Antibiotics for pneumonia are the main component of the treatment process. Inflammation of the lungs begins acutely, with fever, violent cough with brown or yellowish sputum, chest pain when coughing and breathing.

Treatment of pneumonia requires urgent hospitalization of the patient in a therapeutic or intensive care unit (depending on the severity of the condition). Shows bed rest, vitamin nutrition, and it is also important to consume a large amount of liquid - tea, juice, milk, mineral water.

Since inflammation of the lung tissue most often occurs due to specific microorganisms, the surest way to combat the pathogen is the administration of antibiotics intramuscularly and intravenously. This method of administration makes it possible to keep a high concentration of the antibiotic in the blood, which contributes to the fight against bacteria. Most often, antibiotics are prescribed for pneumonia. wide range actions, since it is impossible to instantly identify the pathogen, and the slightest delay can cost life.

Basically, macrolides (azithromycin, clarithromycin, midecamycin, spiramycin) and fluoroquinolone antibiotics (moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin) are widely used to treat pneumonia. To increase the effectiveness of treatment, antibiotics are taken according to a special scheme. At the first stage, the antibiotic is administered parenterally - intramuscularly or intravenously, and then antibiotics are prescribed in tablets.

Despite the wide choice of antibiotics in pharmacies, you should not self-medicate, but rather seek help from an experienced specialist, since antibiotics are selected strictly individually, based on analysis data for the causative agent of pneumonia. In addition, the treatment of pneumonia is based not only on antibiotic therapy, but includes several steps in the general treatment regimen.

Which antibiotics will be most effective for pneumonia is established in the laboratory. To do this, a bacterial sputum culture is done on a special medium, and depending on which colonies of bacteria begin to develop, the pathogen is installed. Next, a test is made for the sensitivity of the pathogen to antibiotics, and based on these results, the patient is prescribed a specific group of antibacterial drugs. But, since the process of identifying the pathogen can take up to 10 days or more, at the initial stage of pneumonia treatment, the patient is prescribed broad-spectrum antibiotics. To maintain concentration medicinal product in the blood, it is administered both intravenously and intramuscularly, combined with anti-inflammatory, absorbable agents, vitamins, etc., for example:

• Streptococcus pneumoniae. For antipneumococcal therapy, benzylpenicillin and aminopenicillin, derivatives of III generation cephalosporins, such as cefotaxime or ceftriaxone, macrolides are prescribed.
• Haemofilus influenzae. If a hemophilic bacillus is detected, aminopenicillins or amoxicillin are prescribed.
• Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotics effective against Staphylococcus aureus - oxacillin, protected aminopenicillins, I and II generation cephalosporins.
• Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae. Antibiotics for the treatment of mycoplasma and chlamydial pneumonia - macrolides and tetracycline antibiotics, as well as fluoroquinolones.
• Legionella pneumophila. Antibiotic effective against Legionella - erythromycin, rifampicin, macrolides, fluoroquinolones.
• Enterobacteriaceae spp. Antibiotics for the treatment of pneumonia caused by Clibsiella or E. coli - III generation cephalosporins.

Treatment of pneumonia after antibiotics

Treatment of pneumonia after antibiotics can be the reason for the choice of ineffective drugs or in case of violation of the intake of antibacterial agents - the wrong dosage, violation of the admission regimen. In a normal course, antibiotics are taken until the temperature returns to normal and after that for another 3 days. In severe cases of pneumonia, treatment can take up to 4-6 weeks. If during this period the positive dynamics of the disease is not recorded, then the reason is in the wrong antibacterial treatment. In this case, a repeated analysis for bacteria is carried out, after which a course of correct antibiotic therapy is carried out. After complete recovery and positive results of X-ray, sanatorium treatment, smoking cessation, and enhanced vitamin nutrition are shown.

The patient may need additional antibiotic treatment after pneumonia for:

• Wrongly chosen antibiotic for treatment.
• Frequent change of antibiotics.

Also, antibiotic treatment after pneumonia may be needed if a second illness occurs. The reason for this is long-term antibiotic treatment, which inhibits the body's defenses. Also, a similar result occurs due to self-medication and uncontrolled intake of antibiotics in unknown doses.

Treatment of pneumonia after antibiotics should be carried out in a hospital, with systematic X-ray control. If, after 72 hours, the clinical picture does not change, or if during the end of treatment the inflammation focus on the X-ray image does not decrease, a second course of treatment is indicated, but with a different antibiotic, consultation with a phthisiatrician is also necessary.

Antibiotics for pneumonia in adults

Antibiotics for pneumonia in adults are prescribed depending on the age of the patient and the severity of the condition. Pneumonia is most often caused by a variety of bacteria, less often fungi and protozoa. At the first stage of treatment, until the final results, broad-spectrum antibiotics are prescribed, and the patient is also asked whether he has previously had pneumonia, tuberculosis, diabetes mellitus, chronic bronchitis, or whether he is a smoker. In addition, in elderly patients, the causative agents of the disease differ from similar cases in younger patients.

If the prescribed drug is ineffective and until the bacteriological analysis of sputum is received, it is recommended not to change the selected antibiotic within 3 days. This is the minimum time for the concentration of the antibiotic in the blood to reach a maximum, and it begins to act on the lesion.

• Pneumonia in patients under 60 years of age with a mild course is prescribed Avelox 400 mg per day (or Tavanic 500 mg per day) - 5 days, together with Doxycycline (2 tablets per day - the first day, the rest of the days - 1 tablet each) - 10 -14 days. You can take Avelox 400 mg and Amoxiclav 625 mg * 2 times a day - 10-14 days.
• A patient under 60 years old, with aggravated underlying disease and with other diseases in chronic form, also a patient over 60 years of age is prescribed Avelox 400 mg plus Ceftriaxone 1 gram 2 times a day for at least 10 days.
• Severe pneumonia at any age. A combination of Levofloxacin or Tavanic intravenously is recommended, plus Ceftriaxone 2 grams twice a day or Fortum, Cefepim in the same doses intramuscularly or intravenously. It is possible to introduce Sumamed intravenously plus Fortuma intramuscularly.
• In an extremely severe course of pneumonia, when the patient is hospitalized in the intensive care unit, they are prescribed: combinations of Sumamed and Tavanik (Leflocin), Fortum and Tavanik, Targotsid and Meronem, Sumamed and Meronem.

Antibiotics for pneumonia in children

Antibiotics for pneumonia in children begin to be administered immediately after the diagnosis is confirmed. Compulsory hospitalization for therapy or in case of a difficult course, children are subject to intensive care if:

• The child's age is less than two months, regardless of the severity and location inflammatory process in the lungs.
• A child under three years old, diagnosed with lobar pneumonia.
• A child under five years of age, diagnosed with more than one lobe of the lung.
• Children with a history of encephalopathy.
• A child under one year old, a history of confirmed intrauterine infection.
• Children with congenital defects of the heart muscle and circulatory system.
• Children with chronic diseases of the respiratory system, of cardio-vascular system, kidneys, diabetes mellitus and malignant blood diseases.
• Children from families registered with social services.
• Children from orphanages, from families with insufficient social conditions.
• Hospitalization of children is shown in case of non-compliance with medical recommendations and treatment at home.
• Children with severe pneumonia.

With mild bacterial pneumonia, the administration of antibiotics from the group of penicillins, both natural and synthetic, is indicated. Natural antibiotics: benzylpenicillin, phenoxymethylpenicillin, etc. Semisynthetic penicillins are usually divided into isoxazolylpenicillins (oxacillin), aminopenicillins (ampicillin, amoxicillin), carboxypenicillins (carbenicillin, ticarnypenicillin), pillicillin

The described scheme of antibiotic treatment for pneumonia in children is prescribed until the results of the bacterial analysis are obtained and the pathogen is identified. After identifying the pathogen, further treatment is prescribed by the doctor strictly individually.

Antibiotic names for pneumonia

The names of antibiotics for pneumonia indicate which group a particular drug belongs to: ampicillin - oxacillin, ampiox, piperacillin, carbenicillin, ticarcillin, cephalosporins - claforan, cefobid, etc. For the treatment of pneumonia in modern medicine, both synthetic and semi-synthetic are used and natural antibiotics. Some types of antibiotics act selectively, only on a certain type of bacteria, and some on a fairly wide range of pathogens. It is with broad-spectrum antibiotics that it is customary to start antibacterial treatment pneumonia.

Rules for prescribing antibiotics for pneumonia:

Appointed antibacterial drug a wide spectrum of action, based on the course of the disease, the color of the expectorated sputum.

• Conduct a LHC analysis of sputum to identify the pathogen, put a test for the sensitivity of the pathogen to antibiotics.
• Prescribe an antibiotic therapy regimen based on the results of the analysis. At the same time, take into account the severity of the disease, effectiveness, the likelihood of complications and allergies, possible contraindications, the rate of absorption of the drug into the blood, the time of elimination from the body. Most often, two antibacterial drugs are prescribed, for example, an antibiotic of the cephalosporin and fluoroquinolone group.

Hospital pneumonia is treated with amoxicillin, ceftazidime, if ineffective - ticarcillin, cefotaxime. A combination of antibiotics is also possible, especially in severe conditions, mixed infection, weak immunity... In such cases, appoint:

• Cefuroxime and gentamicin.
• Amoxicillin and gentamicin.
• Lincomycin and amoxicillin.
• Cephalosporin and Lincomycin.
• Cephalosporin and metronidazole.

For community-acquired pneumonia, azithromycin, benzylpenicillin, fluoroquinolone are prescribed, in severe conditions - cefotaxime, clarithromycin. Combinations of the listed antibiotics are possible.

It is not worthwhile to change the line of antibiotic treatment on your own, as this can lead to the development of resistance of microorganisms to certain groups of drugs, as a result, the ineffectiveness of antibiotic therapy.

Antibiotic course for pneumonia

The course of antibiotics for pneumonia is prescribed by the attending physician, based on the patient's age, the severity of the disease, the nature of the pathogen and the body's response to antibiotic therapy.

For severe community-acquired pneumonia, the following treatment is prescribed:

1. Aminopenicillins - amoxicillin / clavulanate. Children in early age prescribed with aminoglycosides.
2. Possible treatment options:
   • Ticarcillin antibiotics
   • Cephalosporins of II – IV generations.
   • Fluoroquinolones

For aspiration bacterial pneumonia, the following antibiotics are prescribed:

1. Amoxicillin or clavulanate (Augmentin) intravenously + aminoglycoside.
2. Possible treatment regimen options, appointment:
   • Metronidazole + cephalosporins III nth.
   • Metronidazole + cephalosporins III nth + aminoglycosides.
   • Lincosamides + cephalosporins III nth.
   • Carbapenem + vancomycin.

For nosocomial pneumonia, the following antibiotics are prescribed:

1. With a mild course of pneumonia, the appointment of protected aminopenicillins (Augmentin).
2. Possible options for the treatment regimen are the appointment of cephalosporins II-III nth.
3. In severe cases, combined treatment is required:
   • inhibitor-protected carboxypenicillins (ticarcillin / clavulanate) and aminoglycosides;
   • cephalosporins III nth, cephalosporins IV nth with aminoglycosides.

Treatment of pneumonia is a long and serious process and attempts to self-medicate with antibiotics can not only lead to complications, but also become the reason for the impossibility of correct antibiotic therapy due to the low sensitivity of the pathogen to the drug.

Antibiotic treatment for Klebsiella pneumonia

If clibsiella pneumonia is found in sputum, antibiotic treatment is the main method of pathogenic therapy. Klebsiella is a pathogenic microorganism that is normally found in the human intestine, and with a high concentration and a decrease in immunity, it can cause lung infections. About 1% of cases of bacterial pneumonia are caused by Klebsiella. Most often, such cases are recorded in men over 40, patients with alcoholism, with diabetes mellitus, chronic bronchopulmonary diseases.

The clinical course of pneumonia caused by Klibsiella is similar to pneumococcal pneumonia, often the focus of inflammation is localized in the right upper lobe of the lung, and may spread to other lobes. Cyanosis, shortness of breath, jaundice, vomiting, diarrhea develops. Pneumonia is often complicated by an abscess and empyema of the lung, the reason is that clibsiella are the cause of tissue destruction. With community-acquired pneumonia, Klebsiella, Serratia and Enterobacter are found in sputum.

Klebsiella, Serratia and Enterobacter have different degrees of sensitivity to antibiotics, therefore, treatment begins with the appointment of aminoglycosides and cephalosporins of the 3rd generation, mezlocillin, amikacin is effective against the Serratia strain.

With proper and timely treatment, pneumonia caused by Clibsiella is completely cured without complications in 2-3 weeks.

Treatment of severe pneumonia caused by clibsiella is prescribed aminoglycosides (tombramycin, gentamicin from 3 to 5 mg / kg per day) or amikacin 15 mg / kg per day with cephalothin, cefapirin, from 4 to 12 g per day. Treatment of severe pneumonia caused by clibsiella is prescribed aminoglycosides (tombramycin, gentamicin from 3 to 5 mg / kg per day) or amikacin 15 mg / kg per day with cephalothin, cefapirin, from 4 to 12 g per day.

Antibiotic treatment for mycoplasma pneumonia

When found in sputum, mycoplasma pneumonia, treatment is directed to combat a specific pathogen. Once in the body, mycoplasma is introduced into the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract, where secreting a special secret first causes severe inflammation, and then begins the destruction of intercellular membranes, epithelial tissues, which ends in necrotic tissue degeneration.

In the pulmonary vesicles, mycoplasmas multiply rapidly, the alveoli increase, the interalveolar septa may be damaged. Mycoplasma pneumonia develops slowly, the onset of the disease is similar to a cold, then the temperature rises to 39-40 degrees, a severe cough begins. The temperature lasts about 5 days, then drops sharply, fixing at around 37-37.6 degrees and lasts for a long time. The x-ray clearly shows darkened foci, degeneration in the connective tissue septa.

The complexity of the treatment of mycoplasma pneumonia is that the pathogen is inside the neutrophils, and this makes penicillins, cephalosporins and aminoglycosides ineffective. First of all, macrolides are prescribed: azithromycin (sumamed), spiromschin (rovamycin), clarithromycin, taken orally 2 times a day, no more than 2 weeks, at lower rates, a relapse is possible.

Antibiotics for congestive pneumonia

Antibiotics for congestive pneumonia are prescribed for at least 2 weeks. Congestive pneumonia develops with prolonged bed rest, in elderly, weakened people, as well as a complication after complex operations. The course of congestive pneumonia is slow, asymptomatic, there is no chills, fever, cough. The patient may be disturbed only by shortness of breath and weakness, drowsiness, and later there is a cough.

It is possible to treat congestive pneumonia at home, but adhering to all the prescriptions, and only under the supervision of a doctor, therefore, most often the patient is hospitalized in a hospital. If a bacterial infection is also found in the sputum (congestive pneumonia is not always bacterial in nature), then antibiotics are prescribed - cefazolin, cyfran or protected penicillin. The course of treatment is 2-3 weeks.

With congestive pneumonia developing against the background of heart failure, glycosides and diuretic drug complexes are additionally prescribed, along with antibacterial, bronchodilator, expectorant drugs. In addition, exercise therapy, a diet rich in vitamins is indicated. With aspiration pneumonia, bronchoscopy is required.

In general, with a timely diagnosis and antibiotic therapy, high-quality prevention and maintenance of the patient's body, complications of congestive pneumonia do not develop, and recovery occurs in 3-4 weeks.

Combination of antibiotics for pneumonia

The combination of antibiotics for pneumonia is introduced by the doctor into the treatment regimen under certain conditions that aggravate the clinic of the disease. In the clinic, the use of two or more antibiotics is not approved, due to the high load on the body - the liver and kidneys of a weakened person are unable to cope with so many toxins. Therefore, in practice, it is more acceptable to treat pneumonia with one antibiotic, the effect of which on the pathogenic flora is very high.

Combinations of antibiotics for pneumonia are acceptable for:

• A severe course of pneumonia, with secondary pneumonia.
• Mixed infection.
• Infections with suppressed immunity (with cancer, lymphogranulomatosis, the use of cytostatics).
• The dangers or development of resistance to the selected antibiotic.

In such cases, a treatment regimen is developed based on the introduction of antibiotics that affect gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms - penicillins + aminoglycosides or cephalosporins + aminoglycosides.

You should not self-medicate, since only a doctor can prescribe the required dosage of the drug, and with insufficient doses of the antibiotic, the resistance of microorganisms to the drug will simply develop, and if the dose is too high, cirrhosis of the liver, impaired renal function, dysbiosis, and a severe form of anemia may develop. In addition, some antibiotics for pneumonia, when combined, simply reduce the effectiveness of each other (for example, antibiotics + bacteriostatic drugs).

The best antibiotic for pneumonia

The best antibiotic for pneumonia is the one to which the bacteria are most susceptible. For this, special laboratory tests are carried out - they make a bacteriological culture of sputum to determine the pathogen and then put a test for sensitivity to antibiotics.

The main direction in the treatment of pneumonia - antibiotic therapy... Until the causative agent of the disease is identified, broad-spectrum antibiotics are prescribed. For community-acquired pneumonia, the following are prescribed: penicillin with clavulanic acid (amoxiclav, etc.), macrolides (rulid, rovamycin, etc.), cephalosporins of the 1st generation (kefzon, cefazolin, cufalexin, etc.).

In hospital pneumonia, the following are prescribed: penicillin in clavulanic acid, cephalosporins of the 3rd generation (claforan, cefobid, fortum, etc.), fluoroquinolones (peflacin, tsiprobay, taravid, etc.), aminoglycosides (gentamicin), carbapenems (thienam).

The full range of therapy consists not only of a combination of antibiotics (2-3 types), but is also aimed at restoring the drainage of the bronchi (administration of aminophylline, berodual), at diluting and removing sputum from the bronchi. They also introduce anti-inflammatory, absorbable drugs, vitamins and components that stimulate the immune system - fresh frozen plasma intravenously, anti-staphylococcal and anti-influenza immunoglobulin, interferon, etc.

Modern antibiotics for pneumonia

Modern antibiotics for pneumonia are prescribed according to a special scheme:

• With the predominance of gram-positive cocci - intravenous and intramuscularly prescribed drugs of penicillin or cephalosporin of the 1st, 2nd generation - cefazolin, cefuroxime, cefoxin.
• With the predominance of gram-negative bacteria, third-generation cephalosporins are prescribed - cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime.
• In an atypical course of pneumonia, macrolides are prescribed - azithromycin, midecamycin, as well as 3rd generation cephalosporins - ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, etc.
• With the predominance of gram-positive cocci, methicillin-resistant staphylococci or enterococci, 4th generation cephalosporins are prescribed - cefipin, carbapinems - thienes, meronemes, etc.
• With the predominance of multi-resistant gram-negative bacteria, cephalosporins of the 3rd generation are prescribed - cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, aminoglycosides are additionally prescribed.
• If fungal infection predominates, third-generation cephalosporins plus fluconazole are prescribed.
• With the predominance of intracellular organisms - mycoplasma, legionella, etc., macrolides are prescribed - azithromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin, etc.
• In case of anaerobic infection, inhibitor-protected penicillins are prescribed - lincomycin, clindamycin, metronidazole, etc.
• For penvmocystis pneumonia, cotrimoxazole and macrolides are prescribed.
• For cytomegalovirus pneumonia, ganciclovir, acyclovir, cytotect are prescribed.

The drug "Amoxiclav 1000": instructions for use, analogues, reviews

What is the drug "Amoxiclav"? What does this remedy help with? You will learn the answers to these and other questions from the materials of this article. We will tell you about how much this medicine costs, what form it is produced in, and whether it can be combined with alcohol.

Composition, shape and packaging

The drug "Amoxiclav" (1000 mg) contains such active substances as the potassium salt of clavulanic acid and amoxicillin trihydrate. It is currently available in the following forms:

• film-coated tablets;
• powder for preparation of suspensions;
• lyophilized powder for injection.

Amoxiclav tablets (1000 mg) are packed in aluminum blisters and cartons, respectively.

Powder for suspension preparation can be purchased in dark glass vials. A measuring spoon is also included with the preparation.

As for the injection form, it is available in bottles of 1.2 and 0.6 g, which are placed in cardboard boxes.

Pharmacological features

How does the "Amoxiclav" medication work? Instructions, reviews report that the combination of clavulanic acid and amoxicillin is unique in its kind.

Amoxicillin cause the death of bacteria by binding to their surface receptors. However, most microorganisms have learned to destroy this antibiotic substance through the enzyme beta-lactamase. The activity of this enzyme can be reduced by clavulanic acid. Due to this effect, the suspension, solution for injection and tablets "Amoxiclav" (1000 mg) are used to treat many infectious diseases.

Properties of the drug

What are the properties of antibiotics? "Amoxiclav" (1000 mg) kills even those bacterial strains that have already shown resistance to amoxicillin.

The drug in question has a pronounced bactericidal and bacteriostatic effect on all types of echinococci, streptococci and listeria (except for methicillin-resistant strains). Also, gram-negative bacteria such as Brucella, Bordetella, Gardnerella, Salmonella, Klebsiella, Proteus, Moraxella, Clostridium, Shigella and others are sensitive to this drug.

Pharmacokinetics

Can Amoxiclav (1000 mg) be taken with food? Regardless of food, this medication is well absorbed from the intestines. Its highest concentration is reached after 60 minutes. It has a high rate and volume of distribution in the body (tonsils, lungs, synovial and pleural fluids, adipose and muscle tissues, prostate, middle ear and sinuses).

Into mother's milk this drug comes in small quantities.

Amoxicillin is partially destroyed in the body, and clavulanic acid is extensively metabolized.

The medication is excreted through the kidneys, as well as the lungs and intestines. Its half-life is 90 minutes.

The drug "Amoxiclav": what helps?

The antibiotic in question is prescribed for the treatment of various infectious diseases:

• respiratory tract (for example, chronic or acute sinusitis), otitis media, retropharyngeal abscess, tonsilopharyngitis, bronchitis, pneumonia and others;
• gynecological infections (septic abortion, endometritis, salpingitis, etc.);
• urinary tract (pyelonephritis, cystitis, urethritis, etc.);
• bone infections;
• odontogenic infections, in which the pathogen enters the human body through cavities in the teeth;
• genital infections (gonorrhea, chancroid);
• connective tissue infections;
• inflammation of the biliary tract (eg, cholecystitis, cholangitis);
• infections of the skin, as well as soft tissues (phlegmon, bites, wound infection).

Contraindications for use

Does the antibiotic "Amoxiclav" have contraindications to the use? Treatment with this remedy is not carried out with impaired liver function and jaundice (cholestatic), as well as with increased sensitivity to drug substances or to all penicillins.

This drug is prescribed with extreme caution if you are allergic to cephalosporins, liver failure, pseudomembranous colitis and severe renal dysfunction.

Patients with lymphocytic leukemia or mononucleosis who have been prescribed ampicillin may develop an erythematous rash. With such a reaction, the antibiotic should be discontinued.

The drug "Amoxiclav": doses and methods of application

The drug "Amoxiclav" can be prescribed to patients in different ways. The way it is used depends on the weight and age of the patient, the condition of the liver and kidneys, and the severity of the infection.

The most optimal time to use this medication is when you start eating. The duration of therapy with this drug is 6-14 days. It is prohibited to use the medication for longer than the specified period.

For children under 12 years of age, an antibiotic is prescribed at the rate of 40 mg per kg of body weight per day. For adolescents weighing more than 40 kg, the drug is given in the same dosage as for adults.

For adults, 375 mg tablets are prescribed every eight hours, and 625 mg tablets are prescribed every 12. When severe infections the patient is advised to take the medication at a dose of 625 mg (every eight hours) or 1000 mg (every 12 hours).

Doctors emphasize that Amoxiclav tablets may differ in the amount of active ingredients. Therefore, it should be borne in mind that it is forbidden to replace the 625 mg dose with two 375 mg doses.

For the treatment of odontogenic infections, the following scheme is used: the drug in a dosage of 375 mg is prescribed every eight hours, and in a dose of 625 mg - every 12.

If you need to take medicine for patients with kidney disease, then the creatinine content in the urine must be taken into account. In people with liver pathologies, constant monitoring of its work should be carried out.

How should small children be given the drug "Amoxiclav"? Suspension, the price of which is not very high, is prescribed for babies up to 3 months. The dose of this medication is determined using a measuring spoon or pipette. For each kg of the child's weight, 30 mg of amoxicillin should fall. The medication should be taken twice a day.

For children older than 3 months with an average and mild degree of the disease, the drug is prescribed at the rate of 20 mg per kg of weight.

How is "Amoxiclav" used for severe infections? Suspension (the price of the medication will be indicated below) for children is prescribed in the amount of 40 mg for each kg of weight. The same dose is used to treat deep infections (for example, otitis media, bronchitis, sinusitis, pneumonia, etc.).

Maximum daily dose amoxicillin for children is 45 mg / kg, and for adults - 6 grams. As for clavulanic acid, it can be taken per day no more than 10 mg / kg for children and 600 mg for adults.

Side effects

As a rule, the drug "Amoxiclav" is well tolerated. Although in some cases, side effects occur in the elderly and those patients who take the medication for a long time.

Most often, adverse reactions occur during or after the completion of therapy. Although sometimes their development is observed even after a few weeks after treatment:

• diarrhea, flatulence, nausea, glossitis, vomiting, pseudomembranous colitis, dyspepsia, stomatitis, discoloration of the tongue, gastritis, enterocolitis;
• anemia (hemolytic), agranulocytosis, eosinophilia, a decrease in the number of platelets and leukocytes;
• dizziness, headaches, inappropriate behavior, agitation, insomnia, hyperactivity, convulsions;
• an increase in liver function tests, an asymptomatic increase in the activity of AsAT, ALP and ALT, as well as the level of bilirubin in the blood;
• rash, erythema multiforme, urticaria, exfoliative dermatitis, angioedema, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis;
• blood in urine, interstitial nephritis;
• oral candidiasis, fever, candidal vaginitis (with prolonged use of the drug).

Compatibility with other medications

It is undesirable to combine "Amoxiclav" and funds indirect anticoagulants, as this can contribute to an increase in prothrombin time.

The medication in question increases the toxicity of Metatrexat.

The interaction of allopurinol and "Amoxiclav" causes the risk of exanthema.

It is forbidden to prescribe a medication together with macrolides or tetracyclines, as well as sulfonamides due to a decrease in its effectiveness.

Rifampicin and amoxicillin should not be combined, as these are antagonist preparations. Taking them together weakens the antibacterial effect of both.

Taking the medication in question reduces the effectiveness of oral contraceptives.

It should also be noted that the drug "Amoxiclav" (1000) and alcohol must not be combined because of the possible increase in adverse reactions.

Price, synonyms and analogues

Synonyms for this drug are: "Clavocin", "Augmentin" and "Moxiclav". As for the analogs, they include:

• "Amovikomb",
• "Ecoclave",
• "Arlet",
• Flemoklav,
• "Baktoklav",
• "Torrentin",
• "Klamosar",
• "Rapiklav",
• "Verklav",
• "Ranklave",
• "Medoklav",
• "Panklav",
• "Liklav".

How much does the antibiotic "Amoxiclav" cost? Its price depends on the form of release. Tablets (1000 mg) can be purchased for 480 rubles, suspension - for 280, and lyophilized powder for injection - for 180.

Reviews of the drug

According to patient reviews, this medication is an effective drug that is used to treat many infectious diseases. When taking medication for the treatment of respiratory ailments, relief comes on the third day.

Also, the drug is actively prescribed for the treatment of genitourinary infections.

In addition to positive reviews about this antibiotic, patients also leave negative messages. According to them, the drug "Amoxiclav" causes many side effects, which are manifested in the form of nausea, diarrhea and vomiting.

How to take Amoxiclav for angina - the principle of action of the drug

Angina is a disease that is often treated with antibiotics. One of them is Amoxiclav.

The drug acts destructively against a wide range of pathogenic bacteria. Amoxiclav is a combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid. Amoxicillin for angina can be taken as an independent drug. The scope of this medicine is wide. For example, amoxicillin antibiotic is also prescribed for otitis media.

The drug in dosage form has a different dosage and release form. How to take Amoxiclav for angina and in what dosage depends on age, weight, course of the disease and other factors.

Amoxiclav (amoxicillin and clavulanic acid) is more effective in relation to its predecessors for the following reasons:

• Amoxicillin in the group penicillin antibiotics, binds the surface of the receptors of bacterial cells, thereby causing their death. However, antibiotics of this group have been used for a long time. Most bacteria have learned, using the enzyme beta-lactamase, to block the action of an antibiotic.
• Clavulanic acid affects the beta-lactamase enzyme, reducing its activity. Thanks to this action, Amoxiclav kills strains of bacteria that are resistant to amoxicillin.
• Amoxiclav has a pronounced bactericidal and bacteriostatic effect on all types of streptococci (except for methicillin-resistant strain), echinococcus, listeria.

How to take amoxiclav for angina, depending on the form of release:

• Tablets... Recommended to be taken at the beginning of a meal. Dissolve tablets for sore throat in a small amount of water (instant) or chew thoroughly. The tablets are available in various doses. They are prescribed individually, depending on weight and age.
• Suspensions... Designed for pediatric patients. How to use amokislav in the form of a suspension? A measuring spoon is attached to it, since the dosage of the drug is determined by the weight of the child. Before use, shake the vial with the suspension so that the particles of the substance in the liquid are evenly distributed. Reception - at the beginning of the meal.
• Amoxiclav powder for intravenous administration ... Prepare a solution from powder and water for injection. It must be administered intravenously no later than 20 minutes after preparation. Inject the drug slowly over three minutes.

Amoxiclav (amoxicillin clavulanate) is contraindicated in people with impaired activity of organs such as the liver and kidneys. Contraindication for individual intolerance. Be careful when prescribing to pregnant women and during lactation.

What antibiotics to take for sore throat can only be determined by a doctor.

Treatment of angina with Amoxiclav in adults and children

Despite the fact that angina is a complex disease, antibiotics are not always prescribed. For example, with catarrhal angina, this is not necessary. Whether it is necessary to prescribe an antibiotic, the doctor decides.

How many days does the temperature last with angina, when the doctor is forced to add the antibiotic Amoxiclav to the treatment? If your temperature lasts longer than three days, and a number of certain factors, discussed below, are present, a specialist will prescribe Amoxiclav.

Amoxiclav for angina for an adult is prescribed under the following conditions:

• temperature above 38 ° C from three days;
• Availability purulent plaque on the tonsil area;
• inflammation of the lymph nodes in the neck.

The dosage of Amoxiclav for an adult is calculated if the patient is over 12 years old and weighs over 40 kilograms.

It is worth noting that you cannot prescribe the dosage yourself and self-medicate. The timing of admission, dosage and duration of treatment should be prescribed only by a qualified specialist.

Most often, the dosage and administration of the drug occurs according to the following scheme (meaning: amoxicillin / clavulanic acid):

• 1 tablet after 8 hours - 250 / 125mg.
• 1 tablet after 12 hours - 500 / 125mg.
• 1 tablet after 8 hours - 500 / 125mg. with a severe form of the disease.

Thus, an adult needs to take Amoxiclav for angina 2-3 times a day.

Usually, after taking the drug, there is an improvement in the patient's condition within two days. However, the course of treatment cannot be interrupted. The course of treatment for an adult is 7-10 days.

How to take amoxiclav: before or after meals? Your healthcare provider will determine whether to take this drug based on food intake.

Amoxiclav for angina in children is prescribed taking into account age and according to the results of the examination: urine, blood, throat swab.

Children's antibiotics for angina are usually in the form of a suspension.

How to take amoxiclav for children? Suspension, if the child is under 12 years old, and tablets for the age of 12 years and older are the forms of the drug that are recommended for children.

Amoxiclav suspension can have different concentrations, one measure in 5 ml (amoxicillin / clavulanic acid value):

• 125 / 31.25mg.
• 250 / 62.5mg.
• 400 / 75mg.

Suspension Amoxiclav (dosage 125 mg and 250 mg) is prescribed for children under the age of twelve, depending on their age, the severity of the disease and weight. After the child reaches a weight of 40 kg and the age of 12 years, Amoxiclav is prescribed in tablets: the dosage for children is 250 mg. You can learn more about the dosage of Amoxiclav for children from the table below:

The daily dose of amoxicillin per kilogram of body weight is 45 mg / kg, of clavulanic acid - 10 mg / kg.

Reception for children is divided into 2 or 3 times a day. The dosage varies according to the weight and severity of the disease. The course is from 5 to 10 days.

Important when treating a child: bed rest, proper care, access to the room for fresh air.

Antibiotics for bronchitis

Thunderstorm of the autumn-spring period - bronchitis. It often starts with a common cold and other respiratory diseases- tonsillitis or sinusitis. How to treat bronchitis correctly, only a doctor will tell. Many people avoid using strong medications and are treated with folk remedies. Often this becomes the reason for the transition of the manifestations of bronchitis to chronic course illness. Antibiotics for bronchitis should not be taken on your own - be sure to contact your doctor.

Antibiotic treatment regimen for bronchitis and pneumonia

Treatment of airway inflammation is carried out in a hospital or on an outpatient basis. Mild bronchitis is successfully treated at home, chronic or acute manifestations require hospitalization. Bronchitis and pneumonia are insidious diseases, so do not self-medicate. For adults and children, doctors prescribe different antibiotics and different wellness treatments. So, antibiotics for bronchitis and the treatment regimen depend on:

• age;
• having a tendency to allergies;
• the nature of the disease (acute, chronic);
• type of pathogen;
• parameters of the drugs used (speed and spectrum of action, toxicity).

Antibiotics have a powerful effect on the human body, and their thoughtless use can harm, not help. For example, applying strong drugs in the prevention of bronchitis, they can have the opposite effect. The constant intake of antibiotics suppresses the immune system, contributes to the appearance of dysbiosis, the adaptation of the strains of the disease to the drugs used. Therefore, it cannot be said that antibiotics for bronchitis are best remedy... Treatment of obstructive bronchitis with antibiotics is prescribed in the case of:

• if there is a high temperature (more than 38 degrees), which lasts longer than 3 days;
• purulent sputum;
• protracted nature of the disease - treatment for more than a month does not bring recovery.
• emerging severe symptoms with exacerbation.
• if sputum analysis reveals pathogens, bacterial or atypical in nature.

In adults

What antibiotics to drink for bronchitis in adults? A specific treatment regimen is applied based on the severity of the disease, its course and the patient's age. For acute bronchitis, medications of the penicillin group are prescribed - Amoxicillin, Erythromycin. With chronic, it is possible to use Amoxiclav, Augmentin. If this group of drugs does not help, they switch to the use of Rovamycin, Sumamed, etc.

For the elderly, Flemoxin, Azithromycin, Suprax, Ceftriaxone are prescribed. If sputum analysis has not been performed, then preference is given to broad-spectrum antibiotics: Ampicillin, Streptocillin, Tetratsikin, etc. After the analysis, the doctor prescribes targeted drugs. The decision about which antibiotics to take for bronchitis in adults is made by the attending physician. In any case, the following treatment principles should be adhered to:

1. Medication is taken strictly according to the instructions (dosage, schedule) at regular intervals.
2. It is unacceptable to skip taking pills.
3. If the symptoms of bronchitis have disappeared, you can not arbitrarily stop treatment.

In children

Unlike adults, antibiotic treatment of bronchitis in children is highly undesirable and dangerous. The use of drugs is allowed only in case of suspicion of an infectious type of disease. It is better for children to take drugs of the penicillin group. For children with asthma, the use of azithromycin, erythromycin is allowed. Otherwise, the child's treatment regimen is standard and is aimed at eliminating symptoms. Assign:

• bed rest, childcare;
• drugs to lower the temperature;
• remedies for eliminating cough and sore throat;
• the use of traditional medicine.

Groups of new generation antibacterial drugs

Penicillins (oxacillin, ampicillin, ticarcillin, piperacillin). The group of drugs includes such as "Amoxiclav", "Augmentin", "Panklav", etc. They have a bactericidal effect, affect the formation of the protein wall of a harmful bacterium, as a result of which it dies. Preparations with it are considered the safest. The only negative is the property to excite allergic reactions... If the disease is started and drugs with penicillin do not have the desired effect, then they switch to strong drugs.

Macrolides. An extensive group of drugs, which include erythromycin, oleandomycin, midecamycin, dirithromycin, telithromycin, roxithromycin, clarithromycin. Vivid representatives of macrolides on the pharmacological market are the drugs "Erythromycin", "Claricin", "Sumamed". The mechanism of action is aimed at disrupting the vital activity of the microbial cell. In terms of safety, macrolides are less harmful than tetracyclines, fluoroquinols, more dangerous than penicillins, but they are well suited for people with allergies. In combination with penicillins, they reduce their effectiveness.

Fluoroquinolones (pefloxacin, lomefloxacin, sparfloxacin, gemifloxacin, moxifloxacin). The drugs on the market are "Afelox", "Afenoxin", and drugs of the same name with the main active ingredient, for example, "Moxifloxacin". This group is specifically used as a medicine for bronchitis. It is prescribed only if the previous two groups of antibiotics did not work on the causative agent of the disease.

Cephalosporins (active substances - cephalexin, cefaclor, cefoperazone, cefepime). According to the type of pathogen, the patient is prescribed "Cephalexin", "Cefuroxime axetil", "Cefotaxime". Limited in action on some pathogens. For example, such antibiotics have absolutely no effect on pneumococci, chlamydia, microplasma, listeria. The first generation drugs are practically not absorbed into the bloodstream, and therefore are prescribed in the form of injections.

What are the most effective antibiotics

Amoxicillin. Release form - capsules and granules. Adults take 500 mg (1-2 capsules) 3 times a day, if bronchitis in severe form, the dosage is doubled to 1000 mg. The child is prescribed from 100 to 250 mg per day, depending on age. To facilitate the intake for children, a suspension is prepared - an antibiotic is diluted in half a glass of water and shaken. The method of administration is only orally, the drug is not administered by injection.

Sumamed. It is used for bronchitis and pneumonia. It is not used by patients with liver and kidney dysfunction. Available in tablets, capsules, powder for suspensions. The dosage for adults is 500 mg per day, the course is 3-5 days. For children, the dose is determined by weight - 5-30 mg of the drug per 1 kg. A more accurate and correct dosage will be said only by a specialist, do not neglect the medical opinion.

Levofloxacin and Moxifloxacin. They are positioned as antibiotics for chronic bronchitis in adults (over 18 years old). Highly effective for pneumonia, sinusitis, pyelonephritis, infections various etiologies... The use of this antibiotic is accompanied by plenty of drinking. Direct contact with ultraviolet light of any origin should be avoided. Release form - tablets. Dosage - 1-2 times a day, 500 mg.

Cefazolin. It is produced as a powder for preparation of infusions and injections. The methods of administration are intravenous and intramuscular only. For adults, 3-4 injections are made per day, 0.25-1 g. The treatment course is 7-10 days. The children's dose is determined in proportion to the weight of the child - 25-50 mg per 1 kg. Inject - 3-4 times a day. If patients have renal dysfunction, dosage adjustments are made.

Side effects

Antibiotics, due to their nature, have an extensive list of side effects. From the gastrointestinal tract - it is diarrhea, vomiting, dysbiosis, constipation, abdominal pain, dyspepsia, flatulence, dry mouth. On the part of the genitourinary organs - itching, impotence, renal failure, blood in the urine. From the side of the locomotor system - dizziness, arthritis, muscle weakness, numbness of the limbs, paralysis. Skin reactions are urticaria, itching, allergic reactions.

Treatment of pneumonia in adults: principles and drugs

Pneumonia is the development of inflammatory changes in the lung tissue. This is due to the ingress of microbes into them (mainly bacteria, but there can be viruses and fungi) in various ways. The danger of pneumonia is that a more or less extensive area of ​​the lung is turned off from the gas exchange process, which reduces the delivery of oxygen to the tissues. In addition, the body is poisoned by the products of inflammation and destruction of the pulmonary parenchyma.

Lung inflammation can develop:

In an out-of-hospital setting (such pneumonia is called "community-based");

In a person undergoing hospital treatment for any other disease;

Arising from neurological disorders (seizures, loss of consciousness), as a result of which the contents from the stomach entered the respiratory tract (aspiration pneumonia);

In people with weakened immune defenses.

Depending on which of the four types is observed in this case, as well as taking into account the age and the presence of chronic diseases, treatment of pneumonia in adults is prescribed.

How does a germ get into the lungs?

1) By bronchi:

When an aerosol enters them, densely seeded with pathogenic microbes. This is more typical for tuberculous or viral pneumonia;

By inhaling the contents of your own mouth and throat. This process almost always occurs during deep sleep, aggravated by taking sleeping pills or under the influence of alcohol. Normally, the local immune defense of the lungs works, but when it is weakened by the action of the virus, when there are too many microbes or they are very aggressive, pneumonia occurs.

2) Through blood from another focus of inflammation. For example, from bone - with osteomyelitis, from heart valves - with endocarditis.

3) By contact:

When pus enters from a neighboring organ, for example, with an abscess of the liver;

With a penetrating wound to the chest.

Principles for treating pneumonia in adults

If pneumonia is diagnosed, this implies the appointment of one or two antibiotics, since even if the cause was a virus (for example, a flu virus), the bacterial flora joins in any case.

In theory, the antibiotic should have been prescribed after the inflammatory microbe has been identified and its sensitivity to drugs has been obtained. But this requires mandatory coughing up of sputum, which not every patient can do, as well as 4-5 days of waiting for the result, which is unacceptable. The loss of time can lead to the death of the patient. Therefore, antibiotics are prescribed empirically, preferably after a person has donated sputum for bacteriological examination, but on the same day and preferably at the same hour as the diagnosis was made (there is evidence that the loss of even 4 hours of time significantly worsens the prognosis).

Treatment of pneumonia in adults is based on the following criteria:

1. Type of pneumonia: community-based, intra-hospital or other.
2. The volume of lung tissue lesions: segmental, lobar, polysegmental, unilateral or bilateral.
3. The patient's condition: his general state of health, shortness of breath, level of blood pressure, the degree of blood oxygen saturation.
4. Age.
5. The presence of concomitant pathology of the heart, lungs (for example, Chronical bronchitis), kidneys.

Treatment is carried out at home or in a hospital in the department of therapy or pulmonology. Hospitalization in an intensive care unit is sometimes required.

Pneumonia: diagnosis

The classic symptoms of pneumonia are high (above 38 ° C) temperature, cough with phlegm, deterioration of the general condition (weakness, drowsiness, loss of appetite). But now pneumonia with an atypical course is common. Against a background of high or not very elevated temperature diarrhea or impaired consciousness, delirium, hallucinations may appear. In this case, the cough may not be completely.

Therefore, the standard of diagnosis is an X-ray of the lungs; computed tomography may also be needed.

Antibiotic treatment for pneumonia in adults

The following antibiotics are used for treatment: "Amoxiclav", "Cefix", "Sumamed", "Levofloxacin", "Avelox". They are prescribed in tablets, often a combination is used. For example, with a course of moderate severity, the following complex of drugs can be prescribed: "Sumamed" plus "Avelox" or "Leflox". If the disease is caused by Klebsiella, pneumonia is treated in a hospital. In this case, intravenous and intramuscular drugs are prescribed, such as "Amikacin", "Gentamicin" together with the drugs "Leflocin" or "Tavanik".

Antibiotics are produced in tablet form, which allows them to be used as directed by a doctor at home and for children.

Antibiotic groups for pneumonia

Lung inflammation is caused by several groups of pathogens. Especially often community-acquired pneumonia(which arose outside the walls of the hospital, unlike a hospital infection) is provoked by Streptococcus pneumonia, Haemophilus influenza, Staphilococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeroginosa and other protozoa, including mycoplasma, legionella, chlamydia.

There is no single antibiotic that can act equally effectively on all pathogens of pneumonia; for each type of infection, the most effective drug is selected empirically.

Several groups of antibiotics are used to treat pneumonia:

It is impossible to distinguish between which antibiotics are best for pneumonia and which are ineffective, since in each case the outcome of treatment is determined not only by the type of pneumonia pathogen, but also by reactivity immune system, concomitant chronic diseases, features of care.

Beta-lactam antibiotics

The main drugs for the treatment of pneumonia are beta-lactam antibacterial agents, combined by the presence of a beta-lactam ring in the molecule.

The funds have a similar mechanism of action, are sensitive to beta-lactamase enzymes, which are produced by bacteria.

The antibiotics amoxicillins are highly effective against pneumococci, which often cause pneumonia, which, in the absence of allergies, are the drug of choice in children and during pregnancy.

Beta-lactam drugs include:

• penicillins;
  • natural - benzpenicillin, oxacillin;
  • ampicillin;
  • amoxicillins - Hikontsil, Flemoxin solutab;
  • inhibitor-protected - Augmentin, Tymentin;
  • antipseudomonal ureidopenicillin - azlocillin, piperacillin;
• cephalosporins;
  • 1st generation - cefazolins (Kefzol, Cefamezin), Cefalexin;
  • 2nd generation - products with cefuroxime (Zinnat, Ketocef);
  • 3rd generation - cefotaxime (Claforan), ceftriaxone (Rocephim), ceftazidime (Fortum);
  • 4th generation - cefepim (Maxipim).

Beta-lactam antibacterial agents differ high efficiency, but they are capable of causing allergies, which is why they are replaced by macrolides or fluoroquinolones. Macrolides are the drugs of choice for suspected atypical forms caused by chlamydia, legionella, mycoplasma.

The advantages of these antibacterial agents include a significant postantibiotic effect, in which a high concentration drugs that remain in a therapeutic dose after drug withdrawal.

For example, Azithromycin has a postanbiotic effect of 4 days, which makes it possible to reduce the course of therapy to 5 days.

Features of community-acquired pneumonia

Inflammation of the lungs can develop rapidly, leaving no time for diagnostic tests to determine the pathogenic microflora. The first appointment of an antibiotic and in private clinic, and in a public hospital is done empirically.

When choosing which antibiotics to take, the doctor proceeds from the clinical picture of the disease, the prevalence of pneumonia pathogens in a given area, the most typical pathogens, and a history of chronic diseases in adults.

Treatment of pneumonia is carried out in tablet forms, the drugs of choice are penicillins and cephalosporins of the 2nd generation. The appointment of treatment in the form of injections is resorted to when it is impossible to treat with pills, as well as in case of a severe course of the disease.

So, hospital forms of pneumonia in adults begin to be treated with the introduction of antibiotics in injections, and they switch to taking pills only 3 days after the symptoms of inflammation have subsided.

Treatment of pneumonia in adults at home

The effectiveness of the antibiotic is assessed after 3 days from the start of therapy. During this time, the required therapeutic concentration is created in the blood, and the medicine acts with maximum results.

With a mild course of pneumonia caused by pneumococci, streptococci, oral medications containing:

• amoxicillins - Amoxicillin Sandoz, Flemoxin Solyutab, Hikontsil, Amosin, Ospamox - 0.5 g at intervals of 8 hours;
• amoxicillins + clavulanate - Augmentin, Betaklav, Flemoklav Solutab, Ekoklav, Amoxiclav - 0.65 g, intervals - 8 hours;
• Cefuroxime axetil - dosage 0.5 g, intervals - 12 hours.

In the absence of a result after 3 days of use, the likelihood of SARS, adults are prescribed:

• tetracyclines - Doxycycline orally, 0.1 g at intervals of 12 hours;
• macrolides:
  • clarithromycin - Klacid, Fromilid, Fromilid Uno, Romiklar, Clarithromycin Sandoz, Clarbact 0.5 g at intervals of 12 hours;
  • azithromycin - Sumamed, Azitral, Hemomycin, Zitrolide Forte, Azitormycin Zentiva, Azitrox, Zitorlid 0.5 g 1 day once, the following days - 0.25 g 1 time per day;
  • midecamycin - Macropen 0.4 g after 8 hours;
  • spiramycin - Spiramycin-Vero, Rovamycin, 3 million IU at intervals of 12 hours;
  • roxithromycin - Brilid, Rulid, Rulicin, Esparoxy at 0.15 in 12 hours;
  • erythromycin - 0.5 g at intervals of 6 hours Erythromycin tablets;
  • josamycin - Wilprafen, Wilprafen solutab 0.5 g with an interval of 8 hours;
• Fluoroquinolones:
  • gatifloxacin - Zarquin, Gatispan 0.4 g 1 time / day;
  • levofloxacin - Tavanik, Flexid, Floracid, Levolet, Glevo 0.5 g once a day;
  • moxifloxacin - Avelox, Heinemox 0.4 g once a day.

Pneumonia in the elderly

For pneumonia in adults after 65 years of age, with a mild course from the first day of treatment, the protected aminopenicillins Augmentin or Amoxiclav, Cefuroxime axetil or one of the fluoroquinolones in the usual dosage are prescribed.

Alternative drugs for elderly patients are Doxycycline or Cefaclor.

Pneumonia during pregnancy

During pregnancy, women with pneumonia must be hospitalized. Antibacterial drugs are used in pregnant women only when indicated.

For treatment, drugs are chosen that have the maximum effect, but do not harm the developing fetus.

Antibiotics acceptable during pregnancy for the treatment of pneumonia include:

• amoxicillins - tab. 0.5 g at 8 hour intervals;
• amoxicillin + clavulanate - after 8 hours;
• cefuroxime axetil - 0.5 g with an interval of 12 hours;
• ampicillin - 1 g injection after 6 hours;
• ceftriaxone - 1 g injection at 24 hour intervals;
• cefutaxime - 1 g injection at 8 hour intervals;
• cefuroxime - injection 1.5 after 8 hours.

An alternative drug for allergy to beta-lactam penicillins in pregnant women is spiramycin, which is prescribed for oral administration 12 hours later in a suspension of 3 million IU.

Severe pneumonia

In severe community-acquired pneumonia, Cefepim, Ceftriaxone, or Cefotaxime are prescribed as the drug of choice. In addition to the main drug, an antibiotic from the macrolide group is used - clarithromycin, spiromycin or erythromycin.

The most severe course of pneumonia is observed when infected with staphylococcus, pneumococci, enterobacteria, legionella. In severe forms of inflammation, drugs are administered intravenously, using a pair of drugs:

• amoxicillin + clavunate and injectable macrolide;
• cefotaxime + macrolide;
• ceftriaxone + macrolide;
• ciprofloxacin (ofloxacin) + 3rd generation cephalosporin (or levofloxacin, moxifloxacin).

Replacing antibiotics

The effect of using the antibiotic is to reduce the symptoms of intoxication, lowering the temperature. If this does not happen after 3 days, then the drug is replaced.

The drug of choice is often ampicillin; in the absence of a result, it is replaced with macrolide or added additionally. And in severe pneumonia, instead of ampicillin, macrolide + one of the 3rd generation cephalosporins is used.

If the patient was immediately prescribed amoxicillin or cefuroxime, then to achieve the effect, a drug from the macrolide group is added to it.

The reason for changing the antibiotic may be the developing renal failure in the patient, due to the nephrotoxicity of the drug. Nephrotoxic drugs include cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones.

Perhaps you were looking for information about what says ethnoscience regarding pneumonia - read the article Folk remedies from pneumonia in adults.

How long does therapy last?

Provided that the temperature is normalized within 4 days, the total duration of the days. The duration of the course for mycoplasma pneumonia is 2 weeks.

In case of infection with enterobacter, staphylococci, legionella, the course of treatment can be extended up to 3 weeks.

Recovery criteria

Signs of normalization of the patient's condition are:

• decrease in temperature to values ​​not exceeding 37.5 0 С;
• a decrease in the respiratory rate to 20 or less breaths per minute;
• lack of pus in sputum;
• reduction of signs of intoxication of the body.

The use of antibiotics serves an important but only one purpose - the elimination of the infection. The tasks of restoring lung function are solved by drugs from other groups - anti-inflammatory, expectorant, bronchodilators. The overall result of treatment depends on the correctly selected treatment regimen, age, and immunoreactivity of the patient.

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How to take Amoxiclav for pneumonia?

Respiratory infections require an integrated approach, including taking a course of drugs with antibacterial and antiviral, as well as antitussive effect. One of the most dangerous diseases of this kind is pneumonia, and Amoxiclav for pneumonia becomes the main purpose.

States to fight pneumonia different countries The world annually allocates a huge amount of funds, both for the cure of patients, and for the development of innovative drugs that can prevent the development of the disease in a short time and avoid serious consequences.

In each case, the attending physician is faced with a difficult choice of the most suitable antibacterial drug. This takes into account both the general condition of the patient and his age, the presence or absence of concomitant diseases, as well as an analysis of the causes of the onset and development of a painful condition.

How is it treated with Amoxiclav

Choosing the treatment of pneumonia with Amoxiclav, it is possible to predict a quick improvement in the general condition of the patient, because this drug, being a semisynthetic agent of the penicillin group, has proven itself well in the treatment of respiratory diseases infectious etiology(bronchitis, tonsillitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, etc.).

Amoxiclav belongs to antibiotics and is a symbiosis of semi-synthetic amoxicillin and clavulanic acid. The ratio of the components is different for different forms of release. So for oral administration, the ratio is 2: 1, 4: 4, 7: 1. For injection, the permissible ratio is 5: 1.

Possessing high antibacterial activity, Amoxiclav fights infections such as staphylococci, streptococci, gonococci, salmonella, etc.

The use of Amoxiclav for adults with pneumonia is made only on the basis of a laboratory-diagnosed infectious agent, despite the fact that the inflammatory process begins acutely and requires immediate action. The symptoms of pneumonia are:

• a sharp rise in temperature;
• severe cough with phlegm
• chest pain.

In the presence of all the listed symptoms, the necessary action is hospitalization, where all the necessary biomedical studies will be carried out and an accurate diagnosis made. Upon confirmation of the presence of pneumonia in the patient, he will immediately be injected with a dose of antibiotics intramuscularly and intravenously, since the slightest delay can lead to death.

Along with taking a course medicines, will be shown bed rest, vitamin nutrition, which also includes taking a large amount of liquid. To increase the effectiveness of treatment, Amoxiclav is used according to a special scheme, and after overcoming the acute period, the patient switches to taking pills.

Amoxiclav for pneumonia for children

Amoxiclav should also be given to children from pneumonia only after the diagnosis is confirmed. Urgent hospitalization is required if:

• the child is less than 2 months old,
• the child has a history of encephalopathy,
• with concomitant diseases of the circulatory system and defects of the heart muscle,
• with chronic diseases of the lungs, heart, kidneys,
• in the presence of malignant diseases blood,
• with a confirmed fact of intrauterine infection in children under one year old.

Also, children with severe forms of pneumonia are subject to compulsory hospitalization.

The dosage of Amoxiclav for pneumonia is determined exclusively by the attending physician and can be changed if there is good reason for this.

Analogs of Amoxiclav

In milder forms of diseases, analogs of Amoxiclav can be used - drugs that also include amoxicillin - Augmentin, Flemoxin Solutab, Summamed, Azithromycin. According to the analysis of the reviews of patients who were prescribed analogue treatment, their effect is equally strong against various infections. Amoxiclav is stronger only in relation to treptococcal infection.

Out-of-hospital reception of Amoxiclav should be carried out in strict accordance with the instructions and exclusively as directed by a doctor. Self-medication attempts can not only harm the patient's health, but also pose a threat to his life.

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IMPORTANT. The information on the site is provided for informational purposes only. Do not self-medicate. At the first sign of disease, consult a doctor.

Antibiotics for pneumonia

Pneumonia is a dangerous disease of the respiratory system that requires serious treatment. Often, pneumonia can only be overcome with antibiotics. It will be useful for everyone to find out what antibacterial drugs can be prescribed for such a diagnosis.

How to treat pneumonia with antibiotics

Remember that drugs should only be prescribed by a doctor. It is strictly forbidden to use them arbitrarily. To make an appointment, the doctor must determine the body's sensitivity to the antibiotic. To carry out the latter, you need to take a sputum test and find out what bacteria caused the disease. Based on its results, a suitable medicine is prescribed. If the doctor has prescribed an antibacterial drug, then you need to strictly follow its recommendations and complete the full course of treatment.

What antibiotics are prescribed

Choose a medicine based on the severity of left-sided or right-sided pneumonia, and the causative agent of an infectious disease. There are such groups:

1. Penicillin series. Appointed if the causative agent is pneumococcus.
2. Fluoroquinolone group. Effective for inflammation caused by Haemophilus influenzae, Legionella.
3. Cephalosporin series. They are used in case of ineffectiveness of treatment with antibiotics of the penicillin group or individual intolerance. Immediately prescribed against staphylococcus, Escherichia coli.
4. Macrolides. The causative agent of the disease is legionella.
5. Tetracycline series. With the causative agent - chlamydia, Klebsiella.
6. Aminoglycosides. They are used for a disease caused by several types of bacteria at once.

How long is pneumonia treated?

The period of taking antibiotics for pneumonia, as well as its scheme, is determined strictly on an individual basis. It affects whether pneumonia is treated at home or in a hospital, the severity of the disease, the form, type of pathogen. As a rule, the maximum admission period is two weeks in a very difficult case, and with lighter courses it is reduced to 7-10 days. Often, experts recommend using the medicine for three more days after the patient's body temperature becomes normal.

Antibiotic names for pneumonia

There are many drugs in each group. They are similar in principle of operation, but there are some important differences. They can consist in the methods of reception, efficiency, speed. When choosing which antibiotics to prescribe for pneumonia, the doctor must take into account all these features. With this disease, medications of a wide spectrum of action are prescribed. They are very effective.

Broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs

There are gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Both can cause pneumonia. Treatment with narrow-spectrum antibiotics or other drugs is sometimes ineffective, as the body can develop resistance to certain pathogens. The same happens when there are several bacteria. In this situation, the doctor prescribes empirical treatment without determining the type of pathogen. It implies reception modern antibiotics a wide range. These include:

• antibiotics of the penicillin series;
• tetracyclines;
• fluoroquinolones;
• aminoglycosides;
• amphenicols;
• carbapenems;
• macrolides;
• cephalosporins (Ceftriaxone).

Tablets

A specialist may prescribe these antibiotics for pneumonia:

1. Amoxiclav. As a rule, one or two tablets are prescribed within 5-7 days.
2. Sumamed. A broad-spectrum drug. The regimen is similar to the previous drug.
3. Cefaxone. Ceftriaxone is not available in tablets, although it is considered very effective for pneumonia, bronchitis. Cefaxon is its no less high-quality analogue.
4. Azithromycin. Good option for initial stage pneumonia. The course of therapy is one tablet twice a day with a weekly course of administration.
5. Amoxil. Take a tablet two to three times a day, 5-7 days.

Injections

Intramuscular and intravenous injections of such antibiotics are effective for pneumonia:

1. Ceftriaxone. Very often prescribed. Ceftriaxone should be injected for pneumonia once a day. The duration of the course is determined by the doctor.
2. Ofloxacin. Injected intramuscularly twice a day.
3. Cefazolin (Cefotaxime). 1-2 ml is administered twice a day for typical pneumonia.
4. Ampiox. It helps quickly, it is prescribed for 5-7 days.
5. Ampicillin, Penicillin, Lincomycin. Appointed for complex treatment pneumonia.
6. Amoxicillin, Amoxiclav, Augmentin. Effective for mild to moderate severity of the disease.
7. Azithromycin (Sumamed, Azitrox, Azitral, Hemomycin). Recommended for intolerance to penicillin antibiotics, atypical pneumonia.
8. Timentin, Sparfloxacin, Ceftazidime, Meropenem. With severe pneumonia (congestive, focal), complications (pleuropneumonia). Reserve drugs.

Features of the treatment of pneumonia

Antibiotics are serious medications that strongly affect almost every system in the body. It is necessary to strictly follow the rules for their admission, not to violate the instructions of doctors. Under no circumstances should you self-medicate, change dosages, terms of use. Treatment of pneumonia in children and adults has its own characteristics. You should learn more about them.

In adults

The therapy is carried out taking into account the following nuances:

1. If it turned out that pneumonia is atypical, then in addition to the main ones, special antibacterial drugs should be prescribed to the patient.
2. As a rule, treatment is carried out not with one, but with several drugs. Assign 2-3 types, carry out symptomatic therapy. Mucolytics will be effective for thinning sputum, means for expanding the bronchi. If the temperature is very high, antipyretics are prescribed. Antibiotics have a strong effect on the intestinal flora, therefore it is recommended to use means to protect it.
3. Therapy should be designed to switch from intravenous or intramuscular antibiotics to oral antibiotics as soon as possible.
4. The antibacterial method is allowed to be supplemented with the use of folk remedies.
5. During treatment, it is strictly forbidden to consume alcoholic beverages.
6. Many medications should not be prescribed during pregnancy and during breastfeeding.
7. It will be possible to cure pneumonia at home, but with strict adherence to bed rest.

In children

The therapy is carried out in accordance with the following features:

1. Children of newborns and up to three years of age must be admitted to a hospital.
2. Antibiotics for pneumonia in children are prescribed taking into account age, weight, and other characteristics of the body. Evaluation of effectiveness occurs in a day or two. If there is no result, they decide to change the drug.
3. In most cases, children are prescribed semi-synthetic penicillins, cephalosporins of the second or third group, macrolides.
4. It is imperative to give your child medications in order to prevent dysbiosis.
5. Antibiotic therapy is carried out in bed rest.
6. Means for symptomatic treatment, vitamin complexes can be used.
7. When the fever disappears, you need to start physiotherapy exercises, massages.
8. Keep your child's room cool and clean.

Videos about the treatment of pneumonia at home and in the hospital

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Amoxiclav for flu, colds, pneumonia and sinusitis

Characteristics of the drug "Amoxiclav"

The drug "Amoxiclav" is a semi-synthetic antibiotic with a broad spectrum of action, belongs to penicillin group.

The composition of this tool includes the following components:

1. Amoxicillin is the main active ingredient, it can be formulated as sodium salt or trihydrate, depending on the form of release of the drug.
2. Clavulanic acid is added to the composition in the form of a potassium salt; this component is intended to expand the spectrum of the drug's action and increase its effectiveness.
3. A number of auxiliary components designed to maintain the structure of the drug and facilitate the process of taking it.

Today you can buy the drug "Amoxiclav", produced in the following forms:

1. Tablets for oral administration with a special film coating, the concentration of amoxicillin in them can be 250 mg, 500 mg or 875 mg.
2. Powder, intended for the preparation of a solution that is taken orally, the concentration of amoxicillin in 5 ml can be 125 mg, 250 mg or 400 mg.
3. Powder intended for the preparation of a solution, which is administered intravenously, which accelerates the process of penetration of active substances into the blood. The concentration of amoxicillin can be 500 mg or 1000 mg.

Pharmacological properties of "Amoxiclav"

Due to the peculiarities of its composition, the drug "Amoxiclav" has the following pharmacological properties:

1. Amoxicillin affects the pathogenic bacterial microflora that is present in the human body and is sensitive to this component.
2. Clavulanic acid forms a number of stable compounds and complexes that do not allow amoxicillin to decompose prematurely, increasing the duration of the effect of this component on bacterial infection.
3. Both substances that make up the drug are well absorbed into gastrointestinal tract, therefore, their maximum plasma concentration is noted already an hour after taking the drug.

Indications for use

This antibiotic is prescribed by specialists in the presence of the following direct indications for its use:

1. Otitis media.
2. Sinusitis in acute form.
3. Sinusitis turned into a chronic form.
4. Pneumonia.
5. Chronic bronchitis.
6. The presence of infections affecting the urinary tract.
7. The presence of gynecological infections.
8. The presence of infections affecting the skin, as well as various soft tissue and mucous membranes.
9. The presence of a risk of purulent-septic complications after surgical operations affecting internal organs.
10. Infectious lesions of hard tissues.
11. Periodontitis and other types of odontogenic infections.
12. Shankroid.
13. Gonorrhea.
14. Angina
15. Retropharyngeal abscess.

The drug "Amoxiclav" is also widely used in maxillofacial surgery and orthopedics. It can be used in complex therapy for the treatment of mixed infections, as well as for prophylactic purposes in the presence of a predisposition to infection and the formation of purulent foci.

Instructions for use

The regimen for taking the drug may differ depending on the diagnosis, in any case, such a course should be prescribed only by a specialist, taking into account the clinical picture and individual characteristics of the patient's condition.

Usually "Amoxiclav" is used as follows:

1. With mild to moderate normal colds provoked bacterial infections, reception is carried out three times a day. The maximum daily dosage of the main active substance is 1125 mg.
2. With pneumonia or sinusitis, especially in severe form, the regimen remains the same, but the daily dosage is increased to 1875 mg.

"Amoxiclav" for the treatment of children

The drug "Amoxiclav" is often used in pediatric practice, the drug in tablet form should be prescribed taking into account the following rules:

1. For children from birth to the age of 3 months, the daily dosage is calculated based on the ratio of 30 mg of the main active ingredient per kilogram of weight. Reception should be carried out throughout the course at regular intervals.
2. Starting from the age of three, the daily dosage is calculated based on the ratio of 45 mg of the main active ingredient per kilogram of weight, taken every 12 hours.
3. As soon as the child's weight reaches 40 kg, the drug is used according to the same schemes as in adults.

If you refuse to take pills, you can use a suspension for oral administration, it is prepared in accordance with the following rules:

1. It is necessary to open a bottle of powder and add 43 ml of pre-boiled water there.
2. The bottle must be shaken thoroughly so that no particles of powder remain inside.
3. Another 43 ml of water is added to the resulting solution, after which it is shaken or stirred again.
4. The dosage is determined on an individual basis; agreement of such therapy with a pediatrician is required.

In case of refusal to take oral administration of the drug in any form, as well as in the most severe course of the disease or the development of complications, intravenous administration of an antibiotic is prescribed:

1. When treating premature or newborn babies, the dosage is calculated based on the ratio of 30 mg of active ingredient per kilogram of weight, the administration is carried out every 12 hours.
2. When treating children aged 3 to 8 years, the dosage remains the same, but the frequency of administration is reduced to 8 hours.

Use of the drug during pregnancy

"Amoxiclav" refers to antibiotics with low level toxicity, but, despite this, during pregnancy, it is prescribed only in rare cases.

This usually occurs in the presence of infectious diseases that occur in an acute form and endanger the condition of the fetus.

The advisability of such a course and dosage is determined by a specialist on an individual basis; it is strictly forbidden to take "Amoxiclav" at any stage of pregnancy without obtaining the appropriate permission from a doctor.

Side effects

The drug "Amoxiclav" is well tolerated by the body, side effects occur only in rare cases and are temporary.

They can consist of the following manifestations:

1. Disruptions to work digestive system leading to a feeling of nausea or vomiting, diarrhea, a change in the color of the tongue, increased gas production.
2. Skin lesions in the form of the appearance of puffiness, rash or different forms dermatitis.
3. Confusion of consciousness.
4. Night sleep disturbances.
5. The emergence of anxiety states without the presence of objective reasons.
6. Increased excitability and activity arising from the stimulation of the activity of the central nervous system.
7. Dizziness
8. Headache.
9. Convulsive reaction.
10. The change chemical composition blood.
11. Anemia.
12. Candidiasis oral cavity.
13. The appearance of blood in the urine.
14. Feverish states.
15. Changes in the functioning of the liver, changes in the production of certain enzymes.

Contraindications

Despite the good tolerance of the drug, it has a number of contraindications.

Reception is prohibited in the following cases:

1. Individual intolerance to drugs belonging to the penicillin group.
2. Hepatitis caused by taking antibiotics with a similar effect.
3. Cholestatic jaundice.
4. A tendency to some forms of acute allergic reaction.

Analogs

If it is impossible to take "Amoxiclav", one of the analogs can be prescribed, which has a similar composition and effect.

Among these drugs are:

Interaction with other drugs

Joint reception with other drugs should be agreed with the attending physician.

1. Contraceptives for oral administration.
2. Antibiotics belonging to the tetracycline group.
3. Any drugs based on rifampicin.
4. Any drugs based on methotrextat.
5. Macrolides.
6. Preparations, during the processing of which the formation and release of ethinyl estradiol or para-aminobenzoic acid is observed.
7. Medicines with a laxative effect.
8. Diuretics and any others pharmacological preparations, when taken, there is a blockage of tubular secretion.

A detailed method of treating pneumonia with amoxiclav

The main direction in the treatment of infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract is the use of various antibacterial drugs that can suppress the vital activity of pathogens. Among the most effective drugs, the drug Amoxiclav is distinguished, which has managed to establish itself as really effective remedy with pneumonia and other diseases of the respiratory tract.

Properties of the drug

This drug contains two components, namely: amoxicillin - half synthetic penicillin and clavulanic acid.

The substance amoxicillin acts on the bacterial membrane and binds the enzymes that are part of it. Then the cell is destroyed and the bacteria die.

As you know, many pathogenic microoranisms already have immunity to such drugs, they began to develop new protective substances, namely, beta-lactamases. It is for the fight against beta-lactamases that clavulinic acid is needed. It helps kill all bacteria, making the antibiotic stronger and more effective.

In addition, clavulinic acid is effective in cases where the patient has already used various antibiotics to eliminate pneumonia.

Pulmonary infection is often caused by specific microorganisms, and the use of Amoxiclav allows you to completely get rid of them.

The drug Amoxiclav is able to have a good antimicrobial effect in pneumonia. Moreover, it is also able to eliminate many infections, including: staphylococcus, streptococcus, salmonella.

Application scheme

In adults

The dosage for adults in the treatment of pneumonia is determined on a case-by-case basis. Only an infectious disease doctor or therapist can prescribe such a drug.

If symptoms of pneumonia occur, the patient is hospitalized and rescue measures are taken, including the use of drugs intramuscularly or intravenously.

The medicine has the following forms of release:

• Tablets 250 mg + 125 mg.
• Tablets 500 mg + 125 mg.
• Tablet preparation of 875 mg + 125 mg.
• Powder for further dissolution, 125 mg + 31.25 mg / 5 ml or 250 mg + 62.5 mg / 5 ml;
• Mixture for oral suspension, 400 mg + 57 mg / 5 ml.
• Mix to prepare solution for intravenous administration, 500 mg + 100 mg or 1000 mg + 200 mg.

The dosage may depend on the type and form of pneumonia, as well as the patient's condition and the functionality of his kidneys, because the drug is excreted through them. Severe pneumonia requires intravenous administration of the drug.

For more early stages it is enough to use tablets according to the following scheme:

• 250 + 125 mg. three times a day;
• 500 + 125 mg. twice a day;
• 875 + 125 mg. twice a day if the disease is severe.

Strictly follow the dosage as recommended by your doctor. If the dose was too small, this can cause the drug to be ineffective, because even in a short time of administration, bacteria can develop immunity. If the dosage is exceeded, this often becomes the cause of side effects.

Maximum dosage: 6 g of amoxicillin and 0.6 g of clavulanic acid. In some cases, the dosage and amount of the drug is reduced to 1 dose. This applies to those who have various pathologies or chronic kidney disease.

In children

For children, the dosage for the treatment of pneumonia is selected based on weight. In treatment, it is preferred to use a suspension and only occasionally tablets.

If the infection is mild, the doctor prescribes 20 mg per 1 kg. weight. If the infection causes complications, the dosage is doubled.

Manufacturers have created special packaging so that the portion for intake can be calculated as quickly as possible, without exceeding the daily norm.

There are two types of mixture preparation:

1. In 5 ml. powder has a dose of amoxicillin (125 mg) and clavulanic acid (30.5 mg).

2. In 5 ml. ratio 250 mg. to 62.5 mg.

Maximum daily allowance: amoxicillin - 45 mg per 1 kg. weight and 10 mg of acid per 1 kg. body weight.

Children over 12 years old with a weight of more than 40 kilograms should be taken adult dosage the drug, in tablets. If there is kidney dysfunction, the doctor will adjust the dosage.

Peculiarities

Treatment of pneumonia with Amoxiclav takes 5 to 14 days. Only the attending physician can extend the admission period. If no positive effect is observed, it is necessary to change the medicine.

In order to avoid relapses, it is worth taking a course of treatment, even if there is clear relief and the condition has improved. Quick-dissolving tablets Amoxiclav should be dissolved in a glass of water before use, or thoroughly dissolve in the mouth.

During pregnancy and breastfeeding

If absolutely necessary, Amoxiclav is prescribed to pregnant women for the treatment of pneumonia, but only after thorough examinations and analysis possible risk for the fetus.

The instructions for the drug indicate that the treatment of pneumonia in pregnant women can be carried out only on the recommendation of a doctor.

Women in a position while taking the drug are more likely to experience unpleasant side effects in the form of nausea, diarrhea, and headache. Treatment may be contraindicated if the woman has previously had various diseases kidneys and liver, as well as in case of severe allergic reactions.

Nursing mothers should be treated with Amoxiclav only under the supervision of a doctor. If the child has a reaction to the drug, it is worth stopping the intake and changing the treatment regimen.

Contraindications

The main contraindications are:

• intolerance to the penicillin group;
• liver pathology;
• mononucleosis.

Side effects and overdose

Side effects: nausea, diarrhea, severe abdominal pain. The onset of candidiasis in the oral cavity, in women, the onset of thrush. If there are allergic reactions, skin rashes, Quincke's edema are possible.

Overdose can cause severe dizziness, insomnia, and the development of anemia.

Analogs

The most suitable in terms of composition are: Augmentin, Flemoklav, Summamed, Azithromycin.

Useful video

Check out visually about the drug amoxiclav and the treatment of pneumonia, in the video below:

Summing up

Pneumonia and its symptoms require immediate treatment. Before taking this or that drug, you need to consult a doctor. If there are no contraindications, Amoxiclav can be prescribed - a remedy that can cope with various bacteria and is safe for children and pregnant women.

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What is community-acquired pneumonia, in detail about the types of the disease, as well as the main methods of diagnosis and treatment

The term "pneumonia" includes many types of pneumonia, which differ from each other in the etiology of development, symptoms and other features. One of

What antibiotics are prescribed for pneumonia?

Pneumonia is a focal inflammation of the lung tissue caused by various microorganisms. Since pneumonia is an infectious disease, antibiotics are the main treatment for it. Without the timely appointment of these drugs with pneumonia, a protracted course, the development of complications and even death is possible. Currently, pharmacies sell a huge amount of antibacterial drugs, but not all antibiotics are effective enough for pneumonia.

An antibiotic (AB) must be active against the causative agent of the disease. However, there are many conditions that must be considered when making a choice. These conditions include the severity of the condition, concomitant diseases, the age of the patient.

Pneumonia is caused by a wide variety of microorganisms. In most cases, bacteria are the pathogens. However, their list is wide. The main bacterial agent that causes inflammation of the lung tissue in adults outside the hospital is S. pneumoniae - pneumococcus. More rare pathogens include Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella.

There is a term "atypical pneumonia". This is how pneumonia occurs with an erased clinical picture and not amenable to standard antibiotic therapy. Such pneumonia is caused by atypical microorganisms:

Only a small amount of antibacterial agents are able to cope with all possible pathogens. Such antibiotics are not prescribed by doctors in everyday practice, since they are reserve drugs.

Reserve drugs are prescribed for extremely severe infections or the lack of effect from other antibiotics. They should not be used for any minor illness. With widespread use, the development of resistance (addiction) in microbes is possible, as a result of which the drug will become ineffective. Resistance to reserve drugs leaves no chance of survival for patients with severe infections.

The table shows antibacterial drugs that have proven their effectiveness in pneumonia and are most often prescribed for its treatment. Each drug affects a specific spectrum of microorganisms.

Pneumonia is divided into severe and mild. Severe pneumonia is considered to occur with widespread damage to the lung tissue (2 lobes or more) and / or complicated by severe respiratory failure, sepsis. Therapy for mild pneumonia is usually carried out on an outpatient basis, for severe pneumonia - always in a hospital. In the first case, drugs are prescribed in tablets, in the second - in injections.

The presence of comorbidities in the patient is of decisive importance in choosing AB. The choice is also changed with recent antibiotic therapy for another infection.

When treating pneumonia at home, the pathogen is not determined. In such cases, empiric antibiotic therapy is performed.

The essence of empirical therapy is the need to choose a drug that is effective in combating the most common pathogens. infectious disease without microbiological analysis (in conditions when the pathogen is unknown).

For persons who do not have concomitant diseases and have not taken any antibiotics in the last 3 months, the "culprit" of pneumonia is usually pneumococcus, less often chlamydia, mycoplasma, Haemophilus influenzae.

In persons who have received antibiotics in the last 3 months for other diseases or with concomitant pathology ( bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, etc.), typical pathogens are pneumococcus, haemophilus influenzae, chlamydia, Staphylococcus aureus, enterobacteria.

Antibiotics are prescribed as follows.

The effectiveness of the treatment is assessed after 2-3 days. The main criteria for effectiveness are a decrease in body temperature (less than 37 ° C) and elimination of intoxication. If the antibiotic does not work properly, it must be replaced.

A full course of antibiotic therapy should last at least 1 week.

In the absence of an effect from Amoxicillin and Amoxiclav, you need to choose a macrolide, since an atypical microbe may have become the causative agent. In the absence of the effect of macrolides, they switch to respiratory fluoroquinolones, which have the widest spectrum of action.

At the beginning of therapy, fluoroquinolones are usually not prescribed, since doctors are afraid of developing resistance to them. They are left in case there are no improvements from other AB groups.

In patients undergoing inpatient treatment (severe disease, elderly people), 2 AB are used at the same time:

1. 1. When grave condition both drugs are administered strictly intravenously.
2. 2. In case of mild pneumonia, one of the AB is used intravenously or intramuscularly, and the second is in the form of tablets.

If the initial therapy is effective (reduced fever, intoxication), it is possible to switch to tablets of the same group (for example, Amoxicillin IV-Amoxicillin tablets, Clarithromycin IV-Clarithromycin tablets, etc.).

In the absence of criteria for a severe course for intravenous or intramuscular administration, appoint:

They are combined with one of the macrolides.

The exception is respiratory fluoroquinolones. They cover the entire spectrum of possible pathogens and do not need to be combined with other agents in case of a mild course of the disease.

With a pronounced severity of the condition for intravenous administration, the following are prescribed:

Intravenous macrolide is added to the selected drug. Respiratory fluoroquinolones for TP are used in combination with eftriaxone or Cefotaxime, both of which are administered intravenously.

Sputum culture should be performed in hospitalized patients in order to determine the pathogen and its susceptibility to antibiotics. The choice of the drug in this case is most justified.

In children, there are 3 degrees of severity of the disease:

• very severe (in the presence of severe respiratory failure, diffuse cyanosis);
• severe (with respiratory failure, not life-threatening);
• not heavy.

For very severe pneumonia, treatment is carried out in the intensive care unit. For intravenous administration, Cefotaxime (or Cefazolin, Ceftriaxone) is prescribed in combination with Gentamicin or Amikacin. Possible monotherapy with Amoxiclav.

In case of severe pneumonia, hospitalization is made in a regular ward. The drugs are administered intravenously or intramuscularly. Children under 5 years of age are prescribed one of the AB: Amoxiclav, Ceftriaxone, Cefotaxime - strong against Haemophilus influenzae, which is a common causative agent of pneumonia in children under 5 years of age. In children over 5 years old, choose between Ampicillin and Cefazolin, which are inactive against this microbe.

For mild pneumonia, treatment can be done at home. Tablets are prescribed. The choice is made between Amoxicillin and Amoxiclav. If they are ineffective or suspected of atypical pneumonia, they switch to Josamycin or Azithromycin.

Atypical microorganisms often become the causative agents of pneumonia in newborns (intrauterine infection).

For clarity, the dosage of drugs is presented in the table.

Dosing of drugs for children is made in accordance with the weight of the child. Respiratory fluoroquinolones are contraindicated in childhood and in pregnant women!

All information on the site is provided for informational purposes only. Be sure to consult your doctor before applying any recommendations.

Full or partial copying of information from the site without indicating an active link to it is prohibited.

Pneumonia is a dangerous disease of the respiratory system that requires serious treatment. Often, pneumonia can only be overcome with antibiotics. It will be useful for everyone to find out what antibacterial drugs can be prescribed for such a diagnosis.

How to treat pneumonia with antibiotics

Remember that drugs should only be prescribed by a doctor. It is strictly forbidden to use them arbitrarily. To make an appointment, the doctor must determine the body's sensitivity to the antibiotic. To carry out the latter, you need to take a sputum test and find out what bacteria caused the disease. Based on its results, a suitable medicine is prescribed. If the doctor has prescribed an antibacterial drug, then you need to strictly follow its recommendations and complete the full course of treatment.

What antibiotics are prescribed

Choose a medicine based on the severity of left-sided or right-sided pneumonia, and the causative agent of an infectious disease. There are such groups:

1. Penicillin series. Appointed if the causative agent is pneumococcus.
2. Fluoroquinolone group. Effective for inflammation caused by Haemophilus influenzae, Legionella.
3. Cephalosporin series. They are used in case of ineffectiveness of treatment with antibiotics of the penicillin group or individual intolerance. Immediately prescribed against staphylococcus, Escherichia coli.
4. Macrolides. The causative agent of the disease is legionella.
5. Tetracycline series. With the causative agent - chlamydia, Klebsiella.
6. Aminoglycosides. They are used for a disease caused by several types of bacteria at once.

How long is pneumonia treated?

The period of taking antibiotics for pneumonia, as well as its scheme, is determined strictly on an individual basis. It affects whether pneumonia is treated at home or in a hospital, the severity of the disease, the form, type of pathogen. As a rule, the maximum admission period is two weeks in a very difficult case, and with lighter courses it is reduced to 7-10 days. Often, experts recommend using the medicine for three more days after the patient's body temperature becomes normal.

Antibiotic names for pneumonia

There are many drugs in each group. They are similar in principle of operation, but there are some important differences. They can consist in the methods of reception, efficiency, speed. When choosing which antibiotics to prescribe for pneumonia, the doctor must take into account all these features. With this disease, medications of a wide spectrum of action are prescribed. They are very effective.

Broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs

There are gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Both can cause pneumonia. Treatment with narrow-spectrum antibiotics or other drugs is sometimes ineffective, as the body can develop resistance to certain pathogens. The same happens when there are several bacteria. In this situation, the doctor prescribes empirical treatment without determining the type of pathogen. It involves taking modern broad-spectrum antibiotics. These include:

• antibiotics of the penicillin series;
• tetracyclines;
• fluoroquinolones;
• aminoglycosides;
• amphenicols;
• carbapenems;
• macrolides;
• cephalosporins (Ceftriaxone).

Tablets

A specialist may prescribe these antibiotics for pneumonia:

1. Amoxiclav. As a rule, one or two tablets are prescribed within 5-7 days.
2. Sumamed. A broad-spectrum drug. The regimen is similar to the previous drug.
3. Cefaxone. Ceftriaxone is not available in tablets, although it is considered very effective for pneumonia, bronchitis. Cefaxon is its no less high-quality analogue.
4. Azithromycin. A good option for the initial stage of pneumonia. The course of therapy is one tablet twice a day with a weekly course of administration.
5. Amoxil. Take a tablet two to three times a day, 5-7 days.

Injections

Intramuscular and intravenous injections of such antibiotics are effective for pneumonia:

1. Ceftriaxone. Very often prescribed. Ceftriaxone should be injected for pneumonia once a day. The duration of the course is determined by the doctor.
2. Ofloxacin. Injected intramuscularly twice a day.
3. Cefazolin (Cefotaxime). 1-2 ml is administered twice a day for typical pneumonia.
4. Ampiox. It helps quickly, it is prescribed for 5-7 days.
5. Ampicillin, Penicillin, Lincomycin. They are prescribed for the complex treatment of pneumonia.
6. Amoxicillin, Amoxiclav, Augmentin. Effective for mild to moderate severity of the disease.
7. Azithromycin (Sumamed, Azitrox, Azitral, Hemomycin). Recommended for intolerance to penicillin antibiotics, atypical pneumonia.
8. Timentin, Sparfloxacin, Ceftazidime, Meropenem. With severe pneumonia (congestive, focal), complications (pleuropneumonia). Reserve drugs.

Features of the treatment of pneumonia

Antibiotics are serious medications that strongly affect almost every system in the body. It is necessary to strictly follow the rules for their admission, not to violate the instructions of doctors. Under no circumstances should you self-medicate, change dosages, terms of use. Treatment of pneumonia in children and adults has its own characteristics. You should learn more about them.

In adults

The therapy is carried out taking into account the following nuances:

1. If it turned out that pneumonia is atypical, then in addition to the main ones, special antibacterial drugs should be prescribed to the patient.
2. As a rule, treatment is carried out not with one, but with several drugs. Assign 2-3 types, carry out symptomatic therapy. Mucolytics will be effective for thinning sputum, means for expanding the bronchi. If the temperature is very high, antipyretics are prescribed. Antibiotics have a strong effect on the intestinal flora, therefore it is recommended to use means to protect it.
3. Therapy should be designed to switch from intravenous or intramuscular antibiotics to oral antibiotics as soon as possible.
4. The antibacterial method is allowed to be supplemented with the use of folk remedies.
5. During treatment, it is strictly forbidden to consume alcoholic beverages.
6. Many medications should not be prescribed during pregnancy and during breastfeeding.
7. It will be possible to cure pneumonia at home, but with strict adherence to bed rest.

In children

The therapy is carried out in accordance with the following features:

1. Children of newborns and up to three years of age must be admitted to a hospital.
2. Antibiotics for pneumonia in children are prescribed taking into account age, weight, and other characteristics of the body. Evaluation of effectiveness occurs in a day or two. If there is no result, they decide to change the drug.
3. In most cases, children are prescribed semi-synthetic penicillins, cephalosporins of the second or third group, macrolides.
4. It is imperative to give your child medications in order to prevent dysbiosis.
5. Antibiotic therapy is carried out in bed rest.
6. Means for symptomatic treatment, vitamin complexes can be used.
7. When the fever disappears, it is necessary to start physiotherapy exercises, massages.
8. Keep your child's room cool and clean.

Videos about the treatment of pneumonia at home and in the hospital

Content

Lung inflammation or pneumonia is the most dangerous disease, during which inflammation of the lung tissue occurs. The process leads to an imbalance in oxygen metabolism in the body, which in its neglected form dramatically increases the risk of developing blood poisoning and other life-threatening conditions. Pneumonia is caused by pathogenic microbes. This reason necessitates drug therapy that can kill the infection.

What are antibiotics for pneumonia in adults

Antibiotics are a fundamental part of the fight against pneumonia, which can kill the pathogen and suppress its ability to reproduce. Otherwise, the disease can cause irreparable damage to the body in the form of complications and even cause death. The duration of treatment depends on the stage of pneumonia neglect and the patient's immunity. The extracellular form of the pathogen can be killed in 7 days, the intracellular form in 14, and the treatment of a lung abscess can take 50 days.

General principles of appointment

Antibiotics are the main treatment aimed at eliminating the cause of the disease, which is the presence of pathogenic microflora. The main principle of their treatment is the correct selection of the form, which determines the methodology and the factor of the continuity of the drug intake into the blood and sputum. In a good way injections are considered, since the antibiotic is delivered directly to the site of pathogen localization, which minimizes the impact on the gastrointestinal tract.

At the same time, oral administration is more affordable. Rules for the use of antibacterial agents:

• after the diagnosis is made, you must immediately start taking medication;
• first-line antibiotics are those that belong to the penicillin group;
• if the disease is difficult, then a more effective remedy is added to the existing drug (if the pathogen is identified);
• in initially severe cases, therapy with two drugs begins immediately - it is recommended to use penicillin with erythromycin, monomycin or streptomycin, as well as tetracycline with oleandomycin and monomycin;
• it is not recommended to use more than two drugs on an outpatient basis at the same time;
• small doses are not recommended so that microbes do not develop resistance;
• long-term use of antibiotics (more than 6-10 days) leads to the development of dysbiosis, which necessitates the use of probiotics;
• if the treatment requires medication for more than three weeks, then a 7-day break should be provided and further application drugs of the nitrofuran series or sulfonamides;
• it is important to complete the course even with the disappearance of negative symptoms.

What antibiotics to take for pneumonia

More often, doctors prescribe antibiotics for pneumonia in adults from the following effective drug groups:

1. Penicillins: Carbenicillin, Augmentin, Amoxiclav, Ampicillin, Piperacillin.
2. Cephalosporins: Ceftriaxone, Cephalexin, Cefuroxime.
3. Macrolides: Clarithromycin, Erythromycin, Azithromycin.
4. Aminoglycosides: Streptomycin, Gentamicin, Tobramycin.
5. Fluoroquinolones: Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin.

Each of these groups differs from the others in the breadth of the spectrum of application, the duration and strength of the effect, and side effects. To compare drugs, study the table:

When prescribing antibiotics for pneumonia in adults, doctors should pay attention to drug compatibility. So, for example, you cannot take medicines of the same group at the same time or combine Neomycin with Monomycin and Streptomycin. At the initial stage, until the results of bacteriology research are obtained, drugs of a wide spectrum are used; they are taken in the form of continuous therapy for three days. Then the pulmonologist can decide to change the medication.

In severe cases, a combination of Levofloxacin and Tavanic, Ceftriaxone and Fortum, Sumamed and Fortum is recommended for adults. If patients are under 60 years old, and they have a mild degree of pneumonia, then for five days they take Tavanik or Avelox, up to two weeks - Doxycycline, for 14 days - Amoxiclav, Augmentin. It is impossible to prescribe antibacterial agents on your own, especially for the elderly.

Out-of-hospital form

Treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in adults is performed with macrolides. Sometimes drugs based on clavulanic acid, sulbactam, penicillins, cephalosporins of 2-3 generations in combination with macrolides are prescribed. In severe cases, carbapenems are indicated. Description of several drugs:

1. Amoxicillin - capsules and suspension based on the component of the same name from the group of semi-synthetic penicillins. Principle of action: suppression of the synthesis of the cell wall of the flora. Reception is contraindicated in case of intolerance to the components and infectious mononucleosis of high severity. Dosage: 500 mg three times / day.
2. Levofloxacin - tablets based on levofloxacin hemihydrate, which blocks the synthesis of DNA of microbial cells and disrupts their cytoplasmic and cellular membrane barriers. They are contraindicated for tendon lesions, under the age of 18, during pregnancy and lactation. Dosage: 500 mg 1-2 times / day for 7-14 days.
3. Imipenem is a beta-lactam carbapenem available in the form of a solution for injection. It is used in the form of droppers or intramuscular injections... Dosage: 1-1.5 g per day in two divided doses. The duration of the droppers is 20-40 minutes. Contraindications: pregnancy, age up to three months for intravenous and up to 12 years for intramuscular injection, severe renal failure.

Aspiration

Antibacterial agents for the treatment of aspiration-type pneumonia should include clavulanic acid, amoxicillin, vancomycin-based aminoglycosides. In severe cases, third-generation cephalosporins are shown in combination with aminoglycosides, metronidazole. Description of medicines:

1. Augmentin - tablets based on amoxicillin trihydrate and clavulanic acid in the potassium salt format. It is included in the group of penicillins, inhibits beta-lactamase. Reception: 1 tablet 875 + 125 mg twice / day or 500 + 125 mg tablet three times / day. For children, the suspension format is shown (the tablet dissolves in water). Contraindications: jaundice.
2. Moxifloxacin is an antimicrobial solution and tablets from the fluoroquinolone group. Contains moxifloxacin hydrochloride, contraindicated in pregnancy, breastfeeding, under the age of 18. Dosing method: once / day intravenously 250 ml for an hour or orally 400 mg / day for 10 days.
3. Metronidazole is a solution for infusion or tablets based on the component of the same name. The 5-nitroimidazole derivative inhibits the synthesis of bacterial nucleic acids. Contraindications: leukopenia, impaired coordination, epilepsy, liver failure. Dosage: 1.5 g / day in three divided doses in a weekly course in the form of tablets.

Nosocomial

Pneumonia of the nosomial type is treated with the use of 3-4 generation cephalosporins, Augmentin. In a severe case, the use of carboxypenicillins in combination with aminoglycosides, 3-generation or 4-generation cephalosporins in combination with aminoglycosides is indicated. Popular drugs:

1. Ampicillin - tablets and capsules contain ampicillin trihydrate, which inhibits the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall. Contraindicated in mononucleosis, lymphocytic leukemia, liver dysfunction. It is indicated to use 250-500 mg orally 4 times / day or 250-500 mg every 4-6 hours intramuscularly or intravenously.
2. Ceftriaxone powder for injection contains di sodium salt ceftriaxone. Inhibits the synthesis of the cell membrane of microorganisms. Contraindicated for use in the first three months of pregnancy. Average daily dose: 1-2 g times / day or 0.5-1 g every 12 hours. It is used intramuscularly and intravenously in a hospital.
3. Tavanik - tablets and solution for infusion based on levofloxacin. They are included in the group of fluoroquinolones, have a broad antimicrobial effect. Contraindicated in epilepsy, tendon disorders, lactation, bearing a child, under 18 years of age, with heart disease. Method of application: 250-500 mg tablets 1-2 times / day or in the early stages intravenously 250-500 mg 1-2 times a day.

Mycoplasma

This form of the disease is atypical, manifested by nasal congestion, myalgia, sore throat, headache, paroxysmal cough, general weakness... The disease is treated for at least 14 days, during the first 48-72 hours they are used intravenous solutions... Drugs from the macrolide group are used:

1. Clarithromycin is a semi-synthetic macrolide tablet based on clarithromycin. Suppresses protein synthesis of the bacterial ribosome, leading to the death of the pathogen. Contraindicated in pregnancy, lactation, up to 12 years old, in combination with ergot preparations. Dose: 250 mg twice a day for a week.
2. Sumamed is a solution for infusion, tablets, capsules and powder for oral administration from the group of macrolides-azalides. Suppress protein synthesis by bacteria, have a bactericidal effect. Contraindications: violations of the liver and kidneys. Method of use: once a day, 500 mg once / day for a course of three days.
3. Rovamycin - tablets based on spiramycin, are included in the macrolide group. They act bacteriostatically, disrupting protein synthesis inside the cell. Contraindicated in lactation. Dosage: 2-3 tablets in 2-3 doses / day

Klebsiella pneumonia treatment

The disease caused by Klebsiella (microorganisms found in the human intestine) develops against the background of impaired immunity and leads to the development of a lung infection. At the initial stage in adults, aminoglycosides, 3-generation cephalosporins are used for 14-21 days. Medicines are used:

1. Amikacin - a powder for the manufacture of a solution administered intravenously and intramuscularly, contains amikacin sulfate. The semi-synthetic antibiotic aminoglycoside acts bactericidal, destroying the cytoplasmic barrier of the cell. Contraindicated in severe renal chronic insufficiency, Do not lie auditory nerve, pregnancy. Dosage: 5 mg / kg body weight every 8 hours. For uncomplicated infections, administration of 250 mg every 12 hours is indicated.
2. Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside in the form of an injection solution containing gentamicin sulfate. Violates the protein synthesis of the cell membrane of microorganisms. Contraindicated in case of hypersensitivity to the components. Method of application: 1-1.7 mg / kg body weight 2-4 times / day intravenously or intramuscularly. The course of treatment lasts 7-10 days.
3. Cephalothin is a first generation cephalosporin antibiotic that acts to destroy the cell walls of bacteria. Solution for parenteral administration based on cephalothin. Contraindications: hypersensitivity to ingredients, beta-lactam antibiotics. Dosage: intravenously or intramuscularly, 0.5-2 g every 6 hours. In case of complications, the introduction of 2 g every 4 hours is indicated.

With congestive pneumonia

Antibiotics for pneumonia of the stagnant type are prescribed from the group of cephalosporins, sometimes macrolides are prescribed. Congestive pneumonia in adults is a secondary inflammation of the lungs that occurs due to congestion in the pulmonary circulation. At risk of its development are patients with atherosclerosis, hypertension, ischemia, pulmonary emphysema, somatic diseases... Medicines are used for 14-21 days:

1. Tsifran - antimicrobial tablets from the group of fluoroquinolones based on ciprofloxacin monohydrate hydrochloride and tinidazole. Penetrates through the bacterial wall, acting bactericidal. Contraindications: pregnancy, lactation, age up to 12 years. Dose: 500-750 mg every 12 hours before meals.
2. Cefazolin is a powder for the preparation of a parenteral solution. Contains sodium salt of cefazolin - a semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic of the first generation. The drug has a bactericidal effect, is contraindicated in pregnancy, before the age of 1 month. Method of use: intramuscularly or intravenously 0.25-1 g every 8-12 hours. In severe cases, the introduction of 0.5-1 g every 6-8 hours is indicated.
3. Targotsid - lyophilized powder for preparation of injections, contains teicoplanin, which has antimicrobial and bactericidal action. Blocks the synthesis of the cell wall and inhibits the growth of bacteria, their reproduction. Contraindications: hypersensitivity to beta-lactam antibiotics. Dosage: intramuscularly or intravenously on the first day, 400 mg, then 200 mg once / day.

Antibiotics in pills

The most popular form of medication is pills. They need to be taken with or after meals, washed down with water. Popular drugs:

1. Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic containing erythromycin. Violates the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids of bacteria, causing their death. Contraindicated in case of hearing loss, lactation, up to 14 years. Dose: 0.25-0.5 g every 4-6 hours.
2. Moxifloxacin - bactericidal tablets from the group of fluoroquinolones based on moxifloxacin hydrochloride. They block the enzymes responsible for the reproduction of bacterial DNA. Contraindications: age up to 18 years, pregnancy, lactation. Method of use: 400 mg once a day for 10 days.

Dropper

In the first days of an exacerbation of pneumonia in adults, doctors advise to inject antimicrobial agents parenterally (intravenously or by stream), and after relief, transfer the patient to tablets. Popular drip solutions are:

1. Amoxiclav - contains potassium clavulanate and amoxicillin trihydrate, is available in powder format for the preparation of an intravenous solution. The combination of active substances of the drug provides bactericidal activity. Contraindications for taking the solution are jaundice, liver dysfunctions. Dosage: 30 mg / kg in two divided doses for 5-14 days.
2. Meropenem is an antibacterial agent from the carbapenem group that has a bactericidal effect by suppressing the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall. Contraindicated in case of hypersensitivity to beta-lactams, under the age of three months. Dosage: 500 mg every 8 hours (intravenous bolus for 5 minutes or intravenous infusion for 15-30 minutes).

Strong antibacterial agents

In severe pneumonia in adults, doctors prescribe strong antimicrobial agents to patients. The most popular are:

1. Avelox - tablets based on moxifloxacin hydrochloride, belong to the group of fluoroquinolones, act bactericidal. Contraindications: severe diarrhea. Dosage: 400 mg once a day for 10 days.
2. Ospamox is a powder for preparing a suspension based on amoxicillin. It is included in the group of penicillins, has a quick effect. Contraindicated in infectious mononucleosis, individual lymphocytic leukemia. Dosage: 1.5-2 g / day in 3-4 doses for a course of 2-5 days.

New generation

The latest generation of antibiotics for pneumonia in adults is characterized by broad activity, a minimum of side effects and a quick effect, the most safe action. Popular medicines:

1. Furazolidone - antimicrobial tablets from the group of nitrofurans, contain the destructive furazolidone, which suppresses the Krebs cycle in bacteria - this leads to their death by suppressing the respiratory process. Contraindications: age up to 3 years. Dosage: inside after eating tablets with a concentration of 110-150 mg 4 times / day for a course of 5-10 days. During the treatment, control over vital indications is needed.
2. Remedia - tablets based on levofloxacin hemihydrate from the fluoroquinolone groups, block the DNA of a microbial cell. Contraindications: epilepsy, a history of tendon damage, pregnancy, lactation, allergic reactions. Take 500 mg 1-2 times / day for a course of 2 weeks.

Treatment regimen

When prescribing therapeutic therapy, the belonging of pathogens to one or another classification series is taken into account. General principle lies in the fact that the antibiotic must be effective against staphylococcus, pneumococcus, haemophilus influenzae. When prescribing a treatment regimen in children, a group of aminopenicillins (ampicillin, amoxicillin) is taken as a basis.

If there is a suspicion that bacterial strains producing betalactamases are the cause of the inflammatory process, then inhibitor-protected penicillins (drugs with a complex of clavulanic acid and amoxicillin) are used as treatment. Augmentin is permissible for use for both adults and children. If patients (children and adults) used ampicillin or amoxicillin for treatment, then Augmentin, Amoxiclav, Flemoklav, Claforan are often prescribed.

Antibiotics for pneumonia for adults from the macrolide group (spiramycin, azithromycin, lincomycin and clarithromycin) are prescribed when a patient is allergic to cephalosporins and penicillins, when diagnosing atypical pneumonia (mycoplasma, chlamydia, legionella). In addition, doxycycline (a new generation drug) has good efficacy for the treatment of SARS. Long-term bronchopneumonia is successfully treated with beta-lactam antibiotics (cephalosporins and penicillins)

Price

You can get antibiotics for pneumonia in adults with a doctor's prescription. It is not worth prescribing them on your own, only after abmulatory tests. You can order drugs in the pharmacy catalog or buy inexpensively in the online store. The cost of the most popular drugs in Moscow pharmacies is shown in the table:

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Most often, doctors prescribe Amoxiclav for pneumonia in adults and children. What are the benefits of this antibiotic?

Amoxiclav is a combined antibiotic from the penicillin group. It has a wide range of activities. The drug is effective against Gram-positive and Gram-negative microbes, as well as most pathogens of pneumonia. Most often, they are pneumococci, but other microbes can cause pneumonia.

The main disadvantage of antibiotics from the penicillin group is their vulnerability to the action of special bacterial enzymes (penicillinases). They destroy drugs, making the drugs ineffective.

Amoxiclav is a combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid. The latter substance also has a certain antibacterial activity, but its main function is to protect against the influence of penicillinase.

Due to its combined composition, Amoxiclav is resistant to the action of the enzyme, which allows doctors to widely use it for the treatment of pneumonia.

The antibiotic has a bacteriostatic effect - it stops the growth and reproduction of bacteria, and in large doses it kills microbes.

This remedy is the first-line drug in the treatment of pneumonia, with which physicians, pediatricians and pulmonologists always begin the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia.

Forms of issue

Amoxiclav is available in the form of tablets and suspensions for children. There is also an injectable form of this antibiotic, it is prescribed for severe forms of the disease. In such a situation, the drug is administered intravenously. At mild inflammation oral administration of the medication is sufficient.

In pharmacies, Amoxiclav is sold under the following trade names:

• Augmentin.
• Flemoklav.
• Amoxiclav.
• Amoxi-Apo-Klav.
• Amoxicomb.
• Amoxil-K.
• A-Clav-Pharmex.
• Amoxiplus.
• Betaclav.
• Clavam.
• Medoclav.
• Bactoclav.

Amoxiclav tablets contain different amounts of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid. That is why only a doctor selects the required dosage for pneumonia, depending on the following factors:

• The age of the patient.
• His weight.
• The severity of the disease.
• Concomitant pathologies (renal or hepatic failure).

The duration of the course of treatment is due to the dynamics of the disease and the data of laboratory and instrumental studies ( general analysis blood, chest x-ray).

Combination therapy

Side effects

When taking antibiotics based on amoxicillin, patients often complain of loose stools. This side effect is called antibiotic-associated diarrhea, it is characteristic of drugs from the penicillin group. Some doctors diagnose dysbiosis when the first complaints appear and prescribe pro- and prebiotics to patients for treatment. However, such diarrhea is not associated with a change in the intestinal microflora and in most cases it does not require specific therapy, it goes away on its own after the drug is discontinued.

Also, a common complication is candidiasis of the mucous membranes - of the oral cavity, genitals in women. This is due to the wide spectrum of action of Amoxiclav - it destroys not only pathogenic, but also beneficial microflora.

When complaints of itching occur, a white curdled coating on the mucous membranes and abundant vaginal discharge in women are indicated. antifungal drugs- Fluconazole, Diflucan. Sometimes they are prescribed simultaneously with antibiotics - to prevent the development of candidiasis. This tactic is advisable for chronic thrush, as well as in a situation where the patient has previously had fungal diseases after antibiotic therapy.

When treated with antibiotics, allergic reactions often occur, therefore, when using injection forms doctors prescribe the patient to carry out an allergy test.

If, after taking Amoxiclav, the patient notes itching of the skin, its redness, the appearance of a rash, swelling or shortness of breath, this is an indication for stopping the antibiotic and prescribing a drug from another group.

Contraindications

Amoxiclav is usually well tolerated. However, in some situations, it is contraindicated:

• With a confirmed allergy to amoxicillin or clavulanic acid.
• If you have previously noted hypersensitivity reactions to other beta-lactams (penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems).
• With severe violations of liver function.

Also, Amoxiclav can not be prescribed for infectious mononucleosis. This disease is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, an antibiotic is ineffective against it. In addition, taking amoxicillin for this disease causes the appearance of a measles-like rash for 4–5 days. The manufacturer indicates this in the instructions. Such side effect drugs must be taken into account, since doctors often mistake infectious mononucleosis for streptococcal sore throat due to a similar clinical picture.

Amoxiclav is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, a first-line drug for pneumonia in adults and children. The medicine is usually easily transferred, the list of contraindications is small. However, you need to be aware of them in order to prevent complications.