A group of diseases called viral hepatitis are serious and dangerous liver diseases that can circulate within the human population with the participation of viruses. Mortal danger is threatened by a chronic form of the disease, which can end in the development of diseases leading to death. Therefore, all over the world, to protect the population, vaccination against hepatitis B, which is considered to be the most insidious type of the disease, is recommended.

What information is there about hepatitis

Infection with viral hepatitis, as a widespread infection, is caused by hepatotropic viruses, the mechanisms of infection with which are different, but lead to impaired liver function. The reasons that can be caused by the disease:

1. Viral infection. Hepatotropic viruses similar to liver cells that cause the development of hepatitis A, B, C, D circulate within the human population. Cause a general toxic syndrome, abnormalities in the liver (jaundice). The mode of transmission of the infection and the rate of its development are different, as well as the outcome of the disease.
2. Alcohol intoxication. Systemic alcohol consumption destroys human organs, including the liver. Due to the inflammation of the liver tissue due to alcoholism, the dead liver cells are replaced with fatty ones, which leads to fatty degeneration of the liver.
3. Drug intoxication. The abuse of hepatotoxic drugs, used for more than one month, ends with the development of a drug-induced type of disease, leading to systemic dependence on the drugs that caused it.
4. Stagnant phenomena. Due to a violation of the circulation of bile, it stagnates with a violation of the outflow, cholestatic hepatitis develops. Inflammatory process liver cells and a violation of the outflow of bile threatens cholelithiasis, tumors of the gallbladder, damage to the pancreas.

Important: to reduce the scale of the disease, which is fatal to the human society, vaccination against hepatitis is provided, and vaccination is carried out against hepatic ailments of groups A and B, which have a viral mode of infection. Vaccines against viral hepatitis C have not yet been developed.

The presence of the disease is detected by indicators biochemical analysis blood, its enzymatic components. The presence of liver problems is signaled increased values aminotransferase (AST and ALT indicators), bilirubin levels and others.

What types of hepatitis are vaccinated against

To prevent the fact of infection with an insidious infection, vaccination of children and adults is provided. Vaccination for adults is given intramuscularly, for children school age- in the zone of the deltoid muscle of the hand, newborns and preschoolers are vaccinated in the thigh.

V modern world immunization is relevant against hepatitis forms A and B, vaccinations against no less dangerous hepatitis C do not yet exist, since the methods of stabilizing the viral protein have not been debugged, which interferes with the production of neutralizing antibodies.

1. Hepatitis A (Botkin's disease) is the most favorable form that does not threaten with serious consequences. The disease is a "disease of dirty hands", most often children suffer from it. Heavy current an ailment of this form is rare, and active treatment eliminates the signs of liver intoxication.
2. Hepatitis B is a more dangerous form of the disease, infection occurs through small doses of blood, is transmitted through sexual intercourse, through injections with non-sterile syringes, to newborns from the mother. The ailment begins with colds, continues with an increase in the liver and inflammation of the spleen.
3. Hepatitis C is considered a very complex disease, and it is transmitted through the blood. Infections in the liver multiply, infecting and destroying liver cells. The peculiarity of the course is an acute and chronic form, the latter develops asymptomatically, which becomes the reason for delayed diagnosis.

If hepatitis A does not pose a particular threat to life, is treatable and is characterized by the absence of complications, then hepatitis B is just dangerous by the development of fatal complications - cirrhosis, liver cancer. Every year the disease covers more and more broad layers of the population, acquiring the character of a real epidemic. There is no valid vaccine against treatable hepatitis C yet, it is only being developed.

Important: doctors believe that in order to prevent the further spread of the infection, vaccination against hepatitis B is needed, it will become an obstacle to the expansion of the infection zone, a reliable barrier against serious complications.

Who needs a viral hepatitis b vaccine?

The first injection is given to children immediately after birth to protect against infection, including from a sick mother. Adults are also vaccinated, especially if they are at risk or there is a threat of infection. Group B hepatovirus is capable of provoking both the acute course of the disease and its chronic variety, those who fall ill with a formidable disease become its virus carriers.

On the territory of Russia, vaccination against hepatitis B is carried out according to the National Vaccination Schedule, however, vaccination against a disease of group A is voluntary, but recommended for persons traveling to the place of spread of infection. Against this type of disease, they are vaccinated twice with a six-month interval between injections.

Which of the people included in the risk group is required to be vaccinated against a viral liver disease - hepatitis b:

• those who live with a sick person;
• employees of medical institutions, as well as pedagogical teams;
• people hospitalized for surgery;
• those who need regular blood transfusions;
• people who have promiscuous sex;
• to those who suffer from drug addiction.

Advice: vaccination against life-threatening hepatitis B is mandatory for newborns, adults are only recommended it, especially when drawing up a medical book. The procedure is designed to become an effective protection against an infectious disease, because today a tenth of the country's population is infected with a dangerous virus.

Vaccination against viral hepatitis b: schedule

Advice: the disease with hepatitis is difficult to treat, which is a rather long process, and also quite costly. Therefore, experts advise to follow the vaccination schedule against infection with a pathogenic virus.

1. Children. Initial vaccination against dangerous disease liver is placed in the hospital on the first day of the baby's life, since even such a small age will not become an obstacle to infection during contact with parents and others. For children, an injection is given in the shoulder muscle. If the further immunization schedule is followed, then immunity against a deadly disease is guaranteed for many years.
2. Adults. Immunization for adults is prescribed up to 55 years old, but only if they have not previously suffered from an illness and have not been vaccinated. With a planned surgical intervention, an accelerated scheme is chosen for vaccination. Those who are at risk are required to be vaccinated against viral hepatitis B; if the risk of infection is increased, additional vaccination can be carried out.

Important: during pregnancy, immunologists do not recommend vaccination against liver disease, vaccination is allowed during breastfeeding... The vaccine antibodies that enter the mother's milk do not harm the child, but protect, forming immunity to infection.

Children are vaccinated based on the hepatitis B vaccination schedule

The vaccination schedule for adults and adolescents is as follows:

• the first two injections are performed at monthly intervals;
• the third is placed six months after the second.

Advice: in order for the grafting procedure to give a result with a stable indicator, it is necessary to complete all three stages, otherwise it will not work to form a full-fledged immunity.

Three vaccination schemes have been adopted on the territory of the country

According to three well-known schemes, vaccination is carried out only against a viral disease of groups A and B, vaccinations against slowly progressive hepatitis C are not provided, especially since this type of disease is considered curable.

Important: for representatives of the adult population, vaccination is indicated as needed, only the vaccination procedure should be followed. If the sequence of injections is violated, the scheme is repeated anew, and starting with the next one after the missed vaccination, since the effect of a single injection is short-lived.

What is used for immunization

In the course of vaccination, registered Russian and foreign drugs are used. However, the domestic hepatovaccine is cheaper than the foreign one, although it is in no way inferior to the imported drug. The recombinant hepatitis B vaccine is made using gene technologies; it does not contain a virus, but only its protein, which excludes the process of infection. Commercial healthcare providers offer mono- or combination products, the choice is up to the patient.

Important: all drugs are available and commercially available, they are quite safe against the background of sufficient effectiveness, they are made using identical technologies, so their use schemes cannot be corrected. Compliance with the vaccination plan month after month allows you to achieve the required concentration of antibodies, which guarantees protection for 8 years.

Precautions: Complications and Contraindications

The most popular vaccine is currently called Angerix, vaccination against viral hepatitis b with this drug is usually tolerated normally, but in adults and children of any age, complications are possible after the procedure:

• as a local reaction, a slight edema with redness at the injection site, accompanying pain is possible;
• the body can react with an increase in temperature with all the signs of a flu-like syndrome;
• rarely, but manifestations of allergy with all its symptoms are possible, up to Quincke's edema, the appearance of serum sickness, anaphylactic reaction;
• vaccination against hepatitis can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, accompanied by abdominal pain, as well as transient liver dysfunctions;
• a temporary limitation of the procedure for a newborn may be its extremely low weight (up to two kg).

The instruction for the drugs warns of possible violations in the work of the cardiovascular and nervous systems, the process of hematopoiesis, musculoskeletal and joint pain, bronchospasm is possible. However, the development of such complications is extremely rare; they should not become a reason for refusing to vaccinate against a dangerous ailment.

Modern parents are informed about the need for timely immunization of the child. The vaccination calendar includes a number of compulsory vaccinations, one of which is from hepatitis B. Consider what this disease is and why it is better to protect yourself from it in advance. We will also find out the composition of the vaccination, the vaccination schedule and what contraindications are possible.

Why is hepatitis B dangerous, why is vaccination necessary?

Type B hepatitis is a viral disease that can have both acute and chronic form... The virus enters the body in various ways - from mother to child during its passage through the birth canal, with blood transfusion, sexually. Often, infection occurs in the dentist's office or beauty salon through an insufficiently sterilized instrument.

The acute phase can pass imperceptibly, or it can be characterized by yellowing of the skin and sclera. The patient may complain of pain and discomfort in the liver area, weakness, and general malaise.

In some patients, the body independently heals from the disease and forms a stable immunity to the hepatitis B virus. In others, the acute phase becomes chronic. The described condition is dangerous because irreversible processes begin to occur in the liver - cells called hepatocytes are replaced by fibrous tissue - fibrosis, cirrhosis and even liver cancer develop.

Statistics say that self-healing often happens if a person falls ill with hepatitis B at the age of 40-60 years - then about 95% of patients recover. If a baby is sick before a year, the probability of self-healing is low - about 5%. In the age group from 1 year to the end of the preschool period, the disease becomes chronic in every third patient.

In this regard, immunization against this disease is fully justified, since it allows the formation of immunity in a child. artificially... It is not for nothing that this type of vaccination is funded by the state and is included in mandatory list vaccinations.

Not everyone knows that there is a vaccination against hepatitis A. It is given to children only in cases where the risk of infection is high. However, the schedule for this vaccine is different from hepatitis B, and this immunization is not required.

Vaccination composition

Consider the composition of the hepatitis B vaccine. One dose (5 ml) of the drug used for children under 19 years old includes:

• Fragments of the hepatitis B virus envelope, which are called antigen (HBsAg) - 10 μg. The body perceives these molecules as foreign and develops antibodies to them, that is, forms an immune response.
• Aluminum hydroxide as an adjuvant - a substance that can enhance the production of antibodies.
• The preservative is thiomersal.

Several types of vaccines are used in the Russian Federation - there are imported and domestic ones. All of them are interchangeable - if one vaccination is given with the drug Engerix B (Belgium), then the next one can be performed with DTP Hep B (Russia) or Shanvak B (India).

The domestic vaccine is produced in glass vials or ampoules of 5-10 ml. In a carton box there are 50 ampoules or 10, 25, 50 vials.

Vaccination schedule

Vaccination against viral hepatitis can be given to a person from birth to 55 years of age, if he has not been previously vaccinated. The standard schedule is as follows:

• the first injection is given to newborns within 12-24 hours after delivery;
• the next vaccine is administered after 30 days - per month;
• the third vaccination is performed in six months.

If you can't follow the plan, you should try to keep the minimum interval between vaccines. The second vaccination should be performed no earlier than a month after the first, and the third - no earlier than two months after the second.

Another vaccination scheme is also used, which involves the introduction of the vaccine 4 times. Vaccination against hepatitis in newborns is performed in any case in the first 24 hours, the further schedule of injections can be as follows:

• 2 vaccinations - after 30 days;
• 3 - at 2 months;
• 4 - at 12 months.

This scheme allows the child to gain immunity with an accelerated method. This method used if the baby was born from an infected woman, the child was in contact with a sick person, or in other cases.

Where do you get the hepatitis vaccine? The vaccine is administered intramuscularly. According to the WHO recommendations, it is placed in the thigh for infants and toddlers under 3 years of age. Adults are injected into the deltoid muscle of the shoulder.

The choice of sites is due to the fact that it is in them that the densest layer of muscle tissue is noted. This makes it possible to perform the injection as deep as possible.

Newborn

Most civilized countries vaccinate newborns against hepatitis B right in the hospital. However, first, the mother of the baby must agree to the vaccination.

Do not vaccinate premature babies born with a weight of less than 2 kg, as well as those who have allergies. Before the introduction of the vaccine, the neonatologist evaluates the results of the blood test of the newborn, examines the skin, checks the reflexes.

In this case, jaundice of newborns is not a contraindication to vaccination. Doctors say that vaccination does not put an additional burden on the liver and does not aggravate the course of the disease.

In 1 month

In a month, vaccinations are performed in a children's clinic. The parents bring the child for a routine examination, and the pediatrician issues a referral for the vaccination. This procedure is very important, because after the initial vaccination, immunity is formed for a short period and it must be consolidated.

It is advisable that at least 30 days have passed after the first vaccination. However, if the deadline is delayed for more than 5 months, it is recommended to start the vaccination program again.

In six months

At 6 months, the final stage of vaccination against hepatitis B is carried out. Only two weeks after the third injection of the vaccine, long-term immunity is formed.

If your baby is behind schedule and his first vaccination was later than needed, it is important that at least 6 months elapse between the starting dose and the final dose. If the period between injections is significantly lengthened, the doctor decides to re-vaccinate.

How many times in your life do you need to get vaccinated against hepatitis B, how long does it last?

Until recently, it was believed that immunity after vaccination remains active for 7 years. However, research has shown that those vaccinated a quarter of a century ago also retained protection.

However, people at risk are advised to get vaccinated every 5 years throughout their lives. These are doctors who deal with hepatitis patients, patients who require blood transfusions, nannies, etc.

What to do if the timing of vaccination of children against hepatitis B is violated and one of the vaccinations is missed?

Vaccinations are done according to the schedule, observing the terms indicated in the National Calendar. However, there are cases when one of the vaccinations is missed.

Consider how long the break between vaccinations can last, as well as the recommendations of pediatricians:

• The first vaccination was missed, which must be performed in the hospital. You can start immunization against hepatitis B at any age, after which you can act according to the schedule that is used for infants.
• Missed the second vaccination, which must be given a month. In this situation, the period between the first and second vaccinations can be 1-4 months. If more time has passed, the pediatrician decides whether to continue with the schedule or start the vaccination schedule from the beginning.
• Missed the third hepatitis vaccine. 3 injection is allowed for one and a half years after the first vaccination. If this period is missed, a blood test for the concentration of antibodies to hepatitis is shown. Sometimes immunity lasts longer than 18 months, then there is no need to repeat the program and the course can be completed as usual.

Contraindications to vaccination

Contraindications to vaccination are divided into temporary and permanent. The temporary ones include infectious diseases, fever, low birth weight, or prematurity.

Permanent include:

• severe allergic reactions in children to a previous vaccination - anaphylactic shock, Quincke's edema, febrile seizures(see also: );
• yeast allergy;
• some diseases nervous system with a tendency to progress.

Possible side effects in children

Most often, vaccination is tolerated by children easily and does not give side effects. However, in rare cases, an atypical reaction to the hepatitis vaccine is possible. Let's consider the possible consequences:

• An increase in temperature to subfebrile values. Occasionally, thermometer readings at 39-40 ° C are possible.
• Redness of the skin around the injection site. Itching is also possible, the appearance of a red halo.

Allergic manifestations after vaccination against hepatitis are recorded no more than one case in a million. Sometimes children who are allergic to yeast may have a worse reaction to baked goods after vaccination. However, such cases are not common.

How to deal with the consequences of vaccination?

Consider what the main actions of parents should be if the baby has an atypical reaction to vaccination:

• When the temperature rises to 38 ° C and above, you need to give the child an antipyretic. Paracetamol or Ibuprofen at an age-specific dosage will do. You can use the drug in the form of a syrup, as well as in the form of suppositories.
• In case of redness and hardening of the skin at the injection site, it is necessary to lubricate the affected area with Troxevasin or an absorbent. If a bump appears at the injection site, you can attach a cabbage leaf to it.
• If the parents notice that the child has a sore leg into which the injection was made, it is worth giving the baby an anesthetic drug.
• For signs of allergies - itching, blemishes, hives - you can give your child an antihistamine.

If you suspect the occurrence of serious allergic reactions - there are signs of suffocation, swelling of the lips, swollen leg, bright spots have formed all over the body - you must immediately call ambulance... While waiting for the doctor, you can give your child antihistamine drops.

Vaccination against hepatitis B must be included in the vaccination calendar for children. If, for some reason, it was not carried out, then vaccination against hepatitis B can be given to adults at any age, up to 55 years. Viral is one of the most dangerous and unpredictable infections that is transmitted through the blood and leads to dangerous complications (cirrhosis, liver failure, cancerous tumors). In recent years, the spread viral hepatitis acquires the scale of an epidemic. You can protect yourself from hepatitis B only with the help of vaccination, which ensures the body's immunity to infection.

Vaccination against hepatitis B for adults

Adults need a vaccination against hepatitis no less than babies, because it is very easy to get infected with the virus. A short contact with blood and other body fluids (semen, urine) containing the virus is enough. A very small dose is enough for infection, and the hepatitis B virus is stable in the external environment and remains viable even in dried blood spots for 2 weeks.

The main routes of infection with hepatitis B are:

• medical procedures (injections, blood transfusions, surgical interventions);
• from an infected mother to a child (vertical path);
• unprotected sex with different partners;

You can get infected with the hepatitis B virus in the office of a beautician or dentist, in a hairdresser or medical institution if the rules of sterility of instruments are violated and there are injuries on the patient's skin (scratches, wounds, abrasions), through which the virus easily enters the bloodstream.

Should adults be vaccinated against hepatitis B if they were not vaccinated during infancy? Doctors insist that it is imperative to be vaccinated, and an adult can be vaccinated at any age. This is the only way to protect against dangerous infection and the ability to protect yourself from serious complications.

Vaccination against hepatitis B in adults is carried out with special preparations containing a viral protein. Such a vaccine is called recombinant and does not pose a danger to the body. To ensure lasting immunity, it is necessary to make three injections at regular intervals. The following drugs are considered the most popular and high-quality:

• Regevak B;
• Biovac;
• Euwax B;
• Eberbiovack;
• Engerix;
• Recombinant vaccine;
• Recombinant yeast vaccine.

For adults, the vaccine is given intramuscularly in the thigh or forearm. The choice is due to the fact that it is in this zone that the muscles come closer to the skin and are well developed.

The introduction of the vaccine subcutaneously or in the buttock does not give desired effect and can lead to undesirable complications, cause damage to nerves and blood vessels. Today it is possible to vaccinate against hepatitis A and B. Against hepatitis C, unfortunately, no vaccine has been found, since this type of virus is constantly mutating and changing.

Indications for vaccination against hepatitis B

Vaccination against hepatitis B for adults is optional and the decision to vaccinate is made by the patient. The procedure for the introduction of the vaccine can be passed at the polyclinic at the place of residence (free of charge), or at private clinic on a paid basis. The approximate cost of a full course of vaccination is 1000-3000 rubles. This amount includes the price of the vaccine and medical fees. You can buy a quality drug at a pharmacy or order online.

For some populations at risk for hepatitis B, vaccination is mandatory. This list contains:

• medical workers, especially those who come into contact with blood, sick people or are involved in the production of drugs:
• social workers in contact with possible carriers of the virus;
• employees of children's institutions (educators, teachers), catering establishments;
• patients in need of regular transfusion of blood and blood components;
• patients before surgery who have not been vaccinated before;
• adults who have not previously been vaccinated and family members of the virus carrier.

According to the WHO, active immunity developed after vaccination lasts for 8 years. However, in many patients, protection against hepatitis B virus remains for 20 years after a single course of vaccine administration.

Contraindications and possible complications

Administration of the hepatitis B vaccine to adults is contraindicated in the following cases:

• individual intolerance to the components of the drug;
• allergic reactions to the previous vaccine administration;
• exacerbation of chronic diseases;
• acute infectious or colds;
• general malaise, signs of food allergies;
• pregnancy and lactation;
• age after 55 years.

The injection is carried out with normal health and the absence of any ailments. In case of a cold, fever or exacerbation of chronic diseases, the vaccination must be rescheduled.

Adults generally tolerate the vaccine well, but adverse reactions are still possible. Doctors warn about them in advance. The general reaction of the body to the introduction of the vaccine can be manifested by weakness, malaise, fever, chills. In the area of ​​the injection, redness and inflammation of the skin may appear, accompanied by soreness and swelling. In the future, in this zone, tissue densification and scarring are possible. In addition, adults can develop a number of complications in response to vaccination:

• joint and muscle pain, abdominal pain;
• upset stool, nausea, vomiting;
• an increase in the level of liver indicators in the analyzes;
• decrease in the number of platelets in general analysis blood;
• allergic reactions, up to Quincke's edema and anaphylactic shock;
• enlarged lymph nodes;
• reactions from the nervous system (convulsions, meningitis, neuritis, paralysis).

Sometimes, when the vaccine is administered, the patient feels shortness of breath, accompanied by a short-term loss of consciousness. Therefore, the vaccination is carried out in a specially equipped medical office, equipped with everything necessary for first aid. After the administration of the drug, the patient must be under the supervision of a medical staff for at least 30 minutes in order to immediately receive help in case of an allergic reaction.

Hepatitis B vaccination schedule for adults

The schedule of vaccinations against hepatitis B for adults is selected individually. After the introduction of the first dose, a break is usually taken, then subsequent doses are administered at different intervals. There are several basic regimens for administering the vaccine to adults, which determine how often injections are given in a given case.

1. The first, standard version is carried out according to the 0-1-6 scheme. That is, between the first and second vaccinations, there is a break of 1 month. And between the first and third injection - the time interval is six months. This is the most effective vaccine regimen.
2. According to the accelerated scheme, those who have had contact with contaminated blood or biological material... In this case, the period between the first and second vaccinations remains the same (30 days), and between the introduction of the second and third doses, it is reduced to 60 days. Repetition of the scheme (revaccination) is carried out in a year.
3. Emergency vaccination is carried out for patients preparing for surgery. In this case, the scheme is as follows - the second dose is administered a week after the first, and the third injection is given 3 weeks after the first.

How many vaccinations are given to an adult who has not previously been vaccinated against hepatitis B? Depending on the indications, the doctor may suggest any of the above schemes, it must be observed. If the vaccination period is missed and exceeds 5 months, then the vaccination must be started anew. If the third vaccination is missed, it can be done within 18 months after the first vaccination.

In the case when a person started immunization twice, and each time he did 2 vaccinations (thus accumulating three injections), the course is considered completed. In order for a stable immunity to form, it is necessary to give 3 injections, the duration of hepatitis B vaccinations for adults, regardless of the type of drug, is from 8 to 20 years. Revaccination is a special program, the essence of which is to maintain the formed immunity. It is held in preventive purposes and it is recommended to pass 20 years after vaccination.

Before immunization, be sure to come to your GP and find out possible contraindications... It is best to plan the vaccination procedure in advance and get the vaccine on the eve of the weekend. In case of adverse reactions (temperature, malaise), you can lie down at home, in a calm atmosphere. During this time, try to leave the house less and reduce your social circle.

The vaccination site must not be wetted for 1-2 days. It is allowed to take water procedures 3 days after vaccination in the absence of fever and other undesirable reactions.

Alcohol does not affect the effectiveness of the hepatitis B vaccine. But you should still refrain from taking it. If a feast is planned during this period, try to reduce the consumption of alcohol to a minimum.

Vaccination against hepatitis B is the best protection of the liver from severe damage, which helps to avoid dangerous consequences, posing a threat to human health and life and provides strong immunity that lasts for a long time.

Content

Hepatitis is viral disease liver, which is passed from person to person. The disease can be chronic, and some of its types sometimes provoke cirrhosis or liver failure. Hepatitis has three subtypes - A, B, C. The first is more benign for the liver, and B and C can lead to its destruction.

Do adults need a hepatitis vaccine?

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is considered one of the most unpredictable infections. First, the disease affects the liver, then the vessels, skin, nervous system and digestive organs are involved in the process. The main source of infection is virus carriers and sick people. In order to become infected, you need only 5-10 ml of blood infected with hepatitis. Infection routes:

• at birth from mother to baby;
• through cracks, cuts, abrasions, bleeding gums;
• with unprotected sexual intercourse;
• through medical manipulations: blood transfusions, injections and others.

In order not to get infected with a dangerous virus, adults need a hepatitis B vaccine. This is the only prevention of the disease. Almost everyone visits hospitals, hairdressing salons, and uses the services of a dentist. The risk group includes both visitors and employees of public institutions, because infection can very easily occur with them. If a person becomes infected with hepatitis B once, they will no longer be able to get rid of it forever.

What vaccine is used

To date, several drugs for hepatitis B are used. You can vaccinate with any of them, since all have similar properties and composition, but different prices. In order for the hepatitis B vaccine in adults to develop full-fledged immunity, three injections must be given. Any vaccine has a good effect, but the following drugs are most popular:

• Engerix (Belgium);
• Biovac (India);
• Regevak B (Russia);
• Euwax B (South Korea);
• Eberbiovac (Cuba).

Where are they vaccinated?

Hepatitis B vaccine is administered to adults and children into the muscle by injection. If it is injected subcutaneously, it will greatly reduce the effect and lead to unnecessary seals. Newborns and children under 3 years of age are vaccinated in the thigh. For adults, injections are given in the shoulder. The choice of site is dictated by the proximity of the skin to well-developed muscles. The gluteus muscle is too deep to be inoculated into this area.

How is hepatitis B vaccinated in adults - scheme

Engerix, Regevac B, or any other drug is administered in several ways. As a rule, the first dose is administered immediately, and the subsequent doses are administered on different schedules with various breaks. Vaccination is carried out in the same way for adults and children. There are three vaccination schemes:

1. Standard. The first one immediately, the second one in a month, and the third one six months later.
2. Emergency. The first one immediately, the second one after a week, the third one after three weeks, the fourth one after a year.
3. Fast. The first one immediately, the second - after 30 days, the third - after 60 days, the fourth - after a year.

Vaccination

How many times is hepatitis B vaccinated if a person has never been vaccinated? In this case, the course is chosen in no particular order, but it is imperative to follow the scheme. If an injection has been missed, and 5 months or more have passed, then the vaccinations are restarted. If the patient started the procedure several times, but made only 2 injections, then the course is considered completed. During the initial vaccination, three injections must be given to form long-term immunity. The duration of the vaccination against hepatitis B in adults, regardless of the name of the drug and the price, is from 8 to 20 years.

Revaccination

The essence of vaccination is to enter into the body infectious agent, stimulating the production of antibodies to the pathogen, so that a person gains immunity to the virus. Revaccination is a program that aims to support immune system, and it is carried out some time after vaccination. As a preventive measure, revaccination of hepatitis should be carried out for each person every 20 years. If a newborn child has been vaccinated, then immunity to hepatitis lasts up to 20-22 years.

Action

The need for vaccination is established individually. The doctor analyzes the person's age, the level of antibodies to the HBV virus in the blood. According to the instructions, revaccination is mandatory every 5 years only for health workers, since the disease is transmitted through any biological fluids. For an ordinary person who has been vaccinated earlier and has no contraindications, a single injection of the vaccine once every 20 years is enough to maintain immunity.

What is the normal response to the hepatitis vaccine?

Generally, the hepatitis vaccine is easily tolerated. Sometimes there is a small nodule at the injection site, slight redness or an unpleasant sensation. Such reactions are due to the presence of aluminum hydroxide in vaccines. About 5% of people who receive the primary vaccination experience fever, sweating, mild weakness, and general malaise. Such conditions are considered the norm, and they disappear in 1-2 days.

Possible complications and consequences

Sometimes observed serious conditions after vaccination, which are already a complication. These are joint pains, hives, rashes, allergies. The frequency of such reactions is very rare (1 case per 20,000 injections). Modern drugs(Engerix, Biovac and others) are very effective, because the manufacturers have completely excluded preservatives that provoke side effects... Alcohol has no effect negative influence on the body after vaccination, therefore it is allowed in moderation.

Contraindications

If a person has an allergic reaction to baker's yeast, then they cannot be vaccinated against hepatitis. This is the only absolute contraindication. Temporarily, you should refrain from the procedure during the period of acute colds and a meningitis field. The vaccine should be administered with caution to women during pregnancy, people with rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematosus and other autoimmune diseases.

Where to get vaccinated against hepatitis B

According to the law of the Russian Federation for adults up to 55 years old and children, there is free course vaccination against hepatitis. It is carried out in the polyclinic at the place of registration in the manipulation room. To find out how the hepatitis B vaccine is done in your area, call the help desk, ask your GP's schedule, and come to your appointment at the appointed time.

People who want to protect themselves from hepatitis, but do not get free vaccination for some reason, can get the procedure inexpensively in private clinics or specialized centers. The approximate cost of the full course varies from 1,000 to 3,000 rubles. You can buy the vaccine yourself at the pharmacy or order it online, and then pay only for the medical procedure.

Price

Video

Despite all the controversial points, it must be remembered that it was vaccination that helped humanity get rid of such a deadly disease as smallpox. Modern medicine wants to achieve the same effect with other diseases, vaccinations against which are included in the calendar. Therefore, a civilized person should not have a question why hepatitis B vaccination is needed.

The calendar of planned preventive vaccinations includes only those diseases that pose a great threat to human life and health. None of the vaccinations are useless. If you follow all the recommendations of doctors in preparation for vaccination, complications can be avoided.

What hepatitis are vaccinated against?

Today, the pharmaceutical market supplies vaccines against hepatitis A and B. Each of these diseases is dangerous in its consequences and can even lead to the death of the patient. Therefore, it is better to protect yourself and still get vaccinated against hepatitis A and B.

Increasingly, biosynthetic vaccines obtained by genetic engineering... The model is the hepatitis B vaccine. It contains recombinant antigens (viral regions that lead to disease) of all currently known varieties of viruses (there are six of them). Therefore, having been vaccinated, you can not worry that it will not protect against disease in other countries.

Hepatitis A is the least evil, mortality from it is the lowest among hepatitis (0.9% of registered cases). Despite this, the disease leads to severe liver damage, organ failure and requires constant supportive therapy. Therefore, it is believed that it is better to prevent the disease than to spend time, effort and money on its treatment.

The hepatitis A vaccine is safe and has no side effects. Patients often wonder if the hepatitis A vaccine is mandatory or not. It is not included in the planned calendar of mandatory vaccinations, it is carried out either according to epidemic indications free of charge (in case of an outbreak of the disease), or at the request of the patient at personal expense.

Do I need a Hepatitis B vaccine?

Parents have many questions about whether a child should be vaccinated against hepatitis B, because the probability of contracting the virus in a baby is very small, how long does the hepatitis B vaccine work, whether there is a reaction to the hepatitis B vaccine.

Viruses are known to be transmitted through blood or sex. A child can get infected from a mother with hepatitis. Hence the need for vaccination in adults.

The relevance of vaccination is also confirmed by the complications of the disease - liver failure, which can lead to the death of the patient. Numerous studies have confirmed the safety of the hepatitis B vaccine.

Vaccination has been carried out since 1986, during which time several tens of millions of people have been vaccinated. Side effects during the hepatitis B vaccination during all this time, they were registered in the form of local reactions - redness, swelling, pain at the injection site. Cases of anaphylactic shock and severe temperature reactions of the body are very rare.

What is included in the hepatitis B vaccine? How long does immunity last?

Today, the most commonly used recombinant vaccine against hepatitis B, which includes the virus antigen - HBs Ag. To create it, a yeast culture is used, on the cells of which the virus antigens are planted. Yeast divides rapidly and thus increases the amount of antigenic material. The material is then purified by destroying the yeast cells.

After the introduction of such a vaccine, antibodies are produced in the body. Vaccination protects the body from infection with the virus in 98% of cases.

It is difficult to say how long the hepatitis B vaccine works, since the vaccine has been used for the last 30 years. During this time, no cases of the onset of the disease in a vaccinated person have been registered, so it can be assumed that the duration of the hepatitis B vaccination is lifelong.

It is believed that the full range of vaccinations (from three injections) protects a person and does not require revaccination. Hence the answer to the popular question of whether it is dangerous to refuse a booster vaccine against hepatitis B.

Vaccination against hepatitis B is included in the schedule of mandatory vaccinations. Under the state program, it is provided free of charge to all children and adults under 55 years of age.

Vaccines used to prevent hepatitis B

To date, vaccines are used that contain only the antigen of the virus (monocomponent) and combined (hepatitis B and DTP, hepatitis B and ADS-M, hepatitis A and B in one vaccine). There is a state register drugs where you can find out what vaccines are for hepatitis B.

The attending physician will tell you which vaccine for hepatitis B to choose. He will take into account all the nuances - the age of the patient, which vaccinations have already been given, how much time has passed since the last vaccination, etc.

List of some vaccines used to prevent hepatitis B:

1. Engerix- monocomponent vaccine against hepatitis B by GlaxoSmithKline (Belgium). The drug is produced in children's (0.5 ml) and adults (1.0 ml) dosages. Contains only HBs Ag virus antigen.
2. Regevak B- the vaccine of the domestic manufacturer Binnopharm. Available in standard dosages for children and adults. According to the instructions, the Regevac hepatitis B vaccine contains only a surface antigen (serotype AYW).
3. Infanrix Hexa – combination drug by GlaxoSmithKline (Belgium). It contains components of the antigens of the hepatitis B virus, DTP (pertussis, diphtheria and tetanus toxoid), weakened poliomyelitis virus and antigens of hemophilic infection. All components are in one bottle.
4. DTP-HEP B vaccine- a drug approved in the Russian Federation and used to prevent whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus and hepatitis B.
5. Bubo-M- a combined preparation of domestic production containing the recombinant HBV vaccine and ADS-m (diphtheria and tetanus toxoid in a reduced amount). The advantage of the drug is the lower content of excipients than in the monopreparation ADS-m. This reduces the likelihood of developing adverse reactions after vaccination.
6. Bubo-Kok- a complex vaccine that combines the antigen of the hepatitis B virus, inactivated pertussis pathogens and diphtheria-tetanus toxoid (ADS).
7. Twinrix- a vaccine that simultaneously protects against hepatitis A and B viruses. It contains inactivated HAV and HBV antigens.

How and where is the hepatitis B vaccine given?

Where should the hepatitis B vaccine be given? According to the instructions for use, the hepatitis B vaccine is injected strictly intramuscularly, for children under two years old in the anterolateral region of the thigh, for adults - in the shoulder region in the deltoid muscle.

If the vaccine is injected into the buttock, it is believed that it will not enter the muscle due to the thick layer of subcutaneous fat and may damage sciatic nerve... With this introduction, the immune system is not strong enough. After a similar method of administering the hepatitis B vaccine, this dose is considered invalid, it is recommended to administer the drug correctly in the near future.

Vaccination schedule

All newborns are subject to disease prevention. The first vaccination is given to a child weighing more than 2 kg. She is placed in the hospital within 24 hours after birth. Even if the child has congenital malformations, increased bilirubin in the blood, and hepatitis vaccination still needs to be done.

The second is allowed at the age of 1 month, the third vaccination is carried out at 6 months. After the third injection, the complex is considered complete.

If for some reason a lot of time has passed after the first vaccination, there is no need to start the complex again, the child or adult is given the missing vaccinations. If, after the first injection, revaccination is not carried out and the complex of vaccinations against hepatitis B is not completed, then there may be consequences weak immunity in the form of a virus infection.

To confirm the effectiveness of the vaccination complex, a blood test can be done for the content of antibodies to the virus. If, after 3 inoculations of hepatitis, antibodies are more than 10,000 U / L, this means high immune protection.

If a child is vaccinated with a combination vaccine (for example, Infanrix Hexa), then the scheme changes slightly. Children begin to vaccinate at 2 months, the second injection is given at 4 months, the third at 6 months, the fourth at a year and a half. A three-time introduction is also allowed - at 2, 4 and 9 months. How many times to get vaccinated against hepatitis B in this case, the pediatrician decides.

There are also differences in the procedure for vaccinating children born to sick mothers, that is, having perinatal contact with hepatitis B. They are vaccinated four times - in the first 12 hours, in 1 month, 2 and 12 months. If the baby weighs less than 1,500 grams, HBV immunoglobulin is administered at the same time as the vaccine.

Pregnancy, lactation and hepatitis B vaccination

The ideal option would be for a woman to receive a full range of vaccinations before pregnancy. If this does not happen, and the risk of contracting the virus is very high, then the pregnant woman is vaccinated according to the standard scheme. This is especially true for women who have contact with a patient with hepatitis B.

If a pregnant woman has already received 2 vaccinations before pregnancy, and the risk of contracting the virus is low, then the third vaccine can be given after childbirth, even if the woman in labor is breastfeeding. The lactation period, like pregnancy, is not a contraindication to the hepatitis B vaccine, especially in the case of a high risk of infection with the virus.

Vaccination of children

According to the instructions, the hepatitis B vaccine can be administered simultaneously with other vaccinations (except BCG), but in different parts of the body or with a time interval between vaccinations.

The vaccine is given to healthy children. It is allowed to administer an injection to a child with residual symptoms of the disease (runny nose, cough), if 5-10 days have passed since the moment of illness. Before the vaccination, the child is examined by a doctor, the body temperature is measured.

After vaccination against hepatitis B, a medical worker fills out a preventive vaccination card and an outpatient card of the child indicating the date, series and number of the vaccine, and the dose of the drug. Each adult must have a certificate with vaccinations, which includes data on all vaccinations, including hepatitis.

Vaccination of adults

Unvaccinated adult patients under 55 years of age are included in the list of persons subject to prevention of hepatitis B.

This is especially true for those who are at risk for the disease:

• Those with chronic liver disease (non-viral hepatitis, cirrhosis).
• Infected with other hepatitis viruses (A, D, E).
• Family members of HBV patients.
• People who have contact with a patient with hepatitis B who have not had this disease before, who are not vaccinated or who do not have data on their vaccination.
• Medical professionals in contact with blood products.
• Patients on hemodialysis.
• Patients undergoing frequent blood transfusion procedures.
• Individuals who have received an organ or tissue transplant.
• Patients for whom surgery is indicated.
• Drug addicts, homosexuals.

Contraindications to vaccination

According to the instructions, the hepatitis B vaccine has some contraindications that prohibit the administration of the vaccine:

• Intolerance to baker's yeast or aluminum (they are included in the vaccine).
• Severe reactions or complications after the previous vaccine administration (anaphylactic shock, severe allergic reaction in the form of angioedema or urticaria).
• Spicy somatic illness(SARS, flu, bronchitis, pneumonia and others) or exacerbation chronic illness (allergic dermatitis, sinusitis and others).
• Diseases of the nervous system in the stage of decompensation (hydrocephalus, epilepsy with seizures every 2 months or more).
• The patient has a fever of any origin.
• Congenital immunodeficiency.
• Immunosuppressive (immunosuppressive) therapy.

Reactions and complications after HBV vaccination

It should be understood that adverse reactions- these are conditions that reflect the degree of compatibility of the human body and vaccination against hepatitis B. They are not diseases and go away after a few days.

These include:

1. Fever up to 39 ° or fever over 39 ° in the first 72 hours after vaccination.
2. Reactions at the injection site in the form of pain, soft tissue edema up to 5 mm, redness up to 8 mm, the formation of an infiltrate of more than 2 mm. May occur in the first 48 hours after vaccination. Adults sometimes have shoulder pain after receiving a hepatitis shot.
3. Irritability, sleep disturbance in the first 72 hours after injection.
4. In the first 5 days after vaccination against hepatitis, lethargy, refusal to eat, nausea, abdominal pain, and upset stools may occur.
5. In the first 72 hours, catarrhal symptoms (runny nose, redness of the throat) or muscle pain may appear. These are rare reactions and go away quickly without treatment.

The occurrence of negative consequences after vaccination against hepatitis B is a contraindication for subsequent vaccination.

These include the following conditions:

1. Anaphylactic shock. It occurs immediately after the administration of the vaccine or during the first day.
2. Allergic reaction in the form of urticaria, Quincke's edema, Lyell's syndrome, Stevens-Johnson's syndrome. All of these conditions can occur in the first 72 hours after the vaccine is given.
3. Arthralgia (joint inflammation). A rare complication that can occur between 5 and 30 days after vaccination.
4. Febrile seizures occurring in the first 72 hours with fever.

Vaccination preparation and post-vaccination behavior

No special preparation is required for the hepatitis B vaccine in adults. The main thing is that the person is healthy at the time of vaccination. With children, you need to have a conversation explaining the need for an injection.

Before vaccination, you need to carefully read the instructions for the hepatitis B vaccine. Clarify which drug will be injected, what the consequences may be. During the injection, parents should hold the baby to ensure that the drug is administered as accurately as possible and to reduce the likelihood of local reactions to the vaccine.

For the first 30 minutes after the procedure, the patient should be in a medical facility in case of complications. Bathing after hepatitis B vaccination is allowed in a day, since water can cause infection and cause suppuration.

Prevention of any disease - protection against possible complications... The frequency of the spread of hepatitis is growing every year, so doctors recommend starting the course of vaccinations as early as possible. Proper preparation and compliance with all the recommendations of doctors is the key to successful vaccination.

Useful video about hepatitis B vaccine