To date, there are a lot of respiratory diseases, so much that months would take months to study them. Such a variety is due to a large number of elements from which the human respiratory system consists. Each of them may be subject to diseases of various nature: inflammatory, infectious, etc.

About respiratory diseases in detail

With the defeat of the respiratory organs, their functions are disturbed, the most important of which is the provision of an organism with oxygen, heat exchange and protection against adverse factors of the external environment. Let's consider the 20 most common diseases of the respiratory system.

Adenoids

The disease, which is inflammation of the pharyngeal almond, in which it increases in size. Most often, adenoids develop in children on the soil of colds and infectious diseases.

Symptoms:

• difficulty breathing, even in the absence of a runny nose;
• feeling of nasal congestion;
• runny nose of mucous or purulent nature;
• chronic cough;
• swelling;

With a long-term course of the disease, complications may occur in the form of a hearing impairment, permanent cold illness, reducing brain activity.

It is inflammation of the nasal mucosa caused by the impact of various allergens (pollen, dust, domestic wool).

When allergen hit, almost immediately occurs:

• light and liquid runny nose;
• permanent sneezing;
• swelling;
• tear;
• itching in the eyes, nose or ears.

Symptoms manifested in time:

• nasal congestion and breathing difficulty;
• increased light sensitivity;
• infringement of sense of smell;
• reduced hearing.

Atopic asthma

Another name is bronchial asthma. The disease is inflammation respiratory tract Allergic nature. The main symptom of bronchial asthma is choking. It arises due to the activation immune system In case of allergen in the body, which leads to a sharp reduction in muscles located near the respiratory tract.

Other symptoms:

• wheezing and whistle in the chest;
• attacks of choking arising after exercise;
• dyspnea;
• dry cough.

Bronchitis

The cause of acute pharyngitis is usually a virus, bacterium, fungus, allergies or injury. It is characterized

• a tribe and dry throat;
• unpleasant sensations when swallowing;
• pain in the ears (in some cases);
• increasing body temperature;
• gotally weakness.

Chronic pharyngitis is most often a consequence of gastrointestinal diseases (for example, gastritis). May be 3 types:

1. Catarial. It is characterized by the presence of mucous-purulent discharge on the surface of the throat.
2. Atrophic for which the dryness of the mucosa is typical. At the same time, the throat becomes pale pink.
3. Hypertrophic. At the same time, the type of chronic pharyngitis is observed redness and sealing the mucous membrane of the throat.

In general, for chronic pharyngitis, an increase in body temperature or weakness is not typical. The disease is accompanied by the same symptoms as acute pharyngitisWith the difference that they are not so brightly manifested.

Abbreviated COPD, a disease, due to inflammation of the lung tissue, it makes it difficult or limited to the circulation of air in them. Usually arises due to the prolonged impact of negative factors on the respiratory tract, for example, due to smoking.

Symptoms:

• permanent chronic cough with sputum;
• dyspnea after exercise (lifting steps, for example).

Emphysema lungs

It is a disease at which a stretch of alveoli (tissue is included in the composition of the lung) with further loss of its elasticity occurs. The loss of elasticity entails a violation of blood saturation with oxygen and elimination carbon dioxide from her.

Symptoms:

1. shortness of breath arising after exercise;
2. heart failure;
3. expansion of the gaps between the ribs.

In some cases, surgical intervention can be necessary.

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Diseases of respiratory resistance bodies are third after oncology and cardiovascular pathologies. The respiratory tracts perform an important function in the body. They are saturated with all organs and systems with oxygen, thanks to which a person can live. Many environmental factors have a negative impact on the operation of the respiratory system (poor ecology, work in harmful processes, etc.). A person who, without thinking about the consequences, is playing no less role in the development of diseases of this species, who, without thinking about the consequences, is playing the body with a cigarette smoke. As experts say, smokers with 10 years of experience and more, bristles in bronchi are completely erased, as a result of which they become vulnerable to various infections.

Respiratory diseases are unpleasant by their symptoms and dangerous consequences. When signs of violations or pathologies appear in them, it should be immediately accessible to the doctor, not engaged in self-medication. At an early stage, almost all diseases of the respiratory organs successfully succumb to therapy, while in advanced cases there is practically nothing.

Among the pathologies of the human respiratory system 1 place occupy sharp respiratory infections. The most common diseases of the respiratory organs belonging to this category are found in adults and in children.

COPL (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) is the pathology of the respiratory tract, which occurs more than 10 million people. It arises against the background of chronic bronchitis, the cause of which often become infections and long-term tobacco. The main symptoms of the disease are manifested in the form of daily cough, chronic sputum generation, frequent bronchitis, painful shortness of breath, as a negative reaction to all sorts of irritating factors (dust, smoke, etc.).

Initially, the disease occurs in easy formwhich is not manifested by any negative symptoms. Further develops medium and severe degrees characterized by a significant deterioration in human health. If you do not start treating this disease of the respiratory system, irreversible consequences incompatible with life can occur.

Bronchial asthma stands on 2 prevalence in the pathologies of the respiratory system. It is both adults and young children with the same frequency. The reasons for the development of alert are a genetic factor, professional activity, poor ecology, improper nutrition, infection, stress presence, alcohol abuse, aggressive influence of detergents. Exogenous bronchial asthma develops as a result of the effects of allergen (inhalation of pollen, contact with mold fungi, homemade pets and so on.). The main features and symptoms of asthma are manifested in the form of difficulty breathing with a whistle or wheezing, an attached cough, shortness of breath.

The bronchiectatic disease is characterized by the expansion of the bronchi, in which the wet wet and the gap of the lung tissue occurs. As a result of the process, the drainage function of the bronchi is broken, the mucus is stirred in them (like water in the swamp), and various microorganisms begin to multiply in it. By hitting and developing infection in bronchi, the inflammatory process increases and the person begins to hurt with bronchitis more than 5 times a year. The main signs of pathology are manifested in the form of a complete inhalation and incomplete exhalation. With each time, a person inhales more and more air, trying to restore the breath, as a result of which the lungs are filled and their cells are torn, since the reverse outflow does not occur.

Despite the fact that the disease is inherited, in 25% of cases in healthy parents, a child can be born with an innate weakened genome. The main sign of the disease is a violation of the secretion of mucus. As a result, various infections are multiplied inside the Alveol, causing inflammation and extremely unpleasant consequences.

Pneumonia has several species and is considered one of the most frequent and dangerous consequences of pathogens entering the body. Causes of respiratory diseases: gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms, mycoplasma, viruses, fungi. The disease is dangerous and unpredictable, because a deathly outcome may occur for a short time.

Symptomatics of pathologies

All respiratory diseases have their own characteristics and differences. But there are some symptoms for which you can suspect occurring disorders in these parts of the body.

The main symptoms for diseases of the respiratory organs appear in the form:

1. Dysfots. Subjective - develops during hysteries and neurosis, objective can be determined after a number of studies that will show changes in the respiratory rhythm and the duration of the inhalation-exhalation. Physiological - arises after active physical Loads, Pathological - as a result of the disease of the respiratory system. In the acute edema of the lungs, the hardest shortness of breath occurs (as well as a asthmatic seizure).
2. Cough: dry unproductive (the reasons for such a symptom - laryngitis, chronical bronchitis) and wet with sputum release. Diseases of respiratory organs associated with a wet cough are bronchitis, pneumonia, tuberculosis, oncological defeat. Causes of permanent cough - smoking, influenza, ORZ, pneumonia. The condition can be highlighted in the morning and night time depending on the cause of this symptom.
3. Diseases of respiratory organs are sometimes manifested in the form of hemoptalia. Blood is determined in the sputum highlighted during coughing. Respiratory diseases, giving such symptoms, is an oncological process in the lungs, tuberculosis. The same can be characterized by the pathology of the cardiovascular system. If the blood is light, tuberculosis or ascariasis should be suspected. Brewing pneumonia is manifested by a red-colored wet.


4. Pain. All diseases of the respiratory system are characterized by pain of different intensity and location of their localization. They may have a different character and duration depending on the respiratory act, body position, etc.

Tie all of the above symptoms with diseases of the respiratory system can, but it is impossible to determine their cause without diagnostics. That is why when unpleasant symptoms occur, which can be expressed bright or lubricated, examination should be examined in a medical facility.

Diagnostics of states

Disease respiratory organs are heavier and require attentive differential diagnosis. Initially, when contacting the clinic, the doctor listens to the patient's complaints, examines the chest for the presence and localization of the convexity, listens to breathing, will determine its rhythm, frequency, depth. Palpal inspection will determine the voting trembling force: reinforced with pneumonia and weakened during pleurisy.

With auscultation, you can evaluate the breathing (normal or rigid), determine the presence of wheezing (dry - when bronchial asthma, wet - with pneumonia). Instrumental methods Studies can be identified by respiratory organs with a large probability. Use x-ray, radiography, tomography, fluorography for these purposes. Bronchoscopy is used not only as diagnostics, but also for the treatment of some pathologies.

Functional diagnostics are not used in order to find out the cause of the lung disease, but in order to identify the pathology itself before the emergence of the first signs and symptoms.

For this purpose, the measurement of the pulmonary volume is used, the trial is carried out to determine the respiratory failure.

Laboratory investigate the sputum (mucous, serous, purulent, mucous-bloody). The substance is investigated for the presence of microorganisms that could cause pathology. Additionally conduct blood test and urine.

Principles of treatment

Treatment of diseases of the respiratory system is carried out using conservative therapywhich includes the use of a number of drugs, procedures and lifestyle correction. Use several types of therapy as treatment:

• etiotropic (means to eliminate the cause of the disease);
• symptomatic (helps to eliminate unpleasant symptoms);
• supporting (to restore the body).

As the treatment of major diseases, apply:

• antimicrobial therapy (ceftriaxone, cefatoxim);
• means to help relieve inflammation (analgin, dexamethasone, etc.);
• preparations for removal of toxins (polyglyukin, retinol, diphedrol);
• medicines that improve the removal of sputum;
• broncholitics (Eufillin, Papaverin);
• means from cough (chlorophyllip, bronchomax, bromgraxin);
• medicines from allergies (ascorbic acid, diazoline);
• anesthetic drugs (NSAIDs or narcotic drugs);
• diuretic drugs;
• funds stimulating respiration (caffeine-benzoate sodium).

Preparations are used strictly according to the scheme appointed by a specialist. Most often, the disease of the respiratory organs is treated in hospital under the supervision of medical personnel. Additionally, they can use such procedures as inhalations (steam or with adding medicines), massage, etc.

Is prevention obligatory?

To prevent dangerous and unpleasant diseases of the respiratory system, their prevention should be carried out from early childhood. It is leading healthy image life that excludes smoking, reception alcoholic beverages and the use of narcotic drugs. Fine exercises should be performed regularly, walking out in the fresh air, to harde the body in the available ways.

During the day, it is necessary to distribute time so that at least 8 hours accounted for at night. Every year you need to undergo a medical examination, take tests and examine with fluorography. This simple and free procedure will help reveal darous diseases, including tuberculosis, the epidemic of which is growing more and more.

In the presence of chronic diseases (asthma, bronchitis) should be avoided contact with allergens, strengthen the immune system and, if possible, try to take care of the organism in the season of colds infections. As for nutrition, it must be balanced and contain enough vegetables and fruits. It has been proven that people who use vegetable food rich in fiber are less ill and easier tolerate the pathology of the respiratory system, unlike meatseeds. All these events will help protect the respiratory authorities from the development of life-threatening ailments.

Pulmonology

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Pulmonology(Lat. Pulmo, Logos - "Teaching about the lungs") is a section of medicine studying diseases of the respiratory system: lungs, pleura, trachea and bronchi, clinical manifestations of diseases, specificity of diagnostics, methods of treatment and prevention. The respiratory system includes not only air-air paths, but also the central nervous system, chest (breast-roar frame, intercostal muscles, diaphragm), blood circulation system in the lungs. Therefore, in a broad sense, the pathology of other breastfeeding organs, morphologically and functionally related to respiratory bodies is also included in the sphere of the competence of pulmonology.

The authorities, research and treatment of which the pulmonology is engaged in the lungs include: vascular and nerve light root beams, lymph nodes, fork iron, diaphragm, etc. The main function of the respiratory system is to ensure gas exchange in the lungs.

Pulmonologists are engaged in prevention, diagnosis and treatment of lung diseases and bronchi. Operational treatment The diseases of the lungs and other organs of the chest cavity are carried out by thoracic surgeons (from the Greek. Thorax is a chest).

Pulmonology has close connections with such sections of medicine as cardiology, allergology, otolaryngology, resuscitation and intensive therapy, oncology, transplantology.

As part of the pulmonology, an independent direction is a phthisiatry, the study area of \u200b\u200bwhich is the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of lung tuberculosis. The problem of prevalence

- Easy injuries, accompanied by anatomical or functional disorders. Lung damage differ in etiology, gravity, clinical manifestations and consequences. Typical signs of lung injuries are sharp pain in the chest, subcutaneous emphysema, shortness of breath, hemoptal, pulmonary or intrapharmal bleeding. Lung damage is diagnosed with radiography chest, tomography, bronchoscopy, pleural puncture, diagnostic thoracoscopy. The tactics of elimination of lungal damage varies from conservative measures (blockades, physiotherapy, physiotherapy) to surgical intervention (wound break, resection of the lung and so on.).

MKB-10

S27.3. Other light injuries

General

Light damage is a violation of the integrity of either the function of the lungs caused by the impact of mechanical or physical factors and accompanied by respiratory disorders and blood circulation. The prevalence of damage to the lungs is extremely large, which is due primarily with a high frequency of thoracic injury in the structure of injuries of peacetime. In this group, injuries are high levels of mortality, long disability and disability. Damage to the lungs in injuries of the breast is found in 80% of cases and are 2 times more often recognized on openings than during the patient's life. The problem of diagnosis and therapeutic tactics in the damage to the lungs remains complex and relevant for traumatology and thoracic surgery.

The reasons

Closed lung damages may be a consequence of the impact of a solid surface, chest compression, exposure to an explosive wave. The most frequent circumstances in which people get similar injuries, serve road accidents, unsuccessful falls on the chest or back, blows in breasts with stupid objects, hit under the collapse as a result of collapsing, etc. Open injuries are usually conjugate with penetrating injuries of the chest knife, arrow, sharpening, military or hunting weapons, fragments of shells.

In addition to traumatic damage to the lungs, maybe their defeat physical factors, for example, ionizing radiation. Lightweight damage usually occur in patients receiving radiation therapy over the cancer of the esophagus, light, breast. In this case, the lesions of the pulmonary tissue are topographically correspond to the expulsion fields used.

The cause of damage to the lungs may be diseases accompanied by a breakdown of weakened lung tissue with cough or physical effort. In some cases, foreign bodies of bronchi act the traumatic agent, which can cause perforation of the bronchial wall. Another type of damage to mention is particularly fan-induced lung damage arising from patients who are on IVL. These damage can be caused by the toxicity of oxygen, voluminous, borry worker, atelectracmum, biobrach.

Classification

It is generally accepted dividing all damage to the lungs to closed (with the lack of a breast wall defect) and open (with the presence of a wound hole). A group of closed lung damage includes:

• lung bruises (limited and extensive)
• lung break (single, multiple; linear, patchwork, polygonal)
• discharge of light

Open lung damages are accompanied by a violation of the integrity of the parietal, visceral pleura and chest. By the form of a wounded weapon, they are divided into crushing and firearms. Lung injuries can occur with a closed, open or valve pneumothorax, with a hemotorax, with hemopneumothox, with a breakdown of trachea and bronchi, with an emphysema medplace rate or without them. Damage to the lungs may be accompanied by a fracture of ribs and other bones of the chest; Being isolated or combined with abdominal injuries, heads, limbs, pelvis.

To estimate the severity of damage in easy, it is made to highlight a safe, threatened and dangerous zone. The concept of "safe zone" includes the periphery of the lungs with small vessels and bronchioles (the so-called "lung raincoat"). The "threatened" is considered the central zone of the lung with segmental bronchops and vessels located in it. Dangerous for injury is the roar zone and the root of the lung, including the first second order bronchi and the main vessels - damage to this light zone leads to the development of intense pneumothorax and profuse bleeding.

The post-tramatic period, the following damage to the lungs, is divided into acute (first day), subacute (second-thirds), distant (fourth-fifth day) and late (starting from the sixth day, etc.). The greatest mortality is noted in acute and subacute periods, while the remote and late periods are dangerous by the development of infectious complications.

Symptoms of lung damage

Closed lung damage

Bruise, or light contusion occurs with a strong impact or squeezing in the absence of damage to visceral pleura. Depending on the strength of mechanical exposure, such damage can proceed with intra-aidic hemorrhages of various volumes, breaking the bronchi and the mislimination of the lung.

Minor bruises often remain unrecognized; stronger accompanied by hemoptia, pain when breathing, tachycardia, shortness of breath. In case of inspection, gematomes of soft tissues of the chest wall are often detected. In the case of extensive hemorrhagic infiltration of pulmonary fabric or lung splashing, the phenomena of shock, respiratory distress syndrome occurs. Post-traumatic pneumonia, atelectasis, lung aircraft can become complications of lung injury. The hematomas in the pulmonary fabric are usually absorbed over several weeks, but if they are infected, it is possible to form a lung abscess.

The lung rupture includes injuries accompanied by the injury of pulmonary parenchyma and visceral pleura. The "satellites" of the lung rupture serve pneumothorax, hemotorax, cough with blood wet, subcutaneous emphysema. A shock state of the patient, subcutaneous and mediastinal emphysema, hemopthemia, intense pneumothorax, pronounced respiratory failure can indicate the brief rupture of the bronchi.

Open lung damage

The originality of the open damage clinics is caused by bleeding, pneumothorax (closed, open, valve) and subcutaneous emphysema. The consequence of blood loss is the pallor of the skin, cold sweat, tachycardia, the drop of blood pressure. Signs of respiratory failure caused by the collapse of the lung, include the difficulty of breathing, the sonyusity, the pleuro-pulmonary shock. With an open pneumothorax in the process of breathing, the air enters and comes out of the pleural cavity with a characteristic "crushing" sound.

Traumatic emphysema develops as a result of infiltration by air of the near-plating subcutaneous fiber. It is recognized according to a characteristic crunch that occurs when pressed on the skin, an increase in the volume of soft fabrics of the face, neck, chest, sometimes all the torso. It is especially dangerous to penetrate air to the mediastinum fiber, which can cause compression mediastinal syndrome, deep disorders of respiration and blood circulation.

In the late period, penetrating injuries are complicated by the suppuration of the wound channel, bronchial fistulas, an emphasis of pleura, pulmonary abscess, gangrea lung. The death of patients can occur from acute blood loss, asphyxia and infectious complications.

Fan-induced lung damage

Barryravum in intubated patients arises due to the rupture of lung tissues or bronchi in the IVL process high pressure. This condition may be accompanied by the development of subcutaneous emphysema, pneumothorax, the collapse of the lung, the emphysema of the mediastinum, the air embolism and the threat of the patient's life.

The volute mechanism is based not on the gap, but on the absorption of pulmonary tissue, entailing the increase in the permeability of the alveolar-capillary membranes with the occurrence of negrotogenic edema of the lungs. Atelecthotramma is the result of a violation of the evacuation of the bronchial secret, as well as secondary inflammatory processes. Due to the decrease in the elastic properties of the lungs, the alveoli collaboration occurs, and the breaths are inhapping. The consequences of such damage to the lungs may become alveolitis, necrotic bronchiolitis and other pneumatic treatment.

Biostrauma is damage to the lungs caused by the increase in the products of the system of systemic inflammatory response. Biostraham may occur during sepsis, DVS syndrome, traumatic shock, long-term compression syndrome and other heavy conditions. The release of these substances damages not only the lungs, but becomes the cause of polyorgan deficiency.

Lightweight damage

Depending on the severity of respiratory disorders, 4 degrees of gravity of radiation damage are distinguished:

1. worries a small dry cough or shortness of breath with a load;
2. worried about the permanent adsatory cough, which requires the use of antitussive preparations; shortness of breath occurs with a slight load;
3. it worries the exhausting cough, which is not borne by anti-bias, shortness of breath is expressed in peace, the patient needs periodic oxygen support and the use of glucocorticosteroids;
4. heavy respiratory failure is developing, requiring permanent oxygen and IVL.

Diagnostics

On the likely damage to the lung may indicate external signs of injury: the presence of hematoma, wounds in the chest area, outdoor bleeding, suction of air through the wound channel, etc. The physical data differences depending on the type of injury, but the breathing on the side of the affected lung is most often determined. .

To properly assess the nature of the damage, the chest radiography is required in two projections. X-ray study allows you to reveal the movement of the mediastinum and the collapse of the lung (with hemo- and pneumothorax), spotted focal shadows and atelectases (with lung injuries), pneumatocele (with a break of small bronchi), mediastinal emphysema (with a break of large bronchi) and others characteristic signs Different damage to the lungs. If the patient's condition and technical capabilities are allowed, it is desirable to refine x-ray data using diagnostic thoracoscopy. If necessary, copulatory therapy is carried out, the replenishment of blood loss (transfusion of blood substitutes, hemotransphus).

With lung bumps are usually limited conservative treatment: Adequate anesthesia (analgesics, alcohol-novocaine blockades) is produced, bronchoscopic respiratory tract to remove sputum and blood, respiratory gymnastics is recommended. In order to prevent valuable complications, antibiotic therapy is prescribed. For speedy absorption of ekkimosis and hematoma, physiotherapeutic methods of exposure are used.

In the event of damage to the lungs, accompanied by the occurrence of hemopneumothrax, the priority is the aspiration of air / blood and the lighting of the lung by means of therapeutic thrakereatment or drainage of the pleural cavity. In case of damage to the bronchi and large vessels, the preservation of the lung collapse is shown by thoracotomy with the revisions of the chest cavity. The further volume of intervention depends on the nature of the damage to the lung. Surface wounds located on the periphery of the lung can be ears. In the event of a detection of extensive destruction and scramble of lung tissue, resection is produced within healthy tissues (wedge-shaped resection, segmentectomy, lobectomy, pulmonectomy). When breaking the bronchi, it is possible both reconstructive interference and resection.

Forecast

The forecast is determined by the nature of damage to the pulmonary fabric, the timeliness of the provision emergency care and adequacy of subsequent therapy. In uncomplicated cases, the outcome is most often favorable. The factors that allocate the forecast are open lung damage, combined injury, massive blood loss, infectious complications.

In the respiratory authorities, gas exchange is carried out. For body activities, life-grade gas is necessary - oxygen. The body receives it due to the functioning of the respiratory system, which brings oxygen with inhaled air, and water vapor and carbon dioxide removes from the body.

Daily intake of oxygen body in rest is 360 liters. A person in a minute produces 12-18 inhales, and with each breath, 300-500 ml arrives, approximately 1/2 liters of air, with deep breath - 1 1 / 2-2 liters.

Respiratory structure

The respiratory system begins with a nose, where the inhaled air is warmed and cleared. Through the nasophal, the air enters the larynx, equipped with two voice ligaments having a type of film; When vibration vibrations, there is a tone, which is the basis of the voice. Next, the larynx goes into the trachea located in the chest behind the chest. The trachea consists of 18-20 cartilaginous rings. The trachea tree branches his bronchi, which, in turn, are divided into smaller bronchiols. Bronchioles end in the pulmonary alveoli resembling a grape brush. In Alveol, there is a transition of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and the return of carbon dioxide from the blood. This process is called blood oxidation in the lungs. Pulmonary alveoli and bronchi with bronchioles are actually covered with pulmonary cloth forming pulmonary shares. The right lung consists of three, and the left - of two pulmonary fractions.

Respiratory movements are carried out by the main respiratory muscle - a diaphragm separating the chest from abdominal cavity, and intercostal muscles. Lightweight covered with wisseral pleura film, chest - parietal pleural. There is a pleural cavity between these pleural leaves, in which negative pressure is observed, due to which the lungs are in an extended state.

Oxygen-enriched blood comes from the lungs in the heart, where it is dealt all over the body.

Breath injuries

Hazardous injury of respiratory organs is the Kolota or a firearm wound penetrating into pleural cavity. Penetration into this cavity causes the fallout of the lungs and the termination of their activities. This condition is called pneumothorax.

When falling and jolts, there are bruises of the chest and fractures of the ribs. Fombings of the latter can cause lung damage. With strong blows, hemorrhage arises into the lungs or in the pleural cavity. Hit in Gortan foreign bodies May cause stranger.