urinic egg refers to high-length products, it is used in therapeutic and in preventive nutrition. The chemical composition of the egg depends on the variety of birds, from the time of year, when the egg was demolished, from feed. IN healing nutrition Applied chicken eggs And turkey eggs. When the egg was only demolished, its temperature is 40 degrees, and the egg must be stored at a temperature of +5 degrees. Within 5 days after the egg was demolished, it is considered dietary. On average, the egg lead 53 g, of which 31 g weighs protein, 16 g of yolk and 6 g of the shell. The theme of our today's article is the "chicken egg protein, properties."

Sources: egg, meat, dairy products, seafood, rye, almonds, cashew kernels, sunflower seeds, nuts, beans. Sources: egg, fish, seafood, meat, oats, oatmeal, seedlings, nuts, kernels, sesame seeds, lentils, soy, avocado. Sources: Egg, Fish, Seafood, Meat, Dairy products, Wheat seedlings, oat flakes, nuts, almonds, legumes.

Sources: dairy products, meat, bird, fish, seafood, wheat sprouts, oatmeal, nuts, lentils, soybeans. Sources: White eggs, meat, bird, shooting grain, peanuts, sesame seeds. Below are some amino acids that are not essential, but often have a flaw in the body.

Chicken egg consists of yolk and protein. Yolk contains proteins, fats and cholesterol. Fats that are in the yolk harmless, they are polyunsaturated. The protein consists of water 90% and proteins by 10%, cholesterol does not contain.

Eggs are rich in vitamins and mineral salts necessary for our body:

1.Niacin is necessary for the formation of genital hormones and to power the brain.

Sources: liver, dairy products, cabbage, avocado, wheat seedlings. Sources: Cheese, Meat, Bird, Eggs, Fish, Molluscs, Nuts, Cores, Chocolate, Peas, Soy, Avocado, Garlic and Ginseng. Sources: Herring, avocado, meat, almonds, sesame, nut, pecan. Biological value of protein.

The body can best use protein from food if it is very similar to its own protein of the body - from the point of view of the structure and ratio of essential amino acids. The more amino acids are present, the better. 9 essential amino acids that we must take with food to finally produce all 20 amino acids that are necessary for the body.

2.Vitamin K - provides blood clotting.

3.Holine - displays poisons from the liver and serves to improve memory.

4.Foliye acid and biotin that impede congenital vices in children.

5.Yeno contains 200 - 250 g of phosphorus, 60 mg of iron, 2-3 mg of iron.

6.The egg is also available copper, iodine and cobalt.

7.In 100 g of eggs contains vitamin B2 - 0.5 mg, B6-1-2 mg, B12, E -2 mg. Also contain vitamin D 180-250 IU, in which only fish fat is inferior.

As a high quality rich food, food depends on the amount and composition of essential amino acids and is mentioned by the term "biological value". This value is usually higher for animal proteins than for vegetable proteins. That is why for vegetarians it is very important to consume a protein that has a high biological value. Then an overview of the biological value of various sources of protein.

For rapid recovery In athletes and patients, serum protein is actually an effective source of protein. It is best to choose isolate or a product that was manufactured using microfiltration technologies. When different products are consumed together with protein with another biological value, biological value can be increased by a combination. Good combinations are, for example.

8. Yolk eggs is the most rich in mineral salts and vitamins.

Chicken egg protein contains minerals, amino acids, carbohydrates, protein. Without protein, the formation and updating of the cells is impossible. For a standard of biological value for a person, a protein of chicken eggs is adopted.

Eggs The product is nutritious and at the same time a small calorie. Chicken eggs protein is a low-calorie source of protein. In 100 g of egg squirrel 45 kcal and 11 g of protein. For comparison, for example, in 100 g of milk 69 kcal and 4 g of protein, 100 g of beef 218 kcal and 17 g of protein. The protein is absorbed by an organism by 97%, not giving slags and immediately goes to the formation of antibodies. It is proteins of eggs that help restore strength and strengthen the immune system. The most favorable for digesting the eggs sick. Calcium yolk is very well absorbed by the body.

Protein can have a high biological value, but how well he is absorbed by the body? In general, we can say that animal protein with high biological value also has high clean use of protein. This means that only a few percent cannot be digested or absorbed by the body.

The reason is that the vegetable protein contains quite a few anti-nutrients. Fitinic acid in bread and nuts. Trypsins and saponins in Say. Soy has a very high biological value, but anti-nutrients are lower use.

The protein of fresh raw eggs is used with inflammatory diseases. Protein does not irritate the gastric mucosa and quickly leaves it, so chicken protein is used with peptic disease. It can also be used in chronic pancreatine.

In atherosclerosis, it is desirable to limit the consumption of eggs due to significant content in them. In the egg yolk, the average cholesterol content is 1.5 - 2%, and lecithin is 10%. The predominance of lecithin over cholesterol allows not to exclude the eggs completely from the diet during atherosclerosis.

Lectins in legumes. But this is not an absolute commandment. An animal protein, such as milk, also has a strong anti-nutrient, namely casein. As you read, animals sources contain, compared to vegetable proteins, are mainly proteins that can be used and absorb by the body. Therefore, vegetarians should not panic. However, they should be careful to reasonably combine vegetable protein sources. You need more vegetables so that there are different amino acids.

Broccoli and cauliflower can often be consumed, since they consist of about 40% protein. Veganam has to pay more attention to the fact that ultimately they have enough protein or. Vegetarians can also increase the use of pure protein and biological value, consuming various sources of protein during the day.

The crude yolk causes a reduction in the gallbladder, as a result of which the bile stands out in the intestine. It is used in therapeutic and diagnostic purposes.

Chicken eggs have favorably affect the nervous system. They are included in the diet for diseases nervous system, In the diet for therapeutic or preventive nutrition, people who work with mercury and arsenic. As a result of the combination of lecithin and iron in the egg, the blood-forming functions of the body are stitched.

Otherwise, you think that you need enough protein, but ultimately not enough protein. Then it is time to expect: how much protein do I need to meet my needs? Since each food contains both protein, carbohydrates and fatty acids, you can find out how much pure protein is in products.

Note. Sources of protein, such as meat, contain more fatty acids And less protein compared to earlier. This means that these protein sources contain less protein than we assume. Just like people who do not move, animals, which are only in the kiosk, receive a different ratio of fat cells: more fat, less protein. If possible, try to buy meat, dairy products and eggs in animals that are constantly moving.

Children of chicken eggs can be started only from three years. He is very allergen.Allergenic properties weaken with thermal processing of eggs.

If you do not have allergies on eggs, then you have to be necessary. Chicken eggs are the best and useful in the world. It is better than a squirrel of meat, dairy products or fish, because it is absorbed by almost no residue. This is important for patients. skin disease and patients with chronic dermatoses. Eggs are as useful for athletes who want to increase muscle mass. Protein is considered the best building material for muscles. For children and adolescents during the growth period, protein is also very useful.

You can use this table to find out if you have enough protein. Also pay attention to the biological value and use of pure protein. Daily 10 bread slices with 40 cheese mean the amount of protein 80 grams. However, the biological value is low, and, in addition, this protein has a low use of pure protein.

In addition, the animal protein should always heat up, and this can lead to denaturation at which amino acids cannot be used. Therefore, consumption of only one animal protein should be taken into account only for these reasons. The vegetable protein contains many dietary fibers and low-saturated fatty acids and, therefore, also less toxins. In addition, vegetable protein is often not necessary to heat so that the amino acids can be optimally used. Many Patients S. renal failure Recommendations to reduce protein consumption are very strong. Now the views seemed to have changed: plant protein seems to impose much less stress on the kidneys than the animal. Therefore, patients with kidneys are recommended to significantly reduce only animal protein. Especially if you belong to one of the groups that require more protein. Although they can consume protein, it should also be consumed in digestive system. Without a sufficient amount of protein, our digestion can work badly; Enzymes are necessary for digestion, and they depend on sufficient protein. The poor function of the stomach, intestines, liver or pancreas or the leather intestinal syndrome can lead to the fact that the protein will not be able to be divided into amino acids. The result may be inflating, rotting, allergies or intolerance. Knowledge for well-being and health All recipes with a green symbol support healthy digestion. If the change in the diet does not improve, consult a doctor for orthomolecular medicine. Also note that many sources of plant proteins contain anti-nutrients and make it difficult to receive and process vegetable proteins. Too much animal squirrel is immediately or distributed during the day it is very difficult to digest. For example, breakfast with bacon and cheese, as a midday pizza with several varieties of cheese and meat, for dinner Lazagne or a saucepan with meat and cheese. Poor digestion of protein or excess protein can lead to problems with digestion and increased values urea and uric acid. In addition, excess protein can also transfer overweight. Proper preparation Protein sources are also important. So that these amino acids are transformed into useful substances for the brain, muscles, energy, etc. We must have a lot of vitamins of group B, minerals, sufficient vitamin C, etc. Take good drug Multivitamins as an adjuvant. It is even better to eat it daily, partially also crude food, so that the vitamins of the group B and vitamin C are preserved.

• A variety in the diet is the best solution!
• Animal and plant proteins have their advantages and disadvantages.
• An animal protein usually contains a lot of saturated fatty acids and little fiber.
• In addition, animals, like people, keep different poisons in their fat.

First of all, you need to know what the egg protein is made, what is the bad assimilation of the raw egg, what is the denaturation of eggs, how does this process affect the problem of the egg and why the egg denaturation occurs? Egg protein protein when beating.

It must be remembered that protein of raw chicken eggs is absorbed bad. And it can contain microbes that fall from the shell surface. Before smaking the egg, it is necessary to rinse it under running water to rinse the microbes. All eggs are not necessary after the purchase, otherwise they will ruin if they even be stored in the refrigerator. Eggs are preferably stored in the refrigerator in special trays with a sharp ending down. You can not eat eggs that burst the shell. And in general, the use of raw eggs is undesirable., / B\u003e

What is the egg protein?

Clarity is an almost transparent substance that mainly consists of water and protein, also contains minerals and glucose. Among the proteins that make up an egg, more than half - ovalbumin. Ovalbumin is a protein of the Serpinov family and is considered one of the most proteins of the greatest biological value, as they contain about 385 amino acids and contain many of eight irreplaceable amino acids.

What is bad assimilation of raw clarity?

Serpins are a group of proteins that can inhibit the effect of some enzymes. In this case, ovalbumin is able to avoid the action of most peptidases, and here is the problem of its assimilation that is not destroyed by these enzymes, the body is not capable of assimilating amino acids, of which ovalbumin consists of.

What is protein denaturation

Proteins are very long amino acid chains associated with connections called peptides. These chains are stacked in more complex forms, which are called structures.

Already a long time ago in America began an anticholesterol company and banned eating eggs. As a result, the patients became much more. Cardiovascular diseases, cancer, degenerative diseases increased, the number of people who suffer obesity increased. After that, they came to the America and understood that they were doing something wrong. He conducted research and found out that the eggs had no relation to increasing cholesterol. So the eggs are not harmful, but the opposite is very helpful. Here is such it, a chicken egg protein, whose properties are so helpful.

Structures are classified as. Primary: amino acid sequence in linear form associated with peptide bonds. Tertiary: The amino acid chain, which was rolled before repeated, may have a spherical shape, which is called a globular protein or an extended caused by a smaller fold, which is called fibrillar protein. The method that protein takes at this level depends on its biological function, so any change in the location of this structure can lead to the loss of its biological activity.

1. What is the role of proteins in the body?

Proteins perform several main roles in our body:

Are material to build all cells, tissues and organs;

Provide immunity of the body and perform in the quality of antibodies;

Participate in the digestive process and energy exchange.

2. What products are rich in proteins?

Quaternary: This structure is rarely given for what interests us is not important. The only thing you need to remember is that it is connected by the same references as tertiary. When we say that protein is denatured, we mean that with the help of agents that can be physical or chemical, connections that hold the protein chain together in different conformations were violated and that the protein lost its spatial configuration and with its biological function. .

Now this happens only in the secondary structure, tertiary and quaternary, never in the primary structure, since peptide bonds present only at this structural level are much more stable connections than others, and are not affected.

Meat, bird, fish and seafood, milk and dairy products, cheese, eggs, fruits (apples, pears and pineapples, kiwi, mango, maracuy, lychee, etc.).

Questions

1. What substances are called proteins or proteins?

Proteins are natural organic substances consisting of amino acids and playing a fundamental role in the livelihoods of the body.

2. What is the primary protein structure?

The sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain represents the primary structure of the protein. It is unique to any protein and defines its shape, properties and functions.

3. How are the secondary, tertiary and quaternary protein structure are formed?

As a result of the formation of hydrogen bonds between the CH and NN groups of different amino acid residues of the polypeptide chain, a spiral is formed. Hydrogen bonds are weak, but in the complex they provide a rather strong structure. This helix is \u200b\u200ba secondary protein structure.

The tertiary structure is a three-dimensional spatial "packaging" of the polypeptide chain. As a result, the fancy, but for each protein, a specific configuration - globule. The strength of the tertiary structure is provided by a variety of connections arising between amino acid radicals.

The quaternary structure arises as a result of a compound of several macromolecules (globule) with a tertiary structure in a complex complex. For example, human hemoglobin represents a complex of four protein macromolecules.

4. What is protein denaturation?

Violation of the natural structure of protein is called denaturation. It can occur under the influence of temperature, chemicals, radiant energy and other factors.

5. What sign of proteins are divided into simple and complex?

Simple proteins consist only of amino acids. Sophisticated proteins in their composition also have carbohydrates (glycoproteins), fats (lipoproteins), nucleic acids (nucleoproteins), etc.

Tasks

You know that the chicken egg protein consists mainly of proteins. Think than explains the change in the protein structure at the boiled egg. Give other examples known to you when the protein structure may change.

As a result of the exposure to high temperatures on the egg, protein denaturation occurs. As a result, the protein loses its properties (transparency, etc.). Any heat treatment of food (cooking, roaring, baking) leads to denaturation of proteins. As a result, proteins become more accessible by the action of digestive enzymes, they themselves lose functional activity.

1. What is the role of proteins in the body?

Proteins perform several main roles in our body:

Are material to build all cells, tissues and organs;

Provide immunity of the body and perform in the quality of antibodies;

Participate in the digestive process and energy exchange.

2. What products are rich in proteins?

Meat, bird, fish and seafood, milk and dairy products, cheese, eggs, fruits (apples, pears and pineapples, kiwi, mango, maracuy, lychee, etc.).

Questions

1. What substances are called proteins or proteins?

Proteins are natural organic substances consisting of amino acids and playing a fundamental role in the livelihoods of the body.

2. What is the primary protein structure?

The sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain represents the primary structure of the protein. It is unique to any protein and defines its shape, properties and functions.

3. How are the secondary, tertiary and quaternary protein structure are formed?

As a result of the formation of hydrogen bonds between the CH and NN groups of different amino acid residues of the polypeptide chain, a spiral is formed. Hydrogen bonds are weak, but in the complex they provide a rather strong structure. This helix is \u200b\u200ba secondary protein structure.

The tertiary structure is a three-dimensional spatial "packaging" of the polypeptide chain. As a result, the fancy, but for each protein, a specific configuration - globule. The strength of the tertiary structure is provided by a variety of connections arising between amino acid radicals.

The quaternary structure arises as a result of a compound of several macromolecules (globule) with a tertiary structure in a complex complex. For example, human hemoglobin represents a complex of four protein macromolecules.

4. What is protein denaturation?

Violation of the natural structure of protein is called denaturation. It can occur under the influence of temperature, chemicals, radiant energy and other factors.

5. What sign of proteins are divided into simple and complex?

Simple proteins consist only of amino acids. Sophisticated proteins in their composition also have carbohydrates (glycoproteins), fats (lipoproteins), nucleic acids (nucleoproteins), etc.

Tasks

You know that the chicken egg protein consists mainly of proteins. Think than explains the change in the protein structure at the boiled egg. Give other examples known to you when the protein structure may change.

As a result of the exposure to high temperatures on the egg, protein denaturation occurs. As a result, the protein loses its properties (transparency, etc.). Any heat treatment of food (cooking, roaring, baking) leads to denaturation of proteins. As a result, proteins become more accessible by the action of digestive enzymes, they themselves lose functional activity.

\u003e\u003e Composition and structure of proteins

The composition and structure of proteins.

1. What is the role of proteins in the body?
2. What products are rich in proteins?

Among organic substances proteins, or proteins, are the most numerous, most diverse and having a primary value of biopolymers. They account for 50-80% of the dry mass of the cell.

Protein molecules have large dimensions, so they are called macromolecules. In addition to carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen, sera, phosphorus and iron can be included in proteins. Proteins differ from each other by the number (from one hundred to several thousand), composition and sequence of monomers. Monomers proteins are amino acids (Fig. 5).

The infinite variety of proteins is created due to a different combination of only 20 amino acids. Each amino acid has its own name, a special structure and properties. Their general formula can be represented in the following form.

The amino acid molecule consists of two parts identical for all amino acids, one of which is an amino group (-NN2) with basic properties, the other - carboxyl group (-son) with acid properties. A part of the molecule, called the radical (R), in different amino acids has a different structure. The presence in one molecule of the amino acid of the main and acidic groups determines their high reactivity. Through these groups there is a compound of amino acids in the formation of a protein. In this case, the water molecule arises, and the released electrons form a peptide connection. Therefore, proteins are called polypeptides.
Protein molecules can have different spatial configurations, and in their structure there are four levels of structural organizations (Fig. 6).

The sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain represents the primary structure of the protein. It is unique to any protein and defines its shape, properties and functions.

Most proteins have a type of spirals as a result of the formation of hydrogen bonds between-and-NH groups of different amino acid residues of the polypeptide chain. Hydrogen bonds are low-strength, but in the complex they provide a rather strong structure. This helix is \u200b\u200ba secondary protein structure.

The tertiary structure is a three-dimensional spatial "packaging" of the polypeptide chain. As a result, the fancy, but for each protein, a specific configuration - globule. The strength of the tertiary structure is provided by a variety of connections arising between amino acid radicals.

The quaternary structure is not characteristic of all proteins. It arises as a result of a compound of several macromolecules with a tertiary structure in a complex complex. For example, hemoglobin blood A person represents a complex of four protein macromolecules (Fig. 7).

Such complexity of the structure of protein molecules is associated with a variety of functions inherent in these biopolymers.

Violation of the natural structure of protein is called denaturation (Fig. 8). It can occur under the influence of temperature, chemicals, radiant energy and other factors. With a weak effect, only a quaternary structure decays, with a stronger - tertiary, and then secondary, and the protein remains as a polypeptide chain.

This process is partially reversible: if the primary structure is not destroyed, the denatured protein is able to restore its structure. It follows that all the features of the structure of the macromolecule protein are determined by its primary structure.

In addition to simple proteins, consisting only of amino acids, there are also complex proteins that can be included carbohydrates (glycoproteins), fats (lipoproteins), nucleic acids (nucleoproteins), etc.

The role of proteins in the life of the cell is huge. Modern biology showed that the similarity and difference organisms Determined ultimately a set of proteins. The closer the organisms to each other in a systematic position, the more similar to their proteins.

Proteins, or proteins. Simple and complex proteins. Amino acids. Polypeptide. Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary protein structure.

1. What substances are called proteins, or proteins?
2. What is the primary protein structure?
3. How are the secondary, tertiary and quaternary protein structure are formed?
4. What is protein denaturation?
5. What sign of proteins are divided into simple and complex?

Kamensky A. A., Kriksunov E. V., Book V. V. Biology Grade 9
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Question 1. What substances are called proteins or proteins?
Proteins (proteins) - These are heteropolymers consisting of 20 different monomers - natural alpha-amino acids. Proteins - irregular polymers.
The general structure of amino acids can be represented as follows:
R-C (NH 2) -Oson. All amino acids have an amino group (-MN2) and a carboxyl group (-son) and differ in the structure and properties of radicals. Amino acids in protein are associated peptide
communication -N (N) -C (\u003d O), so proteins are also called peptides.

Question 2. What is the primary protein structure?
In the amino acid protein molecule, each other peptide bond between carbon and nitrogen atoms are associated with each other. In the structure of the protein molecule, the primary structure is distinguished - the sequence of amino acid residues.

Question 3. How are the secondary, tertiary and quaternary protein structure are formed?
The secondary structure of the protein - as a rule, this is a spiral structure (alpha spiral), which is held by a plurality of hydrogen bonds arising between being close from each other with C \u003d O and NN groups. Another type of secondary structure is a beta layer, or a folded layer; These are two parallel polypeptide chains associated with hydrogen bonds perpendicular to the chains.
The tertiary structure of the protein molecule is a spatial configuration resembling a compact globe. It is supported by ion, hydrogen and disulfide (s \u003d s) bonds, as well as hydrophobic interactions.
The quaternary structure is formed in the interaction of several globes, which are combined into a complex (for example, a hemoglobin molecule consists of four such subunits).

Question 4. What is protein denaturation?
The loss of a protein molecule of its structure is called denaturation; It can be caused by increasing temperature, dehydration, irradiation, etc. If at denaturation the primary structure is not broken, then the structure of the protein is completely recreated when restoring normal conditions. If the action of the factor is growing, the primary structure of the protein is destroyed - the polypeptide chain. This is an irreversible process - it cannot restore the structure of the protein. For example, at high temperatures (above 42 ° C) in the human body, many proteins are denatured irreversible.

Question 5. By what sign of proteins are divided into simple and complex?
Simple proteins (proteins) are exclusively made of amino acids (albumin, globulines, keratin, collagen, histone and others). The composition of complex proteins may include other organic substances: carbohydrates (then they are called glycoproteins), fats (lipoproteins), nucleic acids (nucleoproteids), phosphoric acid (phosphoproproids), with a combination of protein with any painted substance, so-called chromoproteins are formed. Hemoglobin is most studied from chromoprotein - the coloring agent of red blood balls (red blood cells).

1. Why are proteins considered polymers?

Answer. Proteins are polymers, that is, molecules constructed as chains, from repeating monomer units, or subunits consisting of amino acids connected in a certain sequence of peptide bond. These are the main and necessary components of all organisms.

Disassemble proteins simple (proteins) and complex (proteids). Proteins - proteins whose molecules contain only protein components. With full hydrolysis, amino acids are formed.

Proges are called complex proteins whose molecules differ significantly from protein molecules in that in addition to the protein component itself, contain a low molecular weight component of non-biology

2. What are the features of proteins you know?

Answer. Proteins perform the following functions: construction, energy, catalytic, protective, transport, contractile, signal, and others.

Questions after § 11

1. What substances are called proteins?

Answer. Proteins, or proteins, are biological polymers whose monomers are amino acids. All amino acids have an amino group (-nh2) and a carboxyl group (-son) and differ in the structure and properties of radicals. Amino acids are interconnected by peptide bonds, so proteins are called polypeptides.

Answer. Protein molecules can take various spatial forms - conformations that are four levels of their organization. The linear sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain represents the primary protein structure. It is unique to any protein and defines its shape, properties and functions.

3. How are the secondary, tertiary and quaternary protein structure are formed?

Answer. The secondary structure of the protein is formed by the formation of hydrogen bonds between - and -nh groups. In this case, the polypeptide chain is twisted into the spiral. The spiral can acquire the configuration of the globule, as a variety of ties arise between the amino acid radicals in the helix. Globula - Tertiary protein structure. If several globes are combined into a single complex complex, then a quaternary structure arises. For example, human hemoglobin is formed by four globule.

4. What is protein denaturation?

Answer. Violation of the natural structure of protein is called denaturation. Under the action of a number of factors (chemical, radioactive, temperature, etc.), quaternary, tertiary and secondary protein structure can collapse. In the event that the factor is terminated, the protein can restore its structure. If the action of the factor is growing, the primary structure of the protein is destroyed - the polypeptide chain. This is an irreversible process - it cannot restore the structure of the protein

5. What sign of proteins are divided into simple and complex?

Answer. Simple proteins consist exclusively of amino acids. Other organic substances can be included in complex proteins: carbohydrates (then they are called glycoproteins), fats (lipoproteins), nucleic acids (nucleoproteins).

6. What functions of proteins are known to you?

Answer. Construction (plastic) function. Proteins are a structural component of biological membranes and organoid cells, and also part of the support structures of the body, hair, nails, vessels. Enzymatic function. Proteins serve as enzymes, i.e. biological catalysts, accelerating the speed of biochemical reactions in tens and hundreds of millions of times. An example is an amylase that splits starch to monosaccharides. Contact (motor) function. It is performed by special contractile proteins that ensure the movement of cells and intracellular structures. Due to them, chromosomes are moved during cell division, and flagella and cilia lead in motion the cells of the simplest. The contractile properties of actin and mose proteins underlie the muscles. Transport function. Proteins are involved in the transport of molecules and ions within the body (hemoglobin transfers oxygen from the lungs to organs and tissues, albumin serum is involved in the transport of fatty acids). Protective function. It consists in protecting the body from damage and invasion of alien proteins and bacteria. Proteins-antibodies generated by lymphocytes create the body's protection from alien infection, thrombin and fibrin are involved in the formation of thrombus, thereby helping the body to avoid large losses of blood. Regulatory function. It is performed by proteins hormones. They are involved in the regulation of cell activity and all the vital processes of the body. So, insulin regulates blood sugar levels and supports it at a certain level. Signal function. Proteins built into the cell membrane are able to change their structure in response to irritation. Thus, signals are transmitted from the external medium into the cell. Energy function. It is realized by proteins extremely rare. With full splitting 1 g of protein, 17.6 kJ of energy is capable of standing out. However, proteins for the body are a very valuable connection. Therefore, the splitting of the protein is usually occurring to the amino acids, of which new polypeptide chains are being built. Proteins-hormones regulate the activity of the cell and all the vital processes of the organism. Thus, in the human body, somatotropin participates in the regulation of body growth, insulin supports the content of blood glucose at a constant level.

7. What role do the hormone proteins perform?

Answer. Regulatory function inherent in hormone proteins (regulators). They regulate various physiological processes. For example, the most famous hormone is insulin that regulates blood glucose content. With a lack of insulin in the body, a disease occurs, known as diabetes mellitus.

8. What function is the proteins-enzymes?

Answer. Enzymes are biological catalysts, that is, accelerators of chemical reactions hundreds of millions of times. Enzymes have strict specificity in relation to the substance entering into the reaction. Each reaction is catalyzed by its enzyme.

9. Why are proteins are rarely used as an energy source?

Answer. Amino acid protein monomers are valuable raw materials for building new protein molecules. Therefore, the complete cleavage of polypeptides to inorganic substances is rare. Consequently, the energy function consisting in the release of energy in full splitting is performed by proteins quite rarely.

Eggs protein is a typical protein. Find out what happens to him if it is to fill with water, alcohol, acetone, acid, pitching, vegetable oil, high temperature, etc.

Answer. As a result of high temperature on the egg protein, protein denaturation will occur. Under the action of alcohol, acetone, acids or alkalis, approximately the same thing happens: the protein is folded. This process at which a violation of the tertiary and quaternary protein structure occurs due to the rupture of hydrogen and ionic ties.

In water and vegetable oil, the protein retains its structure.

Grind the cheese potato tuber to the state of Cashitz. Take three test tubes and put a small amount of chopped potatoes in each.

Place the first test tube in the freezer of the refrigerator, the second - to the lower shelf of the refrigerator, and the third - to the jar with warm water (T \u003d 40 ° C). After 30 minutes, it turn out the test tubes and in each drop of a small amount of hydrogen peroxide. Jump out what will happen in each test tube. Explain the results

Answer. This experience illustrates the activity of the live cell catalase enzyme to hydrogen peroxide. As a result of the reaction, oxygen is released. According to the dynamics of bubbles, you can judge the activity of the enzyme.

Experience allowed for fixing the following results:

Catalase activity depends on temperature:

1. Tube 1: There are no bubbles - this is because at low temperature of the potato cell collapsed.

2. Tube 2: Bubbles Small quantity - because the activity of the enzyme at low temperature is low.

3. Tube 3: There are many bubbles, the temperature is optimal, the catalase is very active.

In the first test tube with potatoes, a few drops of water, in the second - a few drops of acid (table vinegar), and in the third - herdes.

Jump out what will happen in each test tube. Explain the results obtained. Make conclusions.

Answer. When the water is added, nothing happens, with an acid addition, some darkening occurs, when adding alkali "Foaming" - alkaline hydrolysis.