Eye diseases today, in the age of computer technology, are more widespread than ever. They appear in both adults and children.

Eye diseases are a violation of the visual analyzer and the adnexa of the eye. Such lesions have a functional or organic nature of their occurrence. Diseases of the eyes in humans affect the general condition, lifestyle and cause significant discomfort. Early diagnosis and treatment can help avoid serious complications and speed up the healing process. So, let's look at what diseases are, talk about the most common eye diseases, as well as how to deal with them.

List of diseases of the organs of vision

You can determine the type of disease by its characteristic features. Diseases of the organs of vision are extensive, therefore, for convenience, experts divide them into several large sections. Let's highlight the main groups of ophthalmic disorders:

• diseases optic nerve;
• pathology of the eyelids and lacrimal canal;
• diseases of the mucous membrane;
• pathology of the eye muscles;
• diseases of the iris, sclera, cornea;
• lens diseases;
• retinal pathology and blood vessels;
• diseases eyeball and vitreous.

Causes of occurrence

Eye problems appear for the following reasons:

Eye diseases are congenital and acquired

Diseases of the optic nerve

Consider common pathologies: neuritis and optic nerve atrophy.

Atrophy

Atrophic changes on the part of the optic nerve are a dangerous pathology that leads to significant impairment of visual function. Trauma, compression, nerve dystrophy, hypertension, meningitis - all this and much more can lead to irreversible changes.

The mechanism of development of the pathological process is based on the destruction of nerve fibers and gradual replacement connective tissue... As a result, there is a blockage of blood vessels and a violation of the blood supply. Blanching of the optic nerve head leads to a significant deterioration in vision.

Let's highlight the main causes of optic nerve atrophy:

• genetic predisposition;
• intoxication;
• atherosclerosis;
• ophthalmic disorders;
• diseases nervous system.

The disease can appear as an independent process or develop against the background of another pathology. With initially identified atrophy, the optic disc has clear boundaries and a pale shade. The disc takes the form of a small saucer with narrowed blood vessels.

Optic atrophy is congenital and acquired

The pathological process is characterized by the appearance of such symptoms:

• fuzzy disc boundaries;
• dilation of blood vessels;
• bulging of the central part of the disc.

For an accurate diagnosis, angiography of the cerebral vessels, X-ray of the skull, blood test, MRI, and an ophthalmological examination are prescribed. Treatment is aimed at converting complete atrophy to partial. Patients are prescribed drugs that improve the trophism of the optic nerve. Depending on the severity of the processes, drugs are administered in the form of drops or even injections.

Neuritis

The disease is characterized by inflammation of the optic nerve, including its disc. In the retrobulbar type, the inflammatory reaction appears behind the eyeball. In this case, there is a possibility of damage to the axial bundle of nerve fibers.

Scientists still cannot say exactly how neuritis develops, but they do not exclude the possibility of developing an autoimmune process, in which the body, in fact, is fighting with itself. Specialists identify the role of multiple sclerosis in the mechanism of neuritis development.

Important! People with optic neuritis are at risk for multiple sclerosis.

Optic neuritis causes severe visual acuity disorders

Let's highlight the main provoking factors in the development of neuritis:

• infectious, viral, bacterial diseases;
• cranial arteritis;
• radiation therapy;
• taking certain medications.

Neuritis is characterized by a decrease in visual acuity and the appearance of visual field defects. The disease causes a narrowing of the visual fields, up to the lack of color perception. Neuritis threatens the development of atrophic changes!

With the retrobulbar type, severe pain occurs when the eyeball moves. The disease is characterized by a one-sided lesion, but in advanced cases, the pathological process passes to the second eye. With an unfavorable course of neuritis, a sharp decrease in vision is possible, up to complete blindness, without the possibility of restoring visual function.

With toxic retrobulbar neuritis, symptoms of intoxication appear, namely:

• nausea;
• vomit;
• loss of consciousness;
• coma.

Neuritis is treated in a stationary setting. Patients are prescribed antibacterial and anti-inflammatory drugs. You may also need to carry out detoxification, vitamin and antispasmodic therapy.

Only in rare cases is it possible to identify the true cause of the inflammatory process of the optic nerve.

Pathology of the eyelids and orbits

Let's talk about the most common pathologies of the eyelids and eye sockets - barley and blepharitis.

The inflammatory process of the edge of the eyelids can develop due to the following reasons:

Patients begin to complain of itching, pain, and a feeling of heaviness. The cartilage area becomes edematous and hyperemic. The disease is caused by an overgrowth of bacteria that live along the edges of the eyelids and at the base of the eyelashes. Over time, this pathogenic microflora builds up and creates a biofilm.

Infectious blepharitis is considered contagious and can be spread from one person to another through dirty hands and personal hygiene items.

The photo shows the clinic for blepharitis

Barley

The disease is characterized by inflammation of the eyelashes, as well as sebaceous gland... Barley appears in the form of inflammation and edema of the eyelid. As the pathological process progresses, it begins to blush, increase in size. Then a purulent formation is formed.

Important! Staphylococcus aureus is the main culprit in barley. The pathogen spreads by airborne droplets and by household contact.

Most often, infection occurs due to violations of the rules of personal hygiene. Barley develops against the background of a weakened immune system. The body's resistance can be weakened due to a lack of essential vitamins, hypothermia, unhealthy diet, bad habits, stressful situations, and more.

Conjunctival disorders

Let's talk about conjunctivitis and trachoma.

The disease is characterized by inflammation of the mucous membrane of the eye. Depending on the provoking factor, conjunctivitis is bacterial, viral, fungal, allergic, dystrophic, chlamydial.

Can cause disease infectious agents, chemicals, gases, allergens. Pathogenic microflora can enter the conjunctiva of the eye by airborne droplets, contact or from chronic foci of infection.

Most often, conjunctivitis is bacterial and viral in nature.

Conjunctivitis is characterized by the appearance of such symptoms:

• redness and swelling of the eyelids and mucous membranes of the eye;
• photophobia;
• increased lacrimation;
• the appearance of pathological secretions from the eyes.

Trachoma

The first symptoms usually go unnoticed. Trachoma proceeds in four main stages:

1. Inflammation and swelling of the conjunctiva. Grains of gray appear.
2. Infiltration stage. The number of follicles begins to grow, and scars form.
3. Scarring stage. Follicles and areas of infiltration become visible.
4. The diffuse nature of infiltration, the absence of an inflammatory reaction.

In the first and second stages, the follicles are squeezed out with tweezers, after which the eyelids are lubricated with antibacterial ointment. The third and fourth stage is an indication for inpatient treatment.

Lens diseases

First, let's talk about aphakia, and then take a closer look at the well-known disease of the lens - cataract.

The pathological process is characterized by the absence of a lens. In general, why do we need a lens? It is a natural lens of our body, thanks to which we can focus our gaze on nearby and distant objects. Any disturbance of the lens will inevitably affect the quality of vision.

Afakia is characterized by the absence of a lens

Most often, aphakia occurs in elderly people. Due to this pathology, a person can completely lose sight. Afakia reduces performance, quality of life and can even cause depressive conditions. Trauma to the eye is a common cause of aphakia. Injury or injury can result in the lens falling out.

With aphakia, patients present with the following complaints:

• decreased visual acuity;
• the appearance of a veil before the eyes;
• sense of presence foreign body;
• the near and far points merge into one, the person does not see the object;
• the right and left eyes do not get a uniform picture of the image;
• trembling of the iris.

The absence of the lens is visible visually, so there are no problems with the diagnosis. With a timely visit to a doctor, the prognosis of aphakia is favorable.

The disease is characterized by clouding of the lens or its capsule. Pathology slowly progresses in adulthood. However, there are some types of cataracts that develop rapidly and can lead to loss of vision in a short time.

Cataract is one of the most common ophthalmic diseases

Acquired cataracts appear for a variety of reasons, including:

• trauma;
• metabolic disease;
• endocrine disorders;
• concomitant ophthalmic disorders;
• intoxication;
• irradiation;
• radiation.

All patients with cataracts are characterized by a gradual progression of deterioration in visual acuity. Many patients complain of the appearance of a veil, fog, blackheads before the eyes.

Retinal and choroid pathologies

Let's highlight the three most common retinal pathologies: retinopathy, retinal detachment and glaucoma.

Glaucoma is a progressive pathology that is fraught with blindness. Increased intraocular pressure leads to destruction of retinal cells and optic nerve atrophy. A person begins to see worse, there is a narrowing of the visual fields.

Glaucoma can lead to loss of vision

Important! At risk are people after sixty years of age who may have absolutely no complaints related to vision.

Glaucoma is an irreversible disease, so it is extremely important to start treatment on time. The following categories are at risk:

• people with high degree myopia or hyperopia after forty years;
• people with low blood pressure;
• people with endocrine, nervous, cardiovascular disorders;
• relatives of patients with glaucoma;
• people who have been taking hormonal drugs for a long time.

The disease manifests itself in the form of the following symptoms:

• pain and soreness in the eyes;
• a feeling of the presence of a foreign body;
• narrowing of the field of view;
• blurred vision;
• deterioration of vision in the evening;
• redness of the eyes;
• painful sensations.

Retinal disinsertion

The retina is the thinnest component of the eye, but at the same time it has a complex structure. It is responsible for the interaction of the visual parts of the brain and the optical system of the eye. Retinal detachment is a dangerous pathology that requires surgical intervention. Delay can lead to blindness!

Retinal detachment is a common cause of blindness

The main cause of detachment is retinal tear. The risk of developing pathology increases with myopia, trauma, previous operations, as well as dystrophic changes in the retina. On the initial stage changes are invisible to humans, which is why you should visit an ophthalmologist at least once a year.

Let's highlight the main symptoms of retinal detachment:

• deterioration of vision;
• narrowing of the visual fields;
• the appearance of a veil and floating points in front of the eyes;
• loss of peripheral vision;
• vibration and deformation of the objects in question.

Retinopathy

Retinopathy is a lesion of the vessels of the retina of the eye, which leads to a violation of the blood supply. Pathology leads to dystrophy, then atrophy and, ultimately, blindness.

The cause of the disease may be a systemic disease or serious condition organism. The secondary process can be the result of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, kidney failure, trauma to the eyeball and others.

The main symptom of retinopathy is visual impairment. Patients complain of the appearance of dark spots and spots before the eyes. On examination, a specialist can pay attention to hemorrhage in the eyeball and proliferation of blood vessels, which is expressed in the form of reddening of the protein. General symptoms may also appear: dizziness, headache, nausea.

Treatment of retinopathy includes the use of conservative and surgical techniques... Patients are credited with eye drops, as a rule, these are vitamin and hormonal agents. As for the surgical techniques, at present, specialists widely use laser or cryosurgical coagulation of the retina, as well as vitrectomy (removal of the vitreous humor).

Eye diseases in children

The visual apparatus plays a critical role in the normal development of a child. Eye conditions in children can lead to delays, limited interests and delays in getting ready for school. During school years, eye diseases in children reduce academic performance, self-esteem and even inhibit the choice of sports and future profession. Let's talk about common ophthalmic pathologies depending on age, first, let's highlight diseases that occur in babies.

Eye diseases in children are congenital and acquired

Newborn

Consider the common eye diseases in newborn babies:

• Congenital cataract, in which the lens becomes clouded. The disease causes visual impairment. In this case, surgical intervention is required.
• Congenital glaucoma, or increased intraocular pressure. The disease leads to the fact that the eyeball increases in size, the optic nerve is compressed and atrophied, and vision is gradually lost.
• Retinopathy. This is a retinal disease in which pathological vessels and fibrous tissue begin to develop. Retinopathy mainly occurs in premature babies. Pathology can lead to retinal detachment and complete blindness.
• Strabismus. If you notice that your baby's eyes deviate in different directions in the first months of life, do not panic. The fact is that the development of the nerves that are responsible for the work of the oculomotor muscles are still at the stage of formation. If the strabismus is strong and persistent, then it is better to consult an optometrist.
• Involuntary eye movements. In medical practice, this pathology is called "nystagmus".
• Dacryocystitis is an inflammation of the lacrimal sac. Content with pus is secreted from the diseased eye, increased lacrimation is observed.
• The drooping of the eyelid is called "ptosis". Pathology may be associated with underdevelopment of the eyelid or pinched nerve.

Pupils

During school years, children are often diagnosed with the following eye diseases:

• Myopia. The medical term for the disease is myopia. The pathology can be provoked by a sedentary lifestyle, improper posture, as well as concomitant eye diseases. Also, experts assign the role of genetic predisposition in the onset of myopia. With myopia, children are prescribed glasses, hardware therapy, as well as special drops for training the eye muscles.
• Farsightedness, or hyperopia. Pathology develops against the background of an atypical structure of the visual apparatus. Reading is especially difficult. The child refuses to draw, conjunctivitis appears for no reason. Parents may notice that the child begins to blink frequently and rub his eyes with his hands; when playing with small objects, he begins to close the object to his eyes. Due to visual fatigue, the child develops headaches, he becomes irritable.
• Astigmatism. In this disease, the shape of the lens or cornea is disturbed. The child sees distorted objects, which negatively affects visual acuity. The child begins to squint often, cover one eye and begins to look at objects from a certain angle.
• Accommodation disorder. The pathology is based on a violation of the clarity of perception when examining objects.
• Binocular vision disorder. In case of illness, it is impossible to combine the two images from the right and left eyes together.

Poor posture can lead to the development of myopia

Diagnostics and treatment

To make a diagnosis, a number of studies will be required, namely:

• autorefkeratometry is prescribed for suspected astigmatism and myopia;
• biomicroscopy will help on early stages diagnose cataracts, glaucoma, as well as detect the presence of a tumor and foreign calving;
• gonioscopy is prescribed to diagnose glaucoma;
• visiometry will help to give an accurate assessment of visual acuity;
• perimetry is able to determine the first changes in the violation of the retina, optic nerve, as well as the sensitivity of the pathways;
• tonometry allows you to measure intraocular pressure;
• ophthalmoscopy is an examination of the fundus;
• ultrasound diagnostics allows you to obtain information about the state of the eyeball, blood vessels, optic nerve, lens, vitreous body;
• laboratory tests are prescribed for infectious diseases to identify the pathogen.

Depending on the diagnosis, conservative, physiotherapeutic and surgical techniques are used. The patient can be assigned contact lenses, glasses, laser correction.

ethnoscience

Treatment of eye diseases folk remedies includes the use of lotions, drops, and exercises. At the same time, unconventional methods require patience, endurance and perseverance. Consider the effective recipes:

• onion. Boil the vegetable and add a small amount of honey to the broth or boric acid... Use the resulting solution to rinse the eye;
• cucumber. To prepare the drug, you will need a peel, which is poured with boiling water. Then add a pinch of baking soda. The agent is used in the form of lotions;
• self-massage. Do a reflex nail massage in the eyelids and periorbital area;
• herbs. Prepare a collection of such plants: birch leaves, rosehip petals, red clover heads, strawberry leaves, St. John's wort herb. Dry raw materials are poured with boiling water and infused for forty minutes. The broth must be drained. The resulting solution is used to prepare a compress;
• Dill seeds. The product is poured with boiling water and insisted. The filtered agent is used in the form of lotions.

Eye treatment with folk remedies is an auxiliary aid that should be used with the permission of the doctor.

Prevention of eye diseases

Preventing eye disease involves following simple warnings:

• the lighting in the room should be bright enough;
• every half hour when working at a computer, you should take a break and do gymnastics;
• lead an active lifestyle, do not forget about moderate physical exercise;
• give up bad habits, in particular, smoking and alcohol abuse;
• eat right;
• avoid stressful situations;
• control weight;
• check your blood glucose level periodically;
• take vitamins.

So, eye diseases are a common problem among both young children and adults. There are a huge number of ophthalmic disorders. Treatment is selected by a doctor after an accurate diagnosis and identification of provoking causes.

Ophthalmic pathologies can be independent diseases, or develop against the background of a failure in the work of other systems. Diseases of the eyes occur due to poor ecology, increased stress on the organs of vision and malnutrition. In therapy, an integrated approach is used - treatment with medications, folk remedies, physiotherapy, in some cases an operation is required.

Eye diseases can be an independent disease or a complication of another pathology.

Common symptoms of eye diseases

Common signs of eye diseases:

• , swelling of the conjunctiva;
• deterioration of vision, decreased image clarity;
• sensation of a speck, a foreign body in the eye, reduces the eye muscles;
• increased eye pressure indicators;
• photophobia;
• the mucous membrane dries up, the eyes are very and constantly watering.

Watery eyes are often indicative of an eye condition.

Common Causes of Ophthalmic Problems

The causes of eye diseases can be congenital anomalies, pathogenic microorganisms, age-related changes in the tissues of the organs of vision, trauma, neoplasms of a different nature. The code of ophthalmic pathologies according to ICD-10 is H00-H59.

Ophthalmic diseases are often the result of chronic hypertension, renal failure, diabetes. Bulging eyes are one of the main signs of thyroid problems.

Eye diseases

Ophthalmic problems occur in people at any age, pathological processes can cover the optic nerve, lacrimal canals, eyelids, lens, cornea, orbit. What a healthy eye looks like, its structure can be seen in the photo.

Retinal pathologies

The retina is the inner shell of the eye, its thickness is less than 1 mm, it is responsible for the clarity of the image, the creation of a complete picture.

List of diseases:

1. Retinitis is an inflammatory process in the retina that develops against the background of infectious pathologies, allergies, endocrine disruptions, injuries, burns. Symptoms - cloudy yellow spots, small foci of hemorrhage appear on the fundus.
2. Detachment of the retina - occurs with a strong tension of the vitreous body of the retina, a veil appears on the eye, flashes flicker, multi-colored spots.
3. Retinopathy - an epiretinal membrane forms in the vitreous cavity. Pathology often develops in the elderly, diabetics, against the background of chronic myopia, injuries, manifests itself in the form of distortion, double vision.
4. Angiopathy - occurs in the retina, the disease develops when blood circulation is impaired. Symptoms are frequent nosebleeds, bright flashes before the eyes, a sharp development of myopia.

Detachment of the retina causes flashes of light and a veil in the eyes

Diseases of the eyelids and lacrimal canals

Such diseases are inflammatory, provoke their development by allergens, pathogenic microorganisms, infections.

List of pathologies:

1. Blepharitis - an inflammatory process occurs along the edge of the eyelid, seborrhea, demodex, allergens can provoke the development of the disease. It is characterized by itching, redness, burning eyes, in the morning purulent crusts often appear between the eyelashes, there is increased lacrimation, photophobia.
2. Cryptophalm is a rare disease, the edges of the eyelids are fused, the palpebral fissure narrows or disappears completely, the eye does not open.
3. Lagophthalmos - incomplete closure of the eyelids, the eyes are half-closed even during sleep.
4. Barley (meibomite) is an inflammatory purulent process in the meibomian gland or eyelash follicles, the disease is infectious in nature, provokes its development Staphylococcus aureus, hordeolum. The main signs are, pronounced swelling of the eyelids, pain occurs when touched, pus accumulates in the affected area, sometimes there is an increase in temperature, headache.
5. - acute or chronic inflammation of the lacrimal sac, accompanied by profuse discharge of tears and pus, where the organ is located and how it looks can be seen in the photo.

Dacryocystitis - inflammation of the eye sac

Swelling of the upper and lower eyelids without other signs of inflammatory and infectious pathologies indicates problems with the heart, kidneys, and endocrine diseases.

Often, children under one year old and women are diagnosed with obstruction of the lacrimal canals, conservative methods are ineffective, therefore it is necessary to perform an operation.

Diseases of the iris, sclera, cornea

The cornea is the outer shell of the eyeball, it is constantly influenced by negative external factors, which becomes the cause of the development of dystrophic processes.

Major diseases:

1. Iridocyclitis - inflammation of the cornea of ​​the eye from the inside, the disease develops as a complication of influenza, sexually transmitted diseases, diabetes, rheumatism, measles.
2. Scleritis is an inflammatory process of the sclera, which occurs against the background of autoimmune and infectious diseases. Symptoms are intense dull pain, severe redness, blurred vision.
3. Episcleritis is an acute inflammatory process in the tissues that are located between the conjunctiva and the sclera; at the initial stage, the eye turns red, hurts, light intolerance develops, a lot of fluid is released.
4. Sclerokeratitis is a consequence of the lack of proper therapy for scleritis, the pain is unbearable, the disease leads to blindness, urgent cornea and scleral transplantation is required.
5. Keratitis is a clouding of the cornea against the background of an inflammatory process, infection, injury. The eye becomes red, its shape may change, blepharospasm develops.
6. Keratomalacia is the result of prolonged vitamin A deficiency, due to which the mucous membrane dries up, the disease requires immediate treatment.
7. Keratoconus - changes in the tissues of the cornea of ​​a degenerative nature, which leads to its thinning or bulging, the disease is often diagnosed in people aged 20-40 years. The disease provokes a strong and sharp deterioration in vision in one eye, the contours of objects lose their clarity, the organs of vision quickly get tired.

With keratoconus, bulging of the cornea of ​​the eye occurs

Polycoria is a rare congenital pathology, an anomaly in the development of the eyeball, in which there are 2 pupils on the iris, one of which is dominant and has a larger size.

Glasses syndrome - a traumatic form occurs with fractures of the bones of the face and skull. Non-traumatic - indicates the development of dermatomyositis, the disease is accompanied by inflammatory processes in muscle fibers, skin, small vessels, in addition to the purple color, a rash appears.

Diseases of the lens and conjunctiva

With inflammation of the conjunctiva, conjunctivitis is diagnosed, the disease can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, chlamydia, allergens, ultraviolet light. The eyelids redden and swell, itching and burning occurs, mucous and purulent discharge accumulates in the corners of the eyes.

Lens diseases:

1. Cataract is a congenital or age-related disease, expressed in the clouding of the lens, can cause blindness. Signs - the picture becomes blurred, doubles, the person ceases to see in the dark. In newborns, the disease can occur if a woman during pregnancy has suffered measles, rubella, toxoplasmosis, and severe flu.
2. Aphakia is the absence of a lens due to trauma or cataract.
3. Bifakia - as a result of pathological processes, a second lens is formed.

Cataracts are most common in older people

To denote congenital and acquired changes in the lens, its shape, size, color, position, organic and other types of opacities, the term lensopathy is used.

Pathologies of the muscular apparatus of the eyes can occur at any age, but most often they are diagnosed in children as congenital anomalies. Inflammatory processes of the optic nerve cause diseases of other organs and systems.

List of muscle diseases:

1. Strabismus is a violation of the control of the movements of the eyeball, when focusing on an object, the eyes have different directions, a person often has involuntary movements of the head, the gaze becomes squinted.
2. Nystagmus is a violation of the functions of the movement of the organs of vision, you can notice fluctuations in the pupils of various amplitudes. It can be congenital, the acquired form develops in case of severe poisoning with narcotic drugs, medicines.
3. Ophthalmoplegia - paralysis of the eye muscles, does not belong to independent diseases, develops against the background of various pathologies.
4. - age-related pathology, muscles weaken, the skin stretches, upper eyelid goes down. A decrease in visual functions is rarely observed; special gymnastics will help prevent the problem of heavy eyes.

Ptosis - weakening of the eye muscles

A common disease of the optic nerve, neuritis, develops in people with multiple sclerosis, diseases in which the amount of fatty layer around the nerve fibers decreases. It is characterized by pain when moving the eyes, impaired peripheral vision, blind spots appear in the center, a person is often worried about a headache.

Neuropathy - violation of the integrity of the optic nerve against the background of genetic factors, long-term exposure poisonous substances, ischemia. The main symptom is the loss of color perception when moving.

Astigmatism and normal vision

Benign and malignant tumors

Ophthalmic neoplasms are rare, but often cause disability and death in people, approximately 25% of tumors are malignant.

Retinoblastoma is often diagnosed in children - the tumor affects immature cells of the retina, the pupil glows yellow-green, therefore the pathology is often called cat's eye disease. The disease can be inherited, in boys it happens 2 times more often than in girls, it affects both eyes. In a random form, a malignant neoplasm occurs in one organ of vision, it is easier to treat a sporadic form than hereditary retinoblastoma.

In adults, tumor processes in the eyes occur against the background of the spread of metastases from the maternal malignant tumor, which may be in the mammary gland, lungs.

Retinoblastoma in the eye

Which doctor should I go to?

He will be able to diagnose the cause of visual impairment. After preliminary diagnosis, it may be necessary to consult an eye surgeon.

Methods for diagnosing eye diseases

After examination and collection of anamnesis, a person needs to do a clinical, biochemical analysis blood, coagulogram to assess the general condition of the body, the presence inflammatory processes... But the basis of diagnostics is made up of special ophthalmological studies.

Diagnostic methods:

• ophthalmoscopy - allows, the most informative research method, diagnostics is carried out using a lens or a special device;
• visometry - it is carried out to assess visual acuity, special tables are used, when deviations are detected;
• refractometry - the method allows you to determine the optical power of the eye, to identify hyperopia, astigmatism;
• perimetry - assessment of peripheral vision;
• color perception test using Rabkin tables;
• biomicroscopy - a microscope with a high magnification allows you to see the slightest disturbances in the structure of the cornea, conjunctiva, iris, lens, vitreous body;
• ophthalmometry - measure the radius of refraction of the cornea;
• strabismus - the method allows you to determine the angle of strabismus;
• flushing, probing of the lacrimal canals;
• examination of eyelashes to identify mites.

Ultrasound of the eyeball helps to identify abnormalities

Treatment of eye diseases

In the treatment of eye diseases, a conservative and surgical method of treatment is used, folk remedies will help to enhance their effect, speed up the process of recovery and recovery.

Medication methods

For the treatment of eye diseases, external preparations are used in the form of ointments, drops, tablets and injections are prescribed for severe forms of the disease. The choice of medication depends on the results of diagnostics, the cause of ophthalmic problems.

How to treat eye diseases:

• antiseptics - Vitabact, drops based on silver salts, eliminate the manifestations of infection and inflammation;
• steroid and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs - Dexamethasone, Diclofenac;
• antibacterial drugs - Levomycetin, Tobrex, Tsipromed, Albucid;
• antifungal agents - Nystatin;
• antiviral drugs - Acyclovir, Cycloferon injections;
• antihistamines - Allergodil;
• vasoconstrictor drops - Vizin;
• medications combined action- Tobradex, Sofradex.

Allergodil - antihistamine

To reduce the manifestations of signs of glaucoma, drugs are used to normalize intraocular pressure, improve the outflow of intraocular fluid, reduce its amount - Trusopt, Pilocarpin. With cataract, therapy is aimed at slowing down the process of lens opacity, improving metabolic processes - drops Oftan Katakhrom, Quinax help well.

No more than 1 drop and 1 cm of the drug can penetrate into the conjunctival cavity, so it makes no sense to use medicines in large quantities. You need to use different drugs at intervals of a quarter of an hour. ...

Physiotherapy methods

Physiotherapy - compulsory and effective method treating eye diseases, preventing relapses.

Physiotherapy methods in ophthalmology:

• exposure to current of varying degrees of voltage - UHF, magnetotherapy, galvanization;
• electrophoresis, phonofresis and magnetophoresis with drugs;
• treatment with quanta of light.

During the sessions, energy is directed to the organs of vision, which contributes to the acceleration of metabolic processes, regeneration, which helps to quickly eliminate the disease.

Laser therapy helps in the treatment of eye diseases

Folk remedies

The effectiveness of alternative medicine methods in the treatment of eye diseases is recognized even by ophthalmologists, but provided that they are used in combination with drugs.

Folk recipes for the treatment of eye pathologies:

1. In case of clouding of the lens, chronic conjunctivitis, after injuries, instill a beaver stream in 1 drop in each eye in the morning and in the evening.
2. Dilute 30 ml of honey with 60 ml of warm water, use the solution for compresses, carry out the procedure three times a day in case of severe fatigue, eye inflammation.
3. Pour 250 ml boiling water 3 tbsp. l. dry chamomile inflorescences, leave for an hour, drain. Rinse eyes with solution several times a day.

It is useful to drip your eyes with a decoction of chamomile

Nettle helps with glaucoma - mix 0.5 cups of fresh leaves with 1 tsp. lily of the valley inflorescences, add 0.5 tsp. soda, pour the mixture with 250 ml of cool water. Put the solution in a dark place for 9 hours, strain, apply compresses 3-4 times a day.

Surgical intervention

The operation is carried out in the absence of effect after drug treatment, surgical intervention is required for congenital and age-related pathologies.

Types of surgical interventions:

• keratoplasty - corneal transplant from a donor;
• crosslinking - strengthening the ligaments and tissues of the cornea;
• cauterization of the retina with a laser - carried out to remove tumors, improve visual acuity;
• laser correction of the curvature of the cornea;
• operations to eliminate strabismus - with a pronounced degree of the disease, they are carried out for children under 3 years old;
• artificial implant;
• ultrasonic and laser removal cataracts;
• vitrectomy - partial or complete removal of the vitreous body with retinal detachment, after profuse hemorrhage in the eye;
• laser glaucoma treatment;
• scleroplasty - performed for children and adolescents with progressive myopia.

Modern technologies make it possible to carry out most operations in 10-30 minutes, use local anesthesia, the procedures are practically painless, safe, the recovery period is short. The cost of surgical intervention is from 8 thousand rubles.

Possible complications

Errors in the diagnosis and treatment of eye diseases can lead to the development of severe complications, complete or partial loss of vision.

Why are eye diseases dangerous:

• chronic conjunctivitis;
• stable immunity to bright light;
• loss, impaired growth of eyelashes;
• abscess, tissue melting against a background of severe purulent inflammation;
• scarring, proliferation of mucous membranes;
• clouding of the lens, cornea;
• nerve atrophy;
• detachment, retinal degeneration.

If the disease is not treated in time, then retinal dystrophy may begin.

Prophylaxis

Distinguish between primary and secondary methods of preventing eye diseases, which are aimed at preventing the development of problems, their timely identification.

Primary prevention methods:

• observe the daily routine;
• correctly install lighting fixtures on the desktop;
• do not read while lying in transport;
• when working for a long time at the computer, give your eyes a rest every hour;
• regularly do gymnastics for the eyes -;
• use sunglasses, masks when working with harmful and hazardous substances.

After working at the computer, do a little exercise for the eyes.

Secondary prophylaxis is an annual preventive examination by an ophthalmologist, following all the recommendations of a specialist during treatment.

The danger of ophthalmic diseases is that pathological processes in the tissues of the eyes develop very quickly. Regular prophylaxis, timely treatment will help limit the treatment with conservative methods and physiotherapy, otherwise surgery will be required.

Vision is a very important ability of a person's body. When a person sees well, he is able to perform a wide variety of actions, be independent, and have the opportunity to be employed. If a patient has a decrease in visual acuity, then this is fraught with various difficulties in the everyday life, as well as physiological problems.

Loss of visual function can be observed in a wide variety of situations, and quite often it is associated with eye diseases. The list of pathologies is very large, and the diseases are so diverse that it is sometimes difficult to determine what is the cause of the patient's eye disease. To understand this issue, you should study in detail the most common groups of diseases, paying special attention to the symptoms.

Classification of major pathologies

Each disease has its own symptoms, which make it possible to identify the problem in a timely manner and begin treatment as soon as possible. In addition, the symptomatology makes it possible for the doctor to draw up clinical picture and determine the reason for the decrease in the quality of the eyeball. As a rule, an ophthalmologist directs his patients for an initial examination using special equipment. This allows you to subsequently make an accurate diagnosis and prescribe the correct solution.

Additional examination of the patient and identification of the type of eye pathology can help in this. All eye diseases can be divided into several types:

Most known issues are in the nature of inflammation. These eye diseases include: barley, blepharitis, conjunctivitis. Physiological disorders that provoke a decrease in visual acuity are myopia or hyperopia, presbyopia, astigmatism. The most dangerous in terms of serious complications and possible loss of vision are diseases such as glaucoma, cataracts or optic nerve dystrophy. Next, we will consider each group of diseases associated with visual impairment.

Diseases of the eyelids and lacrimal canals

This type of disease includes inflammatory problems. The following types can be noted as the most common pathologies of this type:

All of these diseases are quite easy to treat and can be eliminated after a thorough examination and a special treatment course.

Problems with the cornea, sclera, or iris of the eye

This group of diseases of the eyeball also includes certain pathologies, which are characterized by their own symptoms. Let's consider several diseases, the most common and dangerous ones. The list of diseases that cause a decrease in visual acuity includes:

1. Episcleritis. Acute inflammation of the tissue located between the sclera and conjunctiva. At the initial stage, redness of the eye is observed, in the corneal region. Sometimes there is swelling. The disease does not need special treatment and passes quickly. The patient has a light disease, as well as the secretion of fluid from the conjunctiva.

2. This type of inflammation affects the cornea, as a result of which it becomes cloudy. The disease has several degrees of severity. The main symptoms include redness and tearing.

3. Keratoconus. This problem is considered a degenerative corneal pathology. As a result, there is a thinning or bulging of it due to pressure. The cornea can take the shape of a cone and affect visual acuity and quality. As the main signs, one can note such as rapid loss of vision, rapid fatigability, a feeling that you are seeing double in front of your eyes.

In addition to these diseases, there are also less common: aniridia (absence of a pupil), corneal dystrophy (hereditary pathological changes), anisocoria (difference between pupils in size), polycoria (the presence of more than one pupil in the iris of the eyes).

Pathological changes in the area of ​​the lens and conjunctiva

There are several diseases that arise as a result of the development of pathology of the lens or conjunctiva. This group of diseases includes the following types of ailments:

A common and seemingly simple enough disease can lead to quite serious consequences. The disease can have a different basis: viral or bacterial, fungal or allergic. As the main signs of pathology, one can name such problems as the appearance of redness, swelling, an increase in the degree of lacrimation;

Afakia or the absence of a lens, can develop as a result of removal of the lens due to cataracts or when the eyeball is injured;

Cataract or lens opacity. Pathology can develop in one or two eyes at once, and can also be congenital or acquired. The disease causes serious vision problems. A dark spot is observed in front of the patient's eyes, as well as a bifurcation of objects;

Bifakia- pathology, which is characterized by the appearance of a second lens in the eyeball.

Pathological changes in the structure of the eye

Eye diseases can have a wide variety of symptoms. The appearance of this or that sign indicates the occurrence of problems with the eyeball or muscle tissue in the eye area. The following disorders can be distinguished as the most common diseases of this kind:

Each type of disease can develop in patients of any age group and category. The main reason for the appearance of such a pathology is considered to be the trauma received by the patient or an inflammatory process resulting from the ingress of a foreign body into the eyes, as well as during infection.

Lesions of the muscular system in the eye area

Diseases associated with disruption of the muscular system in the eyeball area can also have their own special signs and nuances. Such problems can be congenital or acquired. The most famous diseases in this situation are:

• Strabismus. It develops as a result of losses in the movement of the eyeball. With such a disease, the most varied orientation can develop during the focusing of the eye;
• Nystagmus- a disease in which the function of eye movement is impaired;
• Farsightedness- the most common problem in which a person does not distinguish objects that are nearby, but things located in the distance, he sees very well;
• Myopia- here everything happens the other way around and the patient sees things and objects perfectly at close range, while distant objects in front of his eyes simply blur;
• Ectropion- eversion of the eyelid, which is most often diagnosed in the lower eyelid. This condition leads to a violation of contact with the eyeball, and in the future is accompanied by problems with the work of the optic nerve. Pathology is accompanied by symptoms such as elevated level tearing, feeling of sand or a foreign object in the eye, redness, and possible skin irritation. Only surgery can save the patient;
• Color blindness- the disease occurs when the color perception of vision changes. In some cases, complete color blindness was diagnosed. A person could not distinguish absolutely no colors, not only in tone, but also in brightness. If such manifestations begin to bother the patient, then the first thing a person needs to do is visit an experienced ophthalmologist.

All described diseases, disorders in the optic nerve or eyeball can occur at any time and for absolutely any reason. To eliminate vision problems, you must resort to preventive measures, visit a specialist in a timely manner for a routine examination, as well as, at the first signs of a violation that has arisen, without delay, undergo the necessary examination. Only timely started treatment will correct the situation and preserve vision.

Eye diseases are very common these days. This is due to many factors: the rapid development of computer technology, environmental degradation and much more. There are over two thousand eye diseases. Let's consider the most common of them, as well as the main symptoms of these diseases.

Optic nerve pathologies

- violation of blood flow in the intrabulbar or intraorbital region. Symptoms: decreased visual acuity and viewing angle, in certain areas there are "blind" zones.

Neuritis- an infectious disease in which an inflammatory process occurs in the optic nerve. Symptoms: pain, loss of sensitivity in the area near the eye, weakening of the muscles that are located near the affected nerve.

Nerve atrophy- a disease in which conduction is disturbed in nerve fibers. Symptoms: decreased visual acuity, up to complete blindness, impaired color perception, decreased viewing angle.

- a disease in which the motor nerves of the eye cease to function normally, which often leads to muscle paralysis and the inability to rotate the eyes. Symptoms: the eyes are shifted and fixed in one position.

Diplopia- with this disease, a person constantly has double vision, which causes a lot of unpleasant sensations.

Diseases of the eye sockets, lacrimal canals and eyelids

- an inflammatory process that occurs along the edges of the eyelids. Signs: redness, swelling and burning of the eyelids, a feeling of the presence of a speck in the eye, itching, discharge from the eyes, scabs on the eyelashes after sleep, painful perception of bright light, constant tearing, dryness and soreness in the eyes, the edges of the eyelids may peel off.

Cryptophthalm- a rare disease in which the edges of the eyelids are fused together, which leads to a narrowing of the palpebral fissure, up to its complete absence.

Lagophthalmos- the eyelids do not completely close together, as a result of which in some areas they remain constantly open, even during sleep.

Turn of the century- the edges of the eyelids, on which the eyelashes are located, are turned in relation to the orbit. This leads to chafing and constant irritation of the eyeballs and ulcers on the cornea.

Coloboma- pathological disorder in the structure of the century. It is often accompanied by other physiological defects - cleft palate, cleft lip and others.

- a disease in which a large amount of fluid accumulates under the skin in the eyelid region. Symptoms: redness of the skin around the eyelids, pain and discomfort in the eyes, which increase with touch.

Blepharospasm- characterized by uncontrolled contraction of the facial muscles that hold the eyes. It looks as if the person abruptly begins to squint.

- a disease in which the upper eyelid is lowered down. There are several types of pathology. In some severe cases, the eyelid may be drooping enough to completely cover the eye.

- inflammatory eye disease, accompanied by purulent discharge. It occurs as a result of infection. Symptoms: the edges of the eyelids swell, redden and itch, when pressed, there is severe pain, tears often flow, a feeling of discomfort (foreign body) in the eyes. With the acute development of infection, signs of intoxication may be observed - malaise, weakness, high fever, headaches.

- pathological violation of the growth of eyelashes. The danger of the disease lies in the fact that it facilitates the penetration of pathogenic microorganisms into the eyes, in connection with which inflammation of the conjunctiva, eyelids and eyeball often occurs.

Video: Diseases of the eyes. Symptoms and Treatment

Diseases of the lacrimal system

Dacryoadenitis- a disease that causes inflammation in the lacrimal glands. Appears as a result chronic diseases, or the penetration of infection into the body. In the presence of circulatory disorders, it can become chronic. Signs: on upper eyelid puffiness, redness is formed, sometimes the eyeball can protrude. Without timely treatment the inflammation expands, causing malaise, high fever, and ulceration.

- an infectious inflammatory disease that develops in lacrimal canal... There are several types - acute or chronic dacryocystitis, as well as acquired or congenital. Symptoms: pain, redness, swelling in the area of ​​the lacrimal sac, constant lacrimation, discharge of pus from the lacrimal canals.

Tumors of the lacrimal glands- arise due to abnormalities in the development of cells that make up the lacrimal glands. There are benign tumors, and there are malignant ones - for example, sarcoma. Symptoms: The growing neoplasm causes compression of the nerve nodes, which is accompanied by pain in the eyes or in the head. Sometimes, due to a tumor, the eyeball is displaced, the movement of the eyes is impeded. Other signs of a tumor: swelling, increased intraocular pressure, blurred vision.

- pathology characterized by bulging of the eyeball. It occurs due to swelling of the tissues of the eye orbit. Symptoms of the disease, in addition to protruding eyes, are: redness and swelling of the eyelids, soreness when touched.

Corneal diseases

- unequal pupil diameter. Usually appears after injury to the organs of vision. May cause increased photosensitivity, blurred vision. Sometimes anisocoria can indicate serious disorders in the functioning of the cerebellum.

- a disease in which an inflammatory process forms on the episcleral tissue. It begins with reddening of the tissue adjacent to the cornea, followed by the formation of swelling. Symptoms: discomfort in the eye, pain in the eyes from bright light, transparent discharge from the conjunctiva. Almost always, the disease goes away on its own.

- inflammation that occurs on the cornea of ​​the eye. Leads to clouding of the cornea, the appearance of infiltrates. The reasons for the development of keratitis can be trauma, viral or bacterial infections... If untreated, inflammatory processes can spread not only through the cornea, but also to other parts of the eye. Signs: tearing, redness of the mucous membrane, increased sensitivity to bright light, the cornea ceases to be shiny and smooth.

Keratoconus- corneal dystrophy, which occurs due to the fact that intraocular pressure increases, which leads to a violation of the shape of the cornea. Signs: a sharp decrease in vision in the right or left eye, halos around the bulbs, myopia.

Aniridia- complete absence of the iris.

Polycoria- the presence of multiple pupils.

Diseases of the conjunctiva

- a disease in which the lacrimal fluid is produced less than normal. It can occur due to reasons such as: tumors, chronic inflammation, burns, trauma to the visual organs, elderly age, long courses of certain medications, etc. Signs: dryness in the eyes, redness of the eyeballs, burning, mucus production, intolerance to bright light, fog in front of the eyes.

Conjunctivitis- an inflammatory phenomenon in the conjunctiva. There are several types of conjunctivitis - allergic, fungal, infectious, etc. Almost all types of conjunctivitis are contagious, easily transmitted not only through direct contact, but also through household items. In some cases, this disease can provoke serious complications. Signs: redness and swelling of the eyelids, itching, tearing, pus or mucus.

Neoplasms in the conjunctival region- pterygium (occurs in the corner of the eye from the inside), pinguecula (at the junction of the cornea and conjunctiva).

Lens diseases

- a disease in which eye lens begins to grow cloudy gradually. Pathology develops rapidly, it can be in one eye or in both, it damages either the entire lens or some part of it. Cataracts are characteristic of elderly people, it is this disease that often leads to a sharp decrease in visual acuity, sometimes to complete blindness. Certain somatic diseases or injuries of the visual organs can cause the development of cataracts in young people. Symptoms: rapid loss of visual acuity (you often have to change glasses for more powerful ones), poor visibility of objects at dusk ("night blindness"), color perception disorders, rapid eye fatigue, rarely double vision.

Afakia- pathology characterized by the absence of a lens. The lens can be removed due to the fact that it is severely damaged by trauma, or with some eye diseases - for example, with cataracts.

Lens abnormalities – congenital cataract, bifakia, aphakia.

Pathology of the retina or mucous membrane of the eyes

Retinitis- a disease characterized by the development of inflammatory phenomena on the retina. It occurs when the visual organs are injured, exposure to sunlight, or against the background of other diseases. Symptoms: narrowing of the field of vision, limited vision, double vision, the appearance of bright spots in front of the eyes, poor visibility in the dark or twilight.

- a pathology in which the inner layers of the retina are separated from the choroid and adjacent epithelial tissues. Most often it is possible to cure only by surgical intervention. If untreated, the disease can lead to complete loss of vision. Symptoms: a dark veil in front of the eyes, blurred vision, curvature of objects, limited visibility to the sides, flashes or sparks often slip before the eyes.

In the event of microtraumas of the ocular surface (corneal trauma when putting on a contact lens, damaged lens, accumulation of protein deposits on the lens), which are accompanied only by the feeling that something has got into the eye, you should not neglect treatment, since the lack of treatment for microtraumas can lead to irritation and redness, which in turn can contribute to the development of complications (keratitis, keratoconjunctivitis, corneal ulcers), since damaged tissues are the gateway to infection.

For the restoration of eye tissues, drugs with dexpanthenol, a substance with a regenerating effect, have proven themselves well. In particular, eye gel"Korneregel" has a healing effect due to the maximum concentration of dexpanthenol 5% *, and the carbomer included in its composition, due to its viscous texture, prolongs the contact of dexpanthenol with the ocular surface.

Angiopathy- violation of the structure of blood vessels in the eyes, is formed as a result of injury to the visual organs, increased intraocular pressure, malfunctions of the nervous system, arterial hypertension, intoxication of the body or anatomical pathologies in the structure of blood vessels. Symptoms: blurred vision, cloudy eyes, glare or bright flashes in front of the eyes, in severe cases, blindness.

Glaucoma– chronic illness, in which the intraocular pressure is increased. Often leads to damage to the optic nerve and, as a result, to sharp deterioration vision up to its complete loss. The disease is irreversible, therefore, without timely treatment, there is a high risk of going completely blind. Symptoms: poor visibility on the sides, dark spots, fog in front of the eyes, indistinguishability of objects in the twilight, in bright light - colored circles in front of the eyes.

Refractive disorders

Myopia- a disease in which a person does not see objects in the distance. It is formed as a result of the fact that the image is lined up in front of the retina of the eye. Symptoms: poor visibility of distant objects, eyes get tired quickly, discomfort, pain in the temples or in the forehead.

Farsightedness- pathology characterized by poor discernibility of close objects, with good visibility of distant ones. In contrast to myopia, the image is formed behind the surface of the retina. Signs of this disease are often: fog before the eyes, sometimes strabismus.

Astigmatism- a disease in which light rays entering the retina cannot focus on it. Most often, astigmatism occurs due to physiological disorders in the structure of the cornea or lens. Symptoms: blurring, indistinctness of objects, eye fatigue, pain in the head, the need to constantly strain the eyes to see.

Video: Eye diseases: which ones are curable?

Other eye diseases

Myodesopsia- the appearance of spots, "flies" or black dots before the eyes.

Strabismus- a disease in which the axis of vision deviates, which leads to the fact that binocular vision is violated.

Nystagmus- uncontrolled rapid eye movements.

Amblyopia- damage to the eye muscles, in which one eye stops working or moving. It is accompanied by a decrease in the acuity of the affected eye, the inability to assess the distance to objects.

Leikoma (thorn)- the formation of scar tissue on the cornea of ​​the eye. It occurs due to eye injury, or with prolonged inflammatory processes in the body.

Color blindness- violation of color perception. Most often this is a congenital pathology.

Hemeralopia("Night blindness") - a disease in which a person sees objects poorly in poor lighting.

Xanthopsia- a rare pathology in which a person sees all objects with a yellowish tint.

Panophthalmit- destruction of the tissues of the eyeball, accompanied by the release of a large amount of pus.

Video: Primary angle-closure glaucoma

* 5% is the maximum concentration of dexpanthenol among ophthalmic forms in the Russian Federation. April 2017
There are contraindications. It is necessary to read the instructions or consult a specialist.

Eye diseases, of which there are several hundred, can cause serious inconvenience to humans.
Diseases are more common in people with heavy eye strain arising from a long stay at computers and other technical devices.
In addition, diseases can be congenital.

Diseases of the eyes in humans - groups of diseases

Deterioration in visual function occurs due to abnormalities in the retina and cornea, and many factors can contribute to this.

All eye diseases, depending on the reasons, are divided into the following large groups, which are only conditional classifiers, they are not used in official medicine:

• congenital pathologies (anomalies arising in intrauterine development, or the consequences of severe diseases suffered by a pregnant woman: rubella, measles, toxoplasma);
• traumatic lesions (organs of vision are affected mechanically or chemically);
• allergic reactions (inflammation caused by an individual body's response to an allergen);
• infectious and inflammatory diseases (penetration of microbes into the mucous membrane from the external environment, or migration of bacteria from foci of infections located inside the human body);
• age-related changes (cataracts and glaucoma, which can be associated with a person's age, as well as with a genetic predisposition);
• other complications (due to diabetes mellitus, hypertension, heart and kidney failure).

Infectious diseases and their names

Infectious diseases constitute the most common group of ophthalmic pathologies. They are characterized by damage to the eyeball by bacterial and fungal microorganisms that multiply in the visual organ and its tissues, thereby causing an infectious reaction.

TO infectious diseases relate:

1. Barley - refers to the type of exogenous infections, this is when a foreign pathogen enters the mucous membrane of the eye from the external environment. The inflammation develops over the centuries.
2. Paraorbital phlegmon is a rare and dangerous condition for human life, characterized by inflammation of the orbital tissue. There is a constant discharge of pus and tissue necrosis.
3. Panophthalmitis is a serious damage to the organ of vision with purulent inflammation and its destruction. With the disease, edema, loss of vision, tearing, photophobia occurs. Treatment consists in enucleation of the organ of vision.
4. Endoophthalmitis is an inflammatory process characterized by the accumulation of pus. The main causes of endophthalmitis can be mechanical trauma or surgery with infection. Symptoms are: blurred pupil, sudden loss of vision. In cases of untimely treatment, there is a high risk of loss of vision function.
5. Iritis is an inflammation of the anterior iris of the eye, which can be caused by mechanical damage, or occurs in the presence of foci of infections. Iritis is accompanied by severe pain due to the large number of sensitive nerve endings located in the anterior wall of the sheath. The symptom is a decrease in visual acuity.

List of inflammatory diseases

Inflammatory diseases are similar to infectious diseases.

This group includes such names of diseases visual organ how:

1. Dacryocystitis is an inflammation of the lacrimal sac as a result of the accumulation of pathogenic microorganisms in it, manifested by the constant release of pus and tears. It occurs as a result of congenital pathology or injury.
2. Iridocyclitis is a disease affecting the ciliary body of the eye, which is characterized by edema, pain and deformation of the pupil. Treatment of the disease is carried out in a hospital.
3. Blepharitis is an inflammation of the edges of the eyelids, accompanied by itching, redness and a feeling of sand in the eyes.
4. Episcleritis is a disease in which the episcleral membrane of the tissue becomes inflamed. Symptoms: secretion of mucus of a transparent color and an acute reaction to bright light, the disease always goes away on its own, and no treatment is required.
5. Uveitis is an inflammatory pathology that occurs in the choroid, resulting in a violation of the vital function of the uveal membrane - the supply of blood to the eye. The disease manifests itself in the form of redness, blurred vision, lacrimation and photophobia.

List of allergic pathologies

This group of diseases includes inflammation of the visual organ, in cases of the reaction of the human body to a certain allergen, which is quite common. Allergy is expressed in acute and chronic form, is subdivided into year-round and seasonal.

The list of allergic eye diseases is as follows:

1. Allergic conjunctivitis - the disease is expressed by visual impairment, photophobia, eyelid edema and lacrimation.
2. Allergic dermaconjunctivitis is a severe inflammation of the eyelid skin that occurs due to long-term use eye drops or ointments. And also as a reaction to cosmetics. There is severe swelling of the eyelids, itching, burning and redness.
3. Pollinous conjunctivitis - the symptoms of the disease are similar to allergic conjunctivitis, only pollinous conjunctivitis is still accompanied bronchial asthma and a runny nose. The disease is seasonal.
4. Angioedema is a consequence of food allergy. If you do not stop contact with the allergen, then the pressure rises, and the edema spreads to the larynx, which causes powerful anaphylactic shock
5. Infectious-allergic conjunctivitis - occurs against the background of infectious inflammation of the nasopharynx, eyelids and oral cavity.
6. Papillary conjunctivitis (giant) - inflammation occurs due to the ingress of a foreign body into the eyes and is explained allergic reaction to this fact. Most often - on contact lenses or as a postoperative complication.

In these cases, local treatment is prescribed. First of all, it is necessary to exclude contact with the allergen.

Violation of the physical properties of the visual organ

The human visual organ has the most important physical properties:

• visual acuity;
• the ability to concentrate on seeing long and close distances;
• volumetric (three-dimensional) image perception;
• inertia;
• adaptation to changes in brightness.

Violation of any property entails a malfunction in the visual system.

What are the violations of the physical properties of the eye:

1. Changing the shape of the eyeball. Myopia and farsightedness are the result of a change in the shape of the eyeball, which lengthens with myopia and shortens with farsightedness. In this case, vision loses clarity, and the images are blurred. The fundus of the eye changes shape due to stretching of the posterior wall. Both diseases occur with constant eye strain.
2. Violation of the transparency of the lens. In 90% of cases of violation of the transparency of the lens associated with age-related changes, the disease is called cataract. This process is irreversible. Treatment of lens opacity is carried out in an operative way, with the installation of an individually matched artificial lens.

What are the pathologies of the cornea

The cornea of ​​the eye, which is highly sensitive, has the following abnormalities:

1. Corneal dystrophy is a constantly progressive pathology that affects both eyes and is inflammatory in nature. The result of dystrophy is corneal opacity. As a rule, this disease develops as a result of a combination of inherited pathologies. And also as a result of mechanical injury, inflammatory processes in the body, immune disorders. Symptoms of dystrophy are: pain syndrome, involuntary lacrimation, photophobia, loss of visual acuity.
2. Sclerokeratitis is an inflammatory disease of the sclera of the eye and cornea, the disease is more common in the elderly. Sclerokeratitis is characterized by damage to the tissues of the sclera and the transition of pathology to the cornea. The disease proceeds as a result of untreated scleritis, the infection penetrates into the deep tissues of the sclera. In addition, diabetes mellitus and gout can be the cause.
3. Keratoconus is a non-inflammatory disease in which the cornea is deformed and its structure changes, thinning occurs, and the cornea acquires a conical shape. With keratoconus, the transparency of the cornea and visual acuity are disturbed, pain syndrome is observed. This can lead to abnormal astigmatism and myopia. Treatment consists in the use of ophthalmic microoperations.
4. Megalocorne - abnormalities in the structure and functioning of the cornea, when the standard diameter of the cornea exceeds the size by two or more millimeters. In this case, the state of the eyeball is satisfactory, and the transparency of the cornea is not disturbed. There is a deviation in the radius of curvature of the cornea, and the image is slightly enlarged in size. A similar pathology occurs due to congenital glaucoma. Associated diseases: strabismus and amblyopia.

Diseases of the eyelids and conjunctivitis

Often, vision problems are associated with the development of various nodular, purulent formations in the eye. There are frequent cases of visual impairment due to retinal lesions.

Chalazion - symptoms and treatment

Chalazion - formation in the form of cystic nodules on the upper (or lower) eyelid due to a violation of the production of the sebaceous gland. The disease occurs due to a blockage of the sebaceous gland, which produces a sebum for tears. The gland swells and becomes inflamed, and the process leads to rupture of its walls.

Chalazion symptoms are:

• the formation of a seal on the eyelids, sometimes with suppuration;
• blurred vision;
• photophobia;
• heaviness of the eyelids;
• swelling and swelling;
• pain syndrome;
• redness of the eyelids.

Treatment is carried out by an ophthalmologist conservative method, eye drops and ointments are prescribed, recovery occurs within a few days.


Except in severe cases, where additional treatment is required in the form of:

• Warm compresses in place of the swelling to relieve swelling.
• Antibiotic therapy and the use of other medicines.
• Corticosteroid injections into cystic nodes to relieve inflammation.

Other diseases of the visual apparatus

These include:

1. Conjunctivitis - manifested by inflammation and redness of the mucous membrane of the eye, due to the penetration of pathogenic bacteria.
2. Trachoma is an acute inflammatory disease of the conjunctival tissue caused by the ingress of chlamydia bacteria.
3. Xerophthalmia - another name for the disease - dry eye syndrome, characterized by impaired tear production and moisturizing of the mucous membrane.
4. Pterygium - the formation of a white blurred spot in the form of a triangle in inner corner eyes.
5. Pinguecula is an ophthalmic pathology, manifested by the formation of a benign growth of a yellow tint on the mucous membrane. This pathology does not affect human health in any way, its treatment is a matter of an aesthetic nature.

Vascular diseases of the eyes and retina

The following diseases of this group are distinguished:

1. Retinitis is an inflammatory disease in the retina with damage to the choroid. The disease is accompanied by impaired visual acuity, blurred images, retinal hemorrhage. In the absence of treatment, optic nerve atrophy, up to serious complications in the form of loss of the eye.
2. Retinopathy - the disease is painless, the first symptom is a floating spot on the membrane of the eye. The disease is associated with a violation of the retinal vessels, which in the worst case leads to blindness, damage to the blood circulation in the retina and atrophy of the optic nerve.
3. Retinal dystrophy is a lesion of the retinal membrane, a dangerous condition that has many consequences: death of the tissues of the eyeball, blindness. At the initial stage, the disease is asymptomatic. Further, various visual disorders are noted: clarity decreases, the image is distorted, the inability to distinguish colors.
4. Retinal Detachment - The first symptoms of retinal detachment are flashes and sparks in the eyes. The disease progresses rapidly. The reasons can be mechanical trauma to the organ of vision and head, hard physical work, as well as a high probability of a genetic predisposition.
5. Angiopathy is a violation of the functioning of blood vessels, as a result - the destruction of their walls. The causes of angiopathy are: intoxication of the body, diabetes mellitus, blood poisoning, overweight.

General symptoms and treatment principles

Almost all eye diseases have common symptoms, their description is as follows:

• pain syndrome;
• feeling of sand and dryness;
• uncomfortable light perception;
• itching, burning, and redness;
• decreased visual acuity and image distortion;
• purulent inflammation and edema;
• uncontrolled lacrimation;
• intraocular pressure.

Ophthalmic treatment is divided into conservative and surgical.

For most diseases, the use of local treatment is sufficient for recovery to occur:

• drug treatment (ointments, gels, drops, injections, oral antibiotics, antiseptics);
• physiotherapy method (warm compresses, electrophoresis, magnetic field).

In cases where conservative therapy does not give a positive effect or is not initially a method of treating pathology, surgical intervention is used:

• surgical lens replacement;
• restoration of intraocular pressure circulation;
• surgical treatment of volvulus of the eyelids;
• removal of malignant tumors.

The functions of the accessory apparatus (eyelids, retrobulbar tissue and lacrimal organs) play an important role in the human body, and any disease causes a malfunction.

In the absence of proper treatment, this can lead to serious consequences: retinal detachment, corneal melting, atrophy of the eyeball.

To date, medicine has advanced far in effective treatment many eye diseases, the main thing is to pay attention to the first symptoms in time. In addition to treatment with an ophthalmologist, you may need to consult other specialized specialists.

Orbital diseases

Eye sockets Diseases of the orbit of the eyes in humans can be acute and chronic. They arise due to reasons such as inflammation of the paranasal sinuses, acute respiratory infections, trauma to the bone walls, etc. The symptoms of these diseases are similar to each other: hyperemia and swelling of the eyelids, edema of the conjunctiva, partial limitation of the mobility of the eyeball (not always).

As a rule, patients with such complaints are diagnosed with Exophthalmos. This disease is expressed in inflammation / swelling of the tissues of the eye orbit. Treatment includes microdoses of iodine, mercazolil, methylthiouracil, and diiodotyrosine.

Lacrimal organs

Malformations of the lacrimal apparatus are rare, but ophthalmology takes them seriously, since the consequences of problems of this kind can be very depressing. The pathology of the lacrimal apparatus, as a rule, is associated with obstruction of the channels.

Lacrimal gland neoplasms are less common. Therapeutic methods for treating such diseases show low efficiency, therefore, in most cases, doctors resort to radical removal of defective areas.

Vitreous humor

Among the pathologies of this organ, the following can be distinguished:

1. Detachment of the vitreous body.
2. Destruction. This ailment is a structural change in the vitreous body, the main symptom of which is the so-called flies before the eyes. It is very common among patients. Pathology rarely causes serious vision problems, but it causes severe moral discomfort. To treat the disease, you should adjust your lifestyle. In some cases, laser treatment may be prescribed.

Cosmetological diseases

In women, this type of pathology causes a lot of concern. Dark circles under the lower lashes look unaesthetic. However, they are not only a cosmetic defect.

This pathology can mean serious health problems. What are the causes of circles under the eyes? The disease in women and men can be caused by a banal lack of sleep, a busy rhythm of life, overwork, bad habits, unhealthy diet and even low-quality cosmetics. As you can see, to eliminate the hated dark spots under the eyes, you just need to correct your lifestyle correctly.

However, in some cases, circles under the eyes can be a symptom serious illnesses, such as pathologies of the liver, kidneys and gallbladder, endocrine ailments, diabetes insipidus, anemia, helminthiasis, severe cardiovascular disorders.

In this case, to improve appearance a person needs to urgently consult a doctor and begin treatment of the underlying disease. Do not hesitate, as soon as this disease is defeated, the dark circles around the eyes will disappear immediately.

Where to go for help

The eyes are the most sensitive organ, so any discomfort can be perceived as symptoms of ophthalmic diseases. In order to avoid visual impairment and the occurrence of other disappointing consequences, contact a specialist if any complaints appear. If not available, have a routine eye exam at least once a year. You will be provided with professional help in any public or private clinic.

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