It's no secret that in nature the strongest wins. Predators have a number of advantages compared to their herbivores. Nature endowed them with many abilities to help catch prey. It is not easy to be predatory animals. A predator can spend a whole day in the hunt for a potential victim, but to remain with anything or at all from the panel of conifers who came to the face. Therefore, most predators, in addition to claws and sharp teeth, have a wide variety of features that allow you to develop hunting features practically to perfection.

The most dangerous snakes

In the tropical forests of Central America and Mexico dwells the poisonous snake Cantil. She resembles Cobru, and her bite is so dangerous that he can cause kidney failure. But the man Cantilites bit extremely rarely, preferring to take care of his poison only for potential victims. Since the snake has a dense and rather short body, it cannot develop a very greater speed, so most birds, small animals and insects, which cantyl feeds are running away from it. But nature takes care that the snake does not die from hunger.

The tip of her tail is painted in white or bright yellow. Raising him and committing rotational movements, the snake imitates them the behavior of earthworms, which attracts a gullible sacrifice. Putting it closer, Cantil puts his deadly poison. Not only this type of snake has such abilities, but it is she who is the most tricky and insidious.

Snake Tipan, inhabitants in the northeast of Australia, has so strong poison that 100 adults are able to kill with one bite. The process of studying is associated with a number of tragic events. For a long time, scientists could not catch her, and their knowledge of Tapane was based only on the stories of the natives.

For the first time, this species was described in 1867 only one copy. Then, for many decades, Tipan was again disappeared from sight, but his catch was vital, as it was necessary to get an antidote. Every year more than 80 people died in Australia from the bite of this predator. In 1950, a young catcher from Sydney went to the jungle for the snake in the jungle and found her, but this was the cause of his death. Touching, the snake was deadly bitten by a young man who died, but Taipan managed to deliver to the laboratory.

The most unusual predators

Fossa is one of the rarest mammals living in Madagascar and being the largest predator of this endemic island. The appearance of the phossus is so unusual that scientists climbed their heads for a very long time to what kind of animals attributed it to. Fossa reminds Large Bumba, Guien, the Viverper, as well as distantly looks into the lion. Its size reaches 80 cm, and the tail is usually the same length as the torso. An animal hunts mostly at night, his beloved prey is lemurs, followed by the phossis deftly climbing trees with both paw and tail. Predator will not refuse and even insects. Like skunk, the fossa gland allocate an unpleasant "fragrant" secret, which, according to Aboriginal, kills the sacrifice with one of his poisonous smell.

Despite the fact that in the natural habitat among the phossi there are no enemies, currently this species is on the verge of extinction and even listed in the Red Book. At the moment, less than 2500 animals remain alive. Fault by this man. Madagascar residents destroy the Fosss due to the fact that it often makes raids on rural settlements, unwinding smokers and even sometimes attacking people. Moreover, phossis is usually so enjoys the process that kills more mining than it can eat.

We are accustomed to consider ants with peace-loving workaholics, but there is an exception here. Nomadic ants who live in tropical conditions do not create their own dwellings, constantly traveling around the area of \u200b\u200bhabitat. They are absolutely omnivorous and pounce on any prey, falling on the way, starting with a larva and ending the cow. One family can take up to a million fighters. You can only escape from them.

Sea predators

It is very difficult to imagine a predatory turtle. It is usually associated with nervousness and slowness. But among all the diversity of this species there is one only one who is predatory - a bright turtle. She lives in fresh waters of North America, in love with swamps, rivers and lakes adjacent to Mississippi. Its sizes are huge, and the weight can reach 100 kilograms.

The speed of movement of the turtle is so small that it is not able to catch up. Therefore, the corpuscle turtle resorts to the next method of prey for food: in a bright day, it lies on the bottom and freezes with a widely open mouth equipped with rows of acute teeth. In appearance, it resembles a conventional underwater cliff, and its base is bright red. Fake fish twitch perceive as a worm and hurry to eat it, rushing right in the mouth of a predator. At night, when the fish do not see the turtle language, it switches to Padal and slowly floating fish.

Fresh and sea waters in themselves and another, no less cruel danger for fish - Midnog. This is a group of lower vertebrates that live in the waters and the northern and southern hemispheres, surviving even in the cold water of the Arctic Ocean. The medault has dimensions of 90-100 cm, and its weight is about 3 kg. Her genus is already over 400 million years, and its mouth suction cup has more than 125 sharp teeth. With the help of a minog sucker attaches to a floating fish, and teeth breaks down the hole in the sacrifice body, starting to suck blood from it. The saliva of the Minego contains enzymes that do not allow the blood of the fish to turn around, which makes it weak and very vulnerable. Eating your minoga booty can for several days, tightly holding it with a suction cup. Prefers Midhog salmon breeds, but even known cases of attack on whales.

In the middle of the last century, the medault was very quickly dispersed in the Great Lakes of the United States, which led to the mass extermination of the valuable fishing breeds of fish. Only thanks to the joint efforts of fishermen, ichthyologists and biologists managed to reduce the number of freshwater media in the United States. Despite its predatory lifestyle, this an ancient creature gradually dies and listed in the Red Book.

The most dangerous predator on earth

According to the results of numerous observations and research today, an animal that represents the greatest danger to a person, a brown bear is recognized. In the period when the Bear goes for a walk with his bearings, approach the distance in which she can teach the human smell, is deadly. The bear moves very quickly, and overtaking the victim, merciless. It breaks the skin claws and stuck with sharp fangs into the body of mining. No less dangerous bears disturbed in winter during hibernation.

By the way, the biggest animals in the world are not always dangerous .. His weight can approach 3 tons. On the site there.
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It is found in North America, Western Europe and the USSR.

The predator is an animal that kills other animals and feeds them, and its owns are called predatoryness. Domestic cats are also predators, they catch mice; The life of predators - the world-famous game in the cat-mouse, it is constantly and everywhere repeated in ecosystems, millions of animals are involved in it, each on their own way.

Lions, pums, wolves, eagles, hawks, herons, crocodiles, sharks, pikes are indisputable predators. Toads and frogs are also predators, although not so obvious. Predators and all insectivore birds. And tiny earthling. And the OSA carrying the caterpillar of his larva. And the larvae of the water beetle, sucking tasty. And the taddast itself. Even whale, fed by sea zooplankton, and that predator. It does not constitute exceptions and a person, a universal predator possessing both hemitto, and snarling, and the greatest destructive power.

Range of mining.

There is an upper limit of production size - with very large animals a predator can not cope; And the lower limit - it makes no sense to hunt, spend time and strength on it. Between these limits lies the range of predator production. A predator can be poured on the game inappropriate size only during periods of hunger strike, when it is very small animals. Thus, European Knuckles and Berkuts feed on the chicks of small pebbles, when hares, rabbits, partridges and voles (their ordinary prey) becomes very little.

It happens that a predator is hunting for a while only on one species from its production range: when this species has grumbled very much and become easily reach. For example, white storks that follow the hordes of the locust in Africa; Pessengers hunting for lemming on Alaska; Swamp owls that will fall in places in the invasion of voles, or herons and otters that feed on exclusively frogs during their mass exit from ponds at the end of summer.

Field Mushroom Chicks In a defensive pose. Protecting from the enemy, they fall on the back and fought off with clawed legs.

Does not be bored with food predator existing in abundance, which he feeds from day to day? Watching the European Sinice, you come to the conclusion that it is bored. This bird, similar to the North American Gaughter, studied Luke Tinbergen in the pine bodies of Holland during the feeding of chicks. Different caterpillars served for these sites. When the caterpillars just appeared, the tithes of the first days ate them are not very willing. Then suddenly they attacked them with greed. Tinbergen decided that the Sinitz gradually developed a specific visual image of new production. Simply put, their eyes got used to the type of new food. The caterpillars were becoming more and more, and then the appetite of the Sinitz began to weaken, as if this food became them to come. Since then, any type of caterpillars was only half of the diet of the blue. This observation shows that tits prefer mixed food, even if it goes out more work and time.

In the case described above, the cyanits had so much food that they could come. But in general, the blinds, shaking and other our birds are difficult to feed chicks. Parents have to be almost every minute to flush to the nest, and they cannot acquire large families if there is no abundant feed next to the nest. The predator did not always go and killed to game, as soon as he was hungry. Sometimes he is lucky, and sometimes not.

Difficult and easy ways.

Not all predators are the same clever and agile. One male of marsh owls fourteen times miss, before he digested, the other is only four. Some crows in the nesting flock do parental duties much better than their relatives: they are the best hotels, that is, the best hunters and the best breadwinners.

Huft mainly on plain animals: antelope and zebras. The lion with several relatives forms a family called "Pride". In the lioness, unlike Lviv there is no mane, they are less than growth and graceful.

Flash and failures of the predator can be explained by his youth and inexperience. But it is necessary to take into account the sensitivity of the victim, because the sensitivity of animal-victims is as important as the rapidity of predators. God is not so simple for an experienced, adult predator is not so simple, and he can miss, do not catch up with the victim, especially if The victim has a rich life experience. A fox can stay with a handful of feathers in his mouth instead of a bird or with a silent tail, fleeing a lizard. Lions often do not kill large hoofs, but only wounded. In many adult salmon caught fishermen, traces of teeth or claws are noticeable. So, salmon once managed to slip out of the mouth of the predator - seal.

Why did the predator killed this time exactly, and not any other animal? The shortest answer: so happened. Suitable for the sacrifice was at the right moment at an attracted place and got a predator into the paws. Not only the presence of the victim is necessary - it must be reached. It depends on a lot: the ability of the animal to mask, its age, the state of health, the speed of feet and its position in the group. Play the role and other factors applicable individually to the predator; First, weather: rain, frost, deep snow, strength and direction of wind; Then sounds: Forest noise, close river or waterfall; And also the ability of the predator to withstand competition.

Loves to have nests under the canopy of live swelling and in a dense shrub.

What is the taste of the victim - not the main factor, he plays a role only if the predator has a very real choice. The fox, apparently, prefers the rat of Pheasant, but it will not be afraid to scour in search of a delicacy when the rats are sicked under their feet. Sometimes the predator kills the animal that he does not taste at all: in the heat of the hunt he takes a pursued game for whom he would have been having fun. Cat, for example, kills earthling, but does not eat them. Emphamed, she takes them behind mice and detects a mistake when it is too late. Earthowing, one day, ocked, do not repeat more error and do not kill the "tasteless" game, remembering her smell. No one knows how often mammals do such mistakes and how quickly learned to recognize inedible animals. Earthons are usually incredible due to an unpleasant smell for all mammals, although some of them still eat if there is nothing else. But the fact that for one reflection, says the proverb, for another honey. Hawks and owls will not miss the case to catch an earth farm and eat with pleasure.

A predator eating a certain species is found with individual individuals of this species in a wide variety of situations. A pursued animal can run into a chapher, where it is not visible, or, on the contrary, in a palpal, where it is harder to hide and where he is in greater reach for the predator. An experienced adult animal is easier to escape from the pursuer than the young and inexperience, because an adult animal knows the tactics of the pursuer, terrain and possible paths to salvation.

Very young and very old, mutilated predators, patients or hungry are easier to get prey than healthy animals in full bloom. An important factor and the position of the animal in the group: among the animals there are their parties, they graze on the worst pastures, where few foods and there is no good shelter from enemies. The age and experience of the predator are also important, that is, the speed of his feet and trick.

These factors play a role wherever there is a relationship "Predator - Sacrifice", but in various situations, one or another factor or even a group of factors can acquire great importance.

Selection of mining.

In general, all situations: the predator attacks the one at the moment it is easier to grab. If there are two types of animal victims and both are equally reaching, the predator hunts to the same type, and the number of victims will be proportional to the number of animals of each type. If one species is easier to hunt, predator will prefer this species, as long as the position will not change. A good example of this Scottish Court. It produces pools and forest mice; Polels suffer from her more than forest mice, although pools on its territory less. Forest mice placed there trades there more often, it means that the cunits can catch easier. This may be explained by the fact that forest mice are more careful, they run well and jump, and the polels are slow and not so shunters.

European Mole Another example of such selectivity. Mals feed on the mainly rainworms. When the worms are a lot, mole catches them with excess, cripples and pokes it. Such warehouses of Krotov were repeatedly studied; They, as a rule, prevailing one kind of worms, although there are a large number of other types of rainworms on its lands. Why is it just so, it is still unknown. It can be assumed that the mole is inhibited that kind of worms that are easier to catch.

On the hunt. In the wolf, the flock usually includes the male, female, wagine, sometimes two or three wolves are joined to them.

Predators are chosen within this species, and they do not rush at all for the first animals. North American wolves, on the heels of the pursuit of the flock of Caribou, kill calves, old deer, sick and pranks. The Zambian hyiennial dog hunts to antelope-tambals, but very picky. Most of all, she kills calves that no year; One-year-old little less, old animals are even less, and adult healthy individuals are completely small. The lions kill age groups in proportion to their number in the herd - also a kind of selectivity. Hynes hunting for an antilopamig in Serengeti kill only calves - another type of selectivity.

The European Hawk-revenue and Sokol-Sapsan, as observations showed, often kill those birds that are allocated from the flock. Five birds from the twenty-three killed hawk turned out to be some deviation from the norm. One day, the Hawk-revenue snatched a chrome Ladyographer from the pack, where there were twenty-six healthy ties. In Germany, it was registered: from seventeen caught by sapsan domestic pigeons fifteen or something differed from other pigeons, or were strangers in the flock. In Poland, saw how the hawk snatched a white pigeon from the flock of SIZY and the SIZOE from the flock of white.

Rivalry.

Man, third-party observer and predator himself (Supplement from the site: If this person is the possessor of the psyche of an animal type, which is a violation, for it is still a person over predetermined to have a different type of psyche, distinguished from the animal) , inclined to consider wild predators, hunting for game, which is needed by himself, with his rivals. Universal hostility to predators (Supplement from the site: among "human predators") explained by this; The above examples, the number of which can be multiplied, show that such an attitude towards predators is unlikely to be fair. As a rule, not the amount of game depends on the number of predators, but on the contrary. Carable bread You can feed only a certain number of mouths.

In Scotland, in recent years, the number of partridges has sharply decreased. This phenomenon was investigated, and interesting conclusions were obtained regarding predatoryness; The most important thing: predators in the disappearance of Scottish partridges are not invincible caused by the behavior of partridges.

valuable feathery game. It is found on the heather empty and the slopes of the mountains. The partridge needs a thick, well-limiting heather and for food and for shelter. The best territory captures the most aggressive male. A man artificially supports the necessary partridges of habitat, periodically burning old heather.

Bird living in a certain area; She feeds with heather, lives and breeds on the heather empty. The male owns a certain territory, which protects against other males. The most aggressive males own the best territories, in less aggressive sections of worse and so on; In the end, the whole earth is divided between married couples. Birds that could not capture any territory, become "outcasts", by satisfied with the worst painted lands: naked slopes, floodplain meadows, sites with poor cover, on which little food and difficult to hide from enemies. These goals are six times more often becoming victims of predators, many are dying from hunger or disease. Some in search of territories move to other places; The number of consumers is reduced, and now the heather's empty can feed everyone. Ecologist would say that this struggle for the territory of a peculiar buffer between the population of birds and the number of food.

In August, the hunt for partridges begins, and the entire system of the territory section is broken. Young broods are equally threatened and wild predators and man. The predation of a person causes a large damage to the partridge population, although a person does not always exterminate the entire annual rating, that is, it does not kill as much as he could. And in the fall, when the birds re-divide the territory, again there are expensive, with which there was no good land.

And again wild predators kill much more rogues. And many more die, and many go to other places. Some of all the same remains using the territory, for one reason or another, it turned out without a host. Scottish partridges themselves regulate their population, and the maternity attitude towards hensities requires not extermination of predators, but concerns about the protection of plant cover.

"Main Capital" and interest from it.

The predator feeds his victims without reducing their livestock: he regulates their number. The predator lives, so to speak, not at the expense of fixed capital, but at the expense of interest from this capital. Mole, which feeds on almost exclusively rainworms, does not have any noticeable effect on the number of worms living on its territory. And the ermine, fucking on rabbits, while they were found in Europe, did not imagine the threat to the population of these rodents. At Siphuha, inhabitants in Palestine, in Levante, half of the diet make up voles: the number of all devoured pools, however, is relatively small; Sipuha not only do not affect the "fixed capital", which is a population of 25,000 voles, but almost do not even spend interest from capital. Similarly, all cats of the world can do nothing with the bolping and to this day the mouse.

Owl hunts all night, from dawn to dawn; Her food is small rodents: voles, mice, rats. It happens that Owl will catch and eat a shallow bird. Owls do not build nests, they live in voupels and abandoned nests of other birds: crows, forty or punges.

Nevertheless, it happens that a small predator makes a serious damage of the population of his victim. Tiny affection, for example, the holes of mice and voles are available, and she, hitting such a hole, can produce a real empty among its inhabitants. Americans Mac-Cabe and Blanchard report that she mask, being in an area where there was a lot of deer mice, went on their minks and destroyed mice almost all over.

Insectivores can sometimes delay insect reproduction, but in the case of the European tit, described by Tenbergen, the feathered predators devoured most of the whole caterpillars when those were not so much. With hordes of insect birds, as a rule, can not cope. The fact that birds at some stage can slow down insect breeding is very important for humans. In Germany, this was long understood, there are small houses in the forests in the forests, like birdhouses, in which the sinitsa arrange nests. Pernaya tenants help people Protect forest - biological protection instead of chemical.

What is the case with major predators? Do they control a large game population? In some cases, there is no doubt about what the facts are indicated, the truth is still a few. A bright illustration of this is the history of black-eyed deer living on the Kaibab plateau. At the beginning of the 20th century in Arizona on the Kaibab plateau, a flock of black-eyed deer with a number of 4,000 heads. They shared this habitat with predators: wolves, cums, coins, trot and few bears. Here the herds of pets - sheep and cattle. The deer population under these conditions did not grow and did not decrease, remaining from year to year within 4,000 heads. This territory, however, could feed a much larger herd of deer; There was no doubt about anyone: in the small number of deer guys of predators. And in 1906, the territory was declared a state reserve. In order for the deer pasture to increase, the grazing of livestock is prohibited; Hunters invited hunters to combat predators. For a decade, 600 pums were shot. For sixteen years, 3,000 coots were exterminated. By 1926, wolves completely destroyed. The number of deer began to grow, first dimly, then faster , By 1920, the flock of deer increased to 60,000 heads, and by 1924 to 100,000 heads. This monstrous figure turned out to be fatal. The plateau could not feed such a number of black-eyed deer. They breed threateningly and peashed pastures. In the next two winters, 60,000 deer died. By 1929, the number of deer fell to 30,000, by 1931 to 20,000. And in 1939, only 10,000 black-eyed deer passed on the Kaibab plateau.

This is an instructive story. Predators obviously held back the growth of the population of deer , thereby protecting natural pastures. The destruction of predators led to the fact that the deer moved catastrophically and wanted pastures on which they fed.

The same balance exists in nature between the lions and the antelope-rope, which lives in the valley of Roins-di Rutshur in the former Belgian Congo. From 1918 to 1929, the hunt for Lviv in the area was particularly intense; The number of major predators sharply decreased, and the livestock antelope topi, as expected, heavily increased.

Close relatives.

Competition between predators of various species living on one territory, rather apparent than the real, even if several species hunt on the same animals periodically or permanently. Changes in habitat, in an amount or ratio of animals, which serve as food predators, can shake balance in favor of a predator. Some predators benefit, others suffer.

(Lat. Mustela Erminea) - a small predatory animal of the family of a kunihi, a typical way of appearance with a long body on short legs, a long neck and a triangular head with small rounded ears. The length of the male's body - 17-38 cm (the females are about twice as smaller), the length of the tail is about 35% of the body length - 6-12 cm; Body mass - from 70 to 260. Looks like a caress, but somewhat more of it in size.

These relationships are well studied on the example of caressing and mountainous, living in the northern hemisphere. In England, Laski and Mountains often live side by side on one territory; And as long as everyone looks hunt for his victim, there is no rivalry between them. Laski is much smaller, the burning, the male caresses weigh only 150 grams, and the male burning 350 grams. If there are a lot of rabbits, the ermine is hunting mostly on them, the caresses are trained in voles. In such a situation, both predator are gracious. If the rabbits hit the mixture, which mows these rodents around, the number of minority is noticeably declining, it does not affect caution at all. The disappearance of food violates the equilibrium of ecosystems to the detriment of the ermine, in no way affecting the LASS.

Young forest plantings in temperate climate countries are perfect habitats for voles who love thickets thick, high herbs. In such biocenosis and affection and the mountainous eat pools. The relationship between these animals was well studied in Scotland. Lask, thanks to his miniature, can hunt the poles underground, in their minks. The ermine in the mouse mink will not climb and be satisfied with random prey, that is, those pools that catch on the surface. For affection, the fixed capital: destroying voles underground, caress reduces the number of random mining; But as long as the number of pools will not fall below a certain critical figure, both predators are not afraid of hunger. However, the number of pools is subject to sharp fluctuations, and if they become less than forty-five per acre, the mountainous leaving the spaces have been leaving. The caresses continue to exist carelessly on this territory until the number of pools falls to eighteen to one acre. With the departure of the mountains, the number of pools begins to grow. In the end, they are becoming so much that the ermine is returned again.

, or ordinary caress (Lat. Mustela Nivalis) - a predatory mammal family of a kunich family, kind of caress of caress and ferrets (Mustela). It is found on all continents of the northern hemisphere.

But another example of the coexistence of Lasok and Mornostayev, this time brought to the Dutch island Tershelling. In this island, at the beginning of the 1930s, water voles began to apply great harm to the forest. We decided to apply the biological protection of the forest and in 1931, 102 caresses and 9 Gornostayev were taken to the island. Three years later, Lasok was left on the island. After five years, the mountains completely destroyed water voles and sharply reduced the number of rabbits living on the island. Now it was necessary to take urgent measures against Gornostayev, who quickly multiplied and began to produce all sorts of birds: wild, homely and even waterfowl. Natural equilibrium was achieved only by 1939. The mountains have been preserved on the island, but stopped being a problem. In this case, the levels were in a favorable position, and caress, not suppressing rivalry, died.

In the United States live their caresses and their ermine; American caressing is no different from European, the American ermine, unlike European, can be a very small animal and larger: different types of Gornostayev live in different parts of the country. The largest prevalent in the United States in the Eastern and Northwestern regions up to Alaska. He divides his habitat with caress. In the west of North America, only a small ermine dwells, the value is no more affection; And so it turned out that in these places the caress is not found at all. Next door to large mountainous, it can live, and the rivalry with the "kids" does not withstand. This example proves that the minor variety of mountains is a kind of taboo for caress, she can live only where they are not.

Reference addition to the book.

Distribution area area.

Chapter 9. Flowering and falling population. Cycles .

Predators are called animals (vertebrates and invertebrates), which are equipped with other animals.. All their organism (body structure, physiological processes), behavior, lifestyle is a device for predatoryness. The intestine is shorter than those of herbivorous species, the digestive juices contain many enzymes that digest animal proteins and bones. They are distinguished by a more developed nervous system and sense organs. All of them are armed with fixtures for capturing and killing production: sharp claws, teeth, beaks; Insects - special jaws, etc.

Predators hunt, raging prey (sometimes in ambush) or pursuing her.

For the first method, we need masking, and predators in the process of evolution acquired the appropriate color to the color of the dominant background. In the north of sandz (in winter), Polar Owl, the polar bear has a white color, in the jungle tropical snakes-petrol or green, tiger striped.

On the open spaces of the steppes and the desert, it is difficult to burn prey to predators, and here the main hunting reception is the persecution. Therefore, desert predators, such as a cheetah, mainstream, long-legged, with good eyesight. In the forest, another matter. There is where to hide. Here is the main thing in tracking the victim-hearing and smell. The body in forest predators is flexible, in birds-short wings, long tails, all this for quick maneuvering among trunks and boring.

Predators and their victims in nature are very closely connected. Predators have a certain area of \u200b\u200bhabitat, providing their prey. The larger the predator, the greater its plot. For example, the Far Eastern Tiger is in diameter up to 100 km. Migrating the animal sacrifices - after them are sent to the path of predators: a tiger behind the boars (so they say "grazing kabanov"), haasting, falcon - for migratory ducks, slices ...

Such interrelationships of the predator with the victim of the person began to use in his practice. According to the accumulation of sea birds-gulls, silly, cleric fishermen is found in the sea shoals of fish.

The evolutionary development of predators and their victims was in parallel, and this imposed a certain imprint on the biology of these species. So, the stronger the predators are exterminated by any kind, the higher his fertility. Following the massive reproduction of animals, the number of predators that feed them is increasing.

The hunters have long been noticed: after the "yield" year on rodents, wait for the abundance of foxes, fox, cunits, etc. Birds - Mysheadyad-owls, Kanyuki-in these years to withdraw the offspring of 2, or even 3 times a season. The reproduction of predators is timed to the time of the maximum abundance of prey, so that the appearance of the feed is enough. Padal cycling is beginning to nest with the onset of heat-in March, steppe eagle-at the time of the exit of the holes of young gophers, Kobchik - by the time of the abundance of blistering, etc. If the prey is a bit, then predators have a small offspring or at all such a year breed.

Great impact of predators and other parties to the life of their victims. There are cases when a person deliberately or accidentally brought any animals to where there are no natural enemies. As a result, the reproduction of these animals did not restrain anything and they applied tremendous damage to the local flora and fauna.

The life expectancy of their victims depends on the predators: many rods rarely survive in nature for more than a year, and in captivity they live for 4-5 years. Adjust predators and the composition of the "population" of production. Sometimes depending on the time of year, they only catch males or females, adults or young. So, the main mining of boobs to ripening crop bread-spreading young rodents, because adults and very small young are reliably hidden crops. The harvest passed and changed the age composition of the victims, and more and more often adult rodents come across, the rejuvenation of their population begins. The enhanced catching of one species leads to a sharp reduction in its number and the appropriate change in the relationship between other species inhabiting in this place.

But first of all the prey of predators become sick, weakened individuals. Thus, they play the role of natural sanitary sites that prevent the spread of diseases among animals.

Unfortunately, so far, many believe that animals with a sharp beak, claws, fang-enemies that need to be mercilessly destroyed. This delusion, based on the poor knowledge of nature, inflicts tremendous damage.

Nature simply forces some creatures to hunt others. At the same time, some predators are noticeably fierce others. It even reaches the fact that even the person is afraid of these animals. We are not leaving far into the forest, fearing wolves, we are frightened by frames with bloodthirsty sharks. We will tell below the most ferocious predators created by nature at all for the intimidation of a person, but to ensure their own livelihoods.

Spider Tarantul. We are afraid of spiders and there is foundations. So, Tarantulas are among the most dangerous creatures in the world. These spiders also have impressive sizes. The diameter of the predator's body reaches 13 centimeters in diameter, and the scope of the paw can reach 30 centimeters. Tarantulas are famous for being skillful and silent hunters. If mining falls into their cliche paws, then it is simply no chance of being saved from there. This spider loves and knows how to hunt, for him the usual thing is the expectation of his victim. Tarantula suffers for a long time, but as soon as mining finds himself in the zone of his reach, rushes without the slightest warning on it. Fast attack does not leave a single chance of salvation. The spider squeezes the prey with his poisonous teeth, immobilizing it. Then the food is abundantly watering the pancreas juice of Tarantula and eagerly eaten by them.

Black Mamba. Most of the most dangerous creatures live in Africa. Among them there is a huge poisonous snake black mamba. It can be found in the southeastern part of the mainland. The name of the snake gave the black color of her skin inside the mouth, which is widely revealed before the deadly bite of the victim. Despite the formidable reputation, in nature, these creatures behave quite timidly. Their aggression is awakened if these snakes to worry. Attacking his sacrifice, Black Mamba tries to hit her several times. The deadly poison of the animal consists of painting and neurotoxin. Even recently, every bite of a person with this snake became fatal. Today, deaths are no longer so frequent - people came up with an antidote. It is distributed everywhere where there is a possibility of meeting with this dangerous predator.

Piranha fish. Among the fish there are also those who seek death horror. The most famous of them - Piranha, to compare on bloodthirstiness with her no other sea predator can not. Even the appearance of this fish makes shudder - she has sharp teeth and powerful jaws. The predatory temper of this killer is all living known to the whole world. And Piranha is found in fresh reservoirs of South America. His food predators are usually mined at dusk or at dawn. Water is literally teeming them when they are waiting for small animals going on the water. As soon as the victim turns out to be in the water, the fish apply their death. The animal is eaten with such ferocity, which is not peculiar to any other inhabitant of fresh reservoirs. Sometimes fish are even combined into whole attacking flocks. They attack and large prey, such as horses, capybar and even a person. There were cases when these fish literally have eaten a whole bull, leaving only a skeleton. Therefore, in the reservoirs where Piranhas are found, it is better not to swim.

Wolf. And this predator is found in our latitudes. It is the most dangerous beast in the forest. Usually, ferocious predators are hunting one way, trying to get their meals on their own. But wolves - another thing. The success of their hunt depends on the efforts of all flocks. It makes predators even more dangerous, because mining has to fight at once with several killers. Hunting begins with the fact that several wolves begin to pursue the victim. Heads the dominant male. Not far from it is the dominant female. We only stand the victim to accidentally stumble and fall, how the hungry flock is immediately throws on it. Sharp teeth instantly burst the flesh, practically without leaving the animal chance of salvation.

Dresser Varan. It's hard to believe, looking at this creature that it is a lizard. The length of the reptile can reach 3 meters, and weighs the brews up to 150 kilograms. This predator Nature has provided many tools suitable for hunting. The animal is fast and strong, it can kill the victim with dimensions twice as much itself. Victory is achieved thanks to a poisonous bite. That is why the victim who escaped from the embrace of the predator soon still dies. And his prey Varan expects an ambush. But if circumstances will require, a large lizard can run and swim. Such incredible hunting abilities appeared thanks to the impressive ability to eat with meat. Varan for one sitting can eat prey, only twice as much as weight.

Crocodile. This predator prefers until the last moment to remain unnoticed. The crocodile merges with water and quietly monitors the potential victim. The toothy beast lies the moment when it can be unexpected to attack. Such a hunting manner is typical of this bloodthirsty and secretive predator. Crocodiles are distinguished by powerful jaws and sharp teeth. This allows predator to catch many animals. Some species can kill even very large beings. So, the Nile crocodile killed ZEBR, and buffaloes. The predator is waiting for animals that come on the water. Then he grabs their teeth and drags under the water. There, the crocodile begins to sharply turn his head from the side to the side until it breaks off a piece of flesh.

Kitka. In English, the name of this big creature sounds like "Killer Whale", or the "whale killer". It is clear that this animal is a dangerous predator. His main trumps are impeccable ownership of the art of hunting and great physical strength. Due to the fact that Kozatka knows many food production techniques, it has the most diverse diet of all predators living in water. For example, the killer is powered by penguins and cats, grabbing them under water. It is often reported on cases when in the excitement of chase behind the marine quotes, the tales even threw ashore. These predators are social animals, usually they live in a creek along with a dozen of their relatives. But the taway hunt comes a whole group. Some of these creatures are before aggressive, which is sometimes caught and eat other predators, for example, white sharks.

Grizzly bear. This brown bear has a second name - Bear Grizzly. He is found in North America, being one of the most dangerous locals. The fierce beast can become rear paws. Thus, a predator weighing 400 kilograms can still achieve and growth in 2 meters. Grizzly has powerful jaws and paws. These murder tools can kill a person. Nature gave the possibility of grizzly diverse to eat, and large mammals are also falling into the number of victims. Hazards for the victims of the bear adds the fact that he not only runs quickly, but also swims well. If a person meets with grizzly face to face, then this is fraught with trouble. Best of all in such a situation to get up to all growth and not allow the beast to start running. In the pursuit of Grizzly reaches a speed of 65 kilometers per hour. If it is fleeting from him, it can excite a hunting instinct in a bear.

A lion. No wonder this animal is called the king of animals. After all, the strength of the lion allows him to hunt on the largest animals, such as a buffalo and an antilopa GNU. Good luck in the hunt brings the fact that lions often act together. These predators live together, their social groups are called prides. All members of the flock take part in the hunt. From the very early age, young lions learn to occupy their place in Pride. Adults of flocks play with young to hunt. These skills will then be suitable in adulthood. In addition, such a game allows you to identify the same role in the future hunting will be better to perform a young predator. And the hunt of Lviv does not always pass well, failures happen more often than victories. Nevertheless, it is worth considering the size of predators, their strength and potential victims. All this suggests that the lions are among the most dangerous animals in nature.

White shark. This creature is a real lord of the sea. If sharks chose someone with his victim, then there is practically no chance of sailing. Of course, this large fish is considered the most important natural predator. After all, she has the most wonderful abilities of the hunter. The streamlined shape of the body of the shark allows it to move quickly, and powerful jaws do not leave the victim of chances. The hunter knows how to make sharp maneuvers, sharks in pursuit of the victim knows even jump out of the water. After hitting the predator, the victim from there is no longer getting out - it has many sharp teeth. At the same time, having lost one of them, the shark receives from nature instead of a new one, no less acute. It is believed that in all her life, shark may change to 50 thousand teeth. In the process of hunting, a white shark makes a trial bite of his victim. This wound must weaken the prey, the predator is waiting at this time. Only after some time the White Shark will again attack the victim and begins to eat it. Such a cautious technique allows predator to eat without much danger for yourself. The victim simply does not have time to respond to an unexpected blow, and then she simply does not have the strength for it.

It is noticed that in the actions of many predators there is something that can be called calculating. A predator, for example, is unprofitable to complete the destruction of all individuals of the victim, and, as a rule, it does not happen in nature.

Predation is a time-consuming process that requires high energy costs. For example, a group of two lionic and eight cubs take place overnight a distance of a few kilometers, even if the youngest puppies are only a month from the family. In this case, the same deprivation, which are exposed to adult animals. Many of them die, including hunger.

During the hunt, predators are often subjected to hazards no less than their victims. Sometimes predators are dying from colliding with other predators during the fight for prey.

But the main enemy of the predator is time. Only the fastest and most strong predators are able to pursue the sacrifice at a great distance, successfully catch her spending on this minimum time. Less agriculture cannot withstand competition and are doomed to hungry death.

The value of predation in nature.

Is the impact of a predator only negative? It would be possible to answer this question unconditionally "yes", if we take into account only the fate of a particular animal, which was in the teeth of the predator. Ecologists, however, much more interested in the fate of populations, not individual organisms.

Predators destroy the part of the population, which for one reason or another turns out to be weaker in the competition for suitable areas.

A predator, killing more weak, acts like a breeder, leading seed selection that gives the best gear. The influence of the predator leads to the fact that the renewal of the victim population is faster, because rapid growth leads to the earlier participation of individuals in reproduction. At the same time, consumption by victims of their food. Thus, the impact of predators increases the flow of energy in the ecosystem.

Predators selectively destroy animals with low ability to produce food, that is, slow, sickly, sick individuals. Survive strong and hardy. This applies to the whole living world: predators improve (qualitatively) the population of victims. The same service ondatra has a mink, rodents - predatory birds, deer - wolves.

Predation is one of the leading factors that determine the regulation of the number of organisms.

Of course, in agricultural areas it is necessary to regulate the number of predators, as the latter can harm livestock. However, in areas inaccessible to hunting, predators must be preserved for the benefit of both populations of victims and interacting with them plant communities.

Bibliography

A. Stepanovsky "General Ecology"

E.A. Kriksunov, V.V. Book "Ecology

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