Sprut is a representative of the family of chalp clams. In the people, it is more known as the octopus, as it has eight huge sucks. Since ancient times, many legends and myths have been going on this inhabitant of the seas. For example, sailors believed that in the ocean there is a giant spruck-kraken, capable of dragging a whole ship under water. These representatives of challenges form two suburbs: deep-water octopuses (Cirrata) and the Octopuses are real (Incirrata).

The size of the majority of octopuses do not exceed the half meter, only the octopus of ordinary, apolon, the octopus of Hong Kong and Doflane belongs to large. Some types of poisonous. They live in subtropical and tropical seas and oceans, most often in coastal rocky areas. Feed on raffs, mollusks and fish. Jamrami octopuses breathe, a short time can be outside the water.

Anatomy and physiology of spruits

Sprut or octopus is a typical representative of chalp clams. They have a compact body, soft, round. The length of the adult octopus fluctuates in the range from 1 centimeter to 4 meters. The mass of the spruit can reach 50 kilograms.

On the body of the spruit there is a mantle that is a leather bag. The length of the mantle in males reaches 9.5 centimeters, and in females - 13.5 centimeters. Octopus no bones. Because of this feature, it can easily change its shape and stay in limited space.

The spruit has eight sucks that are interconnected. As a connector - a thin membrane. On tentacles are located suckers in 1-3 rows. The number of suckers in an adult individual can reach two thousand. One sucker can keep approximately 100 grams of weight. At the same time, hold occurs only due to the work of the muscles, and not at the expense of sticking.

The river hole is located in the place where the tentacles grow. Roth equipped two strong jawssimilar to the beak of birds. In the throat there is a rainla, similar to a grater, which grinds food. Anal hole is hidden under the mantle.

Normal Sprut can change color. This occurs under the influence of signals that the nervous system transmits in response to the external environment. In the usual condition, the brown is riveted, in the case of danger - white, and if furious is red.

The eyes of the octopus look like human: large with crystal and outward-oriented retina. It is noteworthy that pupils have a rectangle shape.

Features of the organism of spruits

This head mollusk has three hearts: one is responsible for the distribution of blood throughout the body, two others - for carrying out blood through the gills.

Sprut has highly developed brain And the fighters of the bark. The shape of the brain resembles a bagel. This form allows you to compactly arrange the brain around the esophagus. Channels are able to perceive not only the usual sounds, but also infrasound.

Also, thanks to the huge amount of taste receptors, food edible is determined. Compared to other invertebrates at octopus very big genome. It has 28 pairs of chromosomes and about 33 thousand coding proteins of genes. According to the latter, the person is even ahead of man.

Lifestyle and octopus behavior

Octopuses can be living in all seas and oceans in the area of \u200b\u200bthe tropics and subtropics. As a rule, these animals lead the bottom lifestyle alone. Shave prefer among stones and algae. Can be selected in the empty sinks of other underwater inhabitants.

To live, choose a lair with a bottleneck, but spacious inside. Cleanliness is suggested with a funnel. Garbage and embroidery inside the habitat do not hold. According to the solid surface, even vertical, the octopuses move crawl with a tental.

If the boards must be swimming, then for this in the cavity, where the gills are located, the octopus is gaining water and pushed it in the opposite direction. If the direction is required, then the funnel, through which the water is ejected, rotates.

Any of the octopus movement options is very slow, therefore, the animal actively uses ambushes and change coloring for food mining.

The main enemies of the spruit are:

• dolphins;
• whales;
• sea \u200b\u200blions;
• sharks;
• seals.

In case of danger, you often saves himself flightAt the same time produces dark fluid from special glands. What time is this liquid holds compact in water, allowing the boom to hide. Some zoologists believe that these shapeless stains also play the role of false goals.

In addition, in the event of a tentacle capture, it can break away by severe muscle contraction. For some time, the tentacle continues to move, which allows the spruit to break away from the enemy.

Spruit reproduction

Periods of breeding occur for April and October. In some areas, the deadlines are shifted and falling for June and October. The octopus is paired by the release of spermatozoa from the male mantle into the mantle of females.

Female octopus after fertilization shut off eggs. For masonry, they choose the grooves in the ground and arrange the nest, blowing it with shells and stones. Eggs in spruit spruses, combined in groups of 8-20 pieces.

In one masonry can be 80 thousand YIITS. Sprut caring for eggs, passing water, removing dirt and foreign objects. While the eggs did not hatch the female remains at the nest without food. It happens that it even dies after hatching of the juvenile.

The first months of newborn octopuses feed on plankton and lead only a bottom lifestyle. After a month and a half, they already reach 12 millimeters and weight of several grams, and at the reach of 4 months weigh near a kilogram.

From all the masonry, only one or two individuals reach sexual maturity. The life expectancy of animals can reach 4 years, but as an average octopuses live 1-2 years.

What are the spruits eat

Dutton spruits by the nature of the nutrition belong to the predators of the seating type. Rushing in their asylum, they patiently podkrauly the fish blowing past, crab, lobster, Langustov And rapidly rushing on them, enveloping with their long hands. Favorite food spruits are Kamchatka crabs.

After catching the crab, the boost carry it, holding his tentacles, like her hands, in his refuge. Sometimes one octopus drags several crabs at once. Catch octopuses as well large bulls and cambal. Capturing production occurs with the help of suckers on the tentacles. Their power is amazing: the suction cup with a diameter of 3 centimeters withstands 2.5-3.5 kilograms.

This is a lot, especially since the suckers have hundreds of these animals. To determine the strength of the sucker, very witty experiments were carried out. The octopians contained in the aquarium threw a crab tied to a dynamometer. He instantly grabbed the crab with his hands and hurried to hide with him in the shelter, but the leash did not give him to do it.

Then it was firmly shedding to the crab and started pulling it on him with force. At the same time, he kept the crab in three hands, and the rest was sitting down to the bottom of the aquarium. Octopus weighing about 1 kilogram and more could develop a force equal to 18 kilograms.

The taste of food octopus is not recognized by the language converted into a grain, but by hand. The entire inner surface of the tental and suction cups are involved in the food tasting. The feeling of taste of these marine animals is unusually fine, they even taste their enemies.

Back to food, prefer to use:

1. Fish.
2. Crustaceans.
3. Marine animals and mollusks.

If the water droplet is dropped near the octopus, taken from the aquarium, where Muren lives - the worst enemy of mollusks, the octopus will immediately overtake and goes out the nude.

Like many other cephalopod mollusks, octopuses belong to predatory animals. They capture her food with tentacles and kill her poison, but only then begin to use inside. If the victim came across a sink, then its octopus smashes its "beak" located near the mouth.

During the reproduction, the males of challenges of mollusks get one of the tental because of the "sinus" (from the mantle cavity) spermatophores and transfer them to the mantle cavity of the female. But the octopus-argonauts come otherwise. They have a tentacle independently, without the help of male, performs these duties. Capturing a couple of spermatophors, it breaks off and floats to search for females, like a torpedo with remote control.

"When Argonaut offers the" hand "of the lady of his tribe, she takes it and preserves, having belonged to him, and the Kavalera's hand becomes a moving creature who lives his life also for some time after the ladies have passed," so somewhat pompous, but Henry Lee, the first naturalist, who managed to find popular words to describe the most intimate parties to the life of the sprutes.

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Perhaps the most well-known representatives of charts are marine octopus. These animals simply affect the variety of their sizes: from the smallest to truly gigantic!

Body structure octopus

The basis of the fusion body is mantle, with the help of which the mollusk makes movement (by a sharp emission of water from the cavity of the mantle). The head in the mollusk completely grouped up with the torso, it is quite difficult to organize tearful eyes. The mouth of the octopus is completely small, the tentacles are around him. The number of tentacles - eight. Separate types of octopus have on the sides of the bodies of the fins.

Octopus - an animal with a huge heart ... more precisely, with a huge number of hearts. At the octopus of their whole three! Blood in mollusk and at all blue. Well, just not an animal, but toilem! And of course, everyone knows that the octopus has a ink bag, which contains a special coloring agent produced by animals in the event of a fright or danger.

The color of these animals has yellow, reddish or brown shades. But the octopus, at the expense of special cells, can change its color to any other. And he does it instantly! In general, octopuses are the largest intellectuals among all invertebrates. They have acute vision, and they "hear" they by trapping infrasounds, because they do not have ordinary hearing.

The average individuals of octopus - up to 1 meter in length, but there is both smaller (1 centimeter) and larger (3 meters). It should be said that male individuals are smaller than women.

Where dwells the octopus?

His familiar life for life is the warm seas. In them, octopuses are located in shallow water or among reefs. The depth of their accommodation is up to 150 meters. But there are more deep-water representatives of octopus.

Lifestyle and octopus behavior

Octopuses - mollusks living alone. They lead a settling lifestyle. The greatest activity in these animals is manifested in the dark. Most of the day they spend in their shelter and move very little. If the octopus is located on a soft ground, it will definitely go in the sand, so that only the eyes will remain observed for what is happening on the surface.

What and how octopuses eat

Like many other cephalopod mollusks, octopuses belong to the predatory animals. They capture her food with tentacles and kill it poison, but only then begin to use inside. If the victim came across a sink, then its octopus splits his "beak" located near the mouth.

The main components of the ration ration of the octopus are Langustov, crabs, fish, and also - other clams.

Reproduction and offspring of octopus

Octopuses are produced only once in their lives. And they live, however, not so long - on average from 1 to 2 years.

Before the marriage season, one of the male individuals, one of the tentists turns into a breeding organ, called hectober. With its help, the male transfers its genital cells into the mantle cavity of the female individual. A few months of the female continues the usual livelihoods with male sex cells within himself, and only then, after months, puts eggs. Their in the masonry is a huge set: from 50 to 200 thousand pieces!

After the female makes a masonry, it becomes the most caring mother in the world! She literally dust fading from their future octopic. And so, without leaving the eggs, she is waiting for the appearance of larvae sometimes up to four months! The body exhausted from starvation, often, does not stand, and the female dies. The individuals of the male, after the transfer of men's sexes, die.

Ontre matters hatched from eggs are already quite independent. Apparently, nature did not in vain, because by the time of his birth, the kids-octopuses remain without a single parent, and to protect them with no one.

At the mature male, the 3rd (counting from the back) right hand is much shorter than the 3rd left hand and ends with a very long (up to a quarter of the length of the hand), devoid of suckers with a germ transfer with a narrow longitudinal chute and transverse folds. It is called hectober. In the living octopuses, hectober grooves is always closed, so it is like a pipe. Usually at octopuses, this body takes only a hand tip.

Under the head of the octopus, the leather funnel tube. A kind of nozzle of the ointment jet engine. When swimming, the octopus is gaining water inside the mantle cavity, sharply reduces the mantle muscles, throws the water with a jet of the funnel and gets a jet push back, so that it floats in the back (hands behind the body). Through the funnel, ink, sex products and life waste are ejected.

Coolness occurs in nature usually at the age of three years, in the aquarium in two years.
The ratio of females and males is approximately equal. Pairing is usually happening in the fall (October-December) during migrations to the shores or already in the coastal zone. The males in this period become aggressive. The male is usually paired with the female larger. At the same time, he demonstrates his large suckers in the middle of the hands. This is a sign of a mature male, and it means: "Don't eat me, I am a male!". What suckers are larger, the male "courageous" and, you can think (if we can think over the octopic), more attractive.

With the help of a tubular organ at the end of the 3rd right hand, he one after another encourages it in a funnel two spermptifore - special difficult to the arranged package with sperm, in the form similar to a long flexible tube. When their upper front ends with a spring mechanism of the release of sperm already reaches the ovidifiers of females, the rear ends hang out of her funnel.

The process of mating, lasting in octopus, usually a few seconds, a maximum of a couple of minutes. One spermatophore contains up to 37 billion spermatozoa long (with tail) of 0.5 mm. In the male semicoluch, located inside the mantle, the male sexual organ of a large male contains 8-10 spermators, so that it can pairing with several females at the same time.

There is up to one and a half months between mating and laying eggs. Screen year-round, usually in the cold half of the year. Most often, octopuses breed near the coast. Before spawning, the female completely ceases to eat (she stops the development of digestive enzymes). The female chooses a spacious hole, cleans it and puts eggs there. Eggs are retired at night, their tab lasts up to 2 weeks. They are oval, stem.

The female gossip the stem of eggs together and gluits them with a single glue frozen in the water (it highlights the eggs of females), so it forms a long cord from 150-250 eggs. The set (up to 300-350) of such cords she glues the same glue to the ceiling of the hole. In total, the masonry is from 20-30 to 75-100 thousand eggs.

The female is constantly on the eggs, goes through them, wash the jet of water from a funnel, cleans and protects from enemies. The duration of incubation in the moderately warm waters of the North-West USA and Western Canada is 5-7 months, in the Bering Sea, on the calculations, up to 1.2-2 years. It is quite developed to its end of the octification, they can move in their egg shells, change the color and even produce ink (last, however, for them suicide).

The hatching of the entire mass of eggs is stretched by 40-60 days. There is an assumption that the female somehow gives the infants to hatching. Almost immediately after hatching the last eggs, the female dies extremely exhausted fast starvation. The male dies even earlier, after mating. It can be said that their death is genetically programmed. So the octopuses are multiplied only once in life. The life expectancy of octopuses is usually 3 years, but sometimes 4-5 years.

A plankton larva hatching with a total length of 7 mm and weighing about 20 mg is hatched out of the egg. She has 10-15 suckers on each hand. Unlike most octopuses, its spinal side is painted intensely the abdominal. Having hatched, like the egg laying, occurs at night. The larva pops up to the surface and some time (from 1 to 2-3 months) lives in the upper layers of the atmosphere, sometimes at the surface itself. Greater, it gradually immersed and aged 1.5-3 months with a length with hands about 5 cm and weigh 3-5 g sinks to the bottom. Attached to the bottom of the young octopus, the first time does not build holes, but bursts in gravel or hiding in an empty sink. The fate of the larvae born in the upper part of the mainland slope may be sad. They immediately pick up strong currents, which usually go along the slope, but sometimes across it. In the latter case, the larvae can take place in the open ocean. There they catch plankton, continue to grow, gradually plunge deeper (they are heavier than water), but in the end, die. Grow octopus quickly. The lens reaches 1%, and with abundant feeding (in the aquarium) 1.8% per day. In winter and spring growth is slowed down.

Osming has many enemies, except for a person. They eat kalans, Syvuchi, Neros, cats, sharks, halotus, tobulk and even cough. For Kalan octopus - the most favorite food, although dangerous: Switchned octopus may have time to cling to suction cups behind the throat and the walls of the esophagus. The major octopus happens to dine and small. Among the enemies are notable and completely landfasts, such as chicken and mink. Naturally, they catch octopuses on land land.

Octopus, in general, a timid animal and if you do not provoke it, do not drive out of the hole and lack rudely, it is not dangerous, since when meeting with a person he thinks only about how to flush. Only in the period of mating octopuses are not afraid of man. But, of course, the octopus, defending and trying to flush, may accidentally break the mask, snatch a ruined. If this happens, the smartest will immediately release the beast. Octopus may hurt, before the blood, bite, but his bite for a person is not poisonous, unlike the bites (not deadly) of some small tropical octopuses and a deadly dangerous South Australian blue-ring octopus.

Octopus-zeal

One day, Frank Lane writes, in the marine aquarium in California, the eggsman appeared in the nickname "Mephista" laid eggs - small journalists. His eight hands of Mephist splash like a basket. It was a nest.

Two months old, while the octopus hatch eggs in him, she did not eat anything.

If anyone from the ministers dared to throw a piece of meat to her head itself, Mephist flashed in anger brick-red, freed his hand from an improvised basket and discarded his beloved before the food - he could go to her precious eggs!

When the Mephist was not disturbed, she gently moved the eggs, swayed them, as if Bayukuk, and watered water from a funnel.

But from the eggs, small octicors were taken out of the eggs (each size with flea) and, with new outfits, went to search for adventures in Water Jungle. The brood left the Mephist - her duty was fulfilled, but she still needed someone towk and protect. Alas! She had only empty shells.

Day after day, still refusing food, Mephist now it has already thoughtlessly worried that long ago should have thrown away. Once in the morning I was found in the same post, but Mephist did not show vigilance. Slices of food, scraps of algae surrounded the shells, which she gave life.

Another octopus from the Brighton Aquarium was not so reckless. She put off the eggs in the deepening of the artificial cliff (close to the glass, so it was easy to watch animals). Its nest surrounded the fortress shaft, dragging several dozen alive oysters and bracking them on each other. Behind this barricade herself arranged, only the convex eyes peered out of the fortress, vigorously examining the surroundings. The two longest tentacles of the octopus stretched for the fortification, their ends were constantly wriggled in different directions, as if looking for possible enemies.

Female bispanisy octopus, compatriot Mephisters, when from the pool, where she climbed the eggs, merged to another cleaning water, refused to leave their post. The water level was inexorably dropped, the octopus-male was lowered with him, retreating step by step after his native element.

But the octopus-auzka remained on land and twenty minutes until we cleaned the aquarium, covered eggs with their body. Her eyes were closed. From time to time, she convulsively pulled the air through a funnel, trembled with all the body. And for a long time after the water is bushed into the pool again covered it, the octopus could not catch his breath.

Another Aristotle noticed that the females of octopus, having survived the eggs, starve for many weeks. Only rare octopians are decided to take some foods close to the protected eggs. Usually, they do not eat anything month, and two, and even four months, while lonking exercise.

This asceticism is caused by the desire to protect the eggs from pollution. Even adult octopuses do not tolerate stupid water. Therefore, the starting octopies constantly pour eggs with a jet from a funnel - rinse them. All that can rot is expelled by the octopus from the nest. Water must be clean. For the sake of this, the octopus is starving: they are afraid to drop even crumbs from their desk on precious eggs, in which the future of their species is concluded. Fanatical devotion to its maternal duties dictated by harsh instinct, often causes irreparable damage to the health of octopus. Most of them dying, giving life to the new generation.