Cabbage:Growing white cabbage.

Cabbage

White cabbage Grow usually with a seaside way. In the central non-black earth, the early cabbage is planting at the end of April - early May, as the soil readiness. Well tolerate light frost tempered seedling cabbage. Plant seedlings with rows with a distance between them 40 - 60 cm, and between plants 25 - 35 cm.

The seedlings are abundantly watered, then planted in the wells, in which water is poured immediately before planting. It is impossible to moisten the soil, since the roots are needed for the rope of roots. During the landing should not be sprinkled with the soil point of growth in plants.

After 5-6 days, new ones should be added to the place of the deceased plants, and after the planting, the rustling of ripples should be carried out. This operation is repeated as weeds and the appearance of the crust on the soil surface.
10-15 days after the seedling plant, the plants are plunged with the simultaneous destruction of weeds in rows. The dipping of the damp soil contributes to the formation of additional roots on the bottom of the stem and eliminates the planting of plants, and also reduces the likelihood of plant damage to pests and diseases. The second glutage is carried out 15-20 days after the first.

From landing seedlings to harvesting at early varieties, the cabbage takes 50-60 days or a little less. Early cabbage is used in the summer.
Late-friendly cabbage of Moskovskaya Late, AMager 611 is planted in the ground after the Ranzley - in the middle or late May, and the grade of wintering 1474 - in early May. Seedlings of these varieties are grown in greenhouses or in film facilities. The Kochan in the late deck cabbage reaches a mass of 8-10 kg and more. Therefore, planting late cabbage is needed on a larger food area. The harvest of these varieties matures to the beginning - mid-October and is well stored during the winter.

Especially common in the central non-black earth varieties of mediterranean. It is used for chairs and winter storage. The seedlings of secondary varieties in the central non-black earth are usually planted in early June. Under this date of landing, the harvest of kochanov weigh 3-5 kg \u200b\u200bis cleaned in August-September.
Caring for latebed and the middle cabbage is basically the same as for the early forest. Only the number of treatments and irrigation increases.

High yield cauliflower It can be obtained only when it is cultivated on high blood soil. Under this culture, usually, in addition to mineral fertilizers, composts are made at the rate of 4-6 kg per 1 m2. Cauliflower needs fertilizers containing boron and molybdenum. They are brought during feeding together with other fertilizers or in the vegetable garden mixture.

Cauliflower seedlings are grown as well as early white. Seed seed several times - from March to May. This is done so that it can be seeded to plant 3-4 times on the vegetable garden, and the harvest is removed from June to September.
Care is mostly the same as for the early white burglar cabbage. So that the heads of cauliflower were white and prematurely disappeared, they are 10-15 days before harvesting from the Sun to the extended leaves. Remove the heads to their scattering. The upper leaves of the cauliflower cut down the head with the head, leaving the bottom of the wrapper.

Red cabbage Grow as ordinary middle-timed grades of white cabbage.

Garlic:Growing the early green culture-garlic in the open soil.

Roots

Root produce high yield When growing in areas with light sampling soils, although celery and trousers are successfully grown on clay soils. On heavy soils, especially when making the spring of fresh manure, the root of carrots, for example, can branch. For most of the plants of this group, compost are made, humus at the rate of 15-20 kg / 10 m2 and mineral fertilizers, and under celery and trousers can also be made to the manure in the same and large doses.

Soil treatment in the spring must be carried out if possible. Immediately after it is completed, they sow carrots, parsley, parsnik, celery, turnips, radishes, as well as a bright for obtaining seedlings, somewhat later sow beets, summer varieties of radish and plant celery seedlings. Winter varieties of radish sow in mid-June. On the same time, in the Central Neckoranime, the trousers seedlings are planted. The beet of the grade of the A-474 varieties, many varieties of carrots, parsley and parsnika seize in autumn 7-10 days before the onset of stable cold.

Promotional sowing is desirable to place on the cleaning of weeds with light soils. The soil must be prepared under sowing in advance, the norm of sowing seeds increases at least by 20%.

In the spring crop seeds of all cultures, especially beets, dill, celery, parsley, it is necessary to dug in water for 18-20 hours, and it is better to evoke air or oxygen.

Any gardener wants to consume vitamin products as early as possible. Greens, radishes, onions - all these useful vegetables grown in the open ground can please the caring dachants early harvest in the second half of April.

The main thing is to know the necessary agrotechnical techniques. Early vegetables need to sow in time, hide, choose suitable fast ripening cultures and early grades.

There are several effective techniques for the early harvest of vegetables.

1. Growing perennial cultures (most often onions), which are the first to grow to grow in spring and please early harvest. Perennial vegetable crops are a valuable source of getting the earliest harvest. All perennial vegetables multiply the division of the bush. You can breed them and seeds. Among the perennial vegetables, the early harvest gives Luke, asparagus and rhubarb.

2. To get an early crop need to be selected. cultures with a short vegetation period and early variety . Early vegetables with a short growing seasonal period include cultures that have time from germination before the start of cleaning of the commodity crop amounts to 20-80 days. Also when buying seeds, pay attention to the ripening period of the variety.

3. The use of special agrotechnical recommendations allows you to get a harvest much earlier. From known agrotechnical techniques, the greatest efficiency was shown the use of greenhouses and temporary film shelters , promotional Sowing and growing vegetables on ridges and ridges .

4. Obtaining an earlier crop contributes to singing a plot for growing early vegetables . A plot with mild for mechanical composition of the soil, not flooded, covered from the northern winds, with a southern bias is more favorable for early vegetables.

Early Vegetables in Teplice
To accelerate the production of the crop, you can use unhetable greenhouses different types, greenhouses and observer material. Glass, polycarbonate, film thickness 100-180 microns use as shelter.

In greenhouses, you can grow seedlings of many vegetable crops for open soil, which will accelerate the receipt of the commodity crop. You can use greenhouses to directly produce harvest, especially thermal-loving crops (watermelon, melon, eggplant, pepper, tomato, etc.).

Growing early vegetables under the shelter
A film (40-60 micron thickness) and a nonwoven material (type Loutrasil, Agrotex, etc.) can also be used as a passing material. You can cover both the soil (mulching) and plants themselves (tunnel shelter). Mulching increases the temperature of the soil in the root system zone, fights weeds.

In the manufacture of tunnels, arcs are used from metal, plastics, ventilation escapes. On arcs stretch the film or nonwoven material. The use of tunnels is particularly efficient on such thermo-loving crops as watermelon and melon. Under the tunnels you can grow cucumbers, eggplants, peppers, zucchini and a number of other vegetables to accelerate their development.

Early planting vegetables
The highest harvest will give sowing vegetables under the winter. Especially the seeds are effective for carrots, parsley, Luca Chernushki, lettuce, radish, dill. Seeds are sown with such a calculation so that they are swollen, but did not start germinate (in the conditions of Primorye, this is the first five days of November).

In the spring, the seeds ready for germination themselves determine the favorable conditions and board. This agructure accelerates the flow of harvest for 2-3 weeks. When cropping, the seeding rate increases by 20-30%.

Early vegetables on the garden
Accelerates the emergence of shoots and the profiling of the soil - the arrangement of ridges and beds for growing early vegetables. Combs and ridges are better warmed by the Sun, which means that the shoots will appear earlier and the plants will develop faster.

Early varieties of vegetables
In addition to the fact that there are early vegetables, which for any weather already in a month give a harvest, you can also choose special early grades. Then even thermal-loving cucumbers, peppers and tomatoes will delight gardeners with early fruits.

Early Luc
First of all, it is perennial bows. Luk-Batun - One of the earliest vegetable crops, which has long retained a commodity look. W. luke-Sluzuna Tasty juicy leaves, suitable in food to the phase of flowering. Also U. schitt-Luka. Leaves gentle at the beginning of the growing season, and then tear. Multi-tier onions - early growing and early consumption. Cheremha - Early perennial culture is collected as in the wild, it is grown in the country.

Early root root
W. asparagus juicy thick shoots growing in the spring, go into food. Use both green shoots and bleached. Bleached shoots get, dipping shoots. When the ridge reaches a height of 20-25 cm and searches appear, it is unloaded and cleaned with juicy white shoots.

Radish (Spring radish) is traditionally considered the earliest root. The growing season is from 20 to 40 days. From the early grades in the Far East are grown Heat , 18 days , French breakfast , Yakhont and etc.

Early greens
Salads. - These are mainly leafy and half-blooded crops from astrine and cruciferous families. Salad latobe and its various forms have a growing period of 40-50 days.

Peking cabbage, chinese cabbage, mustard salad has a growing period of 50-60 days. The use of several lines of sowing salad allows you to create a conveyor receipt of vitamin products, because salads can be sung in the open ground from the end of March to the end of May.

Dill on greens. Agrotechnology from dill on an umbrella is distinguished by a seeding rate increased by 2-2.5 times. When sowing in 1-2 decade of April, at the end of June (early July), you can remove vitamin products. For growing in greens, the varieties of a bush form of dill are best suited: Kibray , Umbrella , Uzbek 243. , Superdoukat other.

Early zucchini
Zucchini, patisson, crooks - culture with the growing season in 45-55 days. When sowing in the third decade of May, in the second half of July, products begins to flow. Of kabachkov early products can be grown varieties (hybrids) - Belogor F1 , Mushroom 37. , Yellowstorm , Kaven F1. , Roller , Anchor , Whale (grade of Far Eastern selection) and others.

From the early sorts of patisson most common Disk , Umbrella , UFO white .

Early beans
Vegetable beans - early, high-protein culture. There are unripe beans (blade), when the seed reaches a diameter of 2-3 mm. From shoots (June 1-5) before the beginning of the cleaning of beans (July 15-25), it takes 45-55 days.

The varieties of selection of central regions of Russia are common: Welt , Second , Option , Saks without fiber 615 and others. From the varieties of selection of seismic OOS are most famous Fedoseevna , Emerald , Sunny .

Early pea
Early varieties of pea of \u200b\u200bvegetable include Alpha , Inexhaustible 195. , Golden eagle , Early 301. , Yurga , Sprinter et al. They are often found at the gardens, have the growing period (from gear before the achievement of technical ripe shovels) 40-45 days. Peas - a long-day culture, so the southerly grade is grown, the more the growing season.

Early cucumbers
For open soil in Primorye, it is possible to recommend the early grade of the cucumber of Far Eastern selection Khabar , Lotus , Cascade , Amurchonok , Surazhevsky . When sowing in the third decade of May (seedlings appear on June 1-5) begin to give the harvest in the second decade of July (the growing season of 45-55 days).

In the conditions of the Far East monsoon climate, it is the cultivation of varieties of Far Eastern selection that guarantees a crop, as they are relatively resistant to false torment and bacteriosis.

Early cabbage varieties
The earliest grades of white cabbage are those whose vegetation continues 70-80 days: Athlete F1, Junskaya , Malachite F1. , Number first mushroom 147 , Pandion F1. , Solo F1. , Surprise F1. , Chesm F1 , Express F1. and etc.

Early varieties of tomatoes
Tomatoes have a growing season range from 70-80 days ( Primorye , Summit , Iogen. , Pearl etc.) up to 120-130 days.

In mid-October, planted garlic. This is optimal time for this culture: before the onset of cold plants are rooted, but shoots to the surface do not germinate, which avoids the frozen and mass death of the crop. The scheme of the seating of garlic looks as follows: the distance between the rows is about 25 cm., Between the teeth - 8-10 cm., The depth of planting is 5 cm. For additional protection against frosts, garlic is covered with tops of plants. This must be done in early November. In the autumn, as well as in the spring, when melting snow, you need to follow, so that there are no water stagnation in the garden, otherwise the garlic can be understood.

Topinambe is planted simultaneously with garlic according to the 70x70 scheme. Topinambur is perfect for growing in the open ground: this culture is undemanding to care and can grow on one bed without changing the place for a long time.

In early November, the time of planting seeds of parsley and carrots occurs. Sheet or rooted parsley sowed into open ground to a depth of 1 cm. And with a second-racing distance 20 cm. Future plants should be covered, and the soil is protected from moisture stagnation. Carrots Many gardeners are accustomed to planting in the spring, at the very beginning of April, but to get an early harvest it is better to do it in autumn. To facilitate the work on thinning carrots shoots, it is possible when landing mixed seeds with sand (1: 5), then sowing will not be so thickened. This culture loves space, so the distance between the rows should be at least 30 cm. And the depth is no more than 1.5 cm.

To save the useful garden square, at the end of April, Luk-Sevkov can be planted on the beds with carrots shootings. These cultures are well neighboring: when carrots are included in the phase of active growth, the crop of Luke is already removed.

Main landing works

The main landing works in the cultivation of vegetables on the open ground occur in the spring. In the first second decade of April, potatoes are planted, but preparing for landing begins earlier: for 15-20 days, tubers are transferred to the house or other warm room. Tubers must have sprouts about 2-3 cm. The usual planting of potatoes rows is better to replace landing in a checker order: it is more rational use of the area.

Simultaneously with potatoes, beets are planted, observing the distance between

Rows of 12 cm. The monthly seedlings of the early bold white cabbage are transplanted into the open ground in mid-April. Land-timed varieties and cauliflower are sled to seeds. Planting scheme is the same - 50x50.

April - landing time of radish. Superphosphate (1: 2) is added to the seeds and seed with rows or scattering method. A greater harvest can be expected from large seeds. The peculiarity of growing vegetables in the open soil is that over the summer on one area you can get a crop from several crops. For example, the seeds of zucchini and pumpkin can be planted for a bed with radishes: when their shoots appear, radishes will already be removed.

The cucumbers are sown at the end of April: the time of the appearance of plants is the danger of night frosts. Sowing material is chosen carefully: the greatest yield will give seeds of 2-3x old presses or weathered in a warm place for 2 months. For growing vegetables in the open ground, varieties are suitable for disease resistant and requiring minimal effort: watering, feeding (competitor, Far Eastern).

Shoots of sown crops need to be broken, leaving only strong plants. The optimal distance between two cucumber plants is 40 cm., For pumpkins and zucchini - more than meters, beets - from 10 to 20 cm., For sunflower and corn - 60.

Growing vegetables in open ground is sometimes not different from growing plants in a closed soil. Tomatoes in the garden require the same care as their greenhouse fellow. They need to be tied up, early varieties, remove steps and pinch the top. So that the bushes retain the vertical position, the row with tomatoes need to be covered with wire fixed on the pillars.

In autumn to get fresh greens and vegetables to the table, in the middle of August you can land the seeds of dill and radish. Groans in the greenhouses, freed after the collection of the main crop, you need to explode and pour. If there is a threat to frosts, the inputs in the greenhouses are covered with film.

The most popular method of obtaining garden crops on household plots is the arrangement of its own beds. In the open soil, you can cultivate a variety of vegetables: potatoes, cabbage, root, zucchini, cucumbers, tomatoes, greens and much more. But to obtain a rich harvest, it is necessary not only to properly care for plants, but also carefully pick up a plot and prepare it.

How to do this correctly you will learn from our article. We have prepared a detailed review of methods and means of growing popular garden crops, and picked up photos and videos for you, which will make it easier for growing vegetables in the open soil.

Growing vegetables in open ground

Select a bed for sowing a certain vegetable should be taking into account fertility, lighting, humidity level and other parameters required for each type of culture. For example, cucumbers are afraid of drafts, so they are placed in areas protected from winds, but at the same time sufficiently wet. For cabbage choose fertile and wet areas, well lit and protected from wind. Crichers for tomatoes should be placed in places with sufficient lighting, but without excess moisture.

Figure 1. Preparation of soil for planting vegetables: Paving, loosening and fertilizer

After collecting the harvest, the beds are necessarily drunk and fertilized (Figure 1). To do this, organic substances can be used (manure, bird litter or compost), mineral feeders or sites - green plants that make the Earth more loose, prevent the growth of weeds and saturate with useful substances.

The prerequisite for choosing a section for vegetables is the observance of crop rotation. Not all cultures are well rolled together. For example, cabbage strongly imposes ground, so after it is better to plant vegetables, undemanding fertility.

The video shows how to make a versatile warm breast for growing vegetables.

Preparation of seeds for landing

The high harvest of vegetables is provided not only by the right selection of places, but also to the preparation of seeds. Regardless of the type of culture, it is necessary to select only the best seeds and process them before sowing. An example of processing is shown in Figure 2.

Note: Before use, seeds warm up, boot and germinate. This ensures the emergence of friendly shoots and high yields.

Preparation of seed vegetables includes:

• Soaking - Raw materials are lowered into clean water or a weak mortar of manganese for several hours. It helps to destroy pathogenic bacteria and saturate seeds with nutrients.
• Hardening - The change is wrapped in a wet fabric and placed on the lower shelf of the refrigerator for 4-6 hours. After that, tolerate with room temperature for another 12 hours.
• Germination - Seeds of beans or corn before planting are lowered into a plate with water, and then wrapped into a wet fabric and kept at room temperature until small roots appear. Such a procedure significantly increases the germination and yield.

Figure 2. Processing of seed vegetables before landing

Early and thermal-loving cultures are grown not only by sowing an open ground, but also a seaside way. This is the only opportunity to get a harvest in the regions with a harsh or unstable climate (for example, in Siberia). With the help of seedlings, not only cucumbers, tomatoes or cabbage, but also beets, zucchini and corn.

Features of growing vegetables

Since each vegetable has its cultivation technology, it is necessary to stop in more detail on the main aspects of the cultivation of common crops in the open soil.

Cabbage

For cabbage perfectly fit fertile soils with a small wet bias and the ability to hold moisture.

Note: A good beds for cabbage will be those where potatoes, cucumbers or onions grew up.

Grow cabbage with a reckless way only in the warm climate. In other regions, the early yield of cabbage can be obtained only by pre-breeding seedlings (Figure 3). Seeds are planted at the end of winter in a tank with a nutrient earth mixture. After the formation of several leaves, seedlings are seated in separate containers.

Figure 3. Landing and growing cabbage

Cabbage seedlings are spent in May, but it is advisable to prepare the garden to prepare in advance: to easily switch to manure and thoroughly. The cabbage is planted with rows, at a distance of 50 cm from each other. The soil in the hole is moisturized and fertilized by humus and ashes.

Note: If the threat of frozins has not yet passed, the seedlings can be covered with a film, but when the temperature stabilizes, the shelter is removed.

Cabbage is very sensitive to watering. In the absence of natural precipitation, the soil moisturizes every 3 days, and so that the crust is not formed on the surface additionally swaps. Hold moisture and prevent the growth of weeds will help the dip. Also, the cabbage can be fertilized by introducing mineral and organic feeding (10 days after the seedling landing and re-after another).

Roots

For rootpodes, they choose well-lit sections. The most popular cultures of this species are the carrots and beets. But if the carrot moves well freezing and drought, then more stable climatic conditions are required for beets.

Note: Despite the resistance of the root plates to the temperature drops, it is recommended to conduct pre-sowing seed treatment to accelerate their germination.

Beets can be heated as directly into open soil, and grown with seedlings. Seeds are sown in small containers, and after the appearance of two or three sheets, they dive (searched on separate pots or cups).

Figure 4. Cultivation of carrots and beets on the beds

Sowing directly into the soil is carried out when the soil at a depth of 5 cm warms up. Cold Earth can lead to the fact that the seeds will germinate slowly or stop in growth at all. Beet can start throwing out the side shoots. Sowing and care for rootepods in the open soil is shown in Figure 4.

When growing carrots and beets, you need to properly care for plants. First of all, it concerns the loosening of rods and making feeding. The soil looser is necessary to eliminate the crust, which is formed on the surface of the Earth after watering or rain. In addition, it helps eliminate weeds and saturate the roots of plants moisture.

The feeders make predominantly organic (diluted cow manure or bird litter), but you can use special mineral additives for root. It is also recommended to periodically cut forward shoots that only the strongest plants remain on the garden. Thickened landings also provoke disease development.

From the video you will learn how to correct the carrots in the open soil.

Pumpkin

Pumpkin, cucumbers, zucchini and patissons are considered the most common pumpkin cultures on the vegetables of our country. The basic requirements for their cultivation is a sufficient amount of air, sunlight and water (Figure 5). At the same time, the pumpkin is not too demanding to the fertility of the soil, its humidity is much greater for them.

Figure 5. Growing pumpkin, cucumbers and zucchini

Despite the fact that cucumbers, zucchini, tomatoes and pumpkins belong to one class of plants, the requirements for their cultivation on the beds are slightly different:

1. Grow pumpkin Better in areas pre-fertilized by humus or cow. So that the seeds sprout faster, they are recommended to suck in warm ground, and before the emergence of the first shoots - cover the film.
2. For Patchsonov The land can be fertilized by minerals, but with proper care, the culture brings a good harvest and without additional feeding. Patchsons can be grown by a seedler, but it is much easier to heat immediately into the open soil, since the vegetable has a high resistance to frosts.
3. Zucchini. - enough unpretentious vegetables that do not require special conditions. But for obtaining a rich harvest, it is recommended to fertilize the soil with organic and mineral additives and keep the rotation. In addition, the zucchini love well-lit plots and frequent watering. It is possible to plant it directly into the ground, but for regions with a harsh climate and a short summer, the advantage should be given to a decide.
4. Cucumbers and their cultivation in the open grounde is also simple enough. To do this, it is enough to choose a well-lit plot with drained soil. Vegetables are planted directly into the ground, and to protect germs from frosts are covered with film. Similar accurauous material also prevents the soil drying and stops the growth of weeds.

All pumpkin cultures have one general requirement To cultivation: they are very sensitive to a lack of moisture, so watering the beds should be regularly (every 3-4 days, subject to the absence of natural precipitation). The lack of water can lead to a decrease in the volume of harvest and taste of vegetables.

Pepper and Tomatoes

It is possible to grow peppers and tomatoes in the open soil using seedlings, since these cultures are thermal loving (Figure 6). Grokes are placed in a well-lit place and protected from a cold wind. In addition, you need to eat the soil with organic and mineral feeding from the autumn.

Figure 6. Growing seedlings of peppers and tomatoes on the beds

In the warm climate, pepper can still grow with a reckless way. For this, the seeds are sown in the prepared ground at the end of May, and covered with a film. After the emergence of the first shoots, the shelter is removed. Seedlings Tomato are transferred to the soil also at the end of May. After landing, it is necessary to properly care for plants, in particular, regularly loosen the soil to remove weeds, make feeding during the flowering period and the beginning of fruiting, and also provide cultures with sufficient liquid.

Bean culture

The most popular bean crops are beans and corn. These are thermal-loving plants for which they are selected from the winds protected and well-lit plots (Figure 7).

When growing legume crops in the open ground, it is necessary to strictly observe the crop rotation and conduct pre-sowing processing of seeds. This will help not only improve the quality and number of germs, but also strengthen sewwits during the period of development.

Figure 7. Sowing and growing beans and corn

Since corn, and the beans are very sensitive to frosts, in the open ground they are planted after the weather becomes stably warm. In addition, before planting seeds, it is recommended to germinate in a wet fabric before the appearance of small roots.

Potatoes

Potatoes are the most common vegetable on the gardens of our country. This culture is undemanding to the level of soil fertility, but a rich harvest is still easier to obtain when making a sufficient number of organic and mineral fertilizers.

Figure 8. Growing potatoes in open soil

Middle-sized tubers are suitable for landing. There are longitudinal rows with holes at a distance of 30-40 cm from each other (Figure 8).

Note: Before boarding, the tubers must release small "eyes", which indicate that the first shoots will soon appear.

Throughout the period of cultivation, potatoes are twisted several times and plunged to remove weeds. If necessary, make feeding or use chemicals To combat disease and pests. In general, the cultivation of potatoes in the open ground is quite simple, and even novice gardeners will be able to cope with the cultivation of this vegetable.

From the video you will learn how to grow potatoes and care for her.

Greens

Green crops are divided into lightweight (designed for consuming fresh) and spinage (used for further processing). Salad greens also includes spicy cultures (basil, dill, kinza), which are added to dishes in fresh or dried. Green landing circuit is shown in Figure 9.

The most popular greenery for consuming in the fresh form is considered a sheet salad. This is a cold-resistant culture that grows well on any basis, but a rich harvest is better to receive on loose soils.

Note: So that the lettuce leaves are large and juicy, the beds need to spread regularly.

Figure 9. Scheme of planting and growing greenery in open ground

Another popular greenery is dill, which is also resistant to cold and disease, and does not require careful care. In the wild, dill grows out freely, and often it is not even necessary to plant it, as it is sewn independently on the beds. Dill can be collected both to obtain greens and for seeds (umbrellas), which are used as seasonings.

Regardless of the type of culture, vegetables require careful care. The main activities include (Figure 10):

• Loosening -with this procedure, the upper crust coats the land after the rain or watering. Swimming helps to improve air and moisture penetration in deep soil layers. In addition, it allows you to remove roots and young weeds.
• Watering - Most vegetable crops and greenery require regular watering. But the amount and frequency of water is different. For example, cucumbers and zucchini for abundant fruiting requires more moisture, and excessive watering of tomatoes can provoke phytoofluorosis.
• Feeding - The introduction of organic and mineral fertilizers at different stages of cultivation allows you to accelerate the growth of cultures, make bloom more intense or improve the quality of fruits.
• Dipping - In the process of emphasising the bushes, dry ground or peat are sprinkled. It helps to keep moisture and prevents the growth of weeds.
• Mulching - This coating space around the bushes layer sawdust, straw or special film. The use of mulch helps to hold moisture, slow down the growth of weeds and protect young shoots from frost.

Figure 10. Care of vegetables: loosening, watering, fertilizer and mulching

In addition, in the process of cultivation, it may be necessary to use special chemicals (herbicides and insecticides) to prevent diseases and pest control.

Planning the cultivation of early vegetables in the middle lane of Russia, it is necessary to allocate the main ways that ensure the acceleration of the harvest.

Here are some of them these ways:

1. Choosing a place of cultivation.

2. Selection of grown vegetable crops.

3. Selection of varieties of vegetable crops.

4. Application of techniques accelerating harvest.

Consider these main ways to raise the early harvest of vegetable crops in the open soil.

Choosing a place of cultivation

Many vegetable cultures in the middle strip of the Russian Federation are not enough heat for normal growth and development. According to the mid-year-old data, the hydrometeorological service of the Samara region, as one of the regions of the middle band of Russia, the air temperature in May did not exceed 15.9 ° C, in June - 19.7, in July - 20.7, in August - 20.3, in September - 14.9.

According to the requirements for heat, vegetable crops are divided into groups:

1. Frost-resistant, capable of wintering in the open ground without damage. The life processes in these plants begin at low positive temperatures +2 ... + 3 ° C, therefore, as the soils are melted in these plants, leaves are beginning to grow, which are not damaged by spring frosts. This group includes the following many years of vegetable crops: horseradish, sornery, rhubarb, mint, tarragon, hyperopasses, charker, bows (on-up, garlic, schitt, slim, bobber, multi-tiered, shallot).

The optimal temperature for the growth of these plants is no higher than + 20 ° C, when it is increased, the growth of the leaves is stopped and flowering begins.

Growing perennial vegetable crops can be obtained by the earliest harvest of vegetables.

2. Cold-resistant - These include all cabbage, roofs, peas, beans, salad, spinach, dill, cress, salad, sheet mustard. All cold-resistant vegetable crops are resistant to minor frosts - 2-4 ° C, especially when hardening the seaside crops (all kinds of cabbage). The best temperature of the growth of cold-resistant vegetable crops is +18 .. + 20 ° С.

Considering the stability of cold-resistant vegetable crops, as well as the ability of seeds of these cultures to give germs at low positive temperatures (+3 ... + 4 ° C), seeds of these cultures can be heated in the earliest time and thereby accelerate the production of early harvests.

3. Heat-loving is tomato, pepper, eggplants, cucumber, zucchini, patissons. All listed vegetable cultures are damaged by even insignificant (-2 ...- 3 ° C) frosts and only the culture of tomato, with proper cultivation of seedlings and when it is hardening, is able to transfer freezing by force -2..4 ° C, and this makes it possible to land Tomato seedlings used to be usually taken for the region of time and thereby get an early yield of tomatoes. The optimal temperature for the growth and development of thermal-loving vegetable crops is +25 ... + 27 ° C. The most demanding to heat culture - cucumber, whose seeds germinate at a soil temperature not lower than + 13 ° C, and for the rapid growth of the roots of the root of this plant, the temperature of the root of the tillage is not lower than + 17 ° C.

4. Heat resistant plants - beans, watermelon, melon, pumpkin, corn. Vegetable plants of this group are distinguished by plants demanding heat, only the ability to continue growth processes at a temperature of + 40 ° C and higher. Otherwise, the requirements for heat in plants of this group are the same with the requirements of the previous group.

Therefore, when growing heat-loving and heat-resistant cultures in the conditions of the middle strip of Russia, it is necessary to pay attention to the choice of the most warm, protected areas from the winds of the site and improve the thermal regime of soil and air by making high doses of organic fertilizers for pumpkin cultures (cucumber, zucchini, patisson, watermelon, Melon, pumpkin) or organize the cultivation of these crops on warmed soil (using temporary shelters with synthetic materials), in greenhouses or greenhouses.

Planning the cultivation of vegetable crops, it is necessary to ensure the features of the climate of the zone, as well as to know the requirements of vegetable crops to the external environment factors.

Selection of vegetable crops and varieties

In a zone, where a very long period of the year, the climate does not allow the crop of vegetables in the open soil and often there is a cool spring with frosts that are continuing until the beginning of June, it is very important to grow early harvest vegetables. And to solve this problem, it is important to choose vegetable cultures and varieties of these crops that are able to quickly form a crop. In some vegetable crops, this ability to rapidly form the harvest is explained by these cultures with the peculiarities of growth processes, and these cultures are called early - this is a cress, sheet mustard, radishes, salad, spinach, dill. The length of the growing season (from shoots before the start of cleaning) in these cultures of 20-30 days. In other vegetable crops, the early formation of a crop occurs due to the fact that in the soil the kidneys and roots. The growth processes in these plants begin as the soil thawing (sorrel, rhubarb, estragon, horseradish, mint, etc.) and the active growth of leaves, which are used in food, occurs at low positive temperatures.

Finally, some vegetable crops are winter seeds in the soil, dying arbitrarily as they mature or sown under winter (carrots, dill, parsley, cucumber grass). Seeds of these plants are also able to germinate at low positive temperatures, and their shoots are resistant to freezing, which ensures them fast growth In early days.

And even in the group of thermal-loving vegetable crops there are early grades, which allows with the right selection of varieties to get an early harvest of cucumbers, tomatoes, zucchini, patissons, vegetable peas, beans and other vegetable crops.

Already at the end of April, in favorable years, the greenery (leaves and young shoots) of the Estragona in Salads can be used. By the way, this plant has a tonic properties and contains a large number of different vitamins and minerals. On the same time, the leaves of Melissa, mates of the pepper and cucumber grass begin to grow (from seeds wintering in the soil). Late leaves of cucumber grass are covered with hard insertion and food is not suitable.

In the first decade of May, very tasty and useful early greenery cultures can be prepared for use, sowing and leaf mustard. These plants, in addition to biologically active substances and vitamins, contain a selenium element that warns oncological diseases.

On the same time, i.e., in the first decade or mid-May, greens (leaves) of parsley appear, if you do not dig a part of the root crust in the fall, and leave them in the soil. For the earliest harvest, it is possible to sow dill, parsley, carrots under the winter and already at the beginning of May, seedings and young plants of dill and parsley, containing up to 250 mg% vitamin C (in lemon and lemon leaves of this vitamin only 60 mg%).

In the earliest time it is necessary to sow spinach, Chernushka for greens, salad, dycon, leaf beet, Beijing cabbage, radishes, dill, parsley, planting onions on the greens, sow collabies and plan the seedlings of Kohlrabi, cabbage colored and early, sow radish summer. All this will allow, already starting with the second decade of May, have a variety of vegetable products.

In the first decade of May, peas must be sown, beets, planting the bow-north on repka. In the second decade of May, and in some years a little earlier, sow beans, zucchini, patissons, cucumbers and early grades of these vegetable crops will give products already at the end of June - early July.

At the end of May, without waiting for the end of the spring frosts, planted the tempered seedlings of tomatoes and with proper cultivation of seedlings and culture in the open ground in mid-July begin to collect ripe fruits of tomatoes.

Thus, thinking about vegetable cultures and their varieties, you can get a variety of vegetable products from the open soil since May month. And the whole May, June, i.e. in those times, when usually very little fresh vegetables And when the human body after a long winter extremely needs vegetable products, you can consume these vegetables, growing them in the local conditions of the middle strip of the Russian Federation, which is also very important both in economic and environmental reasons.

Application of techniques accelerating vegetable harvesting

Plants in the process of growth are under constant influence of a large number of factors whose complex is what is called an external environment that determines the transfer time and the amount of crop grown.

If the requirements of the grown plants coincide with the conditions in which the plant is grown, i.e. with the conditions of the external environment, then the plant forms the harvest faster and the harvest weight increases. If the conditions of the external environment are inconsistent in which the plant grows, with the requirements of plants, the crop increases slowly and its value is significantly reduced.

To obtain early and high yields of vegetable plants, it is necessary to know the features of the growth of individual plants, as well as various agrotechnical techniques and use these knowledge in the process of crop growing.

First of all, it is necessary to take into account the features of the structure of the root system of vegetable plants. As a rule, most of the vegetable plants form a surface root system located in the layer of the soil arable horizon, i.e. at a depth of 20-30 cm. At the same time, the most early vegetable plants - radishes, salad, cress and leaf mustard, spinach have the most Surface location of the root system. But these plants are unique in the rate of harvest. Thus, the mass of one seed of radishes is about 0.01 g and already in 25-30 days the mass of one roar roar plant, which grown from this seed reaches 30-40 g, that is, the increase in one root roaster on average is more than one gram in day. But radishes are edible and leaves, and if we take into account the mass of the radishes formed on one plant and the leaves of the income of the entire harvest of the radishes of one plant will increase significantly.

An even greater crop growth rate is marked at lettuce plants and a bunk. So, according to M.V. Alekseeva (1987), with an average mass of one seed of the repfate onion in 0.003 g, under the optimal conditions of growing food onions from seeds (dealercyal culture) for the period of cultivation, equal to 100-110 days, a bulb weighing up to 300-400 in other words, The average daily growth of the bulbs is 3-4 g plus a mass of leaves, which, as a rule, is equal to the mass of the bulbs.

Consequently, the above plants have the ability to quickly form a crop, but, given the presence of a small and depth of placing the root system in these plants, it is necessary to create a high-grade cornerotic soil layer so that the plants do not have a lack of nutrients.

Selection and preparation of the site for early vegetables

Obtaining early yields of vegetable crops is possible only on highly hydraulic, well-warmed, light on mechanical composition, well-moistened, non-acid (by the reaction of soil solution) soils. The level of soil fertility increases with the introduction of organic fertilizers, since it increases the content of humus in the soil (V.P. Matveyev, M.I. Rubtsov, 1985; and others).

The most important organic fertilizer is manure. Make it in the rewind or semi-proverse form. Significantly increases the efficiency of manure composting it with superphosphate (2-4% by weight of manure). When mixing with superphosphate ammonia, the manure interacts with the sulfur-acid calcium contained in the superphosphate and turns into ammonium sulfate, therefore nitrogen is not lost when scattering the manure in the field before the stall. Compress the manure in the fall, during storage it. No less valuable fertilizer is a compost from plant and animal remnants accumulating in the economy (leaves of trees, tops, unused for feed).

An exported and scattered manure should be immediately smelled to avoid loss of nitrogen in the form of ammonia.

A good way to use organic fertilizers is the local contribution to the wells or rows. This allows two to three times to reduce the norm of fertilizers without reducing their effectiveness. Non-good results and joint introduction to the wells or rows of mineral and organic fertilizers.

Organic fertilizers in the form of fresh manure in the amount of up to 100 t / ha (10 m 2 - 10 kg) are recommended to be made primarily for pumpkin cultures. This technique not only increases the level of soil fertility and thereby improves plant supply with nutrients, but also insulates the rooted layer of the soil, which is very important for pumpkin vegetable crops (cucumber, zucchini, patissons, pumpkins, melons, watermelon). The listed cultures are very demanding to heat, they need the temperature of the root of the soil for active work of the roots not lower than +16 ... + 17 ° C.

When making fresh, not overwhelmed manure, the temperature of the surface layer of air increases, since the expansion of the manure is highlighted with heat, which, with a sufficiently loose basis, in the absence of soil crust on the surface of the soil, and under the condition of systematic jetings of the soil comes through the interstrate capillaries from the soil to Overhead part of plants. It does not only increase the temperature on the surface of the soil, but also the provision of plant leaves with carbon dioxide is improved, and this accelerates the activity of the leaf apparatus in terms of harvesting.

Well-mailed soils stimulate the reproduction of rainworms, which their turns improve the soil aeration.

Under early vegetable cultures (radishes, salad, early, cauliflower) make high-speed organic fertilizers in the form of humus, compost in the amount of up to 20-30 t / ha using organic fertilizer spreaders.

The underdeveloped organic fertilizer may be the cause of mechanical damage to the root system of carrots, parsley, radish, beets, which leads to the branching of root.

The introduction of fresh organic fertilizer for tomatoes increases their branching and leads to the mass formation of steps, which slows the timing of the harvest due to the increase in the vegetative growth of tomato plants.

In order to avoid the negative effect of incorrect organic fertilizers under the culture of Tomato, it is necessary to enter only well-decopted humid or compost, be sure to add phosphoric fertilizers (superphosphate), which accelerate the fruits and ripening of tomato fruits.

Vegetable cultures react differently to organic fertilizers and they are not sourined. Carrots, beets, tomato good yield additives react to the afteiting of manure, and the late cabbage perfectly uses its action. Peterskushki and carrots, the engineering of the roots decreases when sowing freshly straw navigation. Early and early cultures are weakly reacting to fresh manure made from the fall, but give great harvest increases in fertilizing with a humus or compost (vendel, etc., 1986; Circle, 2000, etc.).

Under cabbage, the manure is better to put under the autumn people or the soil drop, it is better to make manure in spring under the cucumbers, since the expansion of the manure made in the warm soil will begin with the soil and surface layer of air.

Sometimes the soils are made on the poor under the fertility, the soils are made under the tomatoes and in this case it is possible to make this kind of organic fertilizer as in the fall - with a plot of plot, and in the spring - in the wells. Great importance to increase soil fertility has the loving of acidic soils. The degree of soil acidity can be judged by the composition of weeds. On acidic soils grow wild radish, hat, buttercup creeping, plantain, sorrel. On weakly acidic and neutral soil, drinking powder creeping, clover, field field, coltsfoot. Increased acidity usually have poorly disrupted soils. The smaller the soil is, the greater the likelihood that it is acidic.

Soil acidity determines the pH value with a digital value. The strongly acidic soils have pH 3-4, acidic - 4-5, weakly acidic - 5-6, neutral - 6-7, alkaline - 7-8, strongly alkaline - pH 8-9. Vegetable cultures react differently to the acidity of the soil. Most of them are better growing under conditions when the soil has a reaction close to neutral.

According to its soil acidity requirements, vegetable crops are divided into the following groups: I group - pH of soil from 6.0 to 7.5 (Kochan and color cabbage, carrots, beets, celery, salad, onion, asparagus, parsley); Group II - pH from 6 to 7 (beans, eggplants, garlic, cabbage leaf, brussels, radishes, zucchini, beets, leaf, turnip, tomatoes, schitt-bow, chalot, pore, mewberry mewberry, cucumbers, horseradish, spinach, rhubarb ; III group - pH from 5 to 6 (pumpkin, potatoes, Pasternak, sorrel).

To reduce the acidity of the soil, the lime is better to be made in combination with manure. This not only leads to a more rapid decrease in soil acidity, but also speeds up the expansion of manure, and, therefore, contributes to the release and better use of nutrient plants. The use of manure also helps to reduce the acidity of the soil due to ammonia and calcium. But the effect of manure to acidity is manifested only when it is added in doses of at least 4-5 kg \u200b\u200bper 1 m 2. It is advisable to lime to apply in autumn under the plot of the plot, and the norms of application of lime depend on the soil acidity - approximately 20-40 kg per 100 m 2. For the lime of soil, it is possible to apply the lime-membrane (harated lime), ash, ground limestone. When making a haremium, the issue of the application is somewhat reduced. Lime submitted at a complete dose is valid for 5-7 years.

From mineral fertilizers, 100 m 2 of the garden is on average with the help of mineral fertilizer spreaders 1.8-3.6 kg of ammonium nitrate, or 1.8-3.4 kg of urea, or 3-5 kg \u200b\u200bof ammonium sulfate, 2.4- 9 kg of superphosphate, 1.4-4.8 kg of potassium chloride or 2-7 kg of potash salt. Half of phosphoric and potash fertilizers is better to bring in the mixture with organic fertilizers in the fall at Popile or Plow, the rest is in the spring and in feeding. When introducing mineral fertilizers to vegetable cultures, especially nitrogen in increased quantities, it is important to strictly observe the terms and methods of their use, to avoid excessive accumulation of nitrates and nitrites, harmful to human health. The large accumulation of nitrates is most often observed on the soils, poor organic substances, poorly moisturized, less - when using ammonium sulfate, more - ammonia nitrate. Microfertilizers containing copper, molybdenum used during feeding, reduce the number of nitrates and nitrites in vegetables (O.N. Sokolov, 1988).

In the spring, a small amount of all fertilizers contributes to the rows or in the wells, including nitrogen (approximately 20% of their total number). The rest of the dose is given in feeding. From mineral fertilizers for cabbage, radish, onions are most effective such that contain sulfur (ammonium sulfate, superphosphate). Under potatoes, pepper, tomatoes, cucumbers, beans It is advisable to make adhesive fertilizers - sulfate potassium, potash Selitra.

Beets, radish, leek, peas, carrots develop better when making potassium chloride and potash salt. Chlorine-containing fertilizers are advisable to apply under celery, asparagus, leaf beet (mangold) and spinach.

The following rule is also adhered to fertilizers: if the soil is not provided with nitrogen, phosphoric and potash fertilizers weakly affect the harvest. Therefore, on such soils, as a rule, simultaneously nitrogen, phosphoric and potash fertilizers should be used and, if necessary, is magnesium.

Both lack and excess nutrients worsens the growth of plants. Excessive high concentration Mineral fertilizers weaken the flow of moisture and nutrients, and the excess of nitrogen causes the intensive growth of vegetative organs and delays the formation and ripening of fruits, root crops. In addition, the unlimited and improper use of fertilizers leads to unjustified losses of nutrients and useless waste of funds.

It is necessary to take into account the role of individual batteries, especially when growing early vegetables. Thus, nitrogen fertilizers accelerate the growth of vegetative organs, but during an excess of nitrogen decreases the stability of vegetable plants to frost and disease, the beginning of fruiting is delayed, vegetables are worsened during storage. Excessive nutrition of vegetable plants with nitrogen often leads to accumulation in vegetables of nitrates, harmful to human health.

When growing early vegetables, it is necessary to draw attention that the roots of vegetable plants differ in the reduced ability to extract phosphorus from soil and mineral fertilizers, which speeds up the ripening of fruits of tomatoes, pepper, eggplant, and also increases the stability of plants to diseases. Especially weakly extract phosphorus roots of young vegetable plants (seedlings). This delays the flowering of many plants and, therefore, slows the timing of the enrolling of a number of cultures.

The role of potassium is also very important when growing early harvesting vegetables, since this element of power contributes to the best nutrient provision of generative organs (flowers, fruits).

The main factors of the external environment necessary for the lives of vegetable plants - heat, nutrients, light, water, air elements (oxygen, carbon dioxide). All these factors, as indicating G.I. Tarakanov and other scientists (1993) are equivalent and interrelated. For example, irrigation increases the action of fertilizers, since the root system is able to absorb nutrients from the soil only in the form of nutrient solutions. With a lack of soil moisture, all nutrients available in the soil will not be available for plants.

The role of irrigation in the cultivation of early vegetables

Irrigation not only increases the overall harvest of vegetable crops, but also accelerates the timing of its receipt, while significantly improving the quality of products. The cause of the bitter taste of radish, cucumbers, cabbage, Luke's leaves is often a lack of water in their cultivation.

In addition, irrigation reduces the effect of spring frosts when carrying out humidifier irregularities before frosts, which is also very important for growing early harvesting vegetables, as it guarantees the protection of plant seedlings lined in open ground until the end of spring frosts.

Comparatively available and efficiently for plant protection from frosts. Sprinkle: 1 l of water of artificial rain when cooling from 10 ° C to 0 ° C, it sends about as much heat as it radiates with a weak freezing of 1 m 2 fields. Freezing, 1 liter of water highlights 80 kcal heat, which is also partially spent on heating the ambient atmosphere. Finding on vegetable tissues, water slows down the outflow of moisture from the cells, prevents their dehydration. As a result, with a properly performed sprinkler, it is often possible to save such cultures such as a tomato during freezes of 3-5 ° C. It should be borne in mind that a small rain intensity and a certain degree of water spray (drop diameter of 0.5-1.5 mm) are desirable to combat frosts.

The early seedling market increases the survival rate of seedlings, since when landing in a later date increases the air temperature, it increases the evaporation of moisture with leaves, and not the root root system, and a significantly reduced volume of the smallest roots sucking soil moisture, does not have time Serve the required amount of moisture to the leaf apparatus.

Seedlings are grown thickened (up to 200-300 pieces per 1 m 2) and this worsens the illumination of the leaves, the random plants are strongly pulled out, the lower part of the stem, not receiving the lighting, becomes the etiolated (white in color). The walls of the cells of seedlings become less durable and such seedlings are strongly exposed to frost.

With the early planting of seedlings, freely plated plants are well covered, due to this, the process of photosynthesis is improved, i.e. the leaves work more actively and it accelerates the growth of plant processes, which in general speeds up the start of the start of fruiting many vegetable crops (tomatoes, peppers, eggplants, early and cauliflower, cucumbers).

The role of irrigation as a source of ensuring vegetable plants moisture is extremely large and because most of the vegetable plants, having a shallow penetrating and weakly branched roots, in the composition of the resulting crop has a high percentage of water. Thus, the greatest amount of water contains cucumber - 97%, cabbage - 95% and only garlic is a culture with a minimum content of water in a yield - only 65%. In addition, it is necessary to take into account that the roots of the plants have a weak ability to extract moisture from the soil. So, if the grain crops having root penetration to 2-3 m are capable of developing root pressure up to 12 kg / cm 2, then tomato, with the depth of the roots up to 30-40 cm, the root pressure does not exceed 5.5 kg / cm 2 . From this comparison, it is clear how less the ability of tomato to extract moisture from the soil.

For vegetable crops great importance It has water temperature. Sometimes, even when watering sufficient norms, the plants still suffer from lack of water. It is explained by the fact that when watering with cold water in heat-breeding vegetable crops, the sucking force of roots decreases, as a result of which the flow of water in plants is reduced and the so-called physiological drought occurs for them.

The water flow into the plant is disturbed and when the concentration of the soil solution is increasing, when mineral fertilizers are made in excessive doses.

In various phases of growth and development of the demanding of vegetable plants to the soil moisture of Nonodynakov. Especially high, the need for water in the phase of swelling and germination of seeds, when rooting landed (especially intimidated) seedlings, during the intensive growth of Kochan in cabbage and fruiting at cucumber and tomato, in the first period of vegetation in rooted plants. Within one culture, early varieties need water more than late, due to faster growth and development rates and more plants per unit area.

Most vegetable crops are seeded and planted in May, when drought can come. Drought and wind lead to the drainage of the upper layer of the soil, in which the seeds are placed, respectively, earlieved and repairs appear. Seedling of vegetable crops is also very slowly coming up, there is a large percentage of plants in the lack of moisture in the soil.

The lack of soil moisture in June is dangerous for seedlings and for obtaining early vegetables: radish, lettuce, early cabbage, Luke. Early vegetables are achieved in June of maximum development and consume a large amount of water. During this period, the drying of the soil during this period, even at a depth of 10-15 cm, negatively affects the timing of harvest and its value.

In July, the most warm summertime month, most vegetable plants develop rapidly, have a powerful sheet apparatus and therefore evaporate a huge amount of water. The lack of water during this period is especially destroyed. If the rains do not fall out more than a week, the root of the soil dries and the plants suffer greatly from the lack of moisture. In July and August, vegetable plants are not enough moisture even with the normal distribution of precipitation.

Vegetable plants are hardly transferred and atmospheric drought, which occurs at high temperatures, heavy dryness of air and is accompanied by winds.

Very weak deteriorate moisture and quickly evaporates the structureless soils, which are prone to seal and swimming.

Much of air is of great importance for vegetable plants. So, for cucumber, various types of cabbage and some leafy vegetables, the optimal relative humidity of the air, i.e., air saturation with moisture vapors is about 85-95%. More moderate requirements for humidity in parsley, carrots, tomato, eggplant, beans, for which the optimum is about 60-80%. Bach cultures grow better and develop with air humidity 50-60%. There is a smaller need for air moisture above the plants listed by a special protective device of the leaves - they have a smaller dissection, which reduces the total area of \u200b\u200bthe evaporation surface. In addition, the leaves of these plants are lowered, which also reduces the evaporation of moisture by leaves. These plants are called drought-resistant and excessive moisturizing slows down the formation of fruits of tomatoes, eggplants and in the end does not allow to get the early harvest of these crops.

The high demanding of vegetable plants to the air and soil moisture is combined with sensitivity to its excess. With an excess of moisture in the soil, it fills all the pores, worsening the breathing of the roots, which, due to lack of oxygen, die. Excessive air humidity contributes to the development of diseases, and during flowering period, it prevents normal pollination of flowers.

All vegetable crops on the ability to extract water and spend it divided into four groups:

1. Plants, well-producing water and its intensive consuming (beet).

2. Plants, well-producing water, but consuming it economically (tomatoes, carrots).

3. Plants, poorly producing water and consisting of it very uneconomical (cucumbers, radishes, cabbage).

4. Plants with a weak ability to produce water, but also consuming it on evaporation in very limited quantities (onions).

Therefore, most demanding to moisture different kinds Cabilities, cucumber, some green crops (salad, spinach, dill), corrupt buildings of the family of cabbage (radish, radish, turnip, trouser), eggplant. The plants of this group have a slightly developed root system, but a rather large vegetative mass. Therefore, they are poorly absorbed by moisture from the soil, but they spend it uneconomically and, therefore, they need high soil moisture throughout the growing season.

Such highly demanding culture moisture as onions and garlic, also weakly produce moisture, but they spend it more economically than the plants of the previous group.

The dining room beet is less demanding on the conditions of the water regime. She although intensively consumes moisture, but it is well mined.

Even less demanding of soil moisture carrots, parsley, tomato and peppers, which are well absorbed and consumed relatively economically.

The most resistant to the lack of moisture, heat and drought watermelon, melon, pumpkin, sugar corn, beans. These cultures with a powerful root system are well mined moisture from the soil and economically spend it.

The need for regular irrigation of vegetable crops with the help of sprinkled machines is explained not only by the peculiarities of the structure of the root system and the sheet apparatus, but also by an insufficient amount of precipitation falling out for the period of vegetation and their uneven distribution by month of summer.

The terms and number of irrigation depend on the soil-climatic conditions of the zone, as well as on the biological characteristics of individual vegetable crops.

Most demanding of soil moisture, such cultures like cabbage, cucumbers, onions, radishes. The demandingness of vegetable plants to the water regime varies by phases of development. Thus, in the phase of the appearance of germs and the observerness of seedlings, it takes 15-20%, in the increasing phase of the main mass of the leaf apparatus in the root of the root, the beginning of the fruiting of cucumbers and tomatoes, the formation of kochens in the cabbage, the formation of the bulbs of the onion bow - 55-65% and in the intensive increase phase Kochan, fruiting and ripening of vegetable crops - 17-30% of the total consumption of water for the growing season.

In addition to the cultivation of vegetable crops, the water regime of soil and air can be adjusted with such agrotechnical techniques as mulching, sowing windproof scenes, growing vegetable crops on the ridges, etc.

Mulching is a solid or ribbon coating of the field of the field dense (polymer films, special paper) or loose (peat, straw, humid, sawdust) materials - mulch. This technique is carried out after sowing or landing, it retains moisture in the soil, prevents the formation of soil crust on the surface. For the mulching of the soil, captors are used by film or byproof material.

Mulching can adjust the temperature of the soil - the dark-grown mulching material increases the temperature of the soil by 2-3 ° C. It is possible to secondary use as a mulch of a polymer film that has spent its time as the translucent fencing of protected soil structures.

Also, the reception of growing vegetable crops in interclass strips, which across the direction of dominant winds across the direction of dominant winds. Due to the reduction of wind speed in interclass bands, evaporation of moisture by plants and soil is reduced, i.e. The water regime of grown vegetable plants is improved. In addition, the intercourse bands increases the air temperature by 2-4 ° C and the temperature of the soil by 1-2 ° C compared to the open site.

Consequently, the sowing crides make it possible to improve heat and water modes on a plot where vegetable crops are placed to obtain an early harvest.

A high-speed vegetable or field crops are used as riding plants - sunflower, beans, placing them so that they do not shade the main grown vegetable crops.

Some gardeners grow vegetable cultures on the ridges of different heights that prepare with the help of groacentors. The soil on the ridge is heated faster and dries by blowing the soil layer. If the ridges for sowing are prepared in the fall, earlier sowing of cold-resistant vegetable crops (carrots, parsley, dill, salad, radishes, cress, salad, peas, onions on the north, onions on the greens) are possible on early heated ridges. The possibility of obtaining earlier and friendly shoots, which will subsequently provide early harvest. However, it should be noted that due to the rapid drying of the soil bed, it is necessary to increase the number of irrigations in this method of cultivation, and this increases the costs of growing vegetables.

Consequently, the ridges are most effective on well-moistened soils - the spring area will be ready for sowing due to faster drying of the soil and its readiness to sow, and in the summer months there will be no soil overwhelming at the ridges.

Prepaiming seed preparation

Most vegetable crops breed seeds and largely depend on their quality, the dates of the ripening of vegetables are largely dependent. A good crop provides seeds of zoned varieties. Each variety has a characteristic that includes its ripening period, yield, bleeding, preparation suitability, disease resistance and adverse weather conditions, etc. This characteristic variety is obtained as a result of a long-term test in various zones of the country. Varieties that have received a positive assessment of the State Commission for Distribution are ignored, i.e., they establish the growing areas where they showed the best results.

In recent years, many new varieties of various vegetable crops have appeared and often, without prior to studying them in the system of state-owned varieties, the varieties come to the implementation that it does not always give good results when cropping, especially early.

Therefore, before buying seeds of one or another variety, it is necessary to find out whether it is zoned in this area. If not zoned, then this, of course, does not mean uniquely negative results of its cultivation. But the probability of annual obtaining a high harvest of good quality in this case is dramatically reduced.

Some gardeners grow seeds of vegetable crops in their sites. These seeds before laying a storage must be carefully dried, otherwise they will lose the properties of the germination. If the seeds are not dried, then the development of fungal microorganisms and seeds are intensified on their surface and the seeds are molded. Increased seed humidity also increases respiratory processes, and this leads to the loss of nutrients in the seeds. As a result, the seeds dried sufficiently dried from the fall during the storage process sharply reduce the labeling indicators - such seeds slowly germinate, the period of germination and growth of young shoots increases, sometimes the quality of seeds deteriorates so much that shoots do not appear at all.

When storing seeds at home, an important condition is dry air - it is desirable that its humidity is below 55%. There should be no oscillations of air temperature. A sharp temperature difference from high to low can lead to an increase in the humidity of seeds, their disposal and spill. Seeds are well preserved or at a temperature of 0-5 ° C, or at a temperature of 14-18 ° C. Mantle and paper bags are most suitable for storing seeds.

Well dried seeds can be stored in hermetic container. In the seed selected for storage, be sure to invest the label indicating the year of growing seeds or their acquisition.

Planning sowing with the help of vegetable seeders of accurate seeding of any vegetable crops, you need to know the duration of storage of seeds. Pumpkin cultures (pumpkin, cucumber, zucchini, melon, watermelon to 6-8 years old) and tomatoes are 6-8 years old have the greatest duration of preservation during storage at optimal modes. The least storage period in crops having small seeds - onions, carrots, parsley, celery, Pasternak, dill retain the germination of seeds no more than 1-3 years of storage.

A list of vegetable crops for growing in each case depends on the soil-climatic conditions of the region, allowing these or other cultures to grow. The sum of active temperatures (above 10 ° C) for individual vegetable crops is different. Regions of Russia have significant differences in the temperature regime.

For sowing, especially when growing early harvest, use large full-fledged seeds. This will speed up the appearance of germs, the formation and value of the harvest.

Having determined the list of vegetable crops planned to grow, make a plan for their placement on the site. It is desirable, well thought out, draw up a plan for placing cultures for several years and annually take into account the cultivation of the previous culture, the fertilizers (species and their number) on the site.

Having a list of vegetable crops whose cultivation is planned on an individual garden to get an early harvest, you need to purchase seeds. Seeds need to be purchased slightly more than it is required for sowing so that you can sort them and use only well-performed intact seeds for sowing.

By purchasing seeds, you need to know which cultures and varieties you need. Selection of vegetable crops for individual garden depends largely on the climatic conditions of the area, from food traditions. However, in all areas, solving what to grow in a garden, first of all, it is necessary to give preference to those cultures that cannot be purchased in vegetable stores or the quality of which in the trading network does not satisfy your requirements. Consequently, on a vegetable area, a variety of green and spinning vegetable cultures should grow, rapidly losing commodity qualities during transportation and a list of vegetables are limited in industrial production.

This is, first of all, dill, salad, cress, salad, sheet mustard, kerwell, coriander, sheet cabbage, cucumber grass, spinach, celery, parsley and many others. Special attention should be paid to the cultivation of early vegetables (cucumbers, tomatoes, onions) both in open and protected soil using various kinds of plants protection (panic, greenhouses, insulated beds, etc.).

Obtaining early yields of various vegetables will largely eliminate seasonality in their consumption.

Perennial vegetable crops (Luk-Batun, rhubarb, horseradish, sornery, etaragon, mint, asparagus, mayoran) also allow you to get earlier products compared to annual and twilight vegetable crops, especially if early in the spring to cover the polyethylene film perennials.

And finally, it is advisable to find a place on a vegetable area of \u200b\u200bthose vegetable crops that are not mastered in production conditions. These include: Cauliflower, Kohlrabi, Savoy Cabbage, Broccoli, Physalis, Pepper Acute and Sweet, Eggplant, Rope, Patchsons, Watermelons, Melon, Pumpkins, Beans, Garlic, Sugar Corn, etc.

They differ in the species diversity of Luke - this is not only familiar to us onions, but also some, bobber, slim, garlic. It is desirable to grown all these types on their garden.

Try to find a place to grow green peas and organize its cultivation in such a way that during the whole summer you had this beautiful product in sufficiency.

On an individual garden it is advisable to have a rich set of green and spinning crops in order to be able to eat them daily, and excessive - to prepare the future for the winter. If the area of \u200b\u200bthe site is limited, and vegetable cultures will have to be grown in the ribbons of the fruit garden, then when bookmarking the garden, it is desirable to provide a distance between the rows of trees to the Hume.

Thicker aisle can be occupied by vegetable crops only before the growth of the crowns of trees. However, while cucumbers, tomatoes and beans are better to place on the border of the garden on the south side. As the crowns of fruit trees are growing in the gardens can be grown only beets, perennial vegetables and drive out the greenery, parsley, celery - these cultures are more enduring to shading.

Under the tomatoes and cucumbers should be distinguished the most illuminated areas. Roots and cabbage are well growing on low-moistened areas. A small area must be left under many years of vegetables. These plants are shadowed and grow well at the fence or near the wall.

When solving the question, how many and what kind of vegetables it is to grow, it is also necessary to proceed from the area of \u200b\u200bthe plot, the exemplary harvest of vegetables - for individual cultures and the needs of the family in vegetables. Consumption of vegetables in different times - from early spring to autumn, harvesting vegetables in fresh and recycled form.

When growing early harvesting vegetable crops, it is very important to get friendly and early shoots. For this, various methods of pre-sowing seed preparation are used, whose task is to selected the largest seeds for sowing, to prevent the development of various disinfection diseases of seeds, increase the stability of plants to low temperatures by hardening the seeds, enrich the seeds with various nutrients and growth stimulants.

Seed preparation begins with the selection of the largest and most profound. Such seeds tend to give a higher harvest. For selection, the seeds are poured into a 3-5% solution (30-50 g per 1 liter of water) salt. Seeds are poured into small portions, stirring. After 3-5 minutes, the lungs that emerged on the surface, the seeds are removed. The full-fledged seeds are settled on the bottom of the dishes, they are thoroughly washed under the jet of water and dried, scattering a thin layer and systematically stirring. After sorting, they are checked for germination. To do this, on the bottom of a flat plate or a saucer, a 4-4 layer of gauze, a newspaper or fabric, moisturizes and lay out seeds. From above, the seeds are covered with the same cloth, wedged with warm water, covered with a plate or saucer and put in a warm place (20-22 ° C). Watch the fabric is constantly wet. Good under the layer of fabric, to which the seeds are stacked, put a layer of covered with boiling water sawdust. From above on a layer of fabric covering seeds, can also be poured with a layer of 1.5-2.0 cm.

Usually, 100 seeds are laying on 100 seeds and from this number calculated the percentage of seeds to the seeds, but for fans-vegetable breeding can be laid and fewer, respectively, calculating the germination.

Terms of extension at a temperature of 20-25 ° C: 7 days - in cabbage, radish, turnips, peas; 8 - in cucumbers, melons, beets, beans; 10 - in carrots, lettuce, pumpkins, zucchini, watermelons; 12 - at Luka, tomatoes, parsley; 14 - in pepper, dill, celery, eggplants. Seeds are browsing daily, slightly moisturize, the sprouters count and remove. The calculation results are recorded in order to calculate the percentage of seeds in the end of the germination (if from 100 seeds embedded on germination, sprouted 85, it means that the germination of seeds is 85%).

Seeds prepared for sowing must be disinfected. Cabbage seeds in order to prevent the disease with vascular bacteriosis are heated in water at 50 ° C for 20 minutes. For this, they pour them into double gauze bags, filling on half. When cooling water, hot water is taken carefully. The heated seeds are immediately cooled by washing them in cold water And scatter on a bag for airbusting.

Warming should be carried out immediately before seeds. Warming up not only disinfects, but also significantly speeds up the appearance of shoots - the shell swells and some seeds are coil.

Tomato seeds before sowing are etched by a 1% solution of mangartee-sour potassium (10 g per liter of room temperature water). They withstand seeds in a solution of 20 minutes, then rinsed thoroughly in running water and immediately sowed. Often, the tomato seeds are hardened with variable temperatures, which in combination with the hardening of seedlings increases its stability to reduced temperatures, accelerates the germination of seeds and aging fruits.

To order seeds, they are poured into bags on 1/3 volumes and soaked in water room temperature for 12 hours. After that, the seeds are kept in conditions that provide growth processes in the seed, i.e. at a temperature of 18-20 ° C. The seeds are then placed at 12 o'clock in conditions that provide hardening them, i.e., withstand at a temperature of 0-3 ° C or bury the bag with seeds in the snow. Hardening duration - 2-3 weeks; During this time, the temperature changes every 12 hours. In the process of hardening, seeds are in the bag in a wet state. By the end of the hardening, they swell well, sometimes even climb.

Good results give the tempering of pepper seeds, eggplant. In vegetable growing, widespreading seeds to full swelling and germination before the appearance of seedlings. The seeds of dill, the spinach is wrapped with water at a temperature of 20-25 ° C for one or two days. Seeds are poured with such a calculation so that their water is only covered. Water is changed in the morning and in the evening. Before sowing, the seeds are dried to a flowability.

For wipes, wooden and enameled dishes are used, into which the seeds are poured with a thin layer and poured with water in several techniques. Seeds each hour stirred so that they completely absorbed water. For quickly germinating seeds of cucumbers, cabbage, lettuce, radish, watermelon, melons duration of wigging should be about 12 hours; For slowly germinating - carrots, tomatoes, parsley, beets, bow - about two days. Peas and beans are wrapped during the day. Bow Chernushka before sowing is recommended to keep in water at a temperature of 40 ° C for 8 hours, from time to time plotting hot water in dishes.

For the extension of the seeds, seeds are scattered with a thin layer in the warm room (18-20 ° C) on the moistened canvas, the burlap is covered on top. Washing and, especially, the germination of seeds accelerates the appearance of germs. However, when sowing them into dry soil or with very fine seal, shoots are extremely redesigned or completely absent.

Consequently, sowing wet or germinated seeds should be carried out only in wet soil. Cooked sowing grooves should be well pouring and after absorbing moisture to distribute seeds along the length of the row. After sowing, the area must be well meditated or covered with a web film.

There are a lot of pre-sowing preparation of seeds, but the goal is one to increase the sowing and productive qualities of seeds. And if we consider that the seeds of vegetable crops in most cases are small and their seeding rates are insignificant, then the complexity of methods does not require high costs and pays off early and higher harvest.

Emergency Method of Growing Vegetables

Upon receipt of an early harvest, many cultures can be grown by a seed basis. The eager method is one of the main techniques to accelerate the preparation of an early harvest, since this method allows you to start growing vegetable crops at a permanent place (in an open or protected soil) not from seeds, which, as a rule, slowly germinate and have a slow growth and development in The initial period, and from plants in phase 4-6 of real leaves, with a well-developed root system.

With the right cultivation of seedlings and its careful sample, with a potter of its cultivation and when organizing the right seedling landing on permanent placeThe seedlings quickly comuals and practically does not suspend the growth of plants. This undoubtedly speeds up
Harvesting and allows you to get an early harvest. On average, the seedy method accelerates the timing of the harvest for 2-3 weeks.

The conference method accelerates the timing and due to the fact that the best plants are selected for landing for a permanent place. This selection occurs when picking, when sampling seedlings and, finally, in the process of disembarking it at a permanent place.

Traditionally, the annoying method is grown in our country, tomatoes, peppers, eggplants, white cabbage and color. But this list can be expanded and, in order to accelerate the production of vegetables, the rigorous method to grow all pumpkin cultures - cucumbers, zucchini, patissons, pumpkins, watermelons, melons; Celery, beets, salads, Kohlrabi cabbage.

Seedlings should not be elongated, the entire stem should be dark green, the root system is well developed and saved when the seedlings are planted. The elongated, isomed, the overgrown seedlings often feel bad, slowly grows and does not give the expected early harvest.

A place for growing seedlings can be a greenhouse, a small greenhouse or a windowsill. The term and place of sowing seeds for growing seedlings depends on the duration of cultivation of one or another seedling, as well as the term and place of its landing on a permanent place.

Cabbage seedlings, tomatoes, peppers, eggplant, celery are grown with pickup, i.e., the transfer of young seedlings with the provision of greater power in the process of growing. In this case, seeds are sowing in boxes or in a greenhouse, then seedlings with well-developed seedlides are divened to the nutritional pots, cups, in boxes or just in a greenhouse soil.

Seedlings of cucumbers, patissons, zucchini, watermelons, melons, pumpkins are grown without a dive, i.e., seeds are sown directly into the pot or cups. Seedling of these crops is always grown in pots or nutritious cubes, which retains the root system when sampling seedlings and provides high survival it. Cute seedlings of cucumbers, patissons, watermelons, melons, pumpkins, the zucchini is very bad.

Tomato seedlings are grown 55-60 days, starting from mid-March. Sorted tomato seeds are treated with a 1% potassium mangartee solution (2 g per glass of water), after which they are hardened. The tempered seeds are sown in the boxes at a distance of 1-2 cm. A row from a row, on top of falling asleep by 1 cm. Gardening ground and humus sifted and mixed in the following ratio: 2 parts of the Earth and 1 part of humus. 60 g of superphosphate, 20 g of potassium sulfate or instead of 100 g of a garden mixture and two glasses of ash are added to the bucket of the mixture. Well, if we fell asleep with the autumn sowing boxes with a mixture and left for quarrelation. For 3 4 days before sowing, the boxes are putting into the room, watered with warm water. After sowing, the box put in a warm place (22-25 ° C). Seeds will go faster if the box is covered with glass or film.

As soon as germs appear, the box is placed closer to the light and reduce the temperature during the day to 12-15 ° C, at night to 10-12 ° C. Water in this period the soil is very moderately. This mode is kept for a week. During this period, the plants will strengthen the root system, after that they increase the temperature during the day in sunny weather to 22-24 ° C, into a cloudy - 18-20 ° C, at night - to 12-14 ° C.

It is impossible to grow seedlings at high temperatures, since it is very pulled out. It is better if the temperature is optimal below. In this case, seedling grows slowly, it will be low, chorenny, strongly pubescent, with a purple coloring stem and leaves. Such seedlings are resistant to lower temperature, in open soil the disembarkation can be performed before.

It grows well, then the seedlings grown in the nutrient pots are quickly driven.

Use various mixtures for the manufacture of pots. If there is a well-laid peat peat, three buckets of peat are mixed with a bucket of sawdust and korovyat is added. On the bucket of the mixture, one match box of ammonium nitrate and potassium chloride and four superphosphate boxes are added. Instead of superphosphate and potassium chloride, two glasses of wood ash can be made.

Seeds of tomatoes can be heated in the nutrient pots, but it is better to resolve the already developed seedlings.

12-15 days after the appearance of seedlings, seedlings are picked, transplanted into another box or to nutritional pots at a distance of 8x8 or 10x10 cm. When divering, the main root for the formation of a more branched root system is broken. The soil for picking takes the same composition as for sowing. You can paint seedlings into paper cups. When picking, the seedman is plugged into the soil until the seedy leaves. This contributes to the formation of pressing roots. The resulting seedlings are well watered and dialed for 2-3 days. The best temperature at this time is 20-22 ° G.

The next seedlings again put in the lightest place, moderately water and dramatically ventilate. With weather warming (not lower than 10 ° C), the seedlings are taken out to the street, gradually catching it to the outer air and the sunshine.

In the first days, to avoid burns of the leaves, it is shared. A week after the dive, the seedlings are fed (on 10 liters of water in 5 g of ammonia nitrate, potassium chloride and 15 g of superphosphate). Superphosphate is pre-per day soaked. A week later, if the plants weakly grow and the leaves have a pale color, feed the diluted cowboy or bird litter, and the Korovyak - 10, bird litter - 15 times. On the bucket of the solution add 10 g of wood ash. A glass of fertilizer solutions is consumed by 4 plants. After feeding the plants watered with clean water to prevent leaves burns.

2-3 weeks before disembarking seedlings in the soil, feeding, spending 15 g of potash salt and 25 g of superphosphate on the water bucket. During this period, it is necessary to prepare seedlings to landing into the ground - cut the watering, strengthen the ventilation, more often make seedlings into the street. A week before the landing in the ground, the plants spray with 0.1% solution of copper sulfate (1 g per 1 liter of water) and 2-3 g of granular super phosphate are made, sprinkled with fresh, damp soil.

When growing seedlings of tomatoes, it should be borne in mind that this is a drought-resistant plant and therefore should not be carried out excessive irrigation, which dramatically impairs the quality of seedlings (A.Ch. Mezentsov et al., 1975; V.D. Mukhin, 1996).

Seedling of peppers and eggplant is grown in the same way as the seedlings of tomatoes. But these cultures are more demanding of heat. So, seedlings and adult pepper plants suspend growth at a temperature of 13 ° C. Better temperature for growth and development of eggplant 25-3 0 ° C.

Tomatoes, peppers, eggplants are sown in a mixture prepared from equal parts of humus and peat or two parts of humus and one piece of the turf.

The seedlings of cucumbers are grown necessarily in the nutrient pots or paper cups, otherwise it takes very badly. Seeds of cucumbers heated before sowing. To do this, they are scattered with a thin layer and warmed from a temperature of 15-20 ° C, then gradually (within 1-2 hours) increase it to 55-60 ° C. In the process of heating, the seeds every 5-10 minutes are thoroughly mixed. The duration of heating from the moment of raising the temperature to 55-60 ° C is 3-4 hours. Seed seeds 20-25 days before disembarking on a permanent place. A more adult seedlings of cucumbers are also badly leaving.

For cucumbers and other pumpkin crops, a mixture of turf land and humus, taken in equal ratios. A glass of ash is added to the bucket of the mixture.

In each pot sessole 2-3 semen to a depth of about 1 cm. Before the appearance of germs, a temperature of 26-28 ° C is maintained, with the appearance of shoots during the day - 20-22 ° C, at night - 16-17 ° C. After a week, the temperature is raised: in sunny weather up to 24-26 ° C; In a cloudy up to 20-22 ° C, at night to 17-18 ° C.

In the phase of the full disclosure of the cotyledons in the pots leave one plant. Extra plants do not pull out, but pinch to the ground so as not to damage the roots of the remaining plants.

When growing seedlings of cucumbers, it is feeding with microfertilizers: boric acid is brought on a bucket of water 0.5-0.7 g and as many copper sulfates, manganese sulphate 0.3-0.5 g and zinc sulfate 0.15-0.3 0 g . Watered moderately, only warm water. Before the sample, the seedlings are watered with a solution of mineral fertilizers: 15 g of ammonia nitrate, 30 - superphosphate and 15 g of potassium chloride to the water bucket.

Cucumbers seedlings are planted in open ground with semi-transition machines under the shelter from the translucent film.

Seedling early cabbage is grown 50-55 days. In order to obtain an early harvest, pottestinal seedlings are also desirable. For cabbage, one part of the Earth is mixed with one part. Two glasses of ashes are added to the mixture bucket, a glass of lime-puffs.

There are other numerous techniques that accelerate the formation of the harvest.

Of great importance is the correct and timely processing of the soil. Premature perplex when the soil is not dry enough, it worsens its physical properties, leads to a seal and fast moisture loss.

For early vegetable crops, the plots are processed first. With a delay with sowing or landing seedlings, the surface is slightly loosened by hoe or robbles, to avoid moisture evaporation.

With early sowing of small-free vegetable crops, spring soil resistance is undesirable. The plot must be accurate in the fall, and in the spring only thoroughly mice, after sowing to roll (compact) with the help of rolling rollers. This will ensure the best contact of seeds with soil, and besides, it will help to raise the soil moisture to the upper layers of the soil, in which the seeds are embedded.

Significantly accelerate the appearance of sediments of the pre-sowing watering of the soil. In this case, it is necessary to pour the sowing grooves made in advance, then place the seeds along the grooves and then fall asleep the seeds of the soil, to climb the sowing ridge with any loose material - by humus, soil, peat.

Accelerates the appearance of germs to the coating of a seed garden with a plastic film (not necessarily new). However, it is necessary to follow the emergence of shoots and remove the film immediately after their appearance. Film is better removed in the evening, if the weather is allowed or early in the morning so that there are no sunburns of shoots from the bright sun.

Affects the deadlines for the appearance of germs and thoroughness of pre-sowing soil preparation. Most of the vegetable crops have small seeds, respectively, when cropping, they are embarrassed by a shallow - by 1-2 cm; If the soil layer in which the seeds are sown, large, then it is easily blurred and dries quickly. Seeds turn out to be in a dry layer of soils and shoots are often very regenerated or not appear before falling out precipitation or frequent irrigation. However, frequent waterings are associated not only with significant wages and time and time, but also lead to the compaction of the upper layer of the soil and to the appearance of soil crust, which also prevents the appearance of germs, since the oxygen required for germination of seeds is reduced in the soil, and Gentle seedlings of vegetable crops are not able to break through the surface through a dense layer of soil crust. There is a need for soil looser.

The soil looser is necessary to destroy the soil crust, the preservation of moisture, improve the air-gas regime, the destruction of weeds. If the loosening is carried out before the appearance of the seedlings of the culture, the depth of loosening should be minimally necessary to destroy the crust. Otherwise, seedlings of vegetable crops may be damaged. It is possible to avoid trustees to form a crust using periodic irrigation by small standards to maintain the upper layer of the soil in a wet state. Simultaneous sowing with seeds, slowly germinating crops, seeds of lettuce or radish (as a lighthouse culture) makes it possible to carry the soil between rows even before the appearance of the crews.

At the beginning of the vegetation of plants, the soil is weakly protected by their sheet surface from the loss of soil moisture. As plants grow and increasing the area of \u200b\u200bthe leaves, the evaporation of moisture from the surface of the soil decreases. Therefore, it is of particular importance for creating a favorable water regime in the initial period of plant growth.

The loosening of the peel maintains the soil moisture, as it destroys the soil capillaries along which moisture is rising from the lower layers of the soil to the upper layers and evaporates. In agronomic practice, loosening is called dry irrigation. In addition, the loosening improves the supply of plants with carbon dioxide allocated to the soil (especially well-worn), and facilitates the flow of oxygen into the soil necessary for the operation of the roots and the activities of microorganisms in the soil.

When carrying out loosenings on the surface of the soil, a loose layer is formed, which also delays the evaporation of soil moisture. Close on the value to the loaning reception of the mulching of the soil surface.

Mulching is an important agrotechnical reception of a comprehensive action. The mulch layer is delayed by evaporation of moisture from the soil, helps to maintain uniform moisture in the corrunt layer. When using the mulch, the smacking structure of the soil is preserved, its air-gas mode is improved. On the surface, the crust is not formed, respectively, there is no need for loosenings. The mulching of riveted loose materials (humid, peat, sawdust, straw) largely suppresses the growth of weed plants, and the mulch of dense materials (multi-bumaga, opaque film) almost completely eliminates sowing from weeds. The thickness of the mulch layer from loose materials from 2 to 4 cm.

When mulching with a transparent film, it is covered with ridges after sowing. With the advent of shoots over the holes cut holes. The film remains on the ridges to the end of the vegetation of plants. If a black film is used, then, in the pre-made holes, it is better to plant seedlings.

When planting seedlings mulching holes with a humus or loose soil - a mandatory reception. For the mulching of the hole after another watering, the dry loose soil can be used for the lack of the best, raking it from the rivers. Of particular importance is the mulching of the centers of crops, it improves the conditions for overreating seeds and their germination in the spring.

The formation of growth and fruiting organs (surgical deposits of care). In vegetable plants, the rationing of the growth and fruiting organs is reduced to the removal of side or main stems, their tops and unnecessary obscenities. Removal, just begun to grow, side stuffed shoots are called step-in. With this reception, the growth of the vegetative mass of plants is limited, and the bulk of nutrients is sent to the formation of grocery organs. For example, one of the main receptions of tomato is the removal of steppes, it accelerates fruiting and increases the yield of commercial mature fruits, but somewhat reduces the total yield. The effectiveness of this reception largely depends on the timeliness of its conduct, the conditions of cultivation and varietal features. Tomato's steplogs should be removed before they reach a length of 4-5 cm, since removing the outgrowing steps, you can hurt the plant and bring it more harm to it. With the early timing of the planting of the pot seedlings, steaming should be carried out to obtain an early harvest.

Removal of the top kidney to limit the growth of the stem is called chipboard or pinzing. It is carried out by cucumber to increase the formation of female flowers, which appear on side shoots. Tomato in the open ground pinch no later than August 5-10 to accelerate the formation of the proposed fruit. At the same time, not only pinch the tops of the shoots, but also remove those floral brushes on which the fruits will not have time to form and achieve normal commodity sizes. The segments of shoots are spent at cucumber, pumpkins, watermelon, melons.

The combination of drugs, steaming, rationalization of fruits is called the formation. With the help of the formation, it seeks to reduce the space occupied by one plant, which is especially important when growing in a greenhouse. The smaller dimensions of the formed plants allow you to increase their number on a unit area, get a crop in earlier time.

Often we use the unripe fruits of cucumber, zucchini, patisson, vegetable peas and many others. Therefore, the intensity and duration of the fruiting of these vegetable crops are largely dependent on the timeliness of the collection of fruits. When retarding with the collection, the quality of fruits is not only worsening, but also decreases the subsequent fees, the plants are growing faster. Timely cleaning of fruits lengthens the growing season of plants, increases the duration of fruiting and overall harvest.

In terms of our cultivation zone on some vegetable crops, the rationalization of fruits is also carried out. Not all the inflorescences of tomato and pepper before the onset of cooling and frosts have time to form commodity fruits. Therefore, part of the inflorescences is to be deleted, and it is necessary to do it until mid-August to ensure the growth and bulk of the barriers left. Do not leave 5-6 fruits on pumpkin plants, melons and watermelon. It is better to have 2-3 major overwhelming fetus than a lot of small and unselfish.

Removing the color seeds (manually or with a knife) The garlic and rhubarb also allows you to get a high harvest of good quality.

When growing early vegetables, it is very important to protect seedlings or seedlings not only from frosts, but also reduced positive temperatures. There are various methods of preserving plants from adverse temperature conditions. These include: the choice of a warmer plot, the introduction of high doses of organic fertilizers, sown crops from high-speed crops (peas, beans, corn, sunflower, etc.), smoking before frost, watering and finally the use of various synthetic films for plant shelter. Shelters can be both group and individual.

Reduces the effect of freezing late evening watering and watering sprout before starting and during freezing. Moisturized soil cools less, and as a result of reinforced evaporation, heat heating air and a plant is released. Spraying plants follows several times during the entire freezing period (preferably every half hour).

The harmful effects of the frost on plant tissue is due to the fact that under the action of ice crystals formed in cells and intercellular spaces, cell shells are broken. Damage occurs and when tipping tissues, with a gradual, slow thawing, they are much weaker. Therefore, harm from the frost is reduced if damaged plants pour cold water. For this use sprayers, hoses with sprayers, watering cans.

In mad weather, you can protect plants from frosting with smoke. With weak freezing, the smoke is effective. On the site, heaps of garbage, dry leaves, sawdust, twigs decay in advance. Inside the heaps lay flammable materials, and outside are more wet materials that give a lot of smoke.