It has a more complex organization than round worms or flat.

A secondary cavity, a highly organized blood supply system and a nervous system appear at the collections of the Killya species.

Rainworm: Building

In the transverse section, the caller is almost round. The average length is about 30 cm. It is separated by 150-180 segments, or segments. The belt, located in the front third of the body, performs its function during the period of sexual activity (rainworm - hermaphrodding). On the sides of the segments are four hard well-developed small bristles. They contribute to the movement of the body of the worm in the soil.

The color of the calf is reddish brown, and on the abdomen a little lighter than on the back.

Natural necessity

The circulatory system is in all animals, starting with secondary-haired, it has formed due to an increase in vital activity (compared, for example, with life in constant motion requires a stable energetic muscle work, which, in turn, causes the need to increase the cells of incoming oxygen and nutrients, that only blood can deliver.

What is the circulatory system from the rainworm? Two main arteries are spinal and in the abdominal cavity. In each segment between the arteries there are flaked vessels. Of these, somewhat slightly thickened and covered with muscle tissue. In these vessels performing the work of the heart, the muscles, shrinking, pushed the blood into the abdominal artery. The annular "hearts" at the exit to the spinal artery have special valves that do not give blood flow to go in the wrong direction. All vessels are divided into a large network of the finest capillaries. Oxygen in them comes from air, and nutrients are absorbed from the intestines. Capillaries in muscle tissues give carbon dioxide and decay products.

The circulatory worm is closed, since it is not mixed with the cavity fluid for all the movement. This makes it possible to significantly increase the rate of metabolism. In animals that do not have a blood pumping system, the heat exchange is two times lower.

The nutrients that the intestine seeded when the worm movement is distributed through a well-formed circulatory system.

Its scheme is quite complicated for this type of animals. Over and under the intestines along the whole body are tested by vessels. The vessel passing in the back is equipped with muscles. She, shrinking and stretching, pushing the blood from the back to the front of the body. In the front segments (in certain types of worms, it is 7-11, in other - 7-13) the vessel that comes on the back is reported to several vascular vascular pairs of transversely (usually 5-7). The blood circuit breeder of these vessels imitates hearts. Musculature they have a much stronger than the rest, so they are the main in the entire system.

Functional features

Rainworms are similar to the functions of hemodynamics of vertebrates. Blood, published from the hearts, falls into the vessel in the abdominal cavity. It takes a move towards the rear end of the Cherwell. On his way, this blood spreads nutrients in smaller vessels located in the walls of the Taurus. In the period of puberty, the blood enters the genital organs.

The structure of the bloodworm circulatory system is such that the vessels in each organ go to the smallest capillaries. The blood of them flows into the vessels located across the main, of which the blood flows into the spinal artery. Musculature is in all blood vessels, even the smallest. This allows blood not to be stated, especially in the peripheral part of the blood supply system of this type of ringed.

Intestines

In this part of the worm body there is a particularly dense plexus of capillaries. They, as it were, emit an intestine. Part of the capillaries brings nutrients, the other part spreads them throughout the body. The muscles of the vessels surrounding the intestine of this kind of ring, are not as strong as the spinal vessel or heart.

The composition of blood

Rainhery worm's blood system on a red clearance. This is explained by the fact that in the blood there are substances close by their chemical structure to hemoglobin, which is included in the blood composition of the vertebrae. The difference lies in the fact that these substances are in plasma (liquid part of the blood composition) in a dissolved form, and not in blood bodies. The blood of the rainworm is the cells without color, several types. In their structure, they are similar to colorless cells that are part of the blood vertebral.

Transportation of oxygen cells

Oxygen cells in vertebrates from respiratory organs tolerate hemoglobin. In the blood of rainworms, a substance similar in composition, also brings oxygen to all body cells. The only difference is that the worms of the respiratory organs are not. They "inhale" and "exhale" the surface of the body.

Thin protective film (cuticle) and skin-skin epithelium along with a large capillary skin network guarantee a good oxygen absorption of air. The capillary web is so great that is even in the epithelium. From here the blood moves through the wall vessels of the body and the transverse vessels in the main stem channels, so that the whole body is enriched with oxygen. The reddish shade of the body of this type of ring gives precisely a large capillary wall of the walls.

Here it is necessary to take into account that the finest film covering the caller of the rainworm (cuticle) is very easily moistened. Therefore, first oxygen dissolves in drops of water, which are held by the skin epithelium. It follows from this that skin covers must always be moisturized. Thus, it becomes clear that the humidity of the environment is one of the important conditions for the life of these animals.

Even the slightest drying of the skin stops breathing. For the circulatory worm system does not bring oxygen cells. It can not hold much for a long time in such conditions using the internal reserves of water. Emboss glands located in the skin. When the situation becomes really acute, the rainworm begins utilization of the strip fluid, the parts spraying it from the pores located on the back.

Digestive and nervous system

The system of digestion of rainwrites consists of anterior intestine, middle and rear. Due to the need to live more actively, there are several stages of improvement of the rain worms. The digestive apparatus appeared the departments, for each of which a certain function was entrenched.

The main body of this system is an intestinal tube. It is divided into the oral cavity, a throat, esophagus, a stomach (muscular body), middle and rear intestines, anal hole.

In the esophagus and the throat are grooves, which influence the pushing of food. In the middle intestine, food is processed chemically, and digestion products are absorbed into the blood. The residues go through the anus.

Over the entire length of the cavity of the worm, on the side of the peritoneum, the nervous chain passes. Thus, each segment has its own developed nervous lumps. In front of the nervous chain is a ring jumper consisting of two connected nodes. It is called a regional nerve ring. The network of nervous endings throughout it is diverged.

The digestive, circulatory and nervous system of rainwater worm are significantly complicated, due to the progress of the entire type of rings. Therefore, in comparison with the rest of the types of worms, they have a very high organization.

Introduction

1. Type of ring worms (Annelida)

Morphological features of rainwrites

Classification of raindling worms

Life activity of rainwaves

Conclusion

LITERATURE

Introduction

Igor Akimushkin in the book "The World of Animals: Invertebrates" writes: "Charles Darwin is one of the first to estimate the great importance of unattractive rainworms in the life of mankind. For several years of hard work, he dedicated them to research. His work on rainwills is one of the most interesting and most important books. According to natural science. Darwin found that the entire arable layer of the Earth passes through themselves through themselves through themselves through themselves through themselves the entire arable layer of the Earth. They enrich fresh humus exhausted lands, loosen them, along the way, firing their discharges and worn into mink leaves. Fucking in the ground and swallowing it, they create a solid The lubricant structure of the soil - air and moisture is better penetrated to the depth. Countless mink worms, as if the capillary network of lively tissue, provide perfect drainage and soil ventilation. "

It has long been noticed: in those areas where there are more rainwoods, where they work more actively, the crop of fruit, berry, vegetable and other crops is always much more. No harm, as some people think, these worms are not caused, but on the contrary - are very useful, as they enrich the soil with the organic, they are sharpening and tear it.

Rain worms feed on various plant residues, tightening blasting, leaves lying on the surface surfaces of the soil surfaces, leaves, etc. They first soften with the help of a special fluid, and then swallow it together with the ground and tiny pebbles needed to grind food. Selection contains a lot of weightless gumus and calcium plants. In the dense soil, the worms literally "eat" their own way, passing through itself a large amount of soil and enriching it with an organic. Moving, making moves and mink, they contribute to the best penetration into the soil of water and air. The rainworms are very life-intensive: even if you cut the worm of a shovel into several parts, each part will not die and is able to develop in an adult. But the worms suffer very much from drought and high temperatures, so the maintenance of the soil in the wet state and the mulching of the plant mass is favorable not only for plants, but also for the life of rainworms. They are always more under a pile of peat and humus, which can be used specifically for brewing worms.

The lack of rainworms in the soil means that the soil conditions are unfavorable for their vital activity, and, as a result, the fertility of such a soil is extremely low.

1. Type of ring worms (Annelida)

The type of ring worms, or rings, covers a significant number of types (about 9000) of the highest worms. The main signs of the type Annelida are as follows:

The body of the ringed worms is composed of a head blade (nozzle), segmented torso and rear anal blades (Pihydia). On the head blades mostly arranged organs of feelings.

There is a well-developed skin and muscular bag.

Animals possess the secondary cavity of the body, or the whole; Moreover, each segment has its own couple of nominal bags. Head and anal blades are deprived of the alert.

The river hole lies on the abdominal side of the first torso segment. The digestive system, as a rule, is composed of oral cavity, pharynx, middle intestine and rear, which opens the anal hole at the end of the anal blade.

Most rings have a well-developed closed circulatory system.

The release function is performed by segmental organs - nephonds. Usually in each segment there is one pair of nephonds.

The nervous system consists of a paired brain, a pair of occasional nerve trunks, enveling a throat from the sides and connecting the brain with the abdominal part of the nervous system. The latter consists of a pair of more or less closest, and sometimes fused together with longitudinal nerve heavyings, in which pair ganglia is located in each segment (for the excluded most primitive forms). Many ringed worms have sense organs - eyes, olfactory pits and various kinds of tentacious appendages.

Crushing the egg goes along the spiral type and has a determinant character.

At the lower levels such as development proceeds with metamorphosis, a typical larvae - threehood.

The type of rings is divided into two subtypes: Wireless (AClitellata) and Piryask (Clitellata). We will be interested in the subtype of the stool.

The Clitellata subtype representatives are characterized by hermaphroditism. Gonads lose the metairic location. There is a belite zone (Clitellum). Development direct. The subtype includes two classes: unauthorized (Oligochaeta) and leeches (Hirudinea).

The class of malnobyotiny (OligoChaeta) is polymeric ring worms, which have basic features of the type Annelida, but with reduced palpses. Parapodiy and gills. Parapodiy bristles are preserved, although in a limited number. Hermaphrodites. The sexual system is concentrated in the few segments of the front of the body. There are field funnel independent from metanephridia. Live in fresh waters or in the soil. There are 3,400 species.

The body oligochet is strongly elongated, more or less cylindrical. Small forms of unauthorized bare barely reach 0.5 mm, the most major representative - an earthen worm (Megascolides Australis) up to 3 m long.

To this class and include the rain worms (Lubricus).

2. Morphological Features of rainwoods

rainworm Life Morphological

In the early end, they have a small moving head blade (survey), devoid of eyes, antennas and palp. The torso segments are externally the same, the number of them is usually large (from 30 to 40 to 600), in rare cases of segments of the segments (7 - 9). Each segment, in addition to the most front, carrying hole, is equipped with small bristles sticking directly from the body wall. This is the last residues of the disappeared parapodies, usually located four bundles - a pair of side and pair of abdominal. The number of bristles in the beam varies. At the end of the body there is a small anal blade (pyigidium) with poroshires.

Skin epithelium, forming a thin elastic cuticle on the surface, is rich in mucous glazed cells. Especially numerous mucous membranes and protein single-cell glands in the area of \u200b\u200bthe belt, which during the reproduction of worms is clearly visible. Under the epithelium, a well-developed leather-muscular bag layers are outer ring and more powerful internal longitudinal. The extensive whole is divided into well-developed dissenspements and abdominal mesenter, no spinal mesenter.

The digestive system consists of a number of well differentiated departments - pharynx, esophagus (sometimes goiter) and muscular stomach, middle and rectain. In the rainworms in the esophagus flows three pairs of singular lime glands. They are densely permeated with blood vessels and serve to remove carbonates accumulating in the blood. Surplus lime comes from glands to the esophagus and serve to neutralize humic acids contained in the shirts of rotting leaves. The spinal wall of the middle intestine forms a longitudinal groove patch inside the intestinal lumen, or typhlosol; The development of titlosol increases the absorption surface of the intestine.

The circulatory system is arranged by the same type as the multi-art worms. In addition to the ripple of the spine blood vessel, blood circulation is maintained by abbreviations of some ring vessels in front of the body, so called side or ring hearts. Since the gills are missing and breathing is performed by the entire surface of the body, then a thick network of capillary vessels is developing in the skin.

Allocation bodies are represented by numerous segmentally located metanephrides. Chloragogenic cells, also involved in the selection, cover the surface of the middle intestine and many blood vessels. The decay products of chlorogenic cells are often glued and merged with each other into more or less large "brown bodies", which accumulate in the body cavity, and then outwardly outward through special unpaired spine, which have many oligochet.

The nervous system has a typical structure for the rings and is composed of a pair of dumping ganglia, occupus conventions and an abdominal nervous chain.

The sense of feelings in the unobtinka are developed extremely weakly. Eyes are almost always absent. Interestingly, the rainy worms detect sensitivity to the light despite the fact that they do not have real visual organs; Their role is played by separate photosensitive cells, in a large number scattered in the skin. They are of interest in relation to the nature of the secondary acquisition of Oligochieta and clearly detect the multiple bookmark characteristic of new receiving authorities.

The floor system oligochetic hermaphroditic, gonads are localized in a small number of genital segments. In the 10th and 11th segments of the body of the worm, there are 2 pairs of seeds lying in seed capsules, the seeds are covered with three pairs of special seed bags, the latter are developing as a discharge of disseps. In seed bags, sex cells fall from seed capsules, after they separated from the seeds. In the seed bags, livestock ripen, and mature sperm come back into seed capsules. Special ducts serve for the output of the gods. In the seed capsule, there is a pair of flickering funnels, from each of them retracts the output channel. Both channels of each side merge into one longitudinal seed, opening on the abdominal side of the 15th segment. Fit crowns together with output ducts represent real colodels, i.e. Education of mesodermal nature.

The female genital system is formed by one pair of very small ovaries in the 13th segment and a pair of short fleece ovage, opening on the 14th segment. Rear dissemament of a female segment forms egg bags similar to seed bags.

In addition, the female system includes 2 more couples of deep skin fuses, seed-receptacles on the abdominal side of the 9th and 10th segments. These bags that do not have any communication with the cavity of the body serve as seed-names during cross-fertilization.

Finally, the indirect attitude to the sexual system has yet numerous single-cell hardware forming on the surface of the body for 32 - 37th segments of the ring-shaped thickening - the belt. They distinguish the mucus that serves to form an egg cocoon, and a protein fluid, which is powered by a developing embryo.

Fertilization of rainworms Cross. Two animals are applied by abdominal sides, the heads are addressed to each other towards (Fig. 1). The believes of both worms are distinguished by a mucus that is delivered in the form of two couplings, the belt of one worm is located against the openings of the other seed. From the male holes of both worms, a sperm is highlighted, which is carried out with a reduction in the abdominal muscles along its surface to the risk, where it falls into the previously mentioned mucous coupling. The seeds of the partner produce as if swallowing movements and perceive the seed entering the coupling. Thus, the seed recipients of both individuals are filled with someone else's seed. So there is a copulation, after which the worms are diverged. The release of eggs and their fertilization occur much later. The worm highlights around the body, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe belt, the mucous clutch, in which the eggs are deposited. The clutch slides through the head end of the worm. During the passage of the coupling by the 9th and 10th segments, the seedarters are squeezed out in the coupling in them someone else's seed, which eggs and fertilize. The coupling after that closes at the ends, is compacted and turns into an egg cocoon, which is protected by eggs.

In addition to sexual reproduction, the oligochet is also observed with a powerful reproduction that proceeds by architecture (Lumbriculus Variegattis). The body of the iglochet is divided into two parts: the front regenerates the rear end of the body, and the back is head. When architecture, division precedes regeneration processes.

Scientists have discovered the existing substance of frightened in the worms and a long-acting substance: it turns out, these, as it seemed, the "lower" creatures may experience fear. Famous Polish biologist Yang Dembovsky notes: "Darwin in his work on the rainworms and their influence on the properties of the soil first drew attention to the presence of the rainworms of a kind of mental activity: undoubtedly, Darwin's interpretation is fantastic, for the arguments on the basis of which he attributed to rain A worm ability to reasonable actions are completely insufficient. Nevertheless, Darwin touched a very interesting question and indicated the path to his decision. "

I. Akimushkin emphasizes: "The rainworms are capable of learning: they were placed in the T-shaped labyrinth, in the longest corridor, forming the base of the letter" T ". When the worms are attached to its end, they were given a choice to turn right or left." Right "They were expected to darkening and food," left "- electric shock. After several attempts, the worms were entitled to immediately go to the desired side - to food."

All rain worms lead the same, night lifestyle: they spend all their lives in the ground, the swarm of deep moves and thus loose land, crawling on the surface of the soil only at night. Also, worms are forced to leave their mink filled with water after heavy rains so as not to suffocate. A worm mink is a narrow long channel, which in a hot summer can reach 1.5 meters depth, with an extension at the end for reversal. Half-cream worms (with "belt") mutually fertilize each other (hermaphrodites) and lay cocoons with eggs.

Rain worms feed on plant remnants with decaying plant residues and soil microorganisms, so they are soiliffers and are very useful: they fertilize and contribute to the formation of humus, break and aerate soil. The length of some tropical rainworms comes to 2.5 meters. In Europe, 35 species are common, on the territory of the former USSR - about 100 types of rainwood worms are more "modest" than tropical, size: usually 8 - 15 cm, rarely up to 40 cm.

3. Classification of rainworms

Used in the juggling of the "Wormi", which combines the types of dung, earthlings and many others, are referred to as the rainy family (Lumbricidae), the Lumbricomorpha (LumboCha), a class of non-timeline (Oligocheeta), a pink (CLITELLA) type, Arbitration of multicellular, kingdom of animals. However, the systematic separation of the family of rainwrites, according to the major systematics of these animals, T.S. Pern (1979), represents a difficult task.

V.G. Matveeva and TS Pernel (1982) noted that based on the vertical distribution of rainworms in the soil, they are divided into three ecological groups:

superficial, including composts - Eisenia Foetida, Dendroboena Oktaedra, Lumbricus Castaneus et al.;

soil-bedroom Lumbricus Rubellus, Eisenia Nordenekioldi et al.;

nornika - Lumbricus Terrestris, Dendroboena Platura, inhabiting in deep soil layers.

Most often there are the following types of rainwrites (see Fig. 2):

Fig. one.Types of rainwaves

. Rain worm four-marched (Eiseniella Tetraedra) is 3 - 5 cm long; Its medium and rear parts of the body are noticeably tetrahedral. It is found only in very humid places (in a wet moss, in crude land in water bodies).

. Rain worm sall (Eisenia Foetida) is 6 - 13 cm long; Received its name for the natural unpleasant odor. A characteristic feature: red or brown rings on each segment - and the grooves separating segments, light. It is found primarily in dungpots and in oily garden land.

. Rainworm yellowish green (Allophora chlorotica) is 5 - 7 cm long. It can be different: yellowish, greenish, reddish. Lives both in a slightly humid and in very raw soil (in the gardens, in river coastal cliffs), in the rotting foliage.

. Rain worm reddish (Lumbricus Rubellus) is 7 - 15 cm long. The spinal side of reddish-brown and purple with a pearl sampling. This is a typical inhabitant more or less wet humid soil, usually at a small depth.

. Rainworm ground or ordinary (lumbers) (Lumbricus Terrestris) is 9 - 30 cm long; It is widely widespread, especially often found in clay soils. Wet nights are chosen on the surface of the soil behind the remains of plants.

The famous red Californian worms (or "red hybrid") were patented by the American doctor Barrett in 1959 as a new breed of worms, which he bred on special plantations, and then brought the land reworked by them (along with worms) under garden crops. The result of this introduction was a sharp increase in the yield of vegetables and a noticeable improvement in their taste.

In two months, the population of California worms out of 30 - 50 thousand individuals (biomass of about 4 kg / sq. M. M) is capable of processing 300 - 400 kg of underlining manure on each square meter, turning it into a highly hydrain humus fertilizer. Also biomass of living worms is a valuable natural feed for poultry and animal, pond fish. In addition, the worms are prepared for valuable protein flour (protein content of about 70%), canned food for pets and fur animals.

4. Life of rainworms

The rainworms are from half to three quarters of the entire biomass of soil invertebrates and are treated with a tremendous work on improving and improving the soil, truly this "fighters of the invisible front", whose work is immeasured, and therefore few appreciate the worms of dignity. One hectare of not ruined chemistry and smell of soil can contain from 1 to 200 million. Of individuals of rainwrites, and their weight of their biomass varies from 2 to 5 tons per hectare. If you take into account that the worm per day passes through its body equal to its own weight of the ground of the earth with an organic, then with the middle weight of the worm in a field and their number of 100 pcs / sq. M (i.e. 1 million per hectare), it turns out that during the day they pass through themselves 50 g of the ground per square meter, or half-bottom land on the hectare. Given the fact that the activities of worms in the middle band is 200 days a year, then for the season this figure increases to 10 kg / sq. M., or 100 t / ha.

Surprisingly, as such a mild animal manages to dig ground, sometimes very dry and hard. He has three methods of performing this difficult task. If the ground is loose and puffy, then the worm will boight her like a jackhammer. A silent bag with solid and thick walls and can move forward. At the same time, after a time, after a while he hits herself from the inside into the front of the body, driven it into the ground, like a hammer. But from these blows, even a soft earth before the worm is hardening, tampering. Then he resorts to another way: takes off her lips pieces of land and swallows it. Deep up to the limit and crawls to the surface of the Earth, to which the soil passed through the intestines. But it came on the way to the dungeon especially dense and dry ground - the worm moisturizes his drops of saliva. Wester a piece of soil, his worm swallows. In the afternoon, he hides in a mink head to the entrance, which is covered with leaves, coniferous needles and other garbage, and in twilight come to life. It crawls to the surface with almost all the body, only the rear end is kept over the edge of the mink, and the front of the body makes circular movements, lifting over the ground, and feel all around. Falling a leaf of a tree with her lips, grabs him and drags him in a mink.

If the soil microorganisms and plants fix the chemical elements of the soil in their cells, then rainworms and other soil invertebrates contribute to the removal of these elements from the organic matter of plants and microbial biomass, thus eating new plants. In this cycle of substances, rainworms, these small tireless workers, act as regulators of microorganisms, enriching the soil by natural nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, balanced by each other. It is also particularly valuable that worms are absorbed and digesting not only humid, but also bacteria, algae, mushrooms with their disputes, the simplest organisms of the animal world (including nematodes!) - These are real deodorats and sanitary cars, soil health, disinfecting pathogenic soil Microflora.

Rain worms are passed through their intestine a large mass of dead vegetable residues in which herbal tissues are completely destroyed, digested and then mixed with the ground. Thanks to the activities of the rainwrites, the compost becomes faster, turning after their processing into a rash, loose, consisting almost exclusively of granular excrement of worms, environmentally friendly and extremely useful fertilizer (biohumus), which is easily absorbed by plants. It is also particularly important that vegetable residues reworked by rainworms acquire unique and valuable properties for soil, since they turn into water supply, water-duct, fertile structures. Moving through itself the soil, worms are also enriched with its own intestinal microflora containing biologically active substances (a variety of enzymes, antibiotics, amino acids, vitamins). This makes it possible to obtain the most valuable forms of humus with high microbiological activity, since in the decay of organic substances in the intestine of worms, humilic acid molecules forming complex compounds with mineral soil components are formed. These compounds are preserved for a very long time in the soil and give it the structure, which creates a comfortable fertile environment for plant roots, and also warns the wind and aqueous soil erosion. As a result, the restored of the worms of fertility, the structure and health of the soil makes it guaranteed to receive high yields on it, so the presence of rainworms in the soil is an important indicator.

In the soils of the taiga, deciduous forests and a forest-steppe of a moderate belt, the main digging animals are earthlings (rain) worms. They are kept in the soil in huge quantities - from many thousands of up to a million individuals per 1 hectare and amount to 90% and more than all the substrates of these forests. It has been established that worms for one year can recycle up to 50 - 380 tons of soil per 1 hectare. Piercing the soil with the moves whose depth reaches 8 m, earthy worms loose, contributing to this best aeration and soil moisturizing at depth. They mix the soil layers, accelerate the decomposition of plant residues, create a small soil structure and, thus, increase its fertility. For several years, the soil mass completely passes through the worms organisms.

Conclusion

So, the rainworms are a very important factor in soil formation. Without them, there could be no soil in the form in which we observe them.

The rain worms are included in the process of soil formation when the humification of the soil is already in full swing. The value of rainworms is the first plan when humus has already been created and tasks arise about its distribution on different layers of soil, about breaking it, on the supply of all the huge number of humicators with air and water, about the protection of humus from rapidly washing out of the soil, to remove excess vegetable Residues from the surface of the soil, about the neutralization of acids, about the preservation of nutrient materials for plants in water supply coprolites.

It should also be paid particular attention to the fact that the activities of rainwrites in the soil formation are related to the activities of other physical, chemical and biological agents involved in this process. Still V.V. Dokuchaev said that "soils and soils have a mirror, a bright and quite truthful reflection, so to speak, the immediate result of the cumulative, very close, century-old interaction between water, air, earth, on the one hand, animals and vegetable organisms and the age of the country, on the other , these eternal and understood by living soilorage. " The facts presented in this work show that the rainworms play far from the last role in this "century-old interaction", which created the humus soils of all over the world, which are prerequisites for the occurrence of magnificent vegetation, and consequently the food base for all land animals and humans.

Rain Cherves are of great importance for agriculture. Even Ch. Darwin noted their useful influence on soil fertility. First, they launch the roots of plants to penetrate the soil. In addition, the moves of the worms contribute to the penetration into the soil of water and air, which is achieved very important for the successful growth of plants uniform moisturizing and ventilation of the soil. Finally, worms gradually swallow a large amount of land and break the soil. As a result of the vital activity of worms, the soil is mixed, while the surface elephant of the soil is gradually released from small stones that are deeper into the soil. In addition to the whole worms, they feather the soil, dragging the leaves and other plant residues into their minks and contributing to them to the rapid decomposition and education of humus.

LITERATURE

1. Gilyarov M.S. Features of the soil as habitat and its meaning in the evolution of insects. - M.-L.: Ed. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1949.

Gilyarov M.S., Krivautsky D.A. Life in the soil. - M.: Mall. Guard, 1985.

Dogel V.A. Invertebrate zoology: Tutorial. - M.: Higher. Shk., 1981.

Pern. TS Distribution and patterns of distribution of rainworms of the Fauna of the USSR. - M.: Science, 1979.

Ponomareva S.I. The role of the life of rainwrites in the creation of a solid structure in herbal crop rotations. - Soil science, 1950.

Chekanovskaya O.V. Rain worms and soil formation. - M.: Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1960.

In the world of fauna is a rainworm. It can rightly be called an earthen worker, since it is thanks to him that we go, in full swing in full of oxygen and other mineral substances. Passing the various sections of the Earth along and across, this worm makes them loose, which makes it possible to plant cultivated plants there, and also to engage in gardening.

General characteristics of type

The rainwill belongs to the kingdom of animals, to the loss of multicellular. Its type is characterized as the ringed, and the class is non-timing. The organization of collide worms compared to other types is very high. They have a secondary body cavity, which has its own digestive systems, blood and nervous. They are separated by a dense interlayer from mesoderm cells, which serve as peculiar safety pillows for the animal. Also, thanks to them, it can exist and progress in the development of each individual segment of the body of the worm. The habitats of these earthly sanitary faces are wet soil, salt or fresh water.

External structure of the rainworm

The body of the worm has a round shape. The length of the representatives of this species can be up to 30 centimeters, which can be part of 100 to 180 segments. The front of the body of the worm has a small thickening, in which the so-called genitals are concentrated. Local cells are activated during the reproduction period and perform the function of laying eggs. The side external parts of the body of the worm are equipped with short, completely imperceptible to the human eye with bristles. They allow the animal to move in space and sort out the land. It is also worth noting that the tummy of the rainworm is painted always in a brighter tone than its back, which has a dark burgundy, almost brown color.

What is he from the inside

From all other relatives, the structure of the rainworm is distinguished by the presence of real tissues, which form its body. The outer part is covered with ectoderm, which is rich in mucous cells containing iron. This layer follows the muscles that are divided into two categories: ring and longitudinal. The first are closer to the surface of the body and are more movable. The second is used as auxiliary during movement, and also allow to work more fully to work internal organs. The muscles of each individual body segment worm can operate autonomously. When moving, the rainworm alternately compresses each ring muscle group, as a result of which his body is stretched, it becomes shorter. This allows him to break through new tunnels and to fully loose land.

Digestion system

The structure of the worm is extremely simple and understandable. It takes its beginning from the oral hole. Through it, food comes into the throat and after passing through the esophagus. In this segment, products are cleaned of acids secreted by rotting products. Then the food passes through the goiter and enters the stomach, in which many small muscles are concentrated. Here products are literally grinding and then enter the intestines. The worm has one middle intestine that goes into the rear hole. In its cavity, all useful substances from food are absorbed into the walls, after which the waste leaves the body through the rear-ground opening. It is important to know that the excrement of the rainworm is saturated with potassium, phosphorus and nitrogen. They nourish the earth perfectly and saturate it with minerals.

Circulatory system

The circulatory system, which has a rainworm, can be divided into three segments: the abdominal vessel, the dorsal vessel and the ring, which combines the two previous ones. Bloodstock in the body is closed, or the ring. An annular vessel, which has a form of spiral, combines two vital arteries for the worm in each segment. Capillaries are also branched off, which are suitable close to the outer surface of the body. The walls of the entire ring vessel and its capillaries are pulsed and declined, so that the blood is distilled from the abdominal artery to the dorsal. It is noteworthy that the rainworms like a person have red blood. This is determined by the presence of hemoglobin, which regularly spreads throughout the body.

Breathing and nervous system

The process of respiration in a rainworm is carried out through the skin. Each outer surface cell is very sensitive to moisture, which absorbs and processes. It is for this reason that the worms do not dwell in dry sandy areas, and live where the soil is always filled with water or in the reservoirs themselves. The nervous system of this animal is more interesting. The chief "lump", which focuses all neurons in a huge amount, is in the front segment of the body, but its analogues, smaller in size, are in each of them. Therefore, every sealer body worm can exist autonomously.

Reproduction

Immediately we note that all the rainworms are hermaphrodites, and in each body, the seeds are located ahead of the ovaries. These seals are in the front of the body, and during the pairing period (and they have a cross) the seeds of one of the worms go into the ovaries of the other. During the pairing period, the worm distinguishes the mucus, which is necessary for the formation of a cocoon, as well as the protein substance that the germ will be powered. As a result of these processes, the mucous membrane is formed in which embryos develop. After they leave it with an ass end and passed to the ground to continue their genus.

• Kingdom: Animalia, Zoobiota \u003d Animals
• Class: Clitellata \u003d Piyask
• Subclass: OligoChaeta \u003d Low-timeline rings (worms), oligochettes
• Detachment: Haplotaxida \u003d Chaplutaxides
• Family: Lumbricidae \u003d Real rainworms, Lumabricides

Rod: Lumbricus Linnaeus, 1758 \u003d Real rainworms

Architects of fertility

How much is the rain worm? A rural resident would answer this question like this: "Yes, not at all. Take how much you want. Go closer to the farm, there and the Copper. " And the Citizen would say: "Rainworm? Free, of course. They can be found in the park now, because the rain has just passed. "

Indeed, the rainworms are called raindrops, because during a rainfall leave their asylums and become the prey of birds, heroes and predatory insects. How often we ourselves are on these defenseless animals. And it's no secret that some do it even specifically. It would be better to collect them in a box or a bag and release into the grass on the lawn.

Why do worms crawl on the surface during the rain? Water fills all the free space in the soil, even the smallest pores in it. And since the worm breathes the entire surface of the body, then during the rain it simply chips.

Although Worms are afraid of water, there are species that prefer a very wet habitat, such as the shore of water bodies. Nevertheless, the elements of most of them are. It is not by chance that in many countries of these animals called earthworms. Usually they avoid light and lead a nightlife.

Take a look in the evening when it is dark, in the forest. There is no wind, trees are quietly. Sit down. Do you hear the rustles? This rain worms tighten pieces of foliage to mink. Leaves - food of rainworms. There are also dead spots that rotten sprigs. At once, they cannot eat all the eats, so the stock remains a few days ahead.

Mink is not only a storage room, it is also asylum. Capture the worm from it is not so easy. He has a bristle on his body, which he clings behind the mink walls. They also help the worm to move in the soil and lay new moves that improve not only air flow into the land, but also contribute to the rapid seeping of water inland, supplying the roots of plants moisture. The bristles can be seen in the magnifying glass. And if it is not at hand, put the worm on a sheet of paper and you will hear the rustle - these are solid bristles rub on paper. They can even touch them - spend your hand from the tail to the head of the animal; The tail end of the worm is slightly flattened, expanded and, as anchor, holds it in mink. Muscles help him: they immediately begin to shrink, and a wave passes throughout the body of the rainwater worm. Muscles can be reduced from the head end to the tail or vice versa. At this moment, the worm pull off is useless, it is most likely breaking. It is necessary to take it and wait until the wave comes to the other end, and then calmly pull out and put in the bag with a damp soil.

The humidity of the soil, the temperature and the amount of food are the main conditions necessary for the life and reproduction of worms. The rain worms live 6-8 years old (some species live and up to 16), and winter frosts are nicking - go below the depth of the soil freezing and they sleep there, curling the ball.

Well tolerate worms and high temperatures - if only it was wet. In dry soil, they cannot live - it is difficult for them to breathe, so during drought they break into a depth of 2-2.5 meters, and sometimes 8! A man shovel does not get to do, and they push the soil particles with their body. Processing in the stomach particles of soils, fallen leaves, dry grass in the forest and organic fertilizers in the field, rain worms improve the fertility of the Earth 5-6 times, and this is 50-80 tons of fertile soil per hectare during the year. Such numbers were obtained by scientists when the number of worms in the field per square meter did not exceed 50-100 pieces. And there are land where their 300 and even 500 per 1 m2.

Does not to produce artificially rainwear? How fast do they grow and develop? How to feed them in artificial conditions? When scientists studied the biology and physiology of the rainworm, it turned out that in the same individual both men's and female sexual signs. But they mate with pairs, after which both worms produce cocoons. Cocoon - oval bag, from which worms are crawled in about 20 days - from 1 to 5. They are small, transparent, no more than 10-15 mm long. Young begins to eat in the soil, adapt to the environment. If no one will eat them and around will be a lot of food, then in 2-3 months, these transparent kids will become red, brown, gray or even green adult rainworms. They are beautifully visible segments - transverse rings on the body. Wellness is noticeable - thickened segments, which is closer to the head end. If the lounge is distinguished clearly, it means that the worm can already make it similar to themselves and every 7-10 days will now appear all new and new cocoons.

Now you can calculate whether it is profitable to breed in artificial conditions of rainwoods. From one individual, as a rule, 1200-1500 worms are obtained per year at abundance of food and suitable conditions. If you have 2000 adult worms, you can receive offspring over a year, and in two years a billion worms and cocoons, which can overpass all the soil on the planet. No wonder these animals are called the "Plug of the Earth", because the worms began to loosen the earth, plow the hock and plow long before a person. They were also corrected by the "earth sanitary panels": flowing through his intestine, rotting organic remnants and destroying them, rain worms save us from harmful microorganisms, and therefore diseases. They are talking about - live fertilizers for plants. Recessing organic fertilizers in the field, garden, forest, they enrich the soil with many nutrients, while improving its physical properties. In it, then other useful living organisms can develop. Truly, the rainworms are "treasures growing underground."

We have tried to breed the rainwoods for a long time, from the late 40s, but used them monotonous - as an additional power supply for poultry. Now these animals are introduced into the soil where there were never, and the leaves falling from the trees, dead the grass lay on the surface by the dead cargo. Now they live there and worms worms, every day, turning the earth into the fertile part of the soil.

Rainworms are bred in many countries of the world, but they use much wider. Major buyers are fishermen. Except for fishing bars, worms are still contributed to garden or garden grounds for its improvement. With the help of these animals, a magnificent organic fertilizer is obtained - vermicapost. Moreover, the initial raw materials are a wide variety of waste: weeds, garbage from the kitchen, trimming of unnecessary paper, manure.

Canada first became with the help of raindling worms to dispose of urban and industrial waste. In the US, Canada, Italy and Germany, rainwater breeding in artificial conditions has reached an industrial scale. These countries are even exporting them. For example, at the end of the last century, Japan bought 130 tons of worms, but not for feeding birds or fish, garden or garden, but for breeding and studying.

So how much is the rainworm? He is invaluable, as it is a real treasure for plants, animals and man.

Zoo Business No. 9/2004 Information prepared O. Suthormin. http://zoobusiness.kiev.ua/Forinquisitive/3/

Rain Worms, they are earthwormsThis is far from one species, but a whole commercial arrival of unauthorized worms related to the type of ring worms. For rainworm, most features of the structure of its type and class are characterized.

Rain worms are common everywhere. More than a dozen species in our area live (European earthworms), the length of the body is 10-20 cm, the number of segments 100-180. At the same time, the Australian earthworm can achieve a length of 3 meters.

Happy rainworms crawl in the soil. At night and after the rain can go to the surface. With the onset of cold weather, in a depth of 2 m. The rear of the body is slightly flattened. When performing from the soil, the worm is kept by the rear end by the edge of the mink.

The body of the rainworm, as a representative of the ringed worms, is divided into segments of ring patterns. Like all non-timing parapody, they are reduced, only brushless beams have been preserved, which allow the worm to cling, to rest in the ground and make it easier to pushing the body forward. In other words, the bristles provide a clutch with a substrate.

The surface of the body is wet, covered with mucus, which makes it easier to move in the soil, and also contributes to the penetration of oxygen into the body.

Epithelium highlights a layer of transparent cuticle, there is also many mucous cells in it. Under the epithelium there are ring and longitudinal muscles. The body of the rainwater can be reduced and lengthened. The annular muscles make the body with thin and long, longitudinal - shorten and thicken. The longitudinal layer of muscles is more powerful. An alternate reduction in these muscles provides movement. Each segment can change its form separately.

The nuclear bags of neighboring segments are communicated to each other, thus, the fluid in them is mixed.

The rainworm often swallows the soil, erupting the move. Nutritional particles are absorbed from the soil in the intestines. If the soil is soft, then it will be an end end. First, the front end is drawn up and skewers, is squocated between the soil lumps. After the front end thickens, as a result, the soil is moved. Next, the worm pulls the back of the body.

Feed on rotting plant residues. In addition, they can drain the fallen leaves from the surface. Blowing into the soil herbal residues, worms contribute to their decomposition and formation of fertile soil.

The digestive system consists of their mouth, pharynx, esophagus, goiter, muscular stomach, middle and realer, anal hole. Food swallowing is made by a muscular throat. The stomach is sorted by food, besides the muscles of the walls in this, swallowed gears are involved. From the side of the back, the wall of the middle intestine forms a fusion that increases the suction surface. The middle intestine is enjoyed by fiscal epithelium, in which many single-cell glands. It occurs in the splitting of complex organic substances, more simple substances are absorbed into the blood. In the walls of the middle intestine of the rainworm there is a thick network of blood vessels. The render is small, ends with anal hole.

The feature of the rainworms are lime glands, whose ducts fall into the esophagus. The substances they allocate neutralize the acids contained in the soil.

Breathing is carried out by the entire surface of the skin. In the surface layers of the body wall there is a thick network of blood vessels. During the rain, the rain worms get out to the surface due to lack of air in the soil.

The blood, nervous and excretory systems are similar to multi-art. However, in the circulatory system there are so-called "hearts" - ring vessels capable of a muscular reduction. Located in 7-13 segments. A number of species have ring vessels only in front of the body.

In the front three segments there are no metanephridium (ringed worms allocation organs).

The senses are developed weakly. There are sensitive cells in the skin - the touch bodies. Also in the skin there are cells that perceive the degree of illumination.

Rain worms hermaphrodites. The interface is located in several segments of the front of the body. The sementers are in front of the ovaries.

Fertilization mutual cross. Each of the pairing worms transfers sperm into the seed female partner.

In the first third of the bodies of the rainworms there is a special poverty, its glandular cells are distinguished by a mucus, which forms a coupling when drying. Need uncommon eggs into it. After mating from the seed-remitiments, there is a spermatozoa. Fertilization occurs. After that, the coupling clenches from the body of the worm and turns into a cocoon. Little worms develop from eggs.

Capable to regeneration. If a predator takes off part of the body of the worm, then the second half is completing the missing part. If the worm is divided into two parts, then two individuals will be obtained, which can be considered to be a flexible reproduction. However, the rainworm itself is not multiplied by itself.