The body length of the vertical ranges from 17 to 20 cm, the scope of wings from 25 to 30 cm, the mass is within 32-48. The plumage in the male and the female the same, made in camouflage colors, which allows birds to remain invisible among trees. The back of a pedestrian, grayish-brown with dark longitudinal pendins, which sometimes form a large stain. Bowish tummy with cross pattern. From the corner of the beak through the eyes and along the neck there is a clear dark strip, and one more passes through the topics and the head. On the neck and in the region of breast - yellowish or icy color. Rainbill of dark brown, beak and paws dull, brownish. Young individuals resemble adults, but drawings on their plumage blurred.

The tail at the vertical is rounded and consists of soft feathers, so it can not, like other woodwood, serve a bird with a support on vertical trunks of trees. Therefore, its food birds get sitting on branches or straight from the ground. The beak is short and sharp. Vertisheaki do not doubt wood, but from under the rotting cortex can get food.

What is food

During the nesting period, the diet of the vertical consists mainly of small ants, for example, a turf, yellow earth, red forest ant, as well as from various types of Lazius and formations. Preferably, the vertical eats not adult individuals, but larvae and dolls. In addition, a bird and other insects feed: tool, caterpillars and beetles, as well as vegetable food, berries and fruits.

Interestingly, during the search for the food, the vertical attention pays attention to the bright items, which is why the stomachs often find pieces of foil, bright plastics, minor items from metals.

Spread

In Africa, the vertical is common in Algeria and Tunisia, as well as on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. In Eurasia, the bird meets in an extensive forest area, ranging from East of the Pyrenean Peninsula and the West of France and east to Kolyma, Sakhalin, Kuril and Japanese islands.

Vertithka is the only pilot view from Dyatlov, who live in Europe. A sedentary lifestyle leads only individual African populations of this bird. From the coast of the Mediterranean Sea and the Mountains of Central Asia, the vertical migrate for short distances. The rest of the populations fly away. So, the wintering of this species occurs south of Sahara, in Senegal, Gambia and Sierra Leone, in Ethiopia, Congo and Cameroon. Vertisheki, who live in Siberia and the Far East, fly away for the winter to India and Southeast Asia.

In the nesting period of the vertical prefers rare deciduous or mixed forests, in which the aspen, linden or birch grows. The bird builds nests on forest glades, cutting, edges, in forest belts and coastal thickets. In addition, the vertical is not afraid of people at all and is often found on cultured landscapes, in gardens and parks. Avoids the bird of only open steppes.

Views

The type of vertical includes two types, one of which is common in the forest zone of Eurasia, and the second lives in Africa south from Sahara:

Ordinary Vertichet (Jynx Torquilla)

Vertisheka, or ordinary vertical (Jynx Torquilla) - a resident of Eurasia;

Redhead Vertisheka (Jynx Ruficollis) lives in Africa.

The plumage in both species is the same, consists of protective gray-brown tones. At the ordinary vertical neck and a breast of yellowish color, and in Krasnogorlah - with a reddish tint.

Male and female: main differences

For vertical, sexual dimorphism is not characteristic. The males and females look equally both on the color of the plumage and size.

Reproduction

Each season of the vertical forms a new pair. From wintering places, these birds are returned late, in the second half of April or in early May.

Bird nests in the voids of old trees, rotten branches, drunk stumps or takes ready-made hollow at an altitude of up to 3 m from the ground. Because of the weak beak, the vertysheak cannot be hollowed out. Sometimes the birds occupy holes in the walls of the sheds or country houses, as well as birdhouses. If all seats suitable for nesting are busy, the vertical may well drive out the owners of her hollows. Birds often suffer from such behavior of birds. At the same time, a large fiber or Syrian woodpecker can attack the vertyshech itself in the same way.

The nesting place chooses the male. Finding a suitable hop, he shouts loudly and long, calling the female. The female responds to a similar cry, after which the birds come closer and mate. The discovered vertyshech socket is not equipped. The underlining serves woodpath or residues from the nest of previous residents.

The female makes one or two masonry eggs for the season at the end of May - early June. In one masonry on average 7-10, sometimes up to 14 eggs. Eggs are light, practically white. When losing masonry, the female makes a new one. Eggs are postponed with an interval of 1 day, based starts with the penultimate and lasts about 2 weeks. Singing the female is engaged, occasionally it can replace the male.

Chicks appear asynchronously, and sit in a hollow with a pyramid beak to the center. Both partners feed them, in turn, they bring food in the form of balls, which is torn in the beak of the chick.

Chicks become on the wing aged from 23 to 27 days, after which the brood breaks down.

Vote

Vertisheki sing during the marriage period, their voice at this time resembles a song of green, gray-tree or blackwoman. Singing consists of 12-18 monotonous lengthy sounds of "Ti-Ti-Ti", which are repeated at speeds up to 4 times per second. The first to scream begins the male, attracting, so the female. When the female responds, and the birds approach each other formed a couple. If the females did not find it nearby, the male flies to a new dryer and turns his song at first. In a pair of vertical not sing.

Anxiety signal in birds sounds like a quiet "tech-tech" or "pizza". The disturbed vertical is publishing hissing sounds.

• The ancient Greeks gave a vertical magic value. The bird was considered Iinga, the daughter of Pan, which Hera punished for help in the connection of Zeus and Io.
• Vertithica received its name due to characteristic behavior in stressful situations. If the bird sharply take on his arms or caracit pervassed, then it spreads the tail, rummates, cuts the wings, and rushes on the offender, rotating the neck and eyes. At the same time, the bird hits like a snake, and bouffags. That is why, if you cover your hand in a hollow with a vertical, then it seems that there is a snake, not a bird.
• Until the middle of the 20th century, up to 200-400, the vertical pairs nests in the UK, but now it is rare on the island. In recent decades, the population of these birds began to decline in various European countries, for example, in Scandinavia, Germany, Denmark and Switzerland. A possible cause is called cutting down forests and a decrease in zones suitable for the habitat of the bird.

Some of our birds nest in Norakh. Most often come across colonies of swallow-coastin the climbants of the rivers and in the walls of clay quarries. Breaves nest close weight, close one of the other, and the feed is collected above the water. Another dweller Nor - kingfisher- It is satisfied with the nests on deaf forest rivers. The entrance to the spank usually covers the roots of the tree, growing in the coast, branches of bushes and notice it is not easy. In natural minks under the stones, in the crevices, in the cave arrange the nests kamenka. They can be seen even in new residential areas of cities, where they nest under the concrete slabs abandoned on the wasteland.

Kingfisher

It remains to describe housing duplognennikovMany of whom are ordinary human satellites.

Of the relatively large birds, nesting in the duplach, we will stop first of all on dyatlah. The biggest - Zhannel - Drops falls in birch, aspins, pines at an altitude of up to 15 m. Its a lot of hollows are usually somewhat elongated, almost rectangular shape, and the earth sucks with sawdust and slices of wood, chopped with a powerful beak.

Large Morning Dweath Aspen prefers for hepes. The pilot is completely round, with a diameter of 5-6 cm and is located at a height of two to five meters. Often it is under the drumboy as under the visor. On the same tree there are several trial podologs, among which it is not immediately possible to find a real pilot. Dyatla chicks always give themselves crying.

Hollow green Dyatla That's round, but larger than a big motley. Green woodpecker is a careful bird, and to watch him, it is necessary to behave patiently and quietly.

Positive value of loafing dyatlov consists not only in the destruction

insects-xylophagi, but also in their construction activities: Using the wrapper only once, they supply asylum and dwelling and bird-duples, who did not have enough "square", and songs, kunits, protein, bats.

In older dyatlovy Dupach Watchfully settle down forest pigeon-clintuh. The extensive female is sometimes visible outside. Occupies them I. wryneck - The bird from the detachment of the dyatyl-like, named after the manner of her chicks hiss and rotate his head at the sight of the enemy. In the huge depth of the hollow predator easily takes the bird for the snake and retreats.

Galka Also refers to duples, but does not live in the forest, and next to a person is one of the synanthropic species. Galka Mix small colonies in attics, behind the storage, on bell tower and, which is very unpleasant, in chimneys and chimneys. Gallinal sockets make from rods with all sorts of bedding - up to paper and threads.

SkvortsyIf they do not offer houses, arrange nests and in duplach. Sklutchy vupl flyer outside is often smeared by litter.

From small duploglogndnikov in gardens, parks and mixed forests most common mukholovka-Pestrushka. She begins to nest late, in May, when the cells already have chicks. In the base of the nest, it puts the Beresto, dry leaves, and tops thin drinkers from above. Pestrushka 5-6 bright blue eggs.

Unlike the Pestrushka sea Mukholovka Does not occupy a swollen and cynicals, but often nests not far from the housing: on cornices, horizontal beams under the roof, behind the platbands. Her nest is a careless bunch of all sorts of rubbish (paper, hair, rags, feathers), compressed by the weight of the bird and its offspring. The nests are almost no visible under the crucible bird. Similar places occupying and white shakenBut she tries to arrange a nest for some roof, at least under the visor slate roof. The white brown is called a half-brass, as it does not live in real wraps.

Sireners and birdhouses very often occupy sparrows - house and field. Tropical Raisters of them - weaving - Make spherical nests. The same ball-like nest is building a sparrow, but in the house. Therefore, after the Sparrow, no bird can take his apartment without cleaning, so many feathers there, straw, pacles - for the roof!

However, gradually all this garbage diverges through other nests. Besides skwortNone bird cleans after itself housing. In artificial nests, it has to make a person.

Less likely mukholovka-Pestrushki, Dupes and doupels in the garden are occupied by Garden Gorikhvostki. Their buildings resemble the nests of the beds, but somewhat loose. With frequent visits gorikhvostka Easy throw masonry.

Building ordinary rapid You can easily distinguish on the clay coating of the flyer, like from the inside, so sometimes outside. The rapper narrows the "door" in its growth. The litter in Dupel is a pile of pine crust.

Sinitsavery early getting nesting. Usually a big tit in the doupels. Nests of Sinitz Very thick and warm, occupy a lot of space in the house. There are usually a lot of moss, which is configured by a tray of wool wild animals and horse-haired. The masonry in the blue are large - up to 15 eggs, which in large cells are larger than other species. Eggs cracked, the background is always white.

Sinitsa Gaiche Very rarely occupy artificial nesting, usually it prefers to hammer the hollow itself. This is a difficult task for such a small bird, therefore, for the hamching hamching, thin dummy osinkles and alder chooses. The pilot is always the wrong shape, sticking off the beak pieces of wood sticks ...

Food Unlike the crash, it is impossible to be called a real doupler. Usually it chooses the gaps and emptiness behind the sorting bark, long dilapidated hollows. Steppes of such shelter are very unreliable, so food Makes a nest with a deep durable tray of a wide variety of materials, firmly stitched by the web.

Black stripes Returning from wintering late when all nestings are mostly occupied, but, like large and strong birds, they are expelled from the houses of Sparrow and other birds, even despite the presence of those layers or chicks. Nest material strege - Highly specialized Letun - catches in the air. Any trifle - straws, empty, string and wool, raised by the wind, it uses for the nest. This bunch so that it does not fall out, the haircut cementing its own saliva. It uses one socket for several years, as you catch the material to the new one - the task is not easy. The old nest reaches 15 cm in diameter.

During the feeding period of chicks, there is a further increase in the activity of an adult bird. This, of course, mostly refers to chicks or such species in which chicks require tireless care. All its "schedule" of birds are subordinate to feeding brood, sometimes due to their own feeding. for example , Mukholovka-Pestrushkabrings food to chicks up to 600 times a day. The number of arrivals to the nest per unit of time for any kind of birds the observer is easy to calculate himself. Such numbers are usually very accurate, since directly reflect the positive role of insectivore birds in the biocenosis of the forest.

The only one of the family of a dyatlovy bird, really not knowing how to hammer the bark of trees and flying to the south in the winter, - a vertigol, or a vertical. Why was it so called this little forest inhabitant, inhabiting almost all of Europe and Asia, and what other features are of the meaningless, but very interesting bird, you will learn from the article. What a vertical vertical looks covered with brown-gray feathers with blond and dark pendils. The belly has a bright, oath-gray, decorated with a transverse thin pattern, and the back is dark, with black longitudinal wavy divorces. By the way, sizes and painting and the male, and the female is the same. This dyatlove family bird differs markedly from their relatives. She is small, a little more sparrow, and it does not boast the same bright color as most of the wood. If the vertical notices the danger, then it, fromy and supplied to the bitch of the tree, is very difficult to detect a predator. The tail at the Vertigolovka consists of soft feathers. It is straight, and at the end slightly rounded and can not be at all, like the other dyatlovy, reliable support during the lasagna in trees. The beak in the bird is small, poorly adapted for hollowing.

What a vertical is similar to representatives of the family of dyatlovy

And although the Vertisheak bird looks more on the sparrow, she has both related signs with woodpeckers: a long thin tongue, which has tiny teeth covered with sticky muxy (it helps a bird to extract basic food); fingers on the legs, large and divided into two pairs, which look forward and backward; The singing of this bird is strongly reminiscent of a cry, which is published by a detachment of the dyatlovoids of its relatives - a small motley and green woodpecker; Vertishek's diving flight, consisting of rapid wings, which alternate with flight on inertia, when the wings are folded, like other representatives of this family. In addition, like a woodpecker, the vertical lives in the voupels and prefers deciduous forests coniferous.

Vertisheka: Why did this bird called this bird?

It must be said that this bird is quite lazy, clumsily and moves only when there is an extreme necessity. It completely lacks the aspects and the tirelessness of its relatives-Dyatlov, and any other flying birds, but at the same time she has a name, more suitable antician individuals - Vertisheka, why so? They called the bird equally practically in all languages \u200b\u200bfor her amazing ability to twist heads. All that scares or annoys the bird makes it build awesome grimaces, and the more she is frightened, the more strange poses take. The vertical can pull forward the neck, having flimsy and spread the tail of the tail or stretch forward with all the torso, lean and, closing his eyes, emit deaf grumbling. If you look into the hollow, where the female eggs raises, it will open the beak and starts loudly hissing, bending the neck like a snake. Dark thumbs moving on the back at the same time support the illusion of angry amphibian. By the way, the caught vertigols are one of the most entertaining birds that can be kept in captivity. Like a vertisheak places her housing a bird, which is going on a story, is more willing to settle on the outgrowths, edges and small glades in mixed or deciduous forests, where a large number of linde is growing, Osin and Berez. Does not afraid of the vertical and people, willingly settle down nearby. It can dwell, for example, in a hole in the wall of a barn or an old country house. Like all herds, this yurkiy bird loves the hollow, as well as horizontal moves in fallen bones or other voids. It is satisfied with the birdhouses, and even the minks of pure and checkers, if there are trees or bushes on the side. In Duples, she does not lay out the litter, leaving there only pieces of wood. Sometimes a vertysheak bird can hollow out his hollow and herself (usually she does it in soft wood of aspen trees), but most often it takes the favorite with the battle. The brave vertigol can be expelled and the blue, and the crash, and the fluff from their hollow and throw out the nests, even with the finished masonry, to postpone from 6 to 10 matte-white rounded eggs, which from a translucent protein seem pinkish. By the way, on the remnants of the nests and the eggshell, scattered on Earth, you can find a tree where the vertishek settled.

Growing offspring - hard work

Vertisheki arrive late and immediately, having released and freed the living space, they are accepted to sing from her entrance, slightly in the nose, loud and long: "Ti, Ti, Ti ...", trying to conquer the heart of the beautiful lady. If in two days the male does not hear the answer, then it is sent to look for happiness to a new place where everything starts first. On the nest, the female sits more often than a male, about 11 days, and very tight, leaving him very reluctantly (in the event of a detection, she allows him to even take himself in hand) and only in great need. The feeding of the hatched offspring lasts until 19 days. It must be said that these creatures representing the family of dyatlovykh are not particularly accuracy. Parents diligently feed their tiny offspring, but do not care about the purity of the nest, as a result of which the hollow by the end of the season turns into a passionate pit.

Grown chicks - a copy of their parents

In the ten-day age of chicks that appear on the light bare and absolutely helpless, can already stand up for themselves. They remarkably show their acting talents, spikey and squinzing, as a snake, at the time of danger and justifying the name "Vertishek" (why so called these birds, now, probably, it is clear). Operated offspring is chosen from the hollow and for some time continues to use the concerns of parents who are still feeding them. But soon they will finally leave the habitat and will go to the end of the summer to more southern regions, in order to fly to their native places to their offspring for the next year. It must be said that the vertical is rather aggressive even to representatives of its kind, therefore, they are kept singing and rarely gather in small pieces for migration to warm countries. The main places where the vertical winter is, are areas of Central Africa or South Asia. What feeds the Vertigolovka This small forest bird feeds mainly right on the ground, taking ants and their larvae with its long sticky language. Vertishek can often see near the anthill, which the bird specifically rolls to get the pupa. Anti Eggs are a special delicacy for verties, they, by the way, birds feed their offspring. And they get feed, they are at such a speed that it is impossible to keep track of an instantly thrown language, which immediately disappears in the beak along with the pupa. Much less often feeds the vertigol of caterpillars, waves and all sorts of small bugs. Like relatives, she skillfully pulls the larvae of insects from under the bark of trees, if she peeled or burned.

A little more about vertysheets in Rossi Vertisheka occurs in large areas, but still due to the cutting of forests, changes in landscapes, as well as due to anyone who does not understand the causes of birds in certain sites can be radically changed. This proves their greater mobility in choosing a nesting places, as well as the ability to quickly redistributed on the territory depending on which environmental situation there has developed there. - Read more on

The only one of the family of a dyatlovy bird, really not knowing how to hammer the bark of trees and flying to the south in the winter, - a vertigol, or a vertical. Why was it so called this little forest inhabitant, inhabiting almost all of Europe and Asia, and what other features are of the meaningless, but very interesting bird, you will learn from the article.

What a vertyshek looks like

The vertical is covered with brown-gray feathers with light and dark pendils. The belly has a bright, oath-gray, decorated with a transverse thin pattern, and the back is dark, with black longitudinal wavy divorces. By the way, sizes and painting and the male, and the female is the same.

This dyatlove family bird differs markedly from their relatives. She is small, a little more sparrow, and it does not boast the same bright color as most of the wood. If the vertical notices the danger, then it, fromy and supplied to the bitch of the tree, is very difficult to detect a predator.

The tail at the Vertigolovka consists of soft feathers. It is straight, and at the end slightly rounded and can not be at all, like the other dyatlovy, reliable support during the lasagna in trees. The beak in the bird is small, poorly adapted for hollowing.

And although the vertysheka bird looks more on the sparrow, it also has related signs with woodpeckers:

• long thin tongue, which has tiny teeth covered with sticky muxy (it helps the bird to extract the main food);
• fingers on the legs, large and divided into two pairs, which look forward and backward;
• the singing of this bird is strongly reminiscent of a cry, which is published by a detachment of the dyatlovoids of its relatives - a small motley and green woodpecker;
• vertishek's diving flight, consisting of rapid wings, which alternate with flight on inertia, when the wings are folded, like other representatives of this family.

In addition, like a woodpecker, the vertical lives in the voupels and prefers deciduous forests coniferous.

Vertisheka: Why did this bird called this bird?

It must be said that this bird is pretty lazy, clumsily and moves only when there is no residence and tirelessness of its relatives-dyatlov, and other flying birds, but at the same time, she has a name, more suitable anticipation , why is that?

They called the bird equally practically in all languages \u200b\u200bfor her amazing ability to twist heads. All that scares or annoys the bird makes it build awesome grimaces, and the more she is frightened, the more strange poses take. The vertical can pull forward the neck, having flimsy and spread the tail of the tail or stretch forward with all the torso, lean and, closing his eyes, emit deaf grumbling.

If you look into the hollow, where the female eggs raises, it will open the beak and starts loudly hissing, bending the neck like a snake. Dark thumbs moving on the back at the same time support the illusion of angry amphibian.

By the way, the caught vertigols are one of the most entertaining birds that can be kept in captivity.

How the vertisheak places her housing

The bird, which is going on, is more willing to settle on the outbreaks, edges and small glades in mixed or deciduous forests, where a large number of linde is growing, Osin and Berez. Does not afraid of the vertical and people, willingly settle down nearby. It can dwell, for example, in a hole in the wall of a barn or an old country house.

Like all herds, this yurkiy bird loves the hollow, as well as horizontal moves in fallen bones or other voids. It is satisfied with the birdhouses, and even the minks of pure and checkers, if there are trees or bushes on the side.

In Duples, she does not lay out the litter, leaving there only pieces of wood.

Sometimes a vertysheak bird can hollow out his hollow and herself (usually she does it in soft wood of aspen trees), but most often it takes the favorite with the battle. The brave vertigol can be expelled and the blue, and the crash, and the fluff from their hollow and throw out the nests, even with the finished masonry, to postpone from 6 to 10 matte-white rounded eggs, which from a translucent protein seem pinkish.

By the way, on the remnants of the nests and the eggshell, scattered on Earth, you can find a tree where the vertishek settled.

Growing offspring - hard work

Vertisheki arrive late and immediately, having released and freed the living space, they are accepted to sing from her entrance, slightly in the nose, loud and long: "Ti, Ti, Ti ...", trying to conquer the heart of the beautiful lady. If in two days the male does not hear the answer, then it is sent to look for happiness to a new place where everything starts first.

On the nest, the female sits more often than a male, about 11 days, and very tight, leaving him very reluctantly (in the event of a detection, she allows him to even take himself in hand) and only in great need.

The feeding of the hatched offspring lasts until 19 days. It must be said that these creatures representing the family of dyatlovykh are not particularly accuracy. Parents diligently feed their tiny offspring, but do not care about the purity of the nest, as a result of which the hollow by the end of the season turns into a passionate pit.

Grown chicks - a copy of their parents

In the ten-day age of chicks that appear on the light bare and absolutely helpless, can already stand up for themselves. They remarkably show their acting talents, spikey and squinzing, as a snake, at the time of danger and justifying the name "Vertishek" (why so called these birds, now, probably, it is clear).

Operated offspring is chosen from the hollow and for some time continues to use the concerns of parents who are still feeding them. But soon they will finally leave the habitat and will go to the end of the summer to more southern regions, in order to fly to their native places to their offspring for the next year.

It must be said that the vertical is rather aggressive even to representatives of its kind, therefore, they are kept singing and rarely gather in small pieces for migration to warm countries.

The main places where the vertical winter is, are areas of Central Africa or South Asia.

What feeds the Vertigolka

This small feeds mostly right on the ground, entering the ants and their larvae with its long sticky language. Vertishek can often see near the anthill, which the bird specifically rolls to get the pupa.

Anti Eggs are a special delicacy for verties, they, by the way, birds feed their offspring. And they get feed, they are at such a speed that it is impossible to keep track of an instantly thrown language, which immediately disappears in the beak along with the pupa.

Much less often feeds the vertigol of caterpillars, waves and all sorts of small bugs. Like relatives, she skillfully pulls the larvae of insects from under the bark of trees, if she peeled or burned.

A little more about twist

In Rossi Vertisheka meets in large areas, but still due to changes in landscapes, as well as due to anyone who does not understand the causes of birds in certain areas can radically change. This proves their greater mobility in choosing a nesting places, as well as the ability to quickly redistributed on the territory depending on which environmental situation there has developed there.

- Return to the description of the type

Reproduction

The reproduction of the vertical is proceeded in the first year of life. Arriving into the nesting area, the bird begins to make a marriage cry not immediately, but depending on weather conditions only after 5-7 days. Although there is a point of view that birds begin to scream immediately after arrival (Nazarova, 1977). Males arrive first and occupy nesting areas, after 4-6 days females appear (Pokrovskaya, 1963). In the 1st decade of the vertical is very active. Their behavior during this period is aimed at searching for a sexual partner and suitable space for the nest. Spring Creek is characteristic of male and female. Constantly moving, birds inspect the trees and a hollow, feeding the voice then in one, then elsewhere. Creams these days are distributed throughout the day of day. Bird's marriage cries are published from arrival at the nesting sites until the middle of the felling of chicks: they can be heard in May, and in June. In the Ryazan region The most prompt registration of marriage cries took place on June 29, 1995, July 3, 1996 and June 29, 1997 to the center. Sikhote-Alina screaming in Humpel in dry larchs Vertisheki was celebrated in May and June (Mikhailov et al., 1997).

Vertischka's nests are arranged both in the old dumps of woodwood, and in natural niches and voids of trees. In the vicinity of Novosibirsk, one jack was found: in the clay wall of the ravine, in the attic of a four-storey building, at the gate of the household building (Gyngaz, Milovidov, 1977). In the Leningrad region One nest was located in the crevice of the stone wall of the dilapidated barn, and the other in the gap between the wooden rivers of the trench (Velichko, 1954, 1963). In the Tula region One day, the birds were injected in a cleft at the top of the concrete pillar of the former LPP (Solovkov et al., 1999). There were also nests arranged in the holes of clay ravines, in the wall of a wooden building, behind the penetration of the house (Gladkov, 1951). When weighing artificial nestings willingly occupy them (strings, 1963; Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983). In the Zepke., For example, the arrangement of artificial nesting vertical is 0.2-2% (on average for 21 years - 1.09%) (Kiselev, 1978); in Crimea - 1.8% (Kostin, 1983); in Tambov region - 0.3% (mosquitoes, 1974), in the south of Moscow region. - 0.4% (Likhachev, 1971).

In artificial nests, according to the observations of K. N. Comncend, the vertical occasionally build real nests (Gladkov, 1951). The nest found in the stone wall and in the trench (Velichko, 1963) had a dry grass and herbaceous plants as a litter. The diameter of the noddes in these cases was 16-20 cm. In the duplach bedding serves sins, mining which birds arched the walls of the hollow, especially often - their upper part. Very often there are not quite ordinary objects - stones, glasses, metal, porcelain, shtclowing, paint, plastic, pieces of bones, etc. According to research in Finland (Terhivuo, 1983), they found in 92.6% nests, sometimes before 297 copies in one nest, on average - 37.4 per nest. His getting into the nest wears, most likely, random character - captured mistakenly when collecting food by adult birds.

Due to the relatively late advent of the nesting site, when there is a shortage of Hollow, the vertical can settle in the dupes already occupied by other types of birds. The Nest of the "host" is thrown or straight into it eggs. There are cases of laying eggs by vertichet on the corpses of chicks or adult birds. In the middle of the Dnieper from 68 cases of the nesting of the vertical, the nestings occupied by an ordinary squorter were settled - in 4 cases, a large blue - in 18, fields - in 34 and house sparrows - in 6, free - in 6 cases (Koval, 1976). This kind of relationship was also noted with a crested blue, Mukholovka-Mukholovka, Gaughter, Gorikhvostka-lace.

The height of the nest region varies within 0.5-15 m; The most common sockets are located at an altitude of 2.5-5 m. A set of wood species selected for the nesting is quite wide. In the Leningrad region, for example, nests were found in Olhi (5), linden (6), Klena (3), pines (3), birch (2) and spruce (1) (Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983). There were also nests in dry oaks, IWA, a hint, topolars, rowan, aspen, stumps of larchs, in the voids of fruit trees (cherry, apple trees, pear).

Since the vertical nests in the already finished dumps, the dimensions of the nest differ significantly. Most often, it settles in the old dupes of Dyatlov P. Dendrocopos, the diameter of the pilot, which is 3.3-5 cm, the diameter of the socket chamber - 8-13 cm, the depth of the hollow from the lower edge of the flyer - 8-20 cm. There were also cases of the nesting of the vertical in the duplach, 1950 were also noted. . Usually in the voupels one by one inlet, sometimes two. The "spare stroke" of birds usually use at the time of danger.

The vertysheki is already taking ready-made hollows, in which the occasionally processed the pilots and the nesting chamber (Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983; Mitya, 1983a, etc.). However, in rare cases, they are capable of more active actions. I. S. Mityai (1983a) watched the hollowing of the vertical hollow on the site of a broken bitch. The behavior of it in this situation was significantly different from all other dyatlovoid. If the woodpeckers emit sinters, turning his head out of the hollow, then the vertical, typing the chips in the beak, with a cry moved along the branch for 1-2 m from the hollow and there they threw them. In another case, the vertical, settling in too deep for her Duples, won an independently another hole, which was subsequently served as a pilot. Interesting observations were carried out in the Valley of Middle Lena 3. 3. Borisov (1987). Of the 16 nnod found them, they were placed in Dyatlov duples, 2 - in the cavities of Stumpy, 1 - under the roots of Willow on Earth, 1 - in the wall of the building, 2 - in independently wounded wrappers and 1 - in an artificial doupel. New vertyshey hollow hollowed in the dead trunks of Birchov, while the couple tried to hammer in several trees before making the final choice and hollow out the hollow (more often half-high).

For vertical during the year, one cycle of breeding is characteristic. In the event of death, the poultry masonry can postpone the eggs again. Two twinkling of the vertyshka is marked in the Zap. in 1976 (numerov et al., 1995); The period overlapping the reproduction cycles was 9-10 days. In Belgium, in the dry and warm summer of 1959, the same pair of Vertiths marked three masonry (Roger, 1960).

The deadlines for the start of the egg laying greatly differ by year. The first eggs in masonry in the Dnieper appear on average in the first decade of May (May 6-8), the latest - May 17-21 (Koval, 1976). In Moldova, the earliest mason was launched on May 14, 1958 (Uspensky et al., 1962). In Belarus, the egg laying begins on May 15 (Fedyushin, Dolbik, 1967). In the Crimea to the laying of eggs, birds start from mid-May (Kostin, 1983). In Voronezh region Full masonry were found at the end of May (Barabash-Nikiforov, Sema, 1963). In the clothespie The period of the eggs of the eggs strongly stretches: the earliest date of the first egg - May 13, 1975, the most late - July 6, 1976. Almost half of the madges (48.9%, n \u003d 45) was launched in the 3rd decade of May (Ivanchev , 1993). In the Moscow region. The first eggs in the masonry were celebrated on May 22 - June 4, on average - May 29 (Ptushek-Co., Inozemtsev, 1968), in the Leningrad region. - May 23 - June 8, on average - May 31 (Gavlyuk, 1985). In the Volga-Kama region, the egg layout begins in the 2nd decade of May, complete masonry are found only in early June (Nazarova, 1977), in the Novosibirsk region. The egg laying takes place at the beginning of May (Hyngazz, Milovidov, 1977), in the Krasnoyarsk eggs in sockets are found from 1 to 23 June (Krutovskaya, 1966). In Kazakhstan, full masonry are celebrated at the end of May - early June, individual couples in the 3rd decade of June (Gavrin, 1970). To the center. Yakutia The beginning of the masonry falls on the 1st decade of June (Larionov, 1982). The stretching of the reproduction period in one geographic area is from 15-36 days (Pokrovskaya, 1963; Ptushenko, Inrogensev, 1968) to 55 days (Ivanchev, 1993).

The female postpones daily one egg. This is usually happening in the morning between 6-8 hours, occasionally between 17-20 hours (Pokrovskaya, 1963). During the execution of eggs, the female at night is in the nest, and the male will sleep on a tree near the nest. In the morning, the female flies by 1.5-2.5 hours, and then returns again and is in the nest 1-2 h. Having postponing the next egg, she flies until the evening, occasionally visiting the nest for 1-2 minutes. The male during the day also visits the nest (Velichko, 1963).

The sizes of eggs (mm) in the Ryazan region. (n \u003d 251): 18.0-24.3 × 12.4-17.7, an average of 20.82 ± 0.07 × 15.55 ± 0.04 (numerons, etc., 1995). The mass of eggs (g) is 2,16-3.03, on average 2.59. In the UK, eggs (n \u003d 100): 20.78 × 15,43, in Central Europe (n \u003d 118): 20.43 × 15,54, in Sweden (n \u003d 98): 21,27 × 15.94 (Makatsch, 1976). Egg shape is correct egg-shaped, ellipsoidal, elongated. Coloring is simple. Color shell white. Surface smooth, brilliant or matte. The last egg in the masonry is often less than previously pending. Sometimes in the clips noted dwarf eggs that do not contain yolks. The dimensions of four such eggs found in the Zap. (mm): 12.2 × 10.8; 11.8 × 10.6; 12.5 × 10.5 and 12.4 × 10.2 (numerors, etc., 1995).

In the laying 5-14 eggs. In the Ryazan region - 5-13 eggs, an average of 9.39 ± 0.21 eggs (n \u003d 56); in the Leningrad region (n \u003d 30) - 6-14, on average 9.2; in the Kaliningrad region - 6-13, on average 9.2 ± 0.3 (n \u003d 35); in Belarus (n \u003d 13) - 8-12, on average 9.0; in Ukraine (n \u003d 30) - 8-14 on average 11.5; South. Altai (n \u003d 10) - 5-12, on average 9.0; in zap. Siberia (n \u003d 4) - 6-10, on average 8.2; under Krasnoyarsk (n \u003d 7) - 6-12, on average 8.4 eggs (Krutovskaya, 1966; Fedyushin, Dolbik, 1967; Gavrin, 1970; Goryazov, Milovidov, 1977; Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983; Mitya, 1985; Payevsky , 1991; Ivanchev, 1995). In Germany in masonry 6-11 eggs, on average (n \u003d 53) - 8.06 eggs (Zang, 1983); According to V. Makach (Makatsch, 1976) - 7-13, on average (n \u003d 20) - 9.85 eggs. Sometimes 18 and 22 eggs were noted in the nests, apparently pending with two females in one nest. In the experiment, taking successively demolished eggs in the female, it was possible to achieve the fact that in 48 days she was postponed in the nest 44 eggs (Strautman, 1963).

The weight of all non-visible masonry is on average equal to 22.3 g, which is 67.5% of the weight of the female (Kiselev, 1978); According to L. I. Yezerskas (1963) and I. V. Evstoretova (1961), respectively, 78 and 58.9%.

Information on the timing of the start of reaching contradictory. According to one source, the first or second eggs are started to reach the birds, the subsequent female eggs are already at once (Ptusushenko, Inozemtsev, 1968; Gavrilov et al., 2002). In others, the birds are started at the end of laying or 1-2 days earlier (Velichko, 1963; Koval, 1976; Konev, Kozlov, 1980). According to observations in Ossetia (Komarov, 1991 c), trying in one case began with the seventh egg (there were 8 eggs in the masonry). According to multiple observations of the order of embodiments and the behavior of adult birds in the Leningrad region. It has been established that the extending begins before the 3-4 latter eggs, on average after the 5-6th egg laying (Gavlyuk, 1985). According to A. S. Malchevsky and Yu. B. Pukinsky (1983), intensive heating of eggs in some cases begins after the execution of the penultimate egg, in others - in the middle of the egg laying period. Apparently, these differences are individual.

Observe, as a rule, both birds, but mostly a female. In found in Teberdinsky Zap. Doupels have received only the female (Bershitskaya, Polivanov, 2001). A change of partners occurs irregularly - the vertical leaves the nest without waiting for each other. Often the role of the male during the accidenting is reduced only to the heating of the masonry during the absence of female on the feed. In the hollow birds fly carefully. Before placing, they are examined with a constant indestnure, slowly flush to the nest, and then rapidly fly into it.

The starting process proceeds unevenly and, apparently, it is different from different pairs. According to one data (Ptushenko, Inozemtsev, 1968; Kiselev, 1978), on the first day, at about 13 h 30 min and in the future there is an increase in the time of adult birds in the nest to 20-21 hours 30 minutes (by 10-12- y day). By the time of hatching chicks, adult birds are in the nest only 14 h 30 min. After hatching chicks, the heating intensity of their parents increases and reaches 19.5 hours. Starting from the fourth day of the life of chicks, the time of their parents stay in the nest decreases and by the end of the nesting period the chicks ceases. According to other data (Velichko, 1963), in the last 3-4 days of reaching and the first 2-3 days after hatching of chicks, parents are in the nest almost constantly.

Eggs are lost daily in weight from 0.01 to 0.03 g. The greatest decrease in the weight of the eggs occurs in the last 6 days, and for the entire period of reaching every egg "dries" by 0.30-0.69 g (10-25, 3% of the initial weight). The weight of just hatched chick is two thirds of the weight of a non-visible egg.

Running eggs lasts 10.5-11 days (Prokopov, 1974), 11-13 days (Ptushenko, Inozemtsev, 1968), 12-13 days (Velichko, 1963; Pokrovskaya, 1963; Koval, 1976; Kiselev, 1978; Korev, Kozlov, 1980), 13-14 days, and in some cases even 17 days (Gavlyuk, 1985); 11-15, on average (n \u003d 8) - 11.9 ± 0.45 days (from the date of the latter egg) (Ivanchev, 1995).

The hatching of chicks in the central regions of Russia is observed from mid-June to early July, in Belarus - at the end of May, mass hatch in the first half of July (Fedyushin, Dolbik, 1967), in the Leningrad region. - At the end of the 2nd - early 3rd decade of June. In the Novosibirsk region In one nest, the chicks hatched on June 19, and at the same time, on June 4 and 7, well-flying stucks were observed (Hungazov, Milovidov, 1977).

Chicks are hatched rapidly, and usually this process is stretched to four days. During the hatching of chicks, the jack of the vertical has a very chaotic look: just hatched chicks lie back with eggs and energies from eggs that adult birds do not endure, but only move the edge of the nest. Despite the fact that chicks in the nest are usually a lot - up to 10 or more, they are placed in such a way that the head of each of them is free. It is important in obtaining feed. The order of hatching of chicks does not correspond to the order of egg shaping (Kiselev, 1978). Chicks hatch at different times of the day. The hatched chicks are very different among themselves in size and in the subsequent in the same housing, you can simultaneously observe both large chicks that have begun to be bothered and completely small - bare, with closed auditory aisles. Nevertheless, by the end of their stay in the voupel, they already differ little in size from each other. However, younger chicks leave a nest a day later and after the departure for a while hold on Earth, hiding in the grass. Feed chicks both adult birds. The litter from the nest is putting out the male, the female makes it extremely rarely (prokopov, 1974). At night, the chicks heats the female, spending the night with them until reached the 14-15 daily age (Bakkal, 2000).

In the first 2-4 days after hatching female chicks, almost all the time sits in the nest and heats them. The intensity of feeding of chicks by parents during the day is different and depends on the number of chicks, their age, weather, time of day and the type of feed. Adult birds feed chicks from 4-5 hours to 20-21 hours in the middle lane of Russia and from 3 to 23 hours in the North-West of Russia. The greatest activity of birds in the central regions of Russia is observed in 8-10 and at 14-15 hours (the number of arrives per hour reaches 24), in the North-West - from 7 to 11 and from 17 to 21 (the number of arrives per hour - to 40) . Every 2-3 hours of reinforced feeding, the intensity decreases. The number of arrives to the nest during the day ranges from 20 to 213 times (58-77% of them makes a female). The intensity of feeding increases from the 1st to the 11th day, reaches a maximum by the middle of the half of the pebbles in the nest, and then gradually decreases (Velichko, 1963; Kiselev, 1978; Berchitskaya, Polivans, 2001).

Arriving with food, adult birds are fed only one or two chicks, passing each of them by lumps of food. The next arrival is obtained by food the other 1-2 chicks. For once, parents bring 8-10 insects and more. The weight of individual chicks of food in the first days is 0.02-0.1 g, in the subsequent, it increases and ranges from 0.3 (3-5-day chicks) to 0.6 g (13-14-day chicks). Before departure of chicks, the weight of the feed portions and the intensity of feeding them decreases with adults.

The behavior of adult birds in the appearance of a person in the nest area is diverse. In some cases, they fly near the nest, making anxious and loud sounds, sit on the trees, fall to the trunk, pull the neck and begin to hiss like snakes. Then again begin to fly and scream until the danger will not be afraid. The most often the bird flies out of the hollow, hidden among vegetation and does not come across the eyes. When picking parents to the nest of chicks chorus make hissing and ticking sounds. From the 9-10 day age, the chicks taken in the hands are hissing, frightening the neck, thrust it in different directions and trampling feathers on the head.

In one-day chicks, the embryonic fluff is missing, eyes and auditory passages are closed. In the first week of life, the chicks are expressed by the mandibular prenatamism. Eyes open for the 6-8th day. The development of feather cover occurs very quickly (Velichko, 1963). In 3-4-day chicks already designate the rigging tubes of handles and hemps of contour feathers on the back, head, wings and legs. In the future, the growth rates of feathers on various Pteryls occur in different ways. Contour feathers are developing faster than others. In a 7-8-day age, hemps are already revealed, brushes appear in the 9-10 days on their vertices, in 11-12 days they are developed, in the 13-14-day chicks are worried almost completely, except for the abdomen, and in 15- 16 days they produce the impression of those who were performed, as the contour feathers developed on the abdominal side of the body.

Fly feathers are developing later, but grow faster contour. The tubes are disclosed on the 9-10th day of the post-embryonic life of chicks; On the 11-12th day, turns on their vertices carry brushes, it was developing on the 13-14th day, but about 3/4 of the pen is still in the tube, at 15-16 days old, the flies of chicks unfold halfway, and In 17-18 days - more than 2/3. By this time, the crumbling feathers of the wing is already fully laid on the base of the flyers, thereby producing a solid carrier surface of the wing. Such a wing is actually already flying, but the chicks remain in the nest for another 3-4 days. During this period, the feathers continues to develop and the flight quality of the wing becomes more perfect. Vertishek's chicks and other people, unlike open-step species, after departure from the nest can immediately fly to considerable distances, relatively easy to gain height and maneuver in flight.

Steering feathers develop later and grow slower than flying. Their tubes are scheduled for the 5-6th day after hatching; On the 7-10th day, they are lengthened, on the 11th 12th - scrape, at the 13-14th - brushes appear, on the 15-16th - appealed, but 3/4 of the pen is still imprisoned into the tube; At a 17-18-day age, it was folded approximately half.

The weight of the chick increases very quickly and quite evenly until the 14th day, then it becomes more permanent, it reaches the maximum, and a few days before leaving the nest decreases. In front of the departure of the chicks weigh 25.5-28.9 g (the mass of the adult bird - 33-35 g).

The departure of chicks from the nest occurs within 1-3 days at 18-22 days (prokopov, 1974; Kiselev, 1978) or 21-25 days, on average (n \u003d 7) - aged 23.4 ± 0, 53 days (Ivanchev, 19956). In one nest in Teberdinsk Zap. Chicks flew at 25-26 days (Berchitskaya, Polivans, 2001). For about a week, the chicks hold together, and parents continue to feed them; Then during the month, unsuccessful broods are found in the area of \u200b\u200bnesting sites.

The success of the vertical reproduction on average Dnieper is 75.4% (Koval, 1976). In the clothespie The fate of 176 of masonry consisting of 1 213 eggs (Kiselev, 1978) is traced. The success of reproduction over the years differed. The death of eggs was 26.7-52.2%, including 1,7-30.1% of bird eggs threw out of concern, 7.7-24.3% were uninterrupted eggs and eggs with dead embryos in the early stages. development. Mortality of chicks is small and is 0-20.1%, an average of 9.6%. Chicks die at an early age (from one-day to stacks); Some of them are inhabited by their fellow, part of the perishes for other reasons. The scale of the death of eggs and chicks from predators is insignificant - 6.9% of eggs for all the years of observations. The success of the reproduction is 54.5-70.5, on average - 59.9%. According to V. P. Ivanchev (1995), the success of the breeding of the vertical in the Zap. amounted to 66.3% (of 258 eggs hatched and survived to the departure of 171 chicks). In the Leningrad region 214 chicks hatched from 220 eggs and they all safely left the hollow; The success of the reproduction was equal to 97.2% (Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983). According to other data (Velichko, 1963), from 140 eggs in 16 madges, 107 chicks hatched (eggs - 23.6%) and 87 of them left nests; The success of the nesting thus amounted to 62%. In zap. "Poles" of 51 eggs (6 nests) 39 chicks hatched (eggs amounted to 23%). One nest with 10 eggs was ruined by a person, in two it was "Boltun"; Of the 39 chicks were safely left nests 38. The overall success of the reproduction was 74.5% (Krutovskaya, 1966).

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