting the power. These products are introduced into the diet:

• Meat, liver.
• Fish, seafood.
• Green vegetables.
• Bean (soy, lentils, peas).
• Apples.

In rare cases, the iron level in the blood drops due to the fact that the body simply cannot absorb this element. The cause becomes various GTS diseases, in particular, atrophic gastritis, inflammatory diseases, scar processes in the small intestine. In this case, anemia treatment will be aimed at eliminating the main cause of Malokrovia.

B12 deficient anemia

The second prevalence of anemia is caused by a lack of vitamin B12. First of all, it is necessary for the nervous system, but it also affects the bone marrow - during its shortage, the development of erythrocytes is slowed down. Anemia is developing very slowly, often goes into chronic form With constant relapses. Unlike iron deficiency anemia, the main reason for the development of this form of Malokroviya is just impaired absorption of vitamin B12. Therefore, treatment is aimed primarily to eliminate gastrointestinal diseases.

This disease is manifested by such symptoms:

• Sweetness gait.
• Total weakness.
• Numbness and tingling in the fingers.
• Edema extremities.
• Burning and itching at the tip of the language.

Hemolytic anemia

Hemolytic anemia is associated with rapid destruction of red blood cells - hemoglobin in the blood is not enough, because its cells containing it simply do not have time to play. Normally, red blood cells live about 120 days, with some kinds of similar anemia they can die for 12-14 days. Considering that hemoglobin is rapidly destroyed, jaundice can manifest itself in a patient against the background of common symptoms, and bilirubin will necessarily be increased in the biochemical blood test.

One of the reasons for such a non-lifelong life of red blood cells can be their incorrect form. Thus, sickle cell anemia is distinguished by elongated, pointed at the ends of the cells. Such erythrocytes cannot function normally and quickly destroy. In addition, the improper form of blood cells can lead to the fact that they block the vessels.

Another type of hemolytic anemia is caused by an autoimmune response. With it, erythrocytes are destroyed by cells of their own organism, which perceive the red blood tales as alien elements.

Aplastic anemia

Aplastic anemia arises as a result of a bone marrow disorder, which, for various reasons, cannot produce blood cells. It differs from the previous forms of Malokrovius by the fact that not only red blood cells suffer, but also leukocytes and platelets. Such violations may be transferred infections, irradiation or heredity. Aplastic forms of Malokrovia are rare, easily determined by the overall blood test, where all uniform components are indicated.

Hemophilia

Hemophilia - a disease of the violation of blood coagulation, but its reasons are not in the insufficient production of platelets, but in plasma disorders. In a liquid medium, a reduced level is observed or the absence of a blood coagulation protein VIII (Factor VIII). If such a deviation was revealed when deciphering the blood test, hemophilia A, or classical hemophilia is diagnosed. There is also in, but it only has 20% of all cases of this pathology. Both diseases are hereditary, and not only the type, but also the severity of the disease is transmitted. Symptoms are manifested exclusively in men, but only women are carriers, since the disease is associated with a change in the gene in the X chromosome.

When hemophilia, and bleeding may not be sworn at the first moment, since platelets that block the wound are normally working. But after a day from a damaged area, blood can begin to pour out, and in some cases it is impossible to stop it for months. Especially dangerous in this regard small internal bleeding, which may simply not be noticed for a long time.

The main analysis of blood for the diagnosis of hemophilia is a coagulation factor, which not only shows the presence of the disease, but also its degree of gravity.

The disease is congenital and chronic, so the patient is prescribed replacement therapy with anti-emophilic globulin concentrates for life. Such treatment allows you to completely get rid of the symptoms of hemophilia. However, it should be started as quickly as possible, since constant bleeding can affect the health of the joints, muscles, internal organs.

Leukemia is a group of oncological blood diseases, in which cancer cells copy bone marrow or produce modified blood uniform cells. In the first case, the rebirth of bone marrow fabric leads to the fact that it cannot sufficiently produce red blood cells, leukocytes and platelets. In the second, cancer cells gradually replace healthy in the total blood.

The reasons for such rebirth are not fully clarified, but it is directly associated with impairment of immunity. For the development of the disease, a single stem cell, which begins to produce pathologically changed uniform elements.

Leukemia are sharp and chronic. The first proceeds are very difficult and require immediate treatment. By type, these are different diseases, since they are associated with the formation of cancer cells of different types. Therefore, acute leukemia cannot become chronic, and vice versa.

At the initial stage, blood cancer symptoms are similar to ORVI:

• Temperature increase.
• Sludge in the body.
• Pallor.
• Dizziness.
• The appearance of red spots, as the result of subcutaneous hemorrhages.

The disease is diagnosed according to the general and biochemical blood test, as well as the bone marrow research. Chemotherapy is assigned to the patient, and if it does not help - the bone marrow transplant.