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What is faithfulness?

Farcastic - this is a disease of the eye, characterized by the defeat of its refractive system, as a result of which images of closely arranged items focus not on the retina ( as normal), and behind it. With farely, people see the outlines of objects with fuzzy, vague, and, the closer to the eye is the subject, the worse it is recognized by a person.

In order to understand the causes of the mechanisms of development and the principles of treating hyperopia, certain knowledge of the structure and functioning of the eye is needed.

Conditionally, in the human eye, two departments are distinguished - the retina and the refracting system of the eye. The retina is the peripheral department of the visual analyzer consisting of a plurality of photosensitive nerve cells. Photons ( light particles), reflecting from various surrounding items, fall on the retina. As a result of this, nerve impulses are generated in photosensitive cells, which are sent to a special department of the cerebral cortex, where they are perceived as images.

The refractive system of the eye includes a complex of organs responsible for focusing images on the retina.

The refractive system of the eye includes:

• Cornea. This is anterior, convex part of the eyeball having the shape of the hemisphere. The cornea has a constant refracting ability of about 40 diopters ( diopteria - Unit of measurement determining the degree of refractive lenses).
• Crystal. It is located behind the cornea and is a bicon-like lens, which is fixed by several bundles and muscles. If necessary, the lens can change its shape, as a result of which its refractive ability can also vary from 19 to 33 diopters.
• Watering moisture. This liquid, located in special chambers of the eye ahead and behind the lens. It performs a nutritional function ( transports nutrients to lens, cornea and other tissues) and protective function ( contains immunoglobulins that can fight alien viruses, bacteria and other microorganisms). The refractive ability of water, moisture is insignificant.
• Glassy body. Transparent jelly-like substance, filling space between the lens and the retina. Refractive ability fiscame body Also insignificant. The main function is maintaining the right eye shape.

Under normal conditions, when passing through the refractive system of the eye, all rays of light are collected ( focus) Right on the retina, as a result of which a person can see a clear image of the observed item. If this item is far away, the refractive force of the lens changes ( that is reduced), as a result of which the subject considered becomes clearer. When reviewing a closely located subject, the refractive capacity of the lens increases, which also allows you to get a clearer image on the retina. This mechanism, providing a clear vision of objects at various distances from the eye, is called accommodation ( device) Eyes.

The essence of the limblessness lies in the fact that the light bundles passing through the refraarting system are not focused on the retina, and after it, with the result that the image of the observed item is fuzzy and vague.

Causes of developmental development

The cause of the limblessness can be like the damage of the refractive structures of the eye and the incorrect form of the poorer apple.

Depending on the cause and mechanism of development, allocate:

• physiological disease in children;
• congenital distance;
• acquired hyperophase;
• age-related drug ( presbyopia.).

Physiological disease in children

The structure of the eye in the newborn is different from such an adult. In particular, the child is marked more rounded the shape of the eyeball, a less pronounced curvature of the cornea and the refractive capacity of the lens. As a result of these features, the image in children's eye It is projected not directly to the retina, but after it, which leads to the hyperopia.

Almost all newborn children have physiological hyperopia of about 4-5 diopters. As the child grows, the structure of his eyes undergo a number of changes, in particular the front-facing axis of the eyeball is extended, curvature increases ( and refracting ability) Corneal and lens. All this leads to the fact that at the age of 7 - 8 years, the degree of deprecity is only 1.5 - 2 diopters, and by 14 years ( when the formation of the eyeball is completely ends) Most teenagers have eyesight absolutely normal.

Congenital hallee

Diagnose congenital ( pathological) Falnarity can be only in children over 5 - 6 years old, since before this age the Eye Apple itself and refractive structures of the eye continue to develop. At the same time, if a child at the age of 2 - 3 years is revealed at 5 - 6 diopters and more, the likelihood of that this phenomenon will not pass independently during the growing process.

Cause congenital distancelessness There may be various anomalies of the eyeball or a refractive eye system.

Congenital haragility can be a consequence:

• Violations of the development of the eyeball. If the eyeball is underdeveloped ( too small) Or if its form is initially violated, in the future ( as the child grows) It can also develop incorrectly, as a result of which the farewell in the child will not disappear, and can even progress.
• Violations of the cornea. As mentioned earlier, as the child grows, the refractive ability of his cornea grows. If this does not happen, the harbors in the child will continue. Also more pronounced hyperopia ( more than 5 diopters) It may be noted in children with congenital abnormalities of the cornea development ( that is, if the cornea is initially too flat, and its refractive ability is extremely low).
• Disturbance of lens. This group includes congenital lens offset ( when it is not at his usual place), microfakia ( too small lens) and Aphakia ( congenital lack of lens).

Acquired facilities

The acquired hyperopia can develop as a result of the defeat of the refractive eye system ( corness or Crustalika), as well as be a consequence of reducing the front-facing size of the eyeball. The reason for this may be injuries of the eye, incorrectly conducted surgical operations, tumors in the field of the eyelids ( during growth, they can squeeze the eyeball, changing its form). Also, the cause of the hyperopia can be acquired AFACIA at which the lens is removed due to various diseases, for example, after injury to the lens, when developing cataracts ( lounge lens) etc.

Age limit ( presbyopia)

A separate form of acquired hypermetropy is age-related ( street) Falnarity. The reason for the development of this pathology is the violation of the structure and function of the lens associated with the peculiarities of its development.

Normal lens is a biconimous lens, which is located behind the cornea. The substance itself is transparent, does not contain vessels and surrounded the crust capsule. Special bundles are attached to this capsule, which hold the lens in a suspended state right behind the cornea. These bundles, in turn, are connected to the ciliated muscle, which regulates the refractive capacity of the lens. When a person looks into the distance, the fibers of the clarity muscle relax. This contributes to the tension of the lens, as a result of which it is compacted. shrink). As a result, the refractive ability of the lens and a person can focus their eyesight on far-sized objects. When considering items near, the reverse process takes place - the stress of the clarity muscle leads to the relaxation of the ligament apparatus of the lens, as a result of which it becomes more convex, and its refractive ability increases.

An important feature of the lens is its continuous growth ( the diameter of the crust of the newborn is 6.5 mm, and an adult is 9 mm). The growth process of the lens is due to special cells located in the region of its edges. These cells have the ability to share, that is, multiply. After division, the newly formed cell turns into a transparent crustal fiber. New fibers begin to move to the center of the lens, shifting more old fibers, as a result of which a more dense substance is formed in the central zone, called the crustal core.

The described process underlies the development of presbyopia ( elderilyland). Approximately 40 years old, the emerging core becomes so dense that disrupts the elasticity of the lens itself. In this case, at the voltage of ligaments, the lens itself is glorified only in part, which is due to its dense core located in its center. By 60 years, the kernel is scruprened, that is, it reaches the maximum density.

It is worth noting that the development process age hyperility It starts from early childhood, but it becomes clinically noticeable only by 40 years, which is manifested by the weakening of accommodation. It was estimated that, as a result of the formation and sealing of the kernel of the lens, its accommodative ability decreases by about 0.001 diopters daily from the moment of birth and up to 60 years.

Symptoms, signs and diagnosis of hyperopia

Under congenital ( not physiological) Dalnodility The child may not make any complaints for a long time. It is determined by the fact that from the moment of birth sees closely arranged objects vague and does not know that it is not normal. In this case, parents can suspect hypermetropia, based on the characteristic behavior of the child ( the child is poorly distinguished by closely located objects, when reading, moves away the book away from the eyes and so on).

In the case of acquired hypermetropy, the symptoms of the disease are developing gradually, which is most characteristic of age-related hyposticity. The main complaint of such patients is the inability to clearly see closely located objects. This state is aggravated with poor lighting, as well as attempts to read small text. At the same time, patients are better seeing more distant items, and therefore, when reading, they often move the book for an elongated arm ( the need to do it regularly annoying many patients, what they mention in conversation with a doctor).

Another characteristic manifestation of hyperopia is asthenopia, that is, visual discomfort that occurs in patients while reading or working with small details. The development of this symptom is associated with a disorder of accommodation. Normally, while reading, the refractive capacity of the lens increases slightly, which makes it possible to focus on the close text. However, people with farewell have a constant accommodation voltage ( that is, an increase in the refractive capacity of the lens), which allows to a certain extent to compensate for a violation of vision. At the same time, when working with small details, the accommodation of a patient with the hyraidity of a person is strained to the limit, as a result of which the muscles and tissue involved in this process quickly get tired, which leads to the appearance of characteristic symptoms.

Summary discomfort in patients with hyperopias can manifest itself:

• fast fatigue;
• burning in the eyes;
• a torment in the eyes;
• increased tear;
• svetobyaznia ( all the above symptoms are enhanced with bright lighting);

Manifestations may occur after a few minutes or hours after starting work with closely located objects and disappear after some time after the termination of this work. The rate of occurrence, as well as the severity and duration of symptoms depends on the degree of hyraidity ( what it is higher, the faster "tired" accommodation and the more pronounced clinical manifestations of the disease).

Evaluation clinical manifestations Plays important, but far from a decisive role in diagnosis. To confirm the presence of limbores and designate proper treatment It is necessary to hold a number of additional instrumental research.

With hyperopia, the doctor may assign:

• measurement of visual acuity;
• determining the degree of hypermetropy;
• study of refractive eye systems.

Measurement of visual acuity

The acuity of vision is the ability of the human eye to distinguish between two separate points located at a certain distance from each other. In medical practice is considered normal if the human eye can distinguish 2 points removed from each other from a distance of 5 meters away from each other by 1.45 mm.

To assess the patient's visual acuity, special tables are used on which letters or characters of various values \u200b\u200bare displayed. The essence of the study is as follows. The patient comes into a doctor's office and sits on a chair, located 5 meters from the tables. After that, the doctor gives him a special opaque record and asks to cover her one eye, and look at the table with the second eye ( the eye covered with a record should remain open). After that, the doctor with a thin pointer begins to indicate letters or characters of certain sizes ( first on large, then - on smaller), and the patient should call them.

If the patient can easily call letters located in 10 row of the table, then it has one hundred percent sight. Such results may be observed in healthy people of young age, as well as in patients with a slight degree of hypermetropy, which is compensated by accommodation. With pronounced hyperopia, the image of small items become vague, as a result of which the patient can recognize only larger letters.

After determining the visual acuity of the same eye, the doctor asks to cover the lather the other eye and repeats the procedure.

Determining the degree of hypermetropy

The degree of hypermetropy can be determined directly during the study of visual acuity. The essence of the method is as follows. After determining the letters that the patient can no longer be correctly called ( because he sees them odd), he put on the eyes of special glasses in which glass can be changed ( that is, lenses). After that, the doctor inserts the lenses with a certain refracting force and asks the patient to assess the nature of the change ( that is, whether he began to see the letters on the table). Initially, lenses are used with a weaker refractive ability, and if this is not enough, stronger lenses are used ( each subsequent lens used in the diagnostic process should have a refractive force of 0.25 diopters more than the previous one.).

The doctor's conclusion is based on the refractive force of the lens necessary, so that the patient can easily read the letters from the tenth row of the table. If, for example, it took the lens with force in 1 diopter, it means that the patient has a hyperiness of 1 diopter.

Depending on the disorder of the refractive system, the eye is distinguished:

• Hypermetropy. weak degree - up to 2 diopters.
• Hypermetropy of average degree - from 2 to 4 diopters.
• Hypermetropy. high degree - More than 4 diopters.

The degree of hypermetropy is also carried out for each eye separately.

Types of farbiness

The type of hyperopia is a medical indicator, which allows to determine the severity of hypertropy and compensatory accommodation capabilities in a particular patient.

When developing the hyperidity, the images of visible items are not focused directly on the retina, but for it, in connection with which the person is perceived as vague, fuzzy. To compensate for this deviation, the accommodation consists in changing ( strengthening) The refractive capacity of the lens. With weak hypermetropy, this may be sufficient to compensate for the existing deviations, as a result of which the person will see the items quite clearly.

The more the hypermetropium is expressed, the greater the accommodation voltage is required to focus images on the retina. In the exhaustion of this compensatory mechanism ( what is observed in hypertropy high) A person will see bad not only close, but also far from the objects. That is why the definition of compensatory accommodation capabilities of the patient with hyperity is of particular importance.

With hyperbating, they define:

• Obvious hypermetropy. This is the severity of hypertropy, determined with the included ( saved) Accommodation, when the crystal eye function normally. The definition of explicit hypermetropy is carried out during the study of visual acuity in the process of selection of corrective lenses.
• Full hypertropy. This term denotes the severity of hypertropy, determined by the disabled accommodation apparatus. During the study, special drops are applied ( atropine). Atropine causes a steady relaxation of the ciliated muscle, as a result of which the lens are tightened and it is fixed in the maximum sustained state when its refractive ability is minimal.
• Hidden hypermetropy. It is the difference between full and explicit hypermetropy, expressed in diopters. Hidden hypermetropia displays how popular lens from a particular patient is involved.

Research of refractive eye systems

The methods described above are subjective, that is, they are evaluated on the basis of the patient's responses. However, today a variety of techniques have been developed that allow you to explore various features of the eye objectively, that is, more accurately.

In the diagnosis of hypermetropy can be applied:

• Skiascopia ( shadowing). The essence of this study is as follows. The doctor sits opposite the patient and at a distance of 1 meter from the examination of the eye sets a special mirror, guiding a beam of light directly to the patient's pupil center. The light reflects from the retina of the examined eye and is perceived by the eye of the doctor. If during the study, the doctor will start to rotate the mirror around the vertical or horizontal axis, the shadow may appear on the retina, the nature of which will depend on the state of the refractive eye system. With hypertropy, this shadow will appear on the side to which the mirror will be shifted. When this shadow is detected, the doctor places an lenses in front of a mirror with a certain refracting force until this shadow disappears. Depending on the refractive force used at the same time, the lens is determined by the degree of hypermetropy.
• Refractometry. For this study, a special device is used - a refractometer consisting of a light source, an optical system and a measuring scale. During the study, the doctor sends a beam of light into the pupil of the patient, while horizontal and vertical stripes appear on the retina. Normally, they intersect with each other, and during depreciation - diverge. In the latter case, the doctor begins to rotate a special handle, as a result of which changes the refractive force of the device, which leads to the displacement of the lines on the patient's retina. At the moment when these lines intersect, the refractive force of the lens required to achieve this result is estimated, which determines the degree of depreciation.
• Computer keratotopography. This method is designed to study the shape, curvature and refractive corneal ability. A study is carried out with the help of modern computer technologies, without delivering to the patient no discomfort and not take a long time ( on average, the procedure lasts from 3 to 5 minutes).

Correction and treatment of hyperopia

As mentioned earlier, when the images of visible items are limitedly, the images are not focused directly on the retina, but behind it. Therefore, to move the main focus on the retina during hypermetropy, it is necessary to increase the refractive ability of the eye using a collective lens or replace the "defective" part of the refractive system ( if possible).

Is it possible to cure longarity?

To date, the limadlandity is quite easily corrected using various techniques or even completely eliminate. At the same time, it is worth noting that with long-term progression of the disease, as well as in the case of an incorrectly selected method of correction, the development of complications is possible, some of which can cause full loss of vision.

With hyperbating, you can use:

• glasses;
• laser treatment;
• replacement of lens;
• operational treatment.

Glasses for limbidity correction

Wearing points is one of the most common and affordable methods for the correction of hyperopia. The essence of the method is that a collective lens is installed in front of the eye with a certain refracting ability. It enhances the refraction of the rays passing through the lens and refractive eye structures, as a result of which they ( rays) Focus directly on the retina, providing clarity of images.

The rules for the appointment of glasses at limblessness include:

• Selection of lenses for each eye separately. Usually this procedure is performed in an ophthalmologist ( doctor engaged in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the eye) During the determination of visual acuity and extent of hypermetropy.
• The use of a lens with a maximum refractive capacity and gives high visual sharpness. As mentioned earlier, when determining the degree of hyposticity, the doctor places the lenses in front of the eye of a patient with a different refracting ability until the patient can easily read the letters from the tenth of a number of a special table. However, it should be remembered that in this case explicit hypermetropia is determined, that is, the accommodation device at the same time is tight as possible. If for the speaking correction to use the first lens that provided normal visual acuity, the person will see relatively well, but the refractive capacity of the lens will be maximal ( that is, accommodation will remain tense). That is why when selecting points, the refractive ability of the lenses should be increased until the person starts to see the tenth row of the tables vague ( in this case, the refractive capacity of the lens will be minimal). After that, the lens is replaced by the preceding it, which will be used for the manufacture of points.
• Check of acute binocular vision. Even in the case of proper selection of corrective lenses for each eye separately it may turn out that after the manufacture of glasses, the items visible through them will bother. Such a deviation is usually due to violation of binocular vision ( that is, the ability to see a clear image with both eyes at the same time), What can be related to various diseases. That is why after the selection of the lenses you need to check directly in the office of the ophthalmologist, whether the patient sees with both eyes normally ( for this there are many different tests.).
• Checking the tolerance of lenses. After the selection of corrective lenses, a person may have certain unpleasant feelings in the eyes ( tear, thickening) associated with a sharp change in the state of accommodation systems. That is why after the selection of lenses the patient must remain in a trial rim within a few minutes. If no deviations after that are observed, you can safely write a recipe for glasses.

When the recipe for glasses is discharged, the doctor should also specify the distance between the centers of the pupils of both patient's eyes. This parameter is determined using a millimeter line, and the distance is measured from the outer edge of the cornea of \u200b\u200bone eye to the inner edge of the cornea of \u200b\u200banother eye. During the measurements, the patient's eyes should be placed directly opposite the eye of the doctor. During the measurement of the edge of the cornea on the right eye, the patient should look directly in the pupil of the left eye of the doctor, and when measuring the edge of the cornea on the left eye - in the right pupil of the doctor.

It is also worth noting that when younather, it should be started to wear glasses as early as possible, as this will eliminate the unpleasant feeling ( associated with oddness of visible objects) and prevent the development of complications.

Do you need a child's glasses at far freight?

The need for wearing glasses in children is due to the cause and degree of hyperbidity. For example, if the far-sightedness is physiological, no correction is required, since the vision of the child is independently normalized by 13-14 years. At the same time, with pronounced hypermetropy associated with the deformation of the shape and sizes of the eyeball, as well as damage to the lens or cornea, it is necessary to determine the degree of depreciation and assign points as soon as possible, since children have different complications much faster than adults .

Selection of glasses for children is carried out according to the same rules as for adults. However, it is worth noting that as the child grows, the severity of hypertropy may decrease ( due to the growth of the eyeball, increasing the refractive ability of the cornea and lens). That is why up to 14 years old children are recommended regularly ( semiannually) Evaluate visual sharpness, determine the degree of depreciation and, if necessary, change lenses with glasses.

Contact lenses with hyperbating

The principle of selection and appointment of contact lenses is the same as when prescribing points. The main difference is the way they are used. Contact lenses Muffy directly to the patient's eye ( on the front surface of the cornea), which ensures the correction of the refractive system of the eye. The use of contact lenses is a more convenient and accurate method of vision correction, than wearing glasses.

The advantages of contact lenses before the glasses are:

• Optimal vision correction. When using glasses, the distance between the refractive lens and the retina is constantly changing ( when turning the eyes to the side, at a distance or approximation of glasses). The contact lens is fixed directly on the cornea, as a result, the distance from it to the retina remains constant. Also, the lens moves simultaneously with the eyeball, which helps to obtain even clearer image.
• Practicality. Contact lenses do not fade when moving from the cold room into warm, not wet during the rain and do not fall during the head, running or with other active movements. That is why the carriage of contact lenses allows a person to lead a more active lifestyle than when using points.
• Aesthetics. High-quality contact lenses are almost invisible and do not cause a person no cosmetic inconvenience, which cannot be said about glasses.

The disadvantages of contact lenses include the unpleasant sensations associated with their installation and extraction, as well as the need to regularly change them ( service life even high-quality lenses does not exceed 1 month). Also, when using lenses, the risk of developing infectious complications increases ( in case of non-compliance with personal hygiene rules).

Laser definiteness correction

Treatment of depreciation using modern laser technology allows in some cases to eliminate existing impact of view, and this is pretty quickly, safely and painless.

Laser definition correction includes:

• Photorefractive keratectomy ( FRK). The essence of this method is that with the help of a special laser removal ( evaporation) the top layer of the cornea ( stromas with refracting properties), resulting in changing ( enharged) Its refracting ability. This allows you to reduce the degree of depreciation and reduce the load on the accomulion system of the eye. The advantages of this method include safety and high efficiency (with hypermetropy of weak and moderate). The disadvantage of the method is long ( up to 1 month) Recovery and the possibility of turbidity of the cornea in postoperative periodwhat is associated with the damage to its top ( epithelial) Layer.
• Transtecthelial photorefractive kerattectomy ( trans-FRK.). The difference of this method from the usual FRK is less traumatization of the top ( epithelial) Layer of cornea. This allows you to make the procedure more convenient ( the patient experiences less discomfort than with ordinary FRK), reduce the recovery period to 2 - 3 weeks and reduce the risk of complications ( including clouding cornea) In the postoperative period.
• Laser keratomiasis. This is a modern high-tech method that allows you to eliminate the hyperopia of up to 4 diopters. The essence of the method is as follows. With the help of a laser, an incision is made on the front surface of the cornea, after which the flap is formed, consisting of superficial epithelium and other tissues. This flap is lifted, barreling the stroma itself. After that, laser removal of the stroma is made needed to normalize the refracting eye system. Then the separated flap returns to its place, where it is almost instantly fixed due to its plastic properties. As a result of such manipulation, the epithelial layer of the cornea is practically not damaged, which prevents the development of complications inherent in FRK and TRANS-FRK. The procedure of laser keratsomethosis lasts a few minutes, after which the patient can go home. No seams, scars and cloues on the cornea after that it remains.

Replacing lens with farnicide

With this method, it is possible to eliminate even pronounced hyperophases associated with lens damage ( including with Presbyopia). The essence of the method is that the old crystal is removed from the eye, and a new one is placed in its place ( artificial, which is a lens with a certain refractive force).

Operation itself lasts no more than half an hour and is carried out under local anesthesia, but in some cases ( with the emotional instability of the patient, when replacing the crust) It is possible to use special preparations that introduce the patient to medical sleep. In the latter case, the patient's stay in the hospital after surgery can increase from several hours to several days.

The first stage of operation is the removal of an old lens. For this, the doctor does at the top edge of the cornea small ( about 2 mm long) incision, after which, with the help of a special ultrasonic apparatus turns a lens into the emulsion ( liquid) And removes it. Then an artificial lens is introduced into the location of the lens, which itself parses and fixed in the desired position. Then the incision in the corneal area is in the finest threads, and after several hours of observation, the patient can go home. After the procedure, it is recommended to visit an ophthalmologist several times a month to assess visual acuity and timely detection. possible complications (discrepancies of seams, lenses offset, attachment infection and so on).

Operations at hyperbating

Surgical treatment of depreciation is shown in the case when it is impossible to correct or eliminate this state by other, less traumatic methods.

Surgical treatment of hyperopia includes:

• Implantation of faky lenses. The essence of the method is that specially selected ( according to all the rules of the selection of lenses during depreciation) The lens is implanted under the cornea and attach to the back of it. As a result, the same clinical effect is achieved that when using conventional contact lenses ( that is, the refractive force of the cornea increases and the acuity of sight is normalized). This eliminates a number of unpleasant moments associated with the use of the latter ( in particular, the need for regular replacement of lenses disappears, since the facile lenses can serve for many years). The disadvantages of the method include the fact that in the case of the progression of the disease and an increase in the degree of hypermetropy ( what can be observed in presbyopia) You will have to delete the old lens and install a new one or use other methods of view correction ( in particular contact lenses or glasses).
• Radial keratotomy. The essence of this method is as follows. With the help of a special scalpel along the periphery of the cornea make several radial ( heading from pupil to periphery) Cuts. After the battle, the cuts change the shape of the cornea, that is, increase its curvature, which leads to an increase in the refractive ability. It is worth noting that due to the long-term reduction period, the risk of damage to the cornea during operation and frequent postoperative complications This technique today is practically not applied.
• Keratoplasty. The essence of this method is to transplant the donor cornea, which before this was processed using special techniques ( that is, she was granted a special form that ensures the necessary refractive ability). Donor cornea can be implanted ( vigil) directly in the patient's cornea, attached to her outdoor surface Or completely replace it.

Prevention of hyperopia

Prevention is a set of activities aimed at preventing the development of the disease or slowing the speed of its progression. Since farsightened in most cases is due to the anatomical changes in the eyeball, cornea or lens, to prevent its development is almost impossible. At the same time, compliance with certain rules and recommendations will slow down the progression of the disease and reduce the likelihood of the development of complications.

Prevention of hyperidity includes:

• Timely and proper correction of hyperopia. This is perhaps the first and basic event that makes it easier to facilitate the course of the disease. Immediately after diagnosis, it should be discussed with a doctor possible methods eliminating the existing defect, and if it is impossible, pick up the optimal correction method ( with the help of glasses, contact lenses and so on).
• Exception of excessive visual loads. With farnicide ( no correction) There is a constant stress of the cereal muscle, which leads to an increase in the refractive scope of the lens and allows you to compensate for the existing defect to a certain extent. However, long-term reading or work at a computer leads to overwork the accommodation, as a result of which the person has visual discomfort, there may be burning or pain in the eyes, reinforced tear and so on. To prevent this, during the execution of such work it is recommended regularly ( every 15 - 20 minutes) Make a small break, during which you should move away from the workplace, walk around the house or perform a few simple exercises for the eyes.
• Proper lighting of the workplace. As mentioned earlier, the development of visual discomfort, burning and pain in the eyes can contribute to work with poor lighting. That is why all people, and especially patients with farewell, should be correctly covered workplace. It is best to work with natural daylight, having a table near the window. If necessary, work in the dark should be remembered that the direct light ( directed from the lamp right into the workplace) Extremely adversely affects the eyes. It is best to use the light reflected, for which you can direct the lamp on the white ceiling or the wall. Also when working at the computer, it is recommended to include a lamp or a regular lamp ( that is not to work in complete darkness) Since the pronounced contrast between the bright monitor and the dark room significantly increases the eye load.
• Regular check of visual acuity. Even after the selection of corrective glasses or eliminate the long-grade with other techniques is recommended regularly ( 1 - 2 times a year) To visit the eyepiece. This will allow you to identify various deviations in time ( for example, progression of presbyopia) and assign treatment timely.

Exercises ( gymnastics) Eyes with limblessness

There are many exercises that help reduce eye loads and normalize blood microcirculation in the cereal muscle, thereby slowing down the progression of hyperopia, reducing the severity of clinical manifestations and preventing the development of complications.

The range of exercises during depreciation includes:

• Exercise 1. You should find the most distant point on the horizon ( roof at home, tree and so on) And look at it within 30 - 60 seconds. This will reduce the burden on the ciliary muscle and improve blood microcirculation in it, thereby reducing the likelihood of the development of visual discomfort.
• Exercise 2. Exercise is performed standing by the window or on the street. Initially, we should try to focus the eyesight on the closely located subject ( for example, at the tip of the nose), and then look in the distance ( as far as possible), then repeat the procedure.
• Exercise 3. When taking advantage during reading it is recommended to postpone the book and several times in a row herish the eyes very much, holding them in this position for 2 to 4 seconds. This exercise improves the microcirculation in the muscles of the eye, and also contributes to the temporary relaxation of accommodation.
• Exercise 4. You need to close your eyes and slowly rotate the eye-eye apples clockwise, and then in the opposite direction.

These exercises can be performed both patients with hyperopias and healthy people. It is important to remember that starting the exercise should be gradually, repeating them every 30 - 40 minutes ( when working at a computer or when reading).

Complications of hypermetropia

As mentioned earlier, the long progression of hypermetropy without appropriate correction can lead to a number of formidable complications. Non-specific mining complications include infectious corneal damage ( keratitis), conjunctiva ( conjunctivitis), century ( blepharitis). Contribute to this can be a disruption of microcirculation in the structures of the eye, associated with a constant stress of accommodation and visual overwork.

Also, the farewell may complicate:

• accommodation spasm;

Squint with hyperopia

The squint is called a pathological condition, in which the pupils of both eyes are "watching" in various directions. With depreciation, there may be a cut-eyed squint, in which eye pupils are overly rejected to the center. The reason for the development of this complication lies in the physiology of the visual analyzer. Under normal conditions at the voltage of the accommodation apparatus ( that is, with an increase in the refractive ability of the lens) Natural convergence is noted, that is, the rapprochement of the pupils of both eyes. In a healthy person, this mechanism allows you to more accurately focus the eye on the close item.

With pronounced hyperopia, there is a constant compensatory stress of accommodation ( that is, the cutting of the cereal muscle and an increase in the refractive force of the lens), as a result, convergence also occurs. Initially, this state is easily eliminated when using the lenses bloodboring. With a long-lasting stress of accommodation and the convergeous convergence may occur, an irreversible change in the glazation muscles may occur, in view of which the squint will become permanent. what is most relevant in children).

Amblyopia ( lazy eye) With hyperopia

The essence of this disease is to reduce visual acuity, even with the optimal correction of hypermetropy with lenses, and any other anatomical defects in the organ of view cannot be revealed. In other words, the "lazy eye" is functional violationwhich occurs with the long progression of high degree hypertropy.

With the timely detection and beginning of the appropriate treatment, amblyopia can be eliminated ( treatment should be combined with adequate definition correction), However, the longer this state is saved, the hardest to restore the normal function of the eye in the future.

Accommodation spasm with farnicide

The essence of this complication lies in a long and pronounced reduction ( spasme) The ciliary muscle that temporarily loses the ability to relax. It is manifested by the inability to focus the vision on the items located at various distances from the eye.

A healthy person has an accommodation spasm can develop with long-term work at a computer or when reading, that is, when there is a long-term stress of accommodation and overwork the ciliary muscle. However, with pronounced hyperopia, accommodation is tense almost constantly, as a result of which the risk of spasm development increases significantly. That is why it is extremely important to start the correction and treatment of hypermetropia.

When developing spasmodation spasms, it is recommended to interrupt the work performed and make several exercises to relax an eye. With a pronounced spasm, consult a doctor ( ophthalmologist). If necessary, the doctor can order special drops to the patient ( for example, Atropine), As a result, the opposite phenomenon will occur - the clarity muscle will relax and fixes in this position for several hours or days, that is, the accommodation paralysis will come.

Myopia with hyperopia

Myopia is a pathological condition in which a person is bad ( not clear) Sees distant items. Usually myopia develops as an independent disease ( what can contribute to non-compliance with hygiene), and may also occur with a long-lasting and non-corrosive hyperopia.

The mechanism of development of myopia is as follows. When focusing vision on a closely located subject, the fibers of the ciliary muscle are reduced, relaxation of lens ligaments and an increase in it ( crustalika) Refractive ability. When moving vision to a more distant item, the claric muscle relaxes, the lens is compact, and its refractive ability decreases. However, with a long, continuous acceleration voltage ( what is observed with non-corrosion) there is a gradual hypertrophy ( that is, the increase in size and power) Cilic Muscle. In this case, with relaxation of the accommodation, the muscle itself relaxes only partially, as a result of which the lens bundles remain in a relaxed position, and the refractive capacity of the lens remains enlarged.

It is worth noting that the development of myopia during depreciation is a long process progressing for several years. At the same time, if myopia has developed, a person will be bad to see both close and far away, that is, his vision acuity will progressively deteriorate. In this case, only the correction of view ( using glasses or lenses

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Falnarity is a violation of vision, in which the image does not fall on the retina, and behind it (hypermetropia).

As a result, objects located near, are visible vague.

The prevalence of hypermetropy among the adult population is, on average, 40%. Dalnodity in children under 3 years old occurs in 90% of cases and is physiological, does not require treatment, but it is necessary to consult a doctor.

Classification

By the mechanism of development Hypermetropia is divided into two types:

• Axial (axis) - occurs when shortering the annex of the axis of the eyeball.
• Refractive - occurs when clouding optical eyes. As a result, the refracting ability of the eye suffers.

Depending on the term of appearance Falnarity happens:

• Congenital
• Natural physiological in children under 3 years;
• Age, or Presbyopia.

In addition, hyperopia is hidden (when the refraction violation is compensated by overvoltage of the ciliary muscle) and the obvious (when the compensatory mechanisms are either absent or exhausted).

The degree of hyposticity

According to the degree of violation of refraction Falcastness are divided into:

• Weak (up to +2 diopters);
• Middle (up to +5 diopters);
• High (more +5 diopters).

Weak

Hypermetropium of a weak degree, which is such - a violation of vision within 3 DPTRs. Most often, children and young people suffer from this illness. Hypermetropia is very dangerous, as it often does not show itself.

In addition, young people have the ability to clearly see objects at different distances, and therefore they simply do not notice the symptoms. Every year the auditorium accommodation becomes weaker, and visual acuity is reduced.

With a weak degree of limblessness, vision is slightly reduced nearThe patient has a headache due to the visual load, there is a feeling of burning in the eyes. Often there are inflammatory diseases: Chalazion, blufarite, inflammation of conjunctiva, etc.

Why does the hyperiness develop after 40 years? At this age, the vision is broken, a person cannot focus on nearby objects, so such ordinary actions as reading, working at a computer, invating the threads in the needle make it hard to strain the eye muscles.

This process is natural for people aged, it is impossible to stop its development, but it can be slowed down.

To do this, perform special exercises, to adjust and treat violations in a timely manner.

When performing all these items, unpleasant symptoms of hypermetropy will disappear: headache, blurred vision, excessive selection of tear fluid.

Teens and young people also suffer from the hypermetropy of a weak degree, in this case this phenomenon is a physiological norm.

A maximum of 3 years of visual acuity is normalized. However, during the exacerbation of impairment of vision, the following symptoms are noted:

• Difficulties with focusing while reading, looking at small images;
• Headache, dizziness;
• Rising rationalism (squint);
• Chronic inflammation of the conjunctive shell;
• Chronic blufarite.

Timely diagnosis will allow you to preserve visual sharpness.

Robing stubism is characterized only for young people who are overly straining their eyes, trying to consider nearby items.

How to cure the limadarity of a weak degree - you need to wear corrective glasses, thanks to which you will not overvolt your eyes. Comprehensive treatment includes reception of vitamin and mineral complexes, performing exercises for the eyes during depreciation, conducting physiotherapeutic procedures. The surgical operation at this stage is not needed.

Average

If the doctor did not notice the symptoms of hypermetropy of a weak degree and the treatment was not carried out, the disease passes into the second stage. Hypermetropy of the average degree is a violation of vision with an indicator of accommodation from 3 to 5 DPTR. The disease occurs for various reasons.

Patient clearly sees items at a distance further than an elongated handWhen considering nearby objects, the patient strains a lens to focus the vision. The patient quickly tired eyes after reading, work at a computer or in an attempt to consider items near.

Often there are inflammatory eye diseases. One of the signs of hypermetropy - ("lazy eye syndrome") and stubism (squint).

The acuity of vision is reduced, often a headache, a person cannot focus.

The exacerbation of the hypermetropy of the average degree threatens with dangerous complications, so treatment is simply necessary.

Most effective method Treatment of this stage of limblessness - Laser correctionBut the operation is carried out only in cases where other methods do not help. In the presence of contraindications to the procedure, the patient prescribe glasses or lenses for vision correction. Also, the patient must regularly perform gymnastic exercises for the eyes during depreciation.

High

Incorrect diagnostics and treatment of initial hypermetropy often leads to the fact that the disease progresses in the second and third stages. Hypemetropia is a high degree - this is a violation of refraction (refraction of light rays), in which the accommodation rate is from 5 DPTR.

This degree of illness is characterized by pronounced symptoms. The patient loses the ability to clearly see both near and away. To consider the item, a person brings him closer to his eyes, the picture is blurred, but it is possible to understand what is in hand, perhaps.

This is due to the change in the value of the image on the retina. With this degree of ralline, the ciliary (ciliary) muscle is in constant voltage, it only relaxes during sleep.

Typical symptoms: Headache due to visual stress, burning, dryness in the eyes, etc. The patient's eye is changing and externally, there is a decrease in the anterior chamber, the narrowing of the pupil.

In the treatment of hyperopia in adults, constant vision correction is performed using glasses. At this stage of development, there is no laser correction, but it is contraindicated to patients under 20 years old.

Causes of hypermetropia

Dalnodity develops due to two reasons: the weakness of the refractive system or shortening the front-rear axis of the eye. This can affect the following factors:

• Age-related crystal changes;
• Operations in the eyes;
• Congenital eye development anomalies (for example, Aphakia - lack of lens);
• Eye lag in growth;
• Pronounced turbidity of the cornea.

Symptoms of hyperopia

Clinical manifestations of hypermetropy depend on the degree of its severity. Weak degree Not accompanied by any symptoms with the exception of eye fatigue while reading, letters, etc. Many people simply do not pay attention to this symptom and appeal to the doctor.

Middle degree Hypermetropy is characterized by pain in the eyes with a long viewing of closely arranged items. At this stage, the vision of vision begins to appear.

It is best that it is noticeable during reading: the lines seem fuzzy and can even merge with each other. There is a need to place text on the removal from the eye so that the blurry disappears.

High degree Dalnodility is characterized by a significant reduction in vision.

Patients are concerned with a strong headache, a feeling of sand or a foreign object in the eyes. Some complains of a feeling of cutting in the eyes.

It was observed that there are more often recurrences of chronic diseases (blefarites, conjunctivitis, barley more often often occur.

With a high degree of hypermetropy in children, there is a high risk of developing a concerned (friendly) squint. This is due to the fact that the child trying to see closely located objects, heavily overstrains the ciliated muscle and reduces both eyes to the nose. Falcastness at an early age can also cause ambulopia (The weakness of the accommodation of the eye).

Diagnosis of hyperopia

To suspect the hyperopia in the stage of visometry - research during which the doctor defines visual acuity on the Sivzian tables. The patient is offered to look at the table through the test plus lenses.

After the visometric ophthalmologists, as a rule, carry out the following studies:

• Perimetry, or definition of fields.
• Skiaskopia, or shadow sample. This study allows you to evaluate the refractory ability of the eye.
• Biomicroscopy.. With its help, the doctor estimates the condition of the tear film, cornea and other eye structures.
• Tonometry Allows you to determine intraocular pressure. This study is necessarily carried out in people of the older age group for the timely diagnosis of glaucoma.
• Ophthalmoscopy Eye DNA.. During this study, the doctor assesses the state of the retina, intraocular blood vessels, as well as spectator nerve. With hypermetropy, a high degree is often detected by hyperemia (redness) and the vague of the contours of the optic nerve disk.

In young people and children, eye research is carried out, as a rule, in the conditions of cyclopellegia - expansion of pupil by instilling special drops (for example, atropine). This event allows you to identify the cases of hidden hypermetropy.

Complications

Lack of hypermetropy eye correction can cause a number of serious complications:

In order to prevent the appearance of these complications, it is necessary to correct the correction of hyperopia. This is especially true of children, since problems with vision can remain with them for life.

Treatment and correction

There are several methods, how to restore vision at farsightedness or adjust it. The easiest, fast and budget way of definiteness correction is wearing glasses. This is also the only way to adjust hypermetropy in children. It is quite practical and absolutely safe.

Use contact lenses It has some benefits compared to glasses: they are not noticeable for others and provide better vision. Children can use lenses since the middle school age. The fact is that the small child will be difficult to comply with all the rules of operation of contact lenses.

IN childhood Useful the same hardware methods for correction: Classes on synopofofore, ambocutiones and other software and computer techniques. IN complex treatment Children's hypermetropy use physiotherapy methods, such as laser stimulation, magnetotherapy, electrophoresis.

While working on a monitor or watching television gear, it is recommended to use perforation points, as they reduce the eye voltage.

When the eye is fully formed (most of this happens by 20 years) can be carried out. Today, interventions such as Lasik, Femto Lasik and Super Lasik are popular. Each of the methods is aimed at making the cornea the necessary curvature, as a result of which the image will fall directly on the retina.

According to individual indications can be performed lensEctomy (Removal of the lens) and replacing it with a special intraocular lens, photorefraction keratectomy (FRK), implantation of facile lenses, thermo-coolant, laser thermo-coatoplasty.

Physiotherapeutic treatment of hyperopia

In hypertropy, the eye muscles are constantly tense, and therefore the risk of chronic spasm increases. Because of this, long-term and neighboring vision is sharply reduced, and most correction methods become ineffective.

In order to avoid such a situation, it is necessary to carry out a hardware treatment that removes spasm and train eye muscles. This is an excellent prevention of the visual function.

Common physiotherapeutic procedures:

Also for the treatment of hypermetropia used vacuum massage, ultrasound therapy, electrical coagulation, massage glasses. Physiotherapy is effective, it can be combined with speaking correction.

Laser treatment

It is possible to cure hypermetropia using laser correction, the procedure is effective and at low-base, which is complemented by astigmatism. The goal of the doctor is to change the shape of the horny shell.

As a result of changing the shape of the cornea, refraction and the image of the subject focuses on the retina. With the help of laser correction you can fix vision with an accommodation indicator to 6 DPTRs.

Before holding a laser correction, the doctor examines the visual system to assess the degree of hypermetropy, collects anamnesis.

Based on these studies, the doctor decides whether to do the operation to a specific patient or not.

Preoperative examination is an important point that allows you to identify testimony and contraindications to conduct a procedure.

The operation lasts the maximum of half an hour, painful feelings No missing. In addition, the procedure is striking with its accuracy, with the help of modern equipment you can pre-calculate the sizes of the eye after the operation, it avoids the errors.

There are several methods of laser vision correction: Lasik, epithelial laury, super-laury, etc.

The decision on the choice of methodology is adopted by a doctor after conducted studies, while the individual characteristics of the patient are taken into account.

Prevention

Like any other disease, farewell is easier to warn, rather than corrected. In order to prevent ophthalmologists, it is recommended to adhere to the following rules:

The hypermetropium of a weak degree is the initial stage of a sufficiently cunning ophthalmic disease. It can develop in children in small age. Non-timely treatment measures lead to the transition of pathology to more dangerous stages, which strongly violates visual abilities. To this disease, it is impossible to be negligent, and the identification of it on early stage Gives the opportunity to ensure effective treatment.

Essence of pathology

Hypermetropy - What is it? In essence, it is an eye pathology, which has a more common name - hyperopia, at which the refraction of the eye is disturbed. With this disease, the image of objects focuses outside the retina, which is due to the shortened eye axis (less than 23.6 mm) or the insufficient refractive ability of the cornea.

According to the severity of manifestations of pathology, 3 categories of hypertropy are distinguished: weak (up to +2 diopters), mean (up to +5 diopters) and strong (over +5 diopters) degree. What is hypertropy in a weak degree in principle? This is a violation at which there is no irreversible change in accommodation, but the eyes are quickly tired. In other words, a person is able to see well near and away, but this requires the accommodation voltage.

In order to imagine a picture of pathology, it should be dealt with what accommodation is. So the term is called the ability of the human eye to see objects deleted at different distance. It is based on the dynamic refraction mechanism, when independently of the location of the subject, it is clearly focused on the retina. Such an effect is achieved by changing the form of a lens due to signals transmitted by the central region of vegetative nervous system. The lens management is ensured by the reduction of the ciliary muscles and the zinnoy ligament. Muscular contraction occurs only at the time of setting up the eye to a clear perception of the subject.

In the presence of hyperopiasis, an attempt to distinguish between distant objects leads to an unplanned voltage of the ciliary muscle, and when considering close objects, this voltage increases even more. With age, the person gradually decreases the ability to accommodate.

This effect is observed after 40 years and lasts up to 60 years, after which the process stops.

It is caused by a change in muscle tissue and a decrease in the elasticity of the lens.

Mechanism for the development of the disease

With a weak hypermetropy, a person is able to see well at any distance, but this is ensured by the price of constant muscular voltage and increased loads on zinnoy ligaments. Naturally, in such conditions there is a fairly rapid fatigue of the eyes, which sometimes leads to the headaches. A noticeable age degradation of the ability to accommodate at long-nature people begins earlier than 40 years, which is associated with the specified overloads.

If the far-sightedness reaches a moderate severity, then with good distinction of long-range items, problems are found at close review.

In this case, serious disorders of accommodation are already noted, and even the muscle tension does not allow to focus close items exactly on the retina. Their image loses clarity.

The hardest, high degree of hypostility implies bad vision both in the near and long-term perspective. Any item focuses on the retina, which complicates its consideration. The capacity to accommodation is significantly reduced in any muscle tension.

Etiology problems

What determines the development of pathology? It most often arises as a result of shortening the head-rear axis. It should be noted that almost all newborn children, as well as most of the kids under the age of 4-5 years have signs of farsightened. This phenomenon is explained by the fact that the size of the eyeball is still too small. Already by 6-7 years, this effect disappears, and vision should come back to normal. In children, the preservation of hypermetropy in the future is most often caused by a slow growth of the eyeball on the anterior-rear axle, which congenital malformations and some exogenous factors can contribute.

Ophthalmologists record the following main reasons for the development of hypermetropy: reducing the magnitude of the eyeball (the most common cause); increased curvature of the lens compared to the curvature cornea; Reducing the refractive capacity of the lens (below 18-20 diopters); Screw shift in the back direction.

Varieties of pathology

Specialists distinguish between several characteristic types of hypermetropia:

1. Infant glands of easy degree, caused by natural processes associated with a slow growth in the size of the eyeball. In principle, this kind is considered to be the normal physiological development of the child.
2. Congenital form. When the hypermetropy infants are found above +3 diopters, you can talk about pathology. In this case, we are usually about the congenital type of disease associated with a disruption of the refractive capacity of the lens and the form of the cornea. Permanent excessive muscle tension can cause the development of the squint, because The kid is forced to drive his eyes towards the nose to get a clearer image of the subject.
3. Amblyopia. This type is a consequence of the progression of the congenital form of the disease. It is characterized by a significant impairment of sight of one eye.
4. Age variety. As mentioned above, the ability to accommodate begins to decline markedly after 40 years. Significant disorders in the muscular work and the structure of tissues lead to the appearance of pronounced hypermetropy to 45-48 years. By 65-67, the far album achieves maximum values, after which the progression of the disease is terminated.

Symptomatic manifestations

Identification of pathology initial stagewhen she did not come out of an easy degree important condition effective treatment. However, not always the symptoms are clearly expressed, which explains the difficulties of early diagnosis. That is why preventive testing of vision in children's preschool institutions, schools, as well as adult people in enterprises is very important for the timely detection of the disease.

According to its manifestation, long-sightedness is classified into the following types:

1. Explicit form (Asthenopia accommodation). It is determined by the constant voltage of the ciliary muscle, and even at rest.
2. The hidden form causes the need for muscle tension in a detailed consideration, but a person does not perceive it as pathology.
3. Full hypermetropia, when bad vision is no longer possible not to detect. It is usually characteristic of a severe severity of the disease.

The weak severity of the limblessness is manifested in the main symptoms: the fatigue, especially after the working day; Sensation of grains in the eyes; suspension at the voltage of view; headaches. The first understanding of the presence of visual disorders comes to a person when problems with reading. In this case, during the normal location of the book, the letters begin to break up, and to obtain a clearer image it has to be removed from the eye.

It is the indicator that far objects differ better closely located, one can be considered the first pronounced signs of hypermetropy.

Why can not be negligent to farnnost at any stage? Hypermetropia leads to sufficiently serious ophthalmologic complications. A weakened organ more often suffers from the effects of various infections, therefore, a person with hyperopias is significantly often fixed by conjunctivitis and other inflammatory diseases. The characteristic complications include: violation of the vision of binocular type, squint, functional blindness; glaucoma as a result of an increase in intraocular pressure.

Principles of treatment of pathology

Treatment of hypermetropy includes several directions. At the initial stage, correctional technologies are most effective, which do not treat the disease, but eliminate the need for muscle tension. These methods allow you to increase the eye optical power capable of correctly focusing the rays on the retina.

Full getting rid of the hyperity is achieved by therapeutic methods. Moreover, the degree of their radicality depends on the severity of the manifestation of the disease. The most common technologies were obtained: laser impact; LensEctomy associated with the replacement of the lens; implantation of lenses; radical type keratotomy; Plastic cornea (keratoplasty).

In addition to the specified methods, in the treatment of hyperopias, a special charcoger for the eyes is successfully applied.

High efficiency in some cases give physiotherapeutic methods. Effects on the eyeball are highlighted: pneumatic massage, color therapy, fenoform. Popular medicine techniques are popular.

Correctional technology

The most common methods of vision correction in hypermetropy are the following:

1. Wearing glasses. This is the most common method of vision correction at hyperbating, and at child age, it is considered the main one. Properly selected optical glasses in glasses allow you to focus the rays, which simplifies the task of the eye muscle. The problem is that glasses cannot fully provide correction. They largely limit the lateral vision, somewhat change the stereoscopic perception, which essentially interferes, for example, drivers. Even worse if the glasses are chosen incorrectly. In this case, they, on the contrary, stimulate the development of pathology.
2. Installing contact lenses. With the appearance of signs of amblething lenses, not only corrective, but also the therapeutic function. They largely eliminate flaws of points. At the same time, it is necessary to note the risk allergic reactionsWhat is manifested in redness of the eye. In addition, the risk of infectious lesions increases.
3. Laser impact. The use of the laser is currently considered the most modern and effective medical and correctional way to combat hypermetropia. Such adjustment is carried out upon reaching 18 years of age. One of the best methods of laser adjustment of the limblessness is recognized LASIK technology. In essence, it is a microsurgical operation that eliminates corneal defects. In addition, there is an application and other technology - photorefractive keratectomy (FRK), at which the removal of the evaporation affected by tissues is carried out.

Preventive actions

The appearance of visual disorders must be prevented in advance. For this, the following preventive measures are recommended:

1. Ensuring a normal lighting mode when performing work, reading, any active use of the visual apparatus. The most optimal top light with the use of lamps with a capacity of at least 60 W. Daylight lamps When the signs of a weak degree of illness appear not recommended.
2. The correct mode of visual and physical exertion. It is impossible to allow constant overvoltage of the eye muscle. Eyes need to give periodically full-fledged rest.
3. Ophthalmic gymnastics. There are special exercises that are very useful for sight. The simplest exercise is the transfer of views on different items. Professional eye muscle training is carried out according to the scheme agreed with the doctor.
4. Local classes. Undoubted benefits bring swimming, cold and hot shower. The collar zone massage is better to hold a specialist or use the recommendations of the ophthalmologist.
5. Proper nutrition. For vision it is important that the diet is balanced by the use of proteins is saturated with vitamins. It is necessary to ensure the full use of such trace elements as zinc, copper, chrome, manganese.

As the treatment of weak limblessness, well shown themselves folk remedies. Recommend such recipes:

1. Infusion of orders: 1 tbsp. l. On 200 ml of boiling water with an insistence of 3.5-4 hours - is used 100 ml 3-4 times a day.
2. Infusion of blueberries. The blueberry leaves (1 tbsp. L.) Are poured with boiling water (200 ml) and insist until complete cooling - it drinks 100 ml 2 times a day.
3. Similar to the previous version used infusion of sweetheart leaves.
4. Citrus juice. It is best to use fresh squeezing juice and dilute it with boiling water in proportions 1: 2 - drinks before each meal of 100-120 ml.
5. Sticks on the eyes of cherry kashitz or slices of raw potatoes - the grafs are superimposed by 6-8 minutes.

Hypermetropia is quite cunning pathology capable of leading serious ophthalmologic problems. With this disease should not be joking and at the first signs should be consulted.

Modern methods can be provided with a complete refund of normal vision.

Currently, many children suffer from various vision disorders. Most often occurred hyperopia. This disease needs urgent treatment. If you seek help for help from experts in time, then the chance to fully cure sufficiently high.

In reality, problems may arise from an early age, but they usually identify the disease much later - in 5 or 7 years. It was then that children start learning to read.

What is this disease

Hypermetropia is a pathology that is characterized by a change in refraction, as a result of which the objects located nearby are not falling into the retinal focus. As a result, there is a violation of the refractive for the visual signal, which leads to a bad ability to see. This pathology is also referred to as limblessness.

Depending on gravity, the hypermetropia is divided into three degrees:

• strongly pronounced (more than 5 diopters);
• average (up to 5);
• weak (up to 3).

As a rule, most children after reaching 3 years of age, the vision is partly restored and is usually from 1 to 1.5 diopters. But in some cases, if there is a severe degree of depreciation, with age does not occur with age.

Usually, the kid falls on the first time, the baby falls six months after the appearance of the light. The following inspection is held 6 months later. In this period normal indicators Do not exceed 2.5 diopters.

Depending on the age of the child, the norm changes:

• 12 months - 2.5;
• two years - 2;
• three years - 1 or 1.5.

The deviation from these indicators is considered pathological disorders. Upon exceeding the norm, there is a risk of developing a strabismus in the kid. If the vision below the specified values, most likely, reaches myopia.

Often, the farsightedness develops with astigmatism. The latter disorder is not in principle a disease. Doctors call it a refractive eye error.

Astigmatism is primarily a hereditary problem. It is not always possible to detect a violation. Often it is detected in the period between two or four years. ABOUT bad vision The following child's habits testify:

• pure when trying to consider anything;
• touch your head.

At the same time, children often complain that they hurt their eyes. They often look blushing and irritated. All this is accompanied by:

• headaches;
• dizziness;
• easy nausea.

Enhance the data of manifestations after a long-term voltage of the visual organ. The treatment must be taken before the child goes to the first class. Loads in the school for the eyes are very large, and if you do not accept measures to eliminate the problem, the vision will quickly begin to deteriorate.

Manifestations of hypermetropia

Typically, symptoms in different cases differs. If we are talking about a weak degree, then in general, the child's vision is quite satisfactory. He sees good and distant, and close objects, but regularly complains of:

• headaches;
• constant fatigue;
• dizziness.

The average degree of the disease allows you to normally distinguish things at a distance, but near the baby sees fuzzy.

If there is the most severe, the child is not able to clearly consider neither close to the objects or are far away. In this situation, the main problem is the inability to focus the image directly on the retina.

Diagnostics

Detect the hyperopia, it is possible only in the Okulist's office, during the inspection process. At the same time, the standard vision check, as a rule, is not able to detect the specified violation. For this reason, it will be advisable to conduct a special examination of both eyes precisely on hypertropy, with regularness once a year.

In some cases, when it comes to the weak form of the disease, the diagnosis is difficult, since the eye compensates for the lack of acute at the expense of accommodation. As a result, everything looks great, and parents are confident that their child's eyesight is beautiful. Ultimately, there is a risk of missing time - and then vision will gradually decrease to critical values. In this situation, it is most often possible to help the child is already surgical.

Treatment

In general, scientists have developed about two dozen ways to cure hyperopia. First of all, glasses are used, slightly contact lenses. But these options should be called a temporary solution, which is not able to assist eliminating the problem.

Vision correction to children is carried out only after reaching 3 years of age. Up to this point, the use of optics is contraindicated. Vision correction operations are also not done before summary Completely forms. Up to this point, the children go to glasses, to select which should exclusively specialist.

Contact lenses are allowed to use exclusively adolescent students in high school. The kids are very difficult to master with them, because their wearing is associated with strict compliance with certain rules. The negligence attitude to the requirements of hygiene as a result increases the risk of infection in the eye.

Often together with glasses, children are prescribed hardware correction or physiotherapy procedures. This allows:

• remove spasms;
• stimulate a visual function;
• training eye muscles.

The list of such methods is as follows:

• color pulse stimulation;
• vacuum massage;
• ultrasound;
• electric coagulation.

All of them are designed primarily to ensure the improvement of blood circulation in the auditorium.

Among other things, also often prescribe medications that promote the improvement of metabolism in the eye.

Adolescents after 18 do laser correction. This procedure is allowed only if the degree of depreciation is stable. This method is characterized by:

• high efficiency;
• great accuracy.

With the help of laser therapy, it is possible to fully restore normal vision Even in cases where the far-sightedness reaches 6 diopters. At this method, at the same time, there are a number of contraindications, therefore, before making a solution, you should consult with an ophthalmologist.

If there is a severe degree of hyposticity (over 6 diopters), it is worth thinking about replacing the lens.

During regenerating treatment, it is extremely important to provide the child to the child. In particular, he needs many vitamins, antioxidants and trace elements.

The following products are very useful:

• blueberries;
• lingonberry;
• sweet cherry;
• carrot;
• citrus;
• greens;
• currant;
• cranberry;
• kiwi;
• vegetable oils;
• seafood;
• nuts.

) - This is a violation of a visual function, in which the image of closely arranged items is not focused on the retina, but behind it. At the same time, the images are perceived fuzzy, and first of all those located near.

Source: LiveFifa.ru.

The prevalence of the disease in children aged 13-14 years old reaches 35%, people over 18 years old - 35-45%. Hypermetropia in children up to 7-12 years is often physiological. As of the physiological reasons (aging), hypermetropia begins to develop after 40 years.

Eye is a pair of a visual system that is capable of perceiving electromagnetic radiation in the light range of wavelengths and thereby ensures the function of view. The eye consists of an eyeball, optic nerve and auxiliary structures (the muscles of the eyeball, a tear apparatus, eyelids, etc.). The size of the eyeball in all people is about the same, the differences are insignificant, make up the shares of a millimeter. The eyeball has the front and rear pole. Line that runs parallel medial wall and connects two poles of the eye, called front-rear axis eyes. The normal length of the axis of the eye in adults is 22-24.5 mm. The refraction of the eye depends on the relationship between the refractive force and the front-rear axis long.

Causes and risk factors

In hypermetropy, there is a non-compliance of the power of the refractive apparatus to the head-rear eye size, which is due to the relative weakness of the refractive apparatus of the eye or the rooted front-rear axis of the eyeball.

In the absence of treatment, progressive hyperopia over time leads to blindness.

Physiological hypermetropia (from +2 to +4 DPTR) is found in newborns due to a small longitudinal size of the eyeball. The increase in the degree of hypermetropy is observed in a microftralma and can be combined with other congenital eye structure anomalies (cataracts, aniridia, lenticuse, predisposition to glaucoma), as well as with other defects (anomalies of the top and lower extremities, ears, inexpensive solid and / or soft sky, etc.).

The eyeball increases as a child grows, therefore, physiological hypermetropia usually disappears by 12 years. However, in some cases this does not happen. The reasons for the growth of the eyeball behind the end are not fully clarified.

Risk factors include:

• genetic predisposition;
• age older than 40 years;
• non-compliance with the mode of operation and recreation;
• eye overwork;
• excessive physical exertion;
• eternal nutrition.

Forms of the disease

Hypermetropia is congenital and acquired, as well as physiological and pathological.

Depending on the mechanism for the development of hypermetropia, there may be axial (axial) associated with the shortened front-rear axis of the eyeball, or refractive, developed due to the reduction of the refractive ability of the optical apparatus.

The disease may have an obvious form (self-correction is impossible) or latent (refractive violations are compensated due to the accommodation voltage).

The degree of hypermetropia

Depending on the severity of the violation of the visual function, three degrees of hypermetropia are distinguished:

1. Weak - up to +2 DPTR; Difficulties may occur with visual work at close range.
2. Average - from +2 to +5 DPTR; There are obvious difficulties with visual work at the close distance, the vda vision may not deteriorate.
3. High - Over +5 DPTR, there is a pronounced reduction in view (distance and near).

In the early stages of the disease therapeutic effect Provides regular execution of special gymnastics for the eyes.

Symptoms

The weak degree of hypermetropy in patients of young age, as a rule, proceeds asymptomatic, as optical disorders are compensated by the active work of the muscular and ligament and lens. It is usually revealed in the course of preventive ophthalmic surveys.

The main symptom of hypermetropy is the deterioration of vision at close range. Patients SO middle degree Hyperamerropy make complaints of fast fatigue, pain in the eyeballs, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Absorption, bridges, foreheads, vagueness, or fusion of letters and lines, visual discomfort, the need for the extraction of the object under consideration, as well as the need for more brighter workplace lighting.

Hypermetropia in children up to 7-12 years is often physiological.

With a high degree of hypermetropy, a pronounced reduction in vision (distance and near), fast visual fatigue, burning sensation, itching, cutting and / or foreign bodies In the eyes, headaches that occur after eye load (reading, work at the computer). In addition, patients with hypermetropia may have difficulties with binocular vision.

With congenital non-corrected hypermetropy in children more than +3 DPTR, there is a high risk of developing a converging strabismus, which contributes to the need for regularly voltage of the glazation muscles and mix the eyes to the nose in order to achieve greater visibility of vision. The progression of the pathological process can lead to amblyopia (reduction of vision, which is not amenable to correction using glasses or contact lenses).

Source: ppt-online.org.

Diagnostics

Hypemetropia is detected by an ophthalmologist when checking visual acuity. Diagnosis of the disease is carried out using Sivzian tables, trial lenses, refractive studies (computer refractometry, skiascopia). To determine the latent hypermetropy in children and young people, refractometry is carried out under conditions of induced cyclopelgia of mydriasis. To determine the head-rear axis of the eyeball, echobiometry and ultrasound procedure eyes.

When developing, strabismus show biometric eye research.

Treatment

In the absence of visual discomfort, the rapid fatigue of the eyes with visual work, especially at close range, sustainable binocular eyesight Hypertropy correction is not required.

Treatment of hypermetropy is carried out by conservative or surgical methods.

Against the background of hypermetropy, inflammatory diseases are often developing, which is due to the fact that the patient often tires tired eyes.

TO conservative methods Refers selection of glasses or contact lenses.

Children preschool age With hypertropy, more than +3 DPTR recommends constant wearing points. If such patients under 6-7 years old do not begin to develop strabismus and ambulopia, the points correction is usually canceled. Treatment of hypertropy in children is also carried out by hardware methods aimed at improving exchange processes orbital zone. For this purpose, laser, ultrasound and magnetotherapy, vacuum massage, electrostimulation, video training, etc. are used.

With a high degree hypermetropy, two pairs of points (for a close and long distance) or complex glasses can be issued. Contact lenses for hypermetropy correction can be disposable, monthly replacement or long-term wearing, as well as soft or rigid. In some cases, with hypermetropy, up to +3 DPTRs use orthocratological lenses for night wearing.

In the early stages of the disease, a good therapeutic effect ensures regular execution of special gymnastics for the eyes.