What is oral administration of the drug. Ways to introduce drugs. Watch what is "oral medication" in other dictionaries

02.10.2020 Popular treatment

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Sometimes the instructions for drugs are written so much asking that the average user is very difficult to figure it out. And doctors and pharmacists most often lacking neither time nor forces to explain to buyers all the features of each medication. At best, they can only join the recommended dosage in detail. Therefore, today we will clarify the several most common terms applied in the instructions for drugs. So, this is how to apply rectally, orally, transbuccally, sublingual?

Rectally - how to apply?

Rectal reception medicines It implies their introduction inside the rectum - in the rear pass. This method allows active components drug quickly get into the blood, they are absorbed blood vessels The rectum and penetrate the inside of the circulatory system. In the future, together with blood, the medication applies to the authorities, as well as on systems, providing an expected therapeutic effect.

Medicines used rectally, most often give a faster effect than when used in the form of tablets, they are distinguished by higher bioavailability and shorter peak exposure than pills and other means received orally. In addition, the rectal method of administration avoids the occurrence of nausea and makes it possible to achieve the therapeutic effect even with vomiting.

Before the introduction of the drug rectally, it is necessary to wash it on and well wipe hands. Using suppositories (candles) it is better to keep hands cold enough to the tool. When the medication is introduced, it is important to relax and do not apply force. After using the medication, it is necessary to connect the buttocks immediately so that it does not immediately come out. Most medicines for rectal application advise to apply after defecation. And after their use, it is desirable to lie down for twenty-five minutes.

Orally is how to apply?

Most medicines are used precisely. This is through the mouth, by swallowing the drug. Most of the drugs for oral consumption are well absorbed by the mucous membranes of the digestive tract. Sometimes, on the contrary, medicines are used, which are absorbed poorly, thanks to which it is possible to achieve their significant concentration in the desired place of the gastrointestinal tract.

Orally usually use all sorts of solutions, as well as powders with tablets, capsules and pills. There are a number of medications of complex forms (for example, a tablet having a multilayer shell), they allow the active substance to be released especially for a long time, which contributes to the extension of the therapeutic effect.
Almost all medicines for oral consumption must be made with sufficient liquid. This allows them to easily advance through the esophage.

Some medications for oral consumption must be swallowing solely. Others, on the contrary, need to be chewmed, crushed or dissolve in a small amount of liquid. Such subtleties of application are indicated in the instructions for the medicine.

TransBukkalo is how to apply?

A similar method of using drugs implies the placement of the drug in the area between the upper lip and the garbage or the cheek until complete dissolution. With this method of use, the active substances of the medication fall into the circulatory system through the mucous membranes of the oral cavity.

It is believed that this method of application allows you to deliver a medicine into blood, bypassing hydrochloric acid In the stomach, as well as bypassing the liver. Medicines used in the transbuccal give fast therapeutic effectwhat makes them popular under a row urgent states.

However, with a similar method of use, the drug can be absorbed only by the small surface of the mucous membranes of the oral cavity, so only highly active substances are used in this way for which a small dosage is characterized. Basically, medicines for the cardiovascular system (for example, nitroglycerin), some steroids and barbiturates are used. It is still possible to use certain vitamins and minerals.

Sundly - it's how to apply?

The method of sublingual use of drugs at first glance is very similar to the transbukkal. With sublingual use, the medicine is placed under the entire dissolution. At the same time, the medicine is also quickly absorbed into the blood, introduced into the venous blood circulation and, after passing through the heart, diverges throughout the body with arterial circulatory circulation. Active substances in sublingual use also give a quick therapeutic effect, are not subject to aggressive effects of the digestive tract and do not pass through the liver.

The only difference between the sublingual method from the transbukkalny is that under the tongue passes the sub-surrounding artery, which is the largest vessel of the oral cavity. It is in it that all substances (and medicines) are faster.

Basically, for medicines that can be used sublingual and a transbukkal method of reception. Such drugs include funds for the cardiovascular system, steroids, as well as barbiturates, specific enzymes, vitamin and mineral elements.

This method of reception implies consumption medicinal preparations through purph cavity followed by swallowing, i.e. through the mouth.

Oral reception of medicinal components is one of the most traditional and easy-to-implement. Most of the products produced in the form of tablets, capsules, powders, mixtures, as well as syrups, are subjected to maximal dissolution and suction in the cavity of the stomach. To achieve local therapeutic effect For diseases of the stomach, the oral receptions are carried out, the absorption of which is almost impossible through the wall of the stomach.

What are the main advantages and disadvantages of this method of reception of medicinal substances, as well as in relation to what dosage forms It is permissible to use the oral path of the reception, will be set out in detail below.

When applied

In the process of selection of possible dosage forms for oral administration, the advantages have those medications that are easily soluble and quickly absorbed through the stomach wall. Natural exceptions are medicinal substances for the treatment of stomach diseases. In this case, the main goal is to achieve the maximum concentration of these substances in the cavity of the stomach, followed by the provision of local therapeutic effect.

For oral administration, such dosage forms are available as dragee, capsules, tablets, solutions, powders, decoctions, syrups, infusions, and pills.

Do not forget that there are drugs that can be directed to the treatment of one disease, and simultaneously provoking the other. A vivid example is a diclofenac, perfectly coping with inflammation in the joints, but at the same time provoking development peptic disease stomach.

Dignity

The main pouzzments of this method of admission of drugs can be attributed:

simplicity;
there is no need for additional help of medical personnel;
the body is not implemented into the internal environment;
in children's medical practice, this method helps to avoid additional stress from the child, which is caused by injections.

disadvantages

In addition to existing advantages, the oral admission of medicines has its own shortcomings, among which you can allocate:

compared to other methods of drugs of drugs, this method is characterized by a special slowness, which is expressed in increasing the suction time and the onset of the therapeutic effect;
how quickly and carefully will be absorbed by the drug during oral administration, directly depends on the individual characteristics, as well as from the influence that the food consumed and liquid has;
oral reception of drugs is absolutely meaningless in relation to those drugs that are poorly subjected to dissolving and suction in the cavity of the stomach, it is how to apply pacifiers (placebo);
the use of this method is impossible in organic pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract, in particular, esophagus (stenosis, tumor), during vomiting, and in an unconscious state;
in newborn children, and breast-age children, oral receptions can be significantly difficult;
finding B. gastrointestinalMany medicinal substances pass biochemical transformations, the result of which is becoming harmful metabolites that have toxic effects on the body.

Another significant disadvantage of this method include a low bioavailability of many medicinal components, which, during oral administration, will not have any therapeutic effect. It is for such drugs that alternative ways of introducing into the body have been created.

General rules of admission

Before taking a pill orally, you should carefully read the instructions attached to it. Medicinal preparations produced in the form of tablets can be taken entirely or riser, drinking with sufficient amount of any liquid. It is not recommended as a liquid to use fruit juices, coffee, and even more alcohol. The best or mineral water is best suited for this purpose.
Preparations manufactured in the form of capsules are consumed unchanged, and ished in a large amount of water, in order to ensure their maximum fast passage throughout the exhaustion of the esophagus.
Before orally, a selection of several medicinal substances should pay attention to their compatibility. Combinations of some medicines may cause serious side Effects from the authorities and systems.

The selection of the method of receiving medicines should be carried out by an exclusively attending physician, taking into account the individual characteristics of a particular person, as well as a clinical case.

Application

Mostly by the reception of drugs in this method is prescribed for drugs that are well absorbed by the mucous membrane of the stomach or intestine. In the treatment of diseases of the digestion organs in some cases, on the contrary, poorly absorbable drugs are used, which makes it possible to achieve their high concentration in the gastrointestinal tract and get a good local effect without adverse reactions.

disadvantages

slower than with other methods of drug treatment, the development of the therapeutic effect,
the speed and completeness of suction (bioavailability) are individual for each patient, since they affect them the effect of food, organic and functional state Gastrointestinal tract, reception of other drugs,
oral admission is ineffective for drugs, poorly absorbed or destroyed in the busty bodies forming inefficient metabolites when passing through the liver or providing a pronounced irritant action,
oral reception is difficult or impossible in vomiting, in the unconscious state of the patient.

Dosage forms for oral administration

The main dosage forms for oral administration are solutions, powders, tablets, capsules and pills. There are also dosage forms (for example, tablets with multi-layer shells), when receiving performing drug It is released longer than the usual (compared to conventional dosage forms), which allows you to extend the therapeutic effect.

Most drugs for oral administration should be made with a large amount of fluid. When receiving some drugs in a lying position, they can linger in the esophagus and cause ulceration, so it is necessary to drink tablets and capsules with water.

Literature

Bigbaeva M.M. Directory of Medical Sister / M.M.Bigbaeva, G.Rodionova, V.Dtrifonov.- M.: Eksmo, 2004. ISBN 5-699-08074-0

Reception of drugs orally is the most traditional and common method of receiving medicines. Most tablets dissolve well in the stomach and are absorbed by its walls, as well as the intestinal walls. In some cases, for the treatment of stomach diseases, medications are used, which are very poorly absorbed in the stomach. However, this approach allows to achieve the maximum concentration of the drug in the stomach and thus get the maximum effect of local treatment.

Oral reception of drugs has quite a few flaws. The most significant of them is a long time before the start of action on the body of a pill, especially if the therapeutic effect is needed immediately. It is worth noting that the absorption rate of medication and suction fullness, called bioavailability, each person is different. It depends on many factors - from age, state of the gastrointestinal tract, time of food, and sometimes from the floor of man. Some drugs have very low biological accessibility. Therefore, if the medication in the manual states that its bioavailability does not exceed 20%, then it is better to pay attention to any alternative drugs.

Taking medications orally is usually not possible in vomiting, unconscious and young children. And this can also be attributed to a large minus of such a method of drugs. Among other things, some oral drugs are characteristic of creating very harmful metabolites, which, when destroying in the liver, cause it significant harm.

At the same time, taking pills through the mouth very conveniently and no one is going to abandon such a method of drug use.

In addition to tablets, various powders, capsules, dragee, solutions, infancy, decoctions, syrups, pills are orally taken. Most of the drugs when receiving orally should be made with plenty of water. It should be borne in mind that there are medicines, perfectly cope with the healing of one body, but negatively affecting another body. As an example, such tablets like foam and diclofenac can be given. They help with pain in the joints and remove inflammation in arthritis, but at the same time these drugs can provoke the development of the stomach ulcers. Therefore, it is recommended to take them under the cover of an additional drug. It may be omeprazole or some other anti-sized drug.

If the drugs enter the body, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract, then this method will be called parentheral. And this is, first of all, inhalation and injection.

Together with the article "Orally - is it like?" Read:

Enteral path of administration of medicines - through the gastrointestinal tract (gastrointestinal tract).
Oral (through the mouth) path of administration - The easiest and safest, most common. When taking inside, medicinal substances are absorbed mainly in thin intestineThrough the system of the portal vein falls into the liver, where their inactivation is possible, and then into the overall blood flow. The therapeutic level of medication in the blood is achieved 30-90 minutes after its reception and is preserved for 4-6 hours, depending on the properties of the active ingredient and the composition of the drug.
With oral administration of medicines, their ratio with meals is of great importance. The medicine, taken on an empty stomach, is usually absorbed faster than the medicine taken after eating. Most of the drugs are recommended to take 1 / 2-1 hours before meals so that they are less destroyed by the enzymes of digestive juices and are better absorbed in the digestive tract. Preparations irritating mucous membrane (containing iron, acetylsalicylic acid, calcium solution chloride, etc.), allowed after meals. Enzyme preparationsImproving the processes of digestion (festal, gastric juice natural, etc.) should be given to patients during meals. Sometimes to reduce the irritation of the gastric mucosa, some drugs are injected with milk or kissel.
Giving the patient tetracycline preparations, it should be remembered that dairy products and some drugs containing iron salts, calcium, magnesium, etc., form insoluble (non-suaseable) compounds with them.
Advantages of oral administration:
- the possibility of introducing various dosage forms - powders, tablets, pill, dragee, decoction, mixtures, infusions, extracts, tinctures, etc.;
- Simplicity and availability of the method:
- The method does not require compliance with sterility.
Disadvantages of oral administration:
- slow and incomplete suction in the digestive tract;
- partial inactivation of medicines in the liver;
- The dependence of the action of the drug from age, the state of the body, the individual sensitivity and the presence of concomitant diseases.
To swallow the tablet (dragee, capsule, pill), the patient places it on the root of the tongue and drinks water. Some tablets can be pre-seized (with the exception of tablets containing iron). Dragee, capsules, pills are taken unchanged. Powder can be poured into the root of the patient's language and give it to water or pre-divide it with water.
Sublingval (sublard) route of administration - the use of drugs under the tongue; They are well absorbed, fall into the blood after the liver, do not destroy the digestive enzymes.
It is relatively rarely subtransmitted by the approach, since the suction surface of this area is small. Therefore, the "under the tongue" is prescribed only very active substances used in small quantities and intended for independent reception in emergency situations (for example: nitroglycerin of 0.0005 g, Validol 0.06g), as well as some hormonal drugs.
Rectal route of administration through the rectum. Rectally introduced as liquid drugs (decoctions, solutions, mucus) and candles. In this case, medicinal substances are on the body as a resortive effect, absorbed into the blood through hemorrhoidal veins, and the local - on the mucous membrane of the rectum. In general, with rectal administration, the medicine is absorbed poorly, and therefore such a way of administration in order to obtain systemic effects should be applied only as an alternative.
Note. Before the introduction of medicinal substances in the rectum should make a cleansing enema!
Introduction of suppositories (candles) in the rectum
Prepare: Candles, liquid vaseline oil.
Act:
- put the patient on the left side with bent in the knees and the legs given to the belly;
- Open the packaging and get a candle;
- Left hand Spread the buttocks, lubricate the area rear Passage liquid vaseline oil;
- right hand Enter the narrow end of the entire candle in the posterior hole for the external sphincter of the rectum.
Introduction of liquid drugs
The liquid forms of drugs are introduced into the rectum in the form of medicinal enema. The drugs of resorbative action fall into the blood, bypassing the liver, and therefore are not destroyed. Due to the lack of enzymes in the rectum, they are not exposed to cleavage. Drugs protein, fat and polysaccharide nature are not absorbed from the rectum and in blood, so they are prescribed only for local exposure in the form of medicinal microclism.
Only water, isotonic sodium chloride solution, glucose solution, some amino acids are absorbed in the lower sector of the colon. Therefore, for resorbative effects on the body, these substances are introduced in the form of drip enema.
The rectal method of administration of drugs is used in cases where it is impossible or inappropriate oral administration (in vomiting, violation of swallowing, unconscious state of patients, damage to the mucous membrane of the stomach, etc.) or when local impact is needed.