Spray Rinonorm presents pharmacological group vasoconstrictor drugs for local use in ENT practice. It allows to reduce the severity of edema of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, thereby reducing the manifestations of the common cold.

In this article, we will consider why doctors prescribe Rinonorm, including instructions for use, analogues and prices for this drug in pharmacies. The real REVIEWS of people who have already used the Rinonorm spray can be read in the comments.

Composition and form of release

Currently, Rinonorm is available only in the form of a nasal spray, which has a children's (0.05%) and an adult (0.1) variety. They differ in the concentration of the active active ingredient xylometazoline.

• The active ingredient is xylometazoline hydrochloride, 1 ml contains 0.5 and 1 mg, respectively.

Clinical and pharmacological group: vasoconstrictor drug for local application in ENT practice.

What does Rinonorm help from?

Rinonorm's instructions contain a complete list of diseases and pathological conditions in which a vasoconstrictor drug is used. They are:

• rhinitis (runny nose), which is a symptom of colds;
• vasomotor and allergic rhinitis;
• inflammation of the paranasal sinuses (sinusitis, sinusitis, frontal sinusitis);
• preoperative preparation for surgical intervention in the nasal cavity;
• otitis media and eust.

Pharmacological properties

The drug Rinonorm, in its clinical and pharmacological group, is an alpha-adrenergic agonist, which is used to treat ENT diseases. Xylometazoline, when used topically, helps to narrow arterioles, reduce swelling and hyperemia of the mucous membranes of the nasopharynx and reduce secretions.

Already after 5-10 minutes after local use of the drug, a distinct effect is manifested, which persists for several hours.

Instructions for use

According to the instructions, Rinonorm is very easy to use, it is much easier to dose: there is no need to tilt your head back, just one press on the dispenser is enough and the required dose enters the nasal sinus. However, before using the drug, you should free the nasal passages from secretions. During the administration of the drug, a light breath should be taken through the nose.

Rinonorm nasal spray should be used at the following dosage:

• Adults and children over 10 years of age are prescribed Rinonorm nasal spray 0.1% in 1 dose (1 press on the piston device) in each nasal passage no more than 3 times / day.
• Children aged 2 to 10 years are prescribed Rinonorm nasal spray for children 0.05%, 1 dose (1 press on the piston device) in each nasal passage no more than 3 times / day.

The maximum possible use of the drug is no more than 7 times / day. The interval between the administration of the drug should not be less than 6 hours. To avoid complications in the form of a recurrence of the symptoms of the disease, the duration of continuous use of the drug should not exceed 7 days.

Contraindications

The following diseases and conditions are contraindications to the use of Rinonorm:

1. Age up to 2 years (for 0.05% spray);
2. Age up to 10 years (for 0.1% spray);
3. Pregnancy;
4. Closed-angle glaucoma;
5. Atrophic (dry) rhinitis;
6. Condition after hypophysectomy (surgery to remove or destroy the pituitary gland);
7. The need for the simultaneous use of tricyclic antidepressants or MAO inhibitors;
8. Hypersensitivity to any component of the drug.

With caution, Rinonorm spray is used for high blood pressure, severe heart disease, diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism (increased functional activity thyroid gland) and concurrent administration of the drug bromocriptine. Before using the spray Rinonorm, you should make sure that there are no contraindications.

Side effects

During use, the following side effects are possible:

• from the central nervous system: headache, increased excitability, insomnia;
• on the part of the cardiovascular system: heart rhythm disturbance, increased blood pressure;
• from the side gastrointestinal tract: nausea.
• local reactions: irritation of the nasal mucosa, oral cavity and larynx.
• others: skin rashes.

Most often, there is a burning sensation and dryness of the nasal mucosa.

Analogs Ribavirin

Analogues include several nasal sprays of similar action:

• Xymelin - basic active substance the same, the dosage and indications are similar;
• Fornos - also available in the form of drops, has a similar effect;
• Otrivin - prescribed for the same symptoms, based on the action of the same active substance;
• Grippostad Rino - also available in the form of a gel, the effect is similar.

Attention: the use of analogs must be agreed with the attending physician.

Prices

The average price of RINONORM, spray in pharmacies (Moscow) is 82 rubles.

Terms of dispensing from pharmacies

The drug is approved for use as a means of OTC.

The drug "Rinonorm Teva" acts as an alpha-adrenergic agonist and a vasoconstrictor intended for local use. Next, let's look at its application guide. And also we will get acquainted with the analogues of this medical device and find out what consumers say about it in their reviews.

Release format and composition of this medicinal product

According to the instructions for use for "Rinonorm Teva", dosage form this medication is a nasal spray (15 milliliters in vials equipped with a dispenser). There is one bottle in one cardboard box. The active substance is xylometazoline hydrochloride. And auxiliary components are water for injection along with sodium citrate dihydrate, citric acid monohydrate and glycerol.

Pharmacological properties of the drug

Xylometazoline acts as an adrenergic agonist used locally in otolaryngological practice. The mechanism of its action is due to the ability to lead to narrowing of arterioles, as a result of which hyperemia with edema of the nasopharyngeal mucosa decreases, and the amount of secreted secretion also decreases. A distinct effect of the drug develops, as a rule, after a few minutes, persisting for six to eight hours and manifested by the free patency of the Eustachian tubes, nasal passages and sinus openings. As a result of all this, the well-being of patients is significantly improved, the risks of developing complications that are caused by stagnation of mucous secretions are reduced. Next, we will find out in what cases it is customary to prescribe this medication to patients.

Indications for use and contraindications

Rinonorm Teva is intended for the symptomatic treatment of the following conditions and pathologies:

• In the presence of acute allergic rhinitis.
• Against the background of severe bacterial and viral rhinitis.
• With exacerbation of chronic sinusitis.
• As part of preparing patients for a diagnostic procedure in the nasal passages.
• In addition, the medicine is used for otitis media in order to reduce the edema of the mucous membrane of the Eustachian tubes.

This is described in detail in the instructions.

The considered medicine "Rinonorm Teva" cannot be used for treatment in the following cases:

• With atrophic rhinitis (inflammation of the skin and nasal mucosa during the formation of a crust).
• In the periods after hypophysectomy.
• Against the background of angle-closure glaucoma.
• In the case of severe atherosclerosis.
• As part of surgical interventions on the meninges (in history).
• With the development of hyperthyroidism, arterial hypertension, tachycardia.
• In the case of the simultaneous use of MAO inhibitors or tricyclic antidepressants (for example, "Monoamine oxidase").
• IN childhood up to two years old.
• Against the background of hypersensitivity to any of the components of the drug.

Rinonorm Teva instruction for children and adults

The medicine should be used strictly according to the instructions. 0.05% nasal spray is prescribed for children from two to ten years old, one dose in each nasal passage three times a day with intervals between injections of at least six hours. Spray 0.1% is prescribed for children from ten years old and adults, one dose in each nasal passage three times a day. This requires an interval between injections, which should be at least six hours.

In accordance with the instructions for use for the spray "Rinonorm Teva", one dose is called pressing the plunger of the bottle. This pressure is usually 0.14 milliliters of the medicinal solution. The duration of therapy should not exceed seven days. Before injecting the spray, it is recommended to cleanse the nasal passage from all sorts of secretions. Immediately upon administration, a slight inhalation should be performed through the nose.

Side effects from using this drug

Against the background of the use of "Rinonorm Teva", various adverse reactions in patients. Local manifestations include dryness of the nasal mucosa along with a burning sensation. It is extremely rare that irritation of the mucous membrane of the larynx and oral cavity may occur. Nervous system can answer reception of this medicinal product increased excitability, insomnia, headache. And the cardiac and vascular systems usually react with increased pressure and arrhythmias. Other side effects include skin reactions with nausea.

Overdose

Symptoms of an overdose from "Rinonorm-Teva" occur very rarely, and it mainly occurs in children. As a rule, symptoms usually manifest themselves in the form of increased blood pressure, arrhythmias, in some cases, consciousness is lost. In the event of an overdose, patients should be under the strict supervision of their doctor. Symptomatic treatment will also be required.

In severe episodes, alpha-blockers are prescribed to lower blood pressure, intubation with mechanical ventilation may be necessary. The use of vasoconstrictors is contraindicated. In case of accidental use of a moderate or excessive amount of the drug inside, it is recommended to take activated charcoal with a laxative (for example, sodium sulfate), if necessary, gastric lavage is performed.

Use during pregnancy and childhood

Drug interactions

As indicated by the instruction to "Rinonorm Teva", tetracyclic antidepressants, if used simultaneously, can increase the systemic effect of xylometazoline. With the combined use of MAO inhibitors, an increase in pressure in patients is likely.

Analogs

The analogs of the medicine called "Rinonorm Teva" are drugs in the form of "Galazolin", "Grippostad", "Dlyanos", "Doctor Tais", "Rinotaiss", "Influrin", "Xilen", "Xylometazoline", "Xylometazoline-Betalec" "," Xylometazoline-SOLOpharma "," Ximelina "," Ximelina ECO "," Ximelina ECO "with menthol," Otrivina "," Rinomarisa "," Rinonorm "," Rinorus "," Rinostopa "," Sanorina-Xylo ", SNUP, SOLOxylometazoline, Suprima-NOZ, Tizina, Tizina Xylo, Tizina Xylo Bio and Evkazolina Aqua. A doctor should select a replacement.

Storage periods

The shelf life of this medicine is usually three years. It is required to store the medication at a temperature of up to twenty-five degrees, protected from light, and, in addition, out of the reach of children. Vacation conditions: without prescription. Now let's move on to reading the reviews and find out what people think about it. medical device and how effective they think it is.

Spray Rinonorm has a vasoconstrictor and anti-inflammatory effect. Rinonormcontains xylometazoline hydrochloride - a substance of the group of alpha-adrenergic agonists used in ENT practice.
When using a spray Rinonormthere is a narrowing of the vessels of the mucous membrane of the paranasal sinuses and the nose, as a result of which the hyperemia and swelling of the tissues decreases, and the severity of rhinorrhea also decreases.
Rinonormhelps to restore patency of the openings of the sinuses and Eustachian tubes, facilitate nasal breathing, as well as overall improvement of the patient's condition. Xylometazoline reduces the risk of complications from mucus congestion.

The local effect of the drug Rinonorm develops within 3-5 minutes after intranasal administration and lasts at least 6 hours (depending on the individual characteristics of the patient, the effect of xylometazoline lasts for 6-10 hours).
Systemic absorption active ingredient the drug Rinonorm with intranasal administration is negligible.

Indications for use:
Rinonormused for local therapy of patients suffering from acute rhinitis different etiology, including bacterial, viral and allergic rhinitis.
Rinonorm is prescribed for patients with acute sinusitis, including during the exacerbation of chronic sinusitis.
IN complex therapy Rinonorm can be prescribed to patients with acute otitis media (in order to reduce the edema of the tissues of the mucous membrane of the Eustachian tube).
Spray Rinonorm can be prescribed to patients to reduce hyperemia, edema and discomfort during diagnostic procedures in the nasal passages.

Mode of application:
A drug Rinonormintended for intranasal use. Before using the drug, you should clear the nasal passages of mucus. Before the first use, it is recommended to make several sprays to achieve the optimal dosage of the drug. The tip of the spray nozzle should be inserted shallowly into the nasal passage and press the piston device. Spraying is recommended while inhaling lightly through the nose.
In the treatment of adults and adolescents, as a rule, 1 spray of the drug is prescribed Rinonorm 0.1%

When treating children over 2 years old, as a rule, 1 spray of the drug is prescribed Rinonorm 0.05% in each nasal passage. The spray is used no more than 3 times a day.
The minimum recommended interval between spray applications is 6 hours.
1 dose of Rinonorm corresponds to 0.14 ml of solution.
You should not use Rinonorm for more than 7 days in a row.

Side effects:
When using the drug Rinonormpatients may develop local side effects in the form of dryness, burning and irritation of the mucous membrane of the larynx, nose and mouth. In rare cases, the development of reactive hyperemia and edema of the nasal mucosa was noted.
In addition, with intranasal use of xylometazoline, nausea and headache may develop.
With prolonged and frequent use of the drug Rinonormpatients may develop drug-induced rhinitis with further development of atrophy and the formation of scabs in certain areas of the nasal mucosa.
When using high doses of xylometazoline, patients may develop systemic adverse reactions, including arrhythmia, hyperexcitability, arterial hypertension, and skin allergic reactions.

Contraindications:
Rinonormnot prescribed to patients with a history of hypersensitivity reactions to xylometazoline or additional ingredients of the spray.
Rinonorm is not used in the treatment of patients with atrophic rhinitis, angle-closure glaucoma, as well as patients undergoing hypophysectomy.
Rinonorm is not used in patients receiving therapy with monoamine oxidase inhibitors or tricyclic antidepressants.

Rinonorm 0.05% in pediatric practice used only for the treatment of children over 2 years old.
Rinonorm 0.1%in pediatric practice, it is used only for the treatment of children over 10 years old.
It is recommended to be careful when prescribing Rinonorm to patients suffering from severe heart disease, arterial hypertension, hyperthyroidism and diabetes mellitus.
Rinonorm should be used with caution in patients receiving bromocriptine therapy.

Pregnancy:
During pregnancy and lactation, the use of the drug Rinonormnot recommended due to the lack of reliable data on the effect of xylometazoline on fetal development, pregnancy and the condition of children on breastfeedingwhose mothers used xylometazoline intranasally.

Interaction with other medicinal products:
Tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressants in combination with the drug Rinonormincrease the risk of developing systemic action of xylometazoline.
The development of severe arterial hypertension is possible with the combined use of the drug Rinonorm with drugs that inhibit monoamine oxidase.
Do not use the drug Rinonormcombined with other drugs for intranasal use with a vasoconstrictor effect.

Overdose:
The development of an overdose of xylometazoline was observed mainly in children and was accompanied by the development of systemic undesirable effects of the drug. In particular, when using overestimated doses of the drug Rinonorm, patients may develop violations of the heart rate, arterial hypertension and loss of consciousness.
With the development of signs of an overdose, symptomatic therapy is performed. Treatment should be carried out under the supervision of a physician. With the development of severe symptoms of intoxication, alpha-adrenergic blocking agents are prescribed (including for the purpose of lowering blood pressure). In case of respiratory failure, it is indicated artificial ventilation lungs, if necessary, intubation is performed.

The use of vasoconstrictor drugs is contraindicated in case of drug overdose Rinonorm.
In case of accidental oral administration of the drug Rinonormprescribe enterosorbents and saline laxatives (sodium sulfate).
If no more than 30 minutes have elapsed after accidental oral ingestion of xylometazoline, gastric lavage may be recommended.

Release form:
Dosed nasal spray Rinonorm for children (0.05%)
Dosed nasal spray Rinonorm for adults (0.1%) in 10 or 15 ml dark glass vials, 1 vial with a spray nozzle and a protective cap is placed in a cardboard box.

Storage conditions:
A drug Rinonormshould be stored and transported in its original packaging at temperatures ranging from 15 to 25 degrees Celsius.
Subject to the recommendations for storage of the drug Rinonorm is good for 3 years.
After the first use, Rinonorm is suitable for 12 months.

Synonyms:
Fornos, Galazolin, Xilen, Grippostad Rino, Xylometazoline, Rinazal, Otrivin, Farmazolin.

Structure:
10 ml spray Rinonorm 0.05% contain:
Xylometazoline (in the form of hydrochloride) - 5 mg;
Additional ingredients.

10 ml spray Rinonorm 0.1%contain:
Xylometazoline (in the form of hydrochloride) - 10 mg;
Additional ingredients.

Rinonorm - nasal dosing spray, assigned to children and adults... It has a vasoconstrictor effect, it is prescribed by an otolaryngologist.

It can be used independently, subject to the indications and following the instructions, it is dispensed without a doctor's prescription. In everyday life, it is quite popular and is used by people primarily to combat symptoms of colds, allergies, sinusitis and other diseases that affect patency respiratory tractcause runny nose and nasal congestion.

It is highly regarded for its ease of use and compactness.

Instructions for use

In what cases is it used:

• it is prescribed to relieve inflammation of the nasal cavity caused by allergies, bacteria or viruses;
• relieves the symptoms of sinusitis in the acute course of the disease or during exacerbation chronic form;
• reduces edema of the mucous membrane of the Eustachian tube in acute otitis media;
• can be useful when it is necessary to prepare the patient's nasal passages for diagnosis. Reduces hyperemia, relieves edema, improves well-being.

Mode of application

It is used as a nasal spray, injected into the nose by pressing the plunger, it is available in two forms with different dosages:

• Children from two years old are prescribed a spray containing 0.05% of the active substance. It is allowed to introduce into each nostril no more than three times daily.
• Children over ten and adults are prescribed a spray containing 0.1% of the active substance. Similarly, no more than three times a day is allowed in each nostril.

Both children and adults need to use the drug no more than once every six hours... Pressing the spray dispenses 0.14 milliliters.

The maximum allowed to use the drug without interruption no longer than a week... It is preliminarily recommended to free the nose from mucus and secretions, and after the administration of the drug, you need to slightly draw in air through the nose.

Form of release and composition of the drug

Produced in dark glass bottles with a capacity of 10 or 15 milliliters, packed in cardboard boxes. A dosing piston is put on the bottle, which must be pressed to inject the drug into the nose.

The piston is protected from accidental pressing by a special cap. The dosage is of two types, 0.05% and 0.1%, indicated on the package.

The composition includes:

Side effects

During use, the following side effects are possible:

• burning and dryness in the nose, less often - irritation of the mucous membranes of the larynx, nose and mouth;
• rarely - headache, nausea;
• less than 0.01% of cases - hyperexcitability and insomnia, arrhythmia, increased blood pressure, skin irritation.
• should not be used for dry rhinitis, angle-closure glaucoma.
• not prescribed after hypophysectomy.
• used separately with tricyclic antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors.
• it is forbidden to give rhinonorm to children under two years old.
• it is forbidden to give a spray with a dosage of 0.1% to children under ten years of age.
• contraindicated in case of hypersensitivity and intolerance of the components.

It is recommended to use it carefully and after consultation with a specialist in patients with severe heart disease, diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension and hyperthyroidism.

During pregnancy

Storage conditions and periods:

The optimum temperature range for storage is from +15 to +25 degrees Celsius.

Rinonorm is a vasoconstrictor local action... It is prescribed for the purpose of eliminating nasal congestion due to edema in infectious-inflammatory and allergic diseases, which are accompanied by a profuse rhinitis. The article sets out detailed instructions on the use of Rinonorm for adults and children.

Chemical composition and healing properties of the solution

The main active ingredient of the drug is xylometazoline. It is an alpha adrenostimulant - it affects receptors that cause various functional changes in the body. The chemical is an anti-congestant, has a vasoconstrictor, anti-edema effect... When it gets on the mucous membrane, it causes vasoconstriction - a narrowing of the lumen of small-caliber vessels.

Auxiliary components in the preparation:

• citric acid - preservative, acidity regulator;
• sodium dihydrate - complexing agent;
• glycerol - solution viscosity stabilizer;
• water for injections.

Rinonorm drops are intended for intranasal use in otolaryngology. The medicine narrows the small arteries of the capillary network of the nasal mucosa and paranasal sinuses. This eliminates puffiness, restores the patency of the nasal passages, and resumes breathing.

The drug reduces the severity of inflammation, hyperemia of the epithelium. The solution stabilizes the secretory glands. After applying the agent, the production of pathological exudate decreases, and profuse rhinorrhea (runny nose) passes.

With allergic inflammation of the mucous membrane, after irrigation with a solution, symptoms such as itching, burning, irritation disappear.

Rinonorm restores the patency of the paranasal sinuses, improves ventilation in them. This prevents the development of stagnant processes associated with the accumulation of mucus, bacterial infection... The use of the solution reduces the risk of complications, especially in children:

• eustachitis - inflammation of the eustachian tube;
• otitis media;
• sinusitis;
• tracheitis, bronchitis, pneumonia.

After nasal administration, the drug begins to act in 5-7 minutes. The therapeutic effect lasts for 6-10 hours, depending on the characteristics of the organism.

The drug is absorbed into the systemic circulation in minimal amounts; in a laboratory blood test using analytical methods, the substance is not determined.

Indications for the appointment of the solution

Nasal drops Rinonorm are prescribed as part of the complex therapy of infectious and inflammatory processes of the nasal mucosa and sinuses:

• acute rhinitis of various etiologies (viral, bacterial, fungal);
• chronic inflammation of the epithelium of the nose during an exacerbation;
• sinusitis - sinusitis, frontal sinusitis, ethmoiditis;
• inflammation of the nasopharyngeal organs, which are accompanied by a pronounced runny nose;
• allergic perennial rhinitis in the acute phase;
• hay fever - seasonal allergic diseaseassociated with inflammation of the nasal mucosa and conjunctiva of the eyes;
• eustachitis - inflammation of the duct connecting the nasal cavity and pharynx.

In the instructions for use, there is information that the solution is applied to the nasal mucosa before diagnostic examination using an endoscope.

A vasoconstrictor is used for severe edema before the administration of antiseptic and disinfectants.

Rinonorm for children is indicated for otitis media... Drops are applied to the nose to restore ventilation and prevent the spread of infection.

Drug release forms and treatment regimens

The drug is available as a solution for topical use.... It is a colorless transparent liquid, free of impurities, sediment and other particles. A solution without a specific odor.

Rinonorm spray is produced in concentrations of 0.05 and 0.1%. Sold in tinted glass bottles with a volume of 10 or 15 ml, closed with a plastic cap. The kit includes a special spray nozzle. In a cardboard box, one bottle and instructions for use. Storage conditions - room with room temperaturenot exceeding 25 ° C. After opening, the solution remains active for a year.

Country of origin - Germany. The average price of 1 bottle of 15 ml is 70 rubles.

Before irrigating the epithelium, the passages must be thoroughly cleaned of mucus, pus and other pathological exudate using saline solutions for sanitation - Salin, Humer, Aqua Maris.

Rinonorm for children is a 0.05% solution. The spray is prescribed for babies over 2 years old. Treatment regimen: 1 injection into each nostril up to 3 times a day, at regular intervals (6-8 hours).

Adults and children after 12 years of age nasal spray is prescribed a concentration of 0.1%... 1-2 doses are injected into each nasal passage 3 times a day.

The maximum therapeutic course should not exceed a week.

Side effects during treatment

Most often, patients experience side effects in the form of local allergic reactions, especially in children:

• increased redness of the mucous membrane, swelling;
• itching, burning, sneezing;
• skin rashes, urticaria;
• irritation of the nasopharynx, larynx.

Less often, reactive hyperemia develops - a sharp filling blood vessels a blood volume exceeding the norm by 5 times. This occurs after prolonged vasoconstriction (narrowing) of the capillary lumen.

When the solution flows into the gastrointestinal tract along the back wall of the nasopharynx, nausea occurs... Heartburn, epigastric discomfort.

The drug may worsen general state sick. This is manifested by the following symptoms:

• headache, dizziness;
• failures of heart rhythms;
• a slight increase in blood pressure;
• insomnia at night, drowsiness during the day;
• increased nervous irritability and excitability.

Overdose

Overdose facts are excluded if the prescribed scheme is observed. When abused and frequent use, more than 5 times a day, in patients with cardiovascular pathology, pressure surges, arrhythmias, in severe cases - loss of consciousness may be recorded.

When used for more than 7 days, rhinitis medication appears - a condition in which addiction to the solution occurs. In this case, the signs of rhinitis return with increased intensity.

It is strictly forbidden to exceed the prescribed dosage in children under 5 years of age. The nasal mucosa of babies is distinguished by the fact that any medicine that gets on it is immediately absorbed into the bloodstream. Vasoconstrictor drugs in the blood increase blood pressure and heart rate. This will significantly worsen the general condition of the little patient, provoke the appearance of seizures.

Contraindications for the appointment of the solution

Contraindications to the use of a nasal spray are the following conditions and internal diseases:

• atrophic rhinitis - degenerative changes in the nasal mucosa, followed by thinning and loss of function;
• angle-closure glaucoma - overlapping of the iris of the anterior chamber of the eye;
• children under 2 years old;
• individual intolerance to the chemical components of the drug.

Pregnant women are prescribed Rinonorm with caution. The solution is not absorbed into the systemic circulation, but there is an assumption that it disrupts the vascular tone of the placenta and the blood supply to the embryo. The drug is safe during lactation.

Vasoconstrictor drops are contraindicated in conjunction with antidepressants.

Rinonorm for adults and children is a drug emergency care with profuse rhinitis, severe edema of the mucous membrane, absence of nasal breathing. Its instant action allows you to quickly relieve and stabilize the general condition of the patient. Subject to the prescribed dosages, the solution is safe for health. At a cost, the medicine is available to all social strata of the population.