1. Sigmatisms of hissing sounds

Characteristics of sounds sh, w, h, u and their articulation

To identify the main (basic) sound among hissing, it is necessary to get acquainted with the characteristic of each sound and compare them (see fig. In the back forcedation).

All sounds of this group at the place of education. front-band According to the form of education - slotted,

with the exception of c.which is ground-slot, i.e., with its articulation, it first occurs the front of the back of the back of the tongue with alveoli, and then the slot is formed between them.

Sound articulation j. sh Voice.

Articulation of sounds sh and C.differs from sound articulation sh An additional lifting of the middle part of the back of the tongue to the nebu.

Thus, for hissing sounds, W, w, sh, the main one is the articulation of sound w, and it means it will be the basic for this group.

If the sound is pronounced correctly, then:

Adding the rise of the middle part of the back of the tongue, we get sh;

Adding the rise of the middle part of the back of the tongue and the bow before the slit, we get c..

Therefore, impaired sounds well, sh, h There are the same that sh. To familiarize yourself with the basic impairments of hissing sounds and the ways of their corrections, turn to Table 2 "Sound Violations W and Correction."

Sound violations and their corrections

I. Proper sound articulation sh

Interdental.

Teeth: teeth are brought closer, but not in contact, the distance between them is 2-3 mm; The upper and lower cutters are visible.

The tip of the language is wide, raised to the alveoli or the front of the solid nose and forms a slit with them;

The front of the back of the tongue is wide, raised to the nebu behind alveolis (reminds the form of the front edge of the bucket), but does not concern it, but forms a gap with them;

The middle part of the back of the tongue is omitted, bent to the bottom (the deepening in the middle forms as it were for the bottom of the bucket);

The back of the back of the tongue is raised and drawn back (reminds the back of the bucket);

The side edges are pressed against the upper indigenous teeth (reminded on the form of the side edges of the bucket) and do not pass through the sides of the air stream.

The air jet is strong, wide, warm, easily felt by the back of the hand brought to the mouth.

Sound impairment: with proper articulation, noise is formed, similar to hissing; If the position of the articulation organs is missed, the sound is distorted and its replacement with another sound.

Prereputable factors: various violations in the structure or movements of the organs of the articulation apparatus.

Preparatory stage. In the absence of sound, the work begins with the formation of correct sound articulation; produced:

Skill slightly advance rounded lips;

Lifting the wide front edge of the tongue to the tubercles behind the upper root teeth;

Long air jet running in the middle of the language.

Sound statement. Using the imitation method and drawing the attention of the child to the correct position of the organs of the articulation apparatus, achieve the correct pronunciation of sound w.

Side.

Lips: One of the corners of the mouth can be slightly lowered and drawn.

Teeth: There may be a light shift of the lower jaw to the right or left.

Tip of the tongue:

a) raised up and rests in the roots of the upper incisors;

b) lowered over the lower cutters;

Front of the backrest:

a) forms a bow with alveoli;

b) left (right) Half forms a bow with alveoli, the right (left) half is lowered;

The middle part of the back of the language:

a) rises to the nebu and forms a bow with them;

b) the left (right) half will be deployed, closed with a neba, the right (left) half is lowered;

Back back language:

a) raised;

b) the left (right) raised, the right (left) is lowered;

Side edges:

a) omitted;

b) the left (right) edge of the language is omitted.

The soft palate is raised, pressed to the rear wall of the throat and closes the passage into the nasal cavity.

Air jet:

a) goes on both edges of the language;

b) goes to the right to the right (left)

Sound impairment: squating sound.

Prereputable factors:

Side open bite;

The weakness of the muscles of one half of the language.

Preparatory stage. Exercises are held for:

Strengthen the lateral edges of the language;

Uniform lifting of both halves of the tip and front of the back of the tongue up;

Aircraft generation, going in the middle of the language;

Operated sounds t.and from.

Sound statement. Using mechanical assistance (flat, narrow, slightly curved handle from a teaspoon), raise a wide tongue for the upper teeth, move it back - to the tubercles (the edges of the spoon are at the same time at the level of the fourth cutters), asking the child to slightly clamp a spoon and long Sound C (front teeth are visible all the time).

Sound automation.

Differentiation of sounds

Nasal.

Teeth: open.

The tip of the tongue is lowered down and dragged into the mouth;

The front of the back of the tongue is lowered down, inclusted the mouth into the mouth, does not forms a slot with a nab;

The middle part of the back of the tongue is drawn back;

The back of the back of the back is raised up; Connects with a soft nob;

Side edges are omitted.

Soft paws omitted.

The air jet goes through the nasal cavity.

Sound Violations: The sound is replaced with snoring (in the nose) or sound, similar to deep x with a nose tint.

Prereputable factors: excessive stress of the back of the back of the language.

Preparatory stage. The skills are produced:

Hold a wide spread language on the upper lip;

Direct the air jet on a wide tip of the tongue raised to the top lip (blow the cottage from the tip of the nose);

Spill sh with nasal and oral pronunciation;

Operated sounds T.and from.

Sound statement. The child is offered:

With an open mouth, a long, without voice, to pronounce the sound of P and the tip of the teaspoon knob, brought to the underlying bridle, stop the vibration of the front of the language - the hiss will be heard. After one-time repetitions, it is possible to cause hissing, barely bringing a spoon to the sub-band bridle; Then you can remove the spoon and, bringing the teeth, seek the right sound.

- if there is no sound p, then they put the sound from sound with mechanical help.

Sound automation

Differentiation of sounds. In case of sigmatism, the work on the sound ends with the automation step, since in all these cases there is no replacement of the phonam sh on another phoneplace.

2. Parasigmism.

2.1. Baby-tooth.

Lips: occupy a neutral position.

Teeth: lower teeth Nandal, the upper slightly naked.

The tip of the language is omitted, slightly removed from the lower cutters;

The front of the back of the tongue is lowered and slightly moved back;

The middle part of the back of the tongue is lifted and is slightly delayed back;

The soft palate is raised, pressed to the rear wall of the throat and closes the passage into the nasal cavity.

The air jet is narrower and cold.

Sound Disorders: Sound W is replaced by the sound of F (hat - "FAP", Machine - "Mafina", Duf shower).

Prereputable factors: prediction, lethargy of the front of the back of the tongue, violation of the phonmematic hearing.

Preparatory stage. The child is taught to compare and distinguish with rumor sounds sh-fusing pictures characters. Exercises are held for:

Working down the bottom lips down-up

Lifting the wide front edge of the tongue.

Sound statement. They put the sound to imitation, using visual control: the child is watching the mirror so that the bottom of the lip is fixed, the lower cutters started (you can hold the lip with your finger, put in a sneeze under it). You can also put the sound from with with a mechanical help, drawing the attention of the child to the correct position of the organs of the articulation apparatus.

Automation of sound.Consistently introduced sound in syllables (direct, inverse, with a crossing of consonants), words and phrase speech.

Differentiation of sounds. In parasigmaties, the work on the sounds ends with the stage of differentiation of the sound of the sound and the sound of the substitute: sh-f.

2.2. Seek.

Lips: occupy a neutral position.

Teeth: slightly open.

The tip of the language is closed with alveoli for upper teeth;

The front of the back of the tongue is closed with alveoli;

The middle part of the back of the language is omitted, the groove is not formed;

The back of the back of the tongue becomes more convex;

Side edges adjacent to the upper indigenous teeth.

The soft palate is raised, pressed to the rear wall of the throat and closes the passage into the nasal cavity.

Air jet pushing.

Sound violations: Sound W is replaced by sound t (hat - "Tacka", Machine - "Matina", shower - "Dut").

Prereputable factors: a closed bite, a decrease in hearing, a violation of phonderatic hearing.

Preparatory stage.

The skills are produced:

Compare and distinguish sounds sh-tusing pictures characters,

Based on the basis of tactile sensations, the sounds of W-T over an air jet (with sh - long-term, at T - silent).

Exercises for work out:

Long, directional air jet;

The positions of the wide front edge of the tongue of the tubercles behind the upper cutters,

Operated sound with.

Sound statement. Using visual control over the correct articulation, as well as tactile sensations, achieve the correct pronunciation of sound w.

Sound automation. Consistently introduced sound in syllables (direct, inverse, with a crossing of consonants), words and phrase speech.

Differentiation of sounds. Under parasigmaties, the work on the sounds ends with the stage of differentiation of the sound of the sound and sound of the substitute: sh-t.

2.3. Hissing.

Lips: rounded and slightly nominated forward.

Teeth: open, visible the tops of the incisors.

The tip of the language is lowered down departs back from the cutters or rests on the lower gum;

The front of the back of the tense language;

The middle part of the back of the tense language is engaged, the groove is not formed;

The back of the back of the tongue is raised;

The side edges are omitted, do not climb with indigenous teeth.

The soft palate is raised, pressed to the rear wall of the throat and closes the passage into the nasal cavity.

The air jet spreads over the entire surface of the language.

Sound Violations: The sound is similar to the sound of a soft w (cap - "Sh'AP", the car is "Masher", the shower is "shower").

Prereputable factors: running, decline in hearing, violation of phonderatic hearing.

Preparatory stage.The child is taught to compare and distinguish between the sounds of the sht, using pictures characters. The skills are produced:

Raise a wide front edge of the tongue to the tubercles behind the upper cutters;

Alternate the movement of a wide tip of the tongue from the base of the upper incisors to the front of the solid nose (forward-back).

Sound statement.The child is offered to pronounce the sound with. With this handle tea spoonSuborded to the front of the language (across), raise the tongue up and slightly move back until the sound will not be heard.

Automation of sound.Consistently introduced sound in syllables (direct, inverse, with a crossing of consonants), words and phrase speech.

Differentiation of sounds. Under parasigmaties, the work on the sounds ends with the stage of the sound differentiation of the sound and the substitute sound: shh.

2.4. Avysuitable.

Lips: no voltage stretched, like with a slight smile.

Teeth: Rounded by 1-2 mm.

The tip of the language is wide, lies at the base of the lower cutters, do not assign their tops;

The front of the back of the tongue is wide, raised, to the alveolis and in the middle forms with them a gap in the form of a groove;

The middle part of the back of the tongue is lowered, the longitudinal groove is formed in the middle;

The back of the back of the tongue is insignificant;

The side edges are tightly adjacent to the inside of the upper native teeth, covering the passage of the air jet on the sides.

The soft palate is raised, pressed to the rear wall of the throat and closes the passage into the nasal cavity.

The air jet is narrow, cold, goes along the midline of the language.

Sound Violations: Sound W is replaced with Sound Ca (Caper, Masina Machine, DUS's shower).

Prereputable factors: reduced hearing, violation of phonderatic hearing.

Preparatory stage.

The child is taught to compare and distinguish with rumor sounds schusing pictures characters; The child is given to feel the difference in the emerging air jet when the teacher is pronouncing the sounds of the sounds of C and W (with a cold jet, with W - warm).

Work out movements:

Wide language up, to the front of the solid coat;

Achieve a clear alternation of the widespread movements, then behind the lower, then for the upper teeth;

Alternations of lips movements: stretching into a smile, nomination closed forward.

Sound statement.Using the imitation method, paying attention to the correct articulation, achieve the correct pronunciation of sound w.

Automation of sound.Consistently introduced sound in syllables (direct, inverse, with a crossing of consonants), words and phrase speech.

Differentiation of sounds. Under parasigmaties, the work on the sounds ends with the stage of differentiation of the sound and sound of the substitute: W-s.

Correction of sounds sh, w, h, u at various types of disorders

No sounds sh, w, h, u

Sound Sh

Preparatory stage. Starting work on hissing sounds, you need to check if the child can raise the tip of the tongue for the upper teeth and can the language be wide (spread it). If these movements make it difficult for a child, they work out.

To form the ability to keep the tongue wide, freely melted, the child is offered to put it on the bottom lip, then take a slightly lips, as if pronouncing the sounding of Py, Py, Py.

Then raise the ability to flex a wide tongue upstand in the form of a spoon. To do this, it is best to slightly hanging out a wide language, show how its front edge can be pressed against the upper lip. If the child's movement does not work, the educator puts him under the tip of the tongue of the teaspoon handle and, lifting, presses to the upper lip.

Having learned the move, the child can repeat it with a wide open mouth, gradually removing the tongue for the top teeth. Keep the language in the mouth is needed on the weight, without touching the tip to the nebu.

Sound statement. After the child learn to spread the tongue and bend it up, the teacher offers him: "Rotting the mouth, raise a wide tongue for the upper teeth, like me. And now ditch into the tongue. Do you hear how the wind sheltered? " (Air, passing through a small gap between the front edge of the tongue and the naba, forms noise resembling a hissing sound.)

It happens that the child blows with the sound of X, then the jet dissipates, the sound is fuzzy, distorted. In this case, he needs to say: "Side on the tip of the tongue with sound with." Development of the correct sound, W requires multiple repetition and use. different images (The wind makes noise, hit the goose, leaves the air from the bundled ball, etc.).

The game form of explanations in combination with the show quickly focuses the child's attention. Gradually, under control, the teacher, he begins to perform the required movements (to bring the teeth and slightly push his lips ahead) and correctly pronounce the sound of sh.

It must be remembered that by putting the sound, one should never call him a child, so as not to call him the familiar misuse.

Automation of sound.The educator draws objects in the notebook, in the names of which sound

At the beginning of the word: shalun, chinel, tire, spikes, rosehip, seer, chocolate, neck, fur coat, shimmer, washer, chess, sauce, shampoo, hat, seam, wardrobe, helmet, boat, hat, sleepers, twine, rod, bayonet;

In the middle: Mouse, Machine, Galoshes, Wallet, Porridge, Ears, Bag, Flock, Jug, Target, Hood, Pegs, Moto, Collar, Ushanka, Tower, Cat, Cherries, Pebbles, Coil, Pillow, Clapper, Bryer, Pig , key, gun;

At the end: shower, mouse, bucket, mascara, baby, valley, salas, reed, naked, keys. The child calls these words.

After automating the sound, the teacher and the child comes up with the proposals with the child and records him to the notebook under his dictation, for example: Shaluns were noisy and Shalily. Cap Yes Shubka - Here is our hostility. Natasha sew helmet. Misha steps a wide step. Masha in a stiletto box.

Sound J.

After automation of sound, the sound can be put on the sound. Initially, the child make it possible to feel the vibration of voice ligaments when pronouncing the sound. The tutor applies the back of his hand to his neck in front. Next, an adult along with the child pronounces the sound of W and adds a voice. One hand, the child feels the vibration of voice ligaments from the educator, the other - at home. An isolated sound of a f is enshrined with a sound resistance (imitation of beetle buzzing, bee, bumblebee, etc.).

To automate sound Well in the words The teacher draws a picture of a child in the notebook, in the names of which it is

At the beginning: toad, sting, jacket, belly, vest, animal, acorn, beetle, yolk, pearls, jelly, tokens,

In the middle: Pajamas, blackberry, puddle, cuff, knives, floors, puddles, cough, eggplant, dagger, lawn, hacksaw, jacket, snowflake, boot, check box, hedgehog, rain, clothes, scissors, snowdrop.

Words ending with on g are not taken, because in this position he is stunning and sounds like sh.

With spent words, proposals are invented and recorded under the appropriate picture, for example: toad lived in a puddle. The beetle buzzes LJ. Live curses lived at the fiction. Zhanna for dinner jelly.

SOUND C.

The sound of hours can be supplied from sound T: when the tip of the tongue is raised upwards, it is moved further into the upper incisors. The tutor shows on himself where the language is and as far as he moves back. When a child accurately copy movements, you need to push his lips forward (pressing the cheeks) at a time when it will pronounce it. As a result, the sound of h. Should praise the child ("You're right, well said, still repeat"). It can be said that this sound resembles the rift of the grasshopper ("he jumps high in the grass, just as your tongue jumps behind the upper teeth. You hear, h - jumped, once again jumped").

If the sound of the sound does not succeed in imitation, its correct sound can be achieved by the junction pronunciation of TCH, first in slow, then in a rapid pace.

Putting sound automate In the words in which he is

At the end: night, daughter, oven, ray, sword, cry, key, Kalach, Pugach, tractor, ball, owl;

In the middle: Barrel, dot, daughter, stove, match, kidney, bump, pack, bird, mast, glasses, brush, butterfly, fishing rod, twig, twig, bunch, bundle, tank, cloud, bunch, kochan, boy, donut , cookies, swing;

And only later at the beginning (if the sound is not fixed in the previous positions, two sounds may be heard at the beginning of the word: TSh): tea, check, stocking, chalma, shuttle, cape, seagull, kettle, cast iron, scarecrow, suitcase, chippolino , hours, garlic, lentils.

Together with the child, the teacher comes up and writes proposals with words by h. For example: the boy has a shoe and duck. Tanya, do not cry, does not drown the ball. Olga swung on the swing, and the bird swung on the branch. Girl drinking tea with cookies.

Sound Shch

The sound often appears automatically after the sounds of sh, w, h. For causing a child, you need to show that if we, pronouncing the sound, we will move the language forward, closer to the teeth, will hear the sound.

Given the relationship in the movements of the muscles of the lips and the language, you can ask the child with a long-term pronunciation of W stretch the lips into a smile; At this time, the language moves forward and sound the sound. The resulting sound is fixed by means of oracle ("Show, how the scums of the scum in the pan ... What kind of sound makes the brush when it is cleaning things," etc.).

For automation Sound in words draw pictures, in the names of which it is:

At the beginning of the word: soup, shield, gap, pike, cheeks, puppy, puppy, sorrel, chips, brush, bristles, cheek, nippers;

In the middle: Things, ticks, bag, drawer, predator, area, vegetables, top, rod;

At the end: Bream, tick, ivy, cloak.

At the request of the tutor, the child comes up with suggestions with assimilated words. For example: Comrades pulled out pike and bream. Petya, taching ticks, pulling a nail.

(Additional material for sound automation sh See on with. 218.)

Questions.

Why is the sound sh is the basic in the group of hissing sounds?

What types of sigmatism of hissing sounds do you know?

What types of parasigatism of hissing sounds do you know?

What is the difference between work at the preparatory stage in the sigmatism of hissing sounds from the same work in parasigmaties of hissing sounds?

How did the stage and why work in sigmatism and parasigmaties of hissing sounds ends? Give specific examples.

What is the main way to set the sound of sh?

What are the features of the manifestation of the intersuban pronunciation of the sound and its corrections?

What are the features of the manifestation of the lateral pronunciation of the sound and its corrections?

What are the features of the manifestation of the nasal pronunciation of the sound and its corrections?

How is the audio automation? Give examples on hissing sounds.

What sequence sounds in the hissing group?

The writing

My favorite animal is a cat. I wanted to have a cat since childhood. And finally, my dream came true - Siamese Cat Cat appeared at home. Kuzu has a light brown face, dark ears, paws and a long striped tail; Flexible extended body, a large round head, on a face bristly mustache, a beard and bright blue eyes. The eye color is changing when he is angry or threatened, the pupils are becoming red, then green. The ears of the cat is always on guard; They catch the slightest rustle.

Kuzya - animal capricious. If he has a good mood, he plays, allows himself to iron, allows another animal to eat from his bowl, but if he has a bad mood, he warns about it a kind of meoweash, then it is better not to touch him. Kuzya serious, battle cat. When we were in the village, he fought with all the cats. The first in the fight he does not enter. Initially, he would warn himself: he will fight with a nasty voice. Almost one hundred and eighty degrees turn the neck; His wool stands on end, and the tail is "turning" into the fluffy bristle brush. He has no pity for his opponent. It beats until the enemy appeals to flight. Kuzya - very clever cat. He learned the paws to open the refrigerator; doors of cabinets; If the entrance door is not closed on the lock, it will hang on the handle until the door opens. Kuzya loves watching tv, hunting lizards, frogs, birds. And yet he is a very kind cat and loves his owners. I really like our cat.

In this post there will be terrible, nasty, cute, good, beautiful, incomprehensible beasts.
Plus a short comment about each. They all exist in fact
See and surprise

Socials - Mammal from the detachment of insectivores, divided into two main types: Cuban squalus and Haitian. Comparatively large, relative to other types of insectivores, beast: its length is 32 centimeters, and the tail, on average, 25 cm, the mass of the animal is about 1 kilogram, the physique is dense.


Grievous wolf. It dwells in South America. Long wolf legs - the result of evolution in matters of adaptation to the habitat, they help the animal to overcome obstacles in the form of high grass growing on the plains.


African cyvel - The only representative of the same kind. These animals live in Africa in open spaces with high grass from Senegal to Somalia, the south of Namibia and in the eastern regions South Africa. The sizes of the beast visually quite strongly increase when the cyvel raises the wool when the cyvel is excited. And she has a thick and long fur, especially on the back closer to the tail. Paws, muzzle and the end of the tail is absolutely black, most of the bodies are spotted.


MUSKRAT. An animal is quite well known, thanks to its sonorous name. Just a good photo.


Prohidna. This miracle of nature usually weighs up to 10 kg, although more large-sized individuals were noted. By the way, in length, the body of the prohokhid reaches 77 cm, and this is not counting their cute five-seven centimeter tails. Any description of this animal is based on a comparison with the eidny: the paws are alerts above, claws are more powerful. Another feature of the appearance of the prohhidna is spurs on the hind legs of males and the five-lattice of the hind limbs and the three-capability of the front.


Capibara. Semi-water mammal, the largest of modern rodents. He is the only representative of the Watervinel family (Hydrochoeridae). There is a dwarf variety of Hydrochoeerus Isthmius, sometimes it is considered as a separate type (small water supply).


SEA CUCUMBER. Holoturia. Sea cubes, sea cucumbers (Holothuridea), class of invertebrate animals of the type of needle-skinned. Types used in food are the common name "Trepang".


Pangolin. This post just could not do without it.


Hell Vampire. Mollusk. Despite its obvious similarity with the octopus and squid, this mollusk, scientists allocated vampyrphida to a separate detachment (Lat.), Because only it is inherent in the retractable sensitive beat-shaped filaments.


AARDVARK. In Africa, these mammals are called Aartvark, which means "Earthy Pig" in Russian. In fact, the pipe-born in appearance is very much reminded of a pig, only with an elongated muzzle. The ears of this amazing animal in their structure are very much similar to the hare. There is also a muscular tail, which is very similar to the tail of such an animal as a kangaroo.

Japanese giant salamander. Today, this is the largest amphibian, which can reach 160 cm long, weight up to 180 kg and can live up to 150 years, although the officially registered maximum age of the giant salamander is 55 years old.


Bearded Pig. In different sources, a bearded pig is divided into two or three subspecies. This is a curly bearded pig (SUS Barbatus Oi), which lives on the Malack Peninsula and Sumatra Island, Bourney Bearded Pig (Sus Barbatus Barbatus) and the Palava Bearded Pig, who live, judging by the name, on the island of Borneo and Palawan, as well as on Java , Kalimantane and small islands of the Indonesian archipelago in Southeast Asia.




Sumatran rhinoceros. Belong to the non-parunning animals of the family of rhinoceros. This type of rhinoceros is the smallest of the entire family. The length of the body of an adult individual of Sumatran rhino can reach 200 - 280 cm, and height in the withers can range from 100 to 150 cm. Such rhinos can weigh up to 1000 kg.


Sugwesse Bear Kusset.. Wooden bag animal living in the upper tier of plain tropical forests. The fur of a bearish squeaker consists of a soft bleeding and coarse isge. The color hesitates from gray to brown, with a more light-colored belly and limbs and varies depending on the geographical subspecies and age of the animal. Grass, not covered with wool's tail is about half the length of the animal and performs the function of the fifth limb, which facilitates promotion in a thick tropical forest. Bear Couscus is the most primitive among all couscous, which preserves the primitive growth of the teeth and the characteristics of the structure of the skull.


Galago. Its large fluffy tail is clearly comparable to the Belichim. And the charming face and graceful movements, flexibility and ingratility, brightly reflect his feline. An amazing jumping, mobility, strength and incredible dexterity of this animal clearly show his nature of a funny cat and elusive protein. Of course, it would be where to use your talents, because the close cage for this very badly fit. But, if you give this animal a little freedom and sometimes allow him to walk around the apartment, then all his quirks and talents will be a reality. Many even compare it with Kangaroo.


WOMBAT. Without a photo of the Vombata, it is impossible to talk about strange and rare animals.


Amazonian dolphin. It is the largest river dolphin. Inia Geoffrensis, as his scientists call, reaches 2.5 meters in the length and mass of 2 centners. Light gray young individuals brighten with age. The body of the Amazonian dolphin is complete, with a thin tail and narrow muzzle. Round forehead, a bit of beak and small eyes - features of this type of dolphins. The Amazonian dolphin is found in the rivers and lakes of Latin America.


Fish Moon or Mall-Mall. This fish may have a length of more than three meters, and weigh about one and a half tons. The largest copy of the fish-moon was caught in New Hampshire, USA. His length was five and a half meters, there are no data on weight. In the form of the body of the fish resembles a disk, it was this feature that served as a reason for latin name. In the fish-moon, the skin has a greater thickness. It is elastic, and its surface is covered with small bone protrusions. Fish larvae of this species and young individuals floating in the usual way. Adults of large fish swim on the side, moving softly by fins. They seem to lie on the surface of the water, where they are very easy to notice and catch. However, many experts believe that only sick fish is swimming. As an argument, they lead the fact that the stomach of the caught on the surface of the fish is usually empty.


TASMANIAN DEVIL. Being the largest of modern predatory silent, this is an animal of black color with white spots on his chest and a sacrum, with a huge mouth and sharp teeth has a dense physique and a harsh temper, for which, actually, was called the devil. Publishing sinister cries, massive and clumsy Tasmansky Devil looks outdoorly resembles a little bear: the front paws are a little longer than the rear, big head, the face dulled.


Lori.. The characteristic feature of Lori is a large size of the eye, which can be born with dark circles, between the eye there is a white separation strip. Lori's muzzle can be compared with a clown mask. It is likely to explain the name of the animal: Loeris in translation means "clown".


GAVIAL. Of course, one of the representatives of the crocodile detachment. With the age of the muzzle of the Gavian becomes even longer. Due to the fact that the gavial feeds on fish, his teeth is long and sharp, located with a slight inclination for the convenience of eating.


OKAPI. Forest giraffe. Traveling through Central Africa, a journalist and researcher of Africa Henry Morton Wedley (1841-1904) has become more common with local aborigines. Having met the expedition, equipped with horses, Aboriginal Congo told the famous traveler that they had wild animals in the jungle, very similar to his horses. A lot of the actual Englishman was somewhat puzzled by this fact. After some negotiations in 1900, the British were finally able to acquire parts of the mysterious beast skins from the local population and send them to the Royal Zoological Society in London, where the unknown animal was given the name "Johnston's horse" (Equus Johnstoni), that is, identified it to the horsepower family . But what was their surprise when a year later managed to get a whole skin and two skulls of an unknown beast, and find that it looks more like a dwarf giraffe the time of the ice age. Only in 1909 it was possible to catch a live copy of Okap.

Valabi. Wood kangaroo. To the family of wood kangaroo - Wallaby (Dendrolagus) attribute 6 species. Of these, D. Inustus or Bear Wallaby, D. Matschiei or Vallaby Matchysch, who has subspecies D. Goodfellowi (Wallaby Goodfelloou), D. Dorianus - Wallabi Dorianus are inhabited by D. Inustus in New Guinea. D. Lumholtzi is found in the Australian Queensland - Wallaby Lumpolz (Bungary), D. Bennettianus - Wallaby Bennett, or Thaharin. The initial place of their habitat was New Guinea, but now Wallaby is found in Australia. Wood kangaroo live in rainforest mountain areas, at an altitude of 450 to 3000m. above sea level. The body size of the animal is 52-81 cm, the tail length from 42 to 93 cm. Wallabi weigh, depending on the type, from 7.7 to 10 kg male and from 6.7 to 8.9 kg. females.


WOLVERINE. Moves quickly and deftly. An animal has an elongated muzzle, a large head, with rounded ears. The jaws are powerful, the teeth are sharp. Wolverine - "Bolshoiy" Beast, the feet are disproportionate about the body, but their dimensions allow you to freely move on deep snow cover. Each paw is huge and curved claws. Wolverine perfectly climbs on trees, has acute vision. Voice is similar to fox.


Fossa.. On the island of Madagascar, such animals have been preserved, which are not only in Africa itself, but in the rest of the world. One of the rarest animals is Fossa - the only representative of the genus CryptoProCTA and the largest predatory mammal that lives on Madagascar Island. The appearance of the phossi is slightly unusual: it is something average between Vitverra and a small puma. Sometimes the phosse is called Madagascar Lvom, since the ancestors of this animal were much larger and reached the size of the lion. The phossis has a squat, massive and slightly elongated torso, the length of which can reach up to 80 cm (on average it is 65-70 cm). Paws in the phossia are long, but thick enough, and the hind legs are above the front. The tail is often equal to the length of the body and comes to 65 cm.


Manul Approves this post and is present here only because it should be present. I know everything everyone.


Phenox. Steppe Lisitsa. It gives up a manul and present here at all. After all, everyone saw him.


Naked farmland puts Manul and the pencies of plusings in Karma and invites them to organize the club of the most brayan animals in RuNet.


Palm Thief. Representative of the old crustaceans. The habitat of which is the western part of the Pacific Ocean and the tropical islands of the Indian Ocean. This animal from a family of land crayfish is quite large for its species. The body of an adult individual reaches size up to 32 cm and weight up to 3- 4 kg. For a long time it was mistakenly believed that he could even split coconuts that after eating. To date, scientists have proven to eat cancer can only with already split coconuts. They, being its main power source, and gave the name of the palm thief. Although it does not mind to enjoy other types of food - the fruits of Pandanus plants, organic substances from the soil and even to themselves like.

Russia occupies one sixth of the sushi. Therefore, the number of vertebrates inhabiting Russia is hugely and exceed 1500 species. Among them:

• more than 700 species of birds;
• more than 300 mammalian species;
• more than 85 reptiles;
• more than 35 types of amphibians;
• more than 350 species of representatives of freshwater fish.

Mammals of Russia

Bear

The bear is a major beast, he is considered one of the symbols of Russia.

Bear.

Brown bear is the forest animal inhabitant. Very often this beast can be found in Kamchatka. A brown bear is a fairly large animal, the maximum fixed weight of the male bear caught in Kamchatka was more than 600 kg.

Bear with bear.

The brown bear can eat as vegetable food, and hunts other animals. More than half of its diet is vegetable food: various berries, nuts, roots and so on. Since the bear is clumsy and cannot run quickly, he rarely manage to catch a deer or root. But such a giant can eat insects and their larvae, catch fish, lizards

In winter, the bears fall into hibernation until spring. To do this, they equip the burgots in pits or caves.

Wolf

Wolf is a beautiful predator, similar to the view and sizes on the German shepherd. Wolves - predatory predators, their loyalty they can give an example to people.

Wolf.

The main production of the wolf is large hoofs. A flock of wolves pounds a weak deer, a strong flock can even attack the moose weighing about half a thin. The first to the meal is starting a leader, only after it is eating the rest.

A fox

Fox - It has the fame of a very cunning beast.

A fox.

Foxes are small animals. Adult fox weigh no more than 10 kilograms. They feed on small rodents, so they can often be found near human settlements, where rodents are more.

But not only rodents make up her diet, she can hunt in small birds, try to catch a hare, but it is difficult for her, since the hares faster foxes. In the hunt, Lisa often uses cunning, for example, it can pretend to sleep near the flock of partridges, and when birds lose vigilance - suddenly attack.

Fox is a very curious creation. She is interested in everything new and unusual, and it often becomes the cause of problems. For example, a fox can get into the trap hunters.

Boar

Boar is wild pigs. Kabany are quite large animals, the weight of an adult boar can reach 250 kilograms. With such a mass, they can run at a speed of up to 40 km / h.

Boar.

Feed boars to all that will find in the ground. It can be different roots, worms and insect larvae, fallen fruit, aches, chestnuts and so on. The boar can eat lizard or toad, if it caught it.

Wild boar piglets.

If the boar feels a threat, then it becomes very dangerous. Its fangs can reach 20 centimeters long, he does not think it uses them.

In search of food, the boar performs the function of the landpash, it looms the land and plant seeds fall deeper, while their chance of the proportion rises.

Elk

Elk - large herbivore. Glory this animal received thanks to his vopothed horns, they look like a hustle - an instrument of farmers. Therefore, with antiquity, elk has a nickname - savory.

Elk.
Elk with big horns.

The horns are only in males moose, the females are missing. Every year until December, Moshi dump the horns, then these horns can be found in the forest.

Moose dwells in the northern latitudes of Russia, since these animals do not like heat.

Hare

The hare is a small herbivore animal, which is considered cowardly. But this is fundamentally incorrectly, hitting the paws of a predator of the hare fights off with strong rear paws. In these paws, besides, he has large claws that he can cause serious injury to the attacker, or even kill him.

Hare.

But the bunches with predators of the hares avoid, and the way for this they have only one - to escape quickly. They are able to develop speed up to 75 km / h if their lives threaten danger. Who is just not trying to hunt a hare! The fox represents the danger to young hares, she does not get angry with adults. Wolves often produce more adult hares. Rys and large eagles, mountainous, wolverines and cunits can attack hares.

Bunny with a bunny.

Wolverine - the predatory animal of the northern forests of Russia. Wolverine is a relative of the cunits, although it looks outwardly resembles a bear.

Wolverity weight can reach 30 kilograms. The females are slightly fewer males, on this their external differences ends.

It is believed that the basis of the diversue of Wolverine consists of fallen, which she picks up bears and wolves. In addition, Wolverine hunts everything that can catch. Large luck for wolverine is to catch a wounded and weakened deer of small sizes.

Beaver refers to the family of rodents. It is the largest rodent in Russia and Europe. In the world there is only one representative of rodents larger than beauty - this is the South American Capybara. Beaver weight can reach 30 kilograms.

Often, the beaver is called "beaver", but this name is not accurate, since in the dictionary of Ozhegova S.I., this word is called rodent fur.

Beaver leads a semi-water lifestyle, spending most of the time in water. Beavers are famous because the dams are built on small rivers live beavers in Norah, if there is no opportunity to dull hole, Beaver builds a hatch.

Beavers are active at night, and during the day they sleep in their dwellings. Bobras feed vegetable food, they make stocks for the winter and during the whole winter do not leave their shelters.

Ermine is a small predator, not more than 40 centimeters in length. But very aggressive and bloodthirsty animal. It dwells in the thickets of shrub, on the shores of the reservoirs, including the swamps. The ermine swims well and deftly climbs on the trees.

The starshind hunts into small rodents, but is able to kill and mining its largest, such as a protein or rabbit.

In winter, the mountains change the color of their wool on white to have more chances to stay unnoticed during the hunt.

Sable - a predator, in the form similar to the ermine, but the largest. The main habitat of a sable is coniferous taiga.

Sobol basically hunts into small rodents, but can attack protein and hares. He also hunts on small birds, such as a deaf or a row.

The sable fur is very valuable, which led to his mass extermination.

Birds of Russia

As mentioned above, more than 700 species of birds can be found in Russia.

Snegir - birds with a size of a little more sparrow, whose males are painted in brightly red. Snegiree females not at all bright color.

Bullfinch in winter
Bullfinch in May.

The diet of the bullfight consists mainly of seeds and kidney trees and shrubs, especially those who love Snegiri Ryabin and the cherry. Also, bullfights can eat insect small sizes, mostly they get spiders.

In winter, Snegiri will not fly away anywhere, and winter in Russia. If the winter is very cold and the feed is not enough, then a lot of bullfights dies. Under favorable conditions, bullfinch can live to 15 years.

Sinitsa - Bird size from Sparrow. It features a yellow breast and blue sweat on the back.

In the warm time of the year, the siny prefer to eat insects, at this time they are the most real predators. But in winter they are forced to go to plant food.

Sitting on sunflower

With the onset of colds, the tit is moved to the city, as they are easier for them to find food. In the spring, they fly away again in the forest.

Woodpecker is famous for being hammered by the beak trees in search of insects and their larvae. A knock from his "work" is heard on a hundred meters.

As in the cells, the diet has a diet depends on the time of year. In the warm season, they eat more insects, although I can destroy the nests of small birds, drinking eggs and chicks. In winter, the woods are moving to herbal food.

Dyatlah instead of the nests on the branches hollow out the hollow in trees with soft wood (alder or larch, for example). This work makes mostly male and it takes about two weeks.

Life expectancy is very rarely exceeding nine years.

The length of the body of an adult cuckoo is slightly over 30 cm with a mass of 190 grams, the maximum scope of cuckoo wings reaches 65 centimeters.

Cuckys are flying birds and for the winter they migrate into Africa and in the tropical latitudes of Asia.

Russian fish

In Russia's reservoirs, more than 350 species of freshwater fish. Consider some of them.

Som is the real predator, not a dropner, as it is considered. One of the largest freshwater fish of Russia, which is common in many reservoirs.

Som can hunt not only on fish and crayfish. He can also attack birds, for example, video about how catfish is hunted on pigeons.

Som in the Dnipro River.

Typically, Soma reach a mass of 20 kilograms with a length of 1.5 meters. But under favorable conditions, Soma can grow to the size of the real giants and weigh 400 kilograms with a length of up to five meters. This is just a monstrous fish!

Pike - predatory freshwater fish, heroine of folk fairy tales.

Usually, the pike grows up to one meter long and weighs no more than 10 kg, but some individuals achieve weight up to 35 kg.

Pikes hunt an ambush. They can hide a lot in the thickets, waiting for prey. Then a lightning fall is enough victim with its powerful jaws. There is no chance of freeing from the fish that fell into the mouth no pike, since the teeth pike grow in the direction of the jaw.

Zander

Sudak is another predatory freshwater fish, widespread in the European part of Russia. It only lives in flowing reservoirs, whose water is rich in oxygen.

Sudak is able to grow up to 120-130 centimeters, with its weight can reach 18 kg.

Sudak is a very aggressive predator, but the diameter of his pharynx is small, so it does not attack on large fish, as Som and Pike Makes. His mining: bleaks, small rams and so on.

Beluga is the largest freshwater fish, can grow longer than four meters, while weighing more than one and a half tons.

Most of the life of Beluga live in the waters of the Azov, Black and Caspian Seas. In the River Beluga rises only during the breeding period.

Beluga lead a single lifestyle. For the winter they flow into the hibernation, before that, their body is covered with a thick layer of mucus, which performs the function of warm clothing.

Basic Food Belug - Small Fish, such as bulls and a variety of carp, herring and other similar fish.

Karas - very careful fish. Karasi are almost omnivorous and perfectly survive in the most difficult conditions.

Two types of crucia live in Russia: Golden and Silver.

Crayfish

River cancer is a water animal reaching a length of 30 centimeters. Although usually cancers are much smaller, most often their size is 15 centimeters.

Cancer has powerful claws, and from the outside it is protected by a shell.

Cracks - Night Predators. In the afternoon they are hiding in their asylums, it may be a non-lair or a secluded lair in the roots of the coastal tree. At night they feed. The base of the diet of cancer is vegetable food, from animal food they can get mollusks, worms, also do not disgorge to the padal.

Arctic animals of Russia

Polar bear - the Lord of the Northern Labor of Russia.

The main mining of polar bears is different types of seals, such as sea hares and nerves.

Having a huge mass, the polar bear does not have natural enemies. By mass, only walruses are not inferior to him, and white bears try to bypass them.

Almost all of your life, white bears spend on drifting floes. Only pregnant females go to the land to give birth to the bear.

Lescent is an animal similar to the fox. It dwells in the Arctic Tundra.

In winter, the sands are white. But in the summer he lines and his color becomes brown.

The main mining of sands in the summer - rodents lemmings. Although the sands do not come to food and can eat more than 120 species of small animals (including fish and molluscs) and more than 20 species of plants. In winter, the songs account for a tight, especially if the winter is cold.

Polar owl is the largest of all kinds of owls. Also this bird is called the White Owl, because of its color. The wingspan of the wings of a large individual can reach 175 centimeters.

Summer Polar owls are carried out in the Arctic zones, and they fly to the zones of deciduous forests on the wintering. The main mining is lemmings, these are small rodents who live in the north in the tundra zone.

Polar owl tries to nest away from people.

Kitten

I love domestic animals very much. And finally, the parents gave me a kitten on the birthday. It was small, fluffy, black with white vapine on the forehead. Krapinka had the shape of an asterisk, because everyone began to call the kitten as an asterisk. A round face with black nose, shiny trees and little standing ears had my kitten.

What it was funny! Thusten, on short legs. Every time it saw me, ran up, rubbed his legs, as if invited to play with him. Kitten had

Merry temper, and therefore very quickly became a pet favorite.

Most of all, the asterisk loved to play with a paper butterfly. The kitten joined the fun, became on the rear legs, twisted the head.

I really love my star and pleased with what I have it.

Rex

My grandmother has a dog. This is a large Central Asian Shepherd, which has a nickname Rex.

He has a long thick white wool. The head is large, the face is elongated, narrowed to the nose. Eyes in Dark Rex and Smart. He looks at all close, attentive glance. Slender long legs overgrown with smooth wool. The tail is short, and the wool falls out of it.

Rex is big and strong, and character has a good and calm. And although he is already an adult, loves to play with a ball, run with me chairs.

I like Rex, and I am willing to play with him.

Squirrel

Once I saw on a tree in the park. Golden brown, only the tile of the tail white, as if sour cream. The tail is much larger from the protein itself. He is magnifying and fluffy. Her quotes are short with well-developed fingers, strong and dense.

Thanks to the sharp cogot, the animal quickly moves the trunks of trees, easily clings to the branch. The teeth in the squirrels are strong and sharp. They easily fuse the most strong nuts. Of all the forest inhabitants, the protein are the most alive and restless.

I like squirrels, and I am with satisfaction watching them.

Sparrow

I love Sparrow. They nest about human dwellings. Merry tweet of these bold and smart robbers comes from under the roof over my window.

Sparrow is a strong conical beak, short wings, long tail. Little fast eyes of a sulfur-looking bird look awaure around. They are fun to jump on their small legs, nervously flying from the branch to the branch, they whisper with each other, the noisy fights are covered.

Sparrows feed on seeds, berries, insects, destroy the enemies of the garden. I love to watch these little funny birds.