Teacher: Yerzhanova J.A. Theme "Skeleton of Man" Purpose: study the features of the structure of a human skeleton Tasks:

shape an idea of \u200b\u200bthe structure of the human musculoskeletal system;

reveal Features of a skeleton of a person associated with straightening and labor activity, by comparing human skeletons and other mammals;

show Communication between the structure and functions of the musculoskeletal system.

Methods and techniques: Group work, self- and borrowing

Resources: Interactive Board, Markets, Watmans, Stickers, Color Cards

During the classes

At the dawn of biological evolution, living organisms dreamed of this invention of nature. Nature worked for a long time and brought him to perfection. At first he was an outdoor calcined or chitin, but, unfortunately, heavy and uncomfortable, then it became more reliable, allowing the body to move freely and maintain its body in space. As you have already guessed the conversation goes about the skeleton.

What do you think for a personmovement for life, or life for movement! We will reply on this problem question at the end of the lesson.

Write down the topic of today's lesson:"Human skeleton"

- What is the skeleton?

And now let's make a conclusion, for what the skeleton needs and what is its functions.

Functions of a skeleton of a person.

Skeleton performs different functions, The main one is supported. It determines a large extent size and shape of the body. Some parts of the skeleton, such as skull, rib cage And the pelvis, serve as a container and protection of vital organs - brain, lungs, heart, intestines, etc. Finally, the skeleton is a passive organ of movement, because Muscles are attached to it.

Functions of a skeleton of man

Motor (provides the movement of the body and its parts in space).

Protective (creates protection body cavities internal organs).

Forming (defines the shape and size of the body).

Support (support core of the organism).

Hooping (red bone marrow - Source of blood cells).

Exchange (bone - source Ca, F and other mineral substances).

And now let's answer the problem of the problem, which we set at the beginning of the lesson: so still movement for life, or life for movement?

Indeed, the person is adapted, and maybe sentenced by nature to movement. People cannot but move and begin to do it consciously on the fourth month after birth - reach, grab various items.

Handout

Skeleton (Skeletos - dried) - A combination of solid tissues in the body serving body support or individual parts and protect it from mechanical damage.

The human skeleton consists of bones interconnected. The weight of the skeleton in the total mass of the body - 10-15 kg (several more men). Indicate the exact number of bones in the human body is not possible. Modern scientists indicate that a person has a "somewhat more than 200 bones", and in the body of the child they are about 300.

Records in the skeleton: Stirrup is the smallest bone of 3 mm long - is in the middle ear. The longest bone is the femoral. The man has a rise of 1.8 m with a length of 50 cm. But the record holds one very high German, the femoral bone of which is 76 cm long corresponds to the height of a dining or writing table.

During life, the skeleton constantly undergoes changes. During the intrauterine development, the cartilage skeleton of the fetus is gradually replaced by bone. This process continues also for several years after birth. A newborn baby in a skeleton is almost 270 bones, which is much more than an adult. Such a difference arose due to the fact that the children's skeleton contains a large number of small bones, which grow into large bones only to a certain age. This, for example, bones of the skull, pelvis and spine. Sleep vertebrae, for example, they grow into a single bone (crescents) only aged 18-25 years. And 200-213 bones remain, depending on the characteristics of the body.

Skeleton head (skull) It consists mainly of flat, still interconnected bones, consists of 23 bones.

In the skull distinguish between the brain and facial departments. The upper part of the brain department is formed by unpaired frontal and occipient bones and paired dark and temporal bones. They form a sign of the skull. Based on the brain department of the skull there are wedge-shaped bone and pyramid temporal bonesin which hearing receptors and equilibrium bodies are located. In the brain part of the skull is a brain.

The front of the skull includes upper and lower jaws, zickyl, nasal and lattice bones. The shape of the nasal cavities determines the lattice bone. It contains the sense of smell.

The bones of the brain and facial skull are still connected to each other, with the exception of the lower jaw. It can move not only up and down, but also left-right, back-back. This allows you to chew food and talk to speak. Lower jaw Equipped with a chin ledge, to which the muscles involved in speech are attached.

Head circumference

The newborn head circle is 35 cm, but at the end of human growth, this value reaches 55 cm, that is, in 16 years it increases by 20 cm at an average rate of 1.25 cm per year. If we assume that the head growth would not cease, by the end of life, its circumference would increase to 1.25 m in men and 1.35 m in women.

Output: The skull determines the shape of the head, protects the brain, hearing organs, smell, view, serves as a place to attach the muscles involved in the Mimic.

The skeleton of the body is from the spine and chest.

The spine binds parts of the body, performs a protective function for spinal cord and support for the head, arms and torso. The length of the spine is 40% of human body length. The spine is formed by 33-34 vertebrae.

It distinguishes the following departments:

cervical (7 vertebrae)

chest (12)

lumbar (5)

sacral (5)

copchik (4-5)

In an adult, sacral and sprinkled vertebrae grow together in the crescents and the tailbone. Human cleaned vertebrates are least developed. They correspond to the tail vertebrae of animal spine.

Like all mammals, incervical department Spine, like a person seven vertebrae. The skull is articulated with the first cervical vertebra. Thanks to this joint, you can lift and lower your head. It is curious that the first cervical vertebra has no body: it has grown to the body of the second cervical vertebrae and formed a tooth: the axis around which the first neck vertebra rotates in the horizontal plane when we show the negation. From the spinal cord to the tooth separates a bunch of connective tissue. It is especially fragile in infants, so their head must be maintained to avoid injury.

The cervical department followschest departmentspine. It consists of 12 vertebrae to which ribs are attached. Of these, 10 pairs of ribs with cartilage are attached by other ends to the sternum. Two bottom pairs of edges ends freely. The chest department of the spine, ribs and the chest form the chest.
Behind the chest department followslumbar department . It consists of 5 vertebrae, sufficiently massive because they have to withstand the bulk of the body.

The next department consists of 5 surfacing vertebrae, which constitute one bone - the crushes. If the lumbar department has high mobility, thensacralmustly and very durable. For vertical position Body has a significant burden on it.

Finally, the last spine department -coccyx. It consists of 4-5 smoking small vertebrae.

The spine of man has four bends, cervical, chest, lumbar, sacral (mammal animals - only cervical and sacral).

The shoulder belt includes two blades and two clavies.

With axial skeleton are joined only clavicle. Each of them one end is articulated with sternum, others - with a spatula and shoulder bone hands. The blades are lying free among the dorsalmuscleand if necessary, participate with the clavicle in the movement of the hand. So, the rise of the hands above the head is possible with the participation of the shoulder belt: the movement occurs in the sternosterous joint.

The skeleton of the hands (free upper limb) consists of a shoulder bone, two bones of the forearm - elbow and radiation, as well as brush bones. In the brush three parts: wrist, pyste and phalange of the fingers.

Thumb Hands are opposed to four other fingers and with each can form a ring. Therebyhumancan perform small and accurate movements required forlabor activity.

Movable articulation of the bones of the brush allows you to collect minor items in a handful, hold them, rotate and move small objects for some distances, that is, not only power, but also accurate movements, which is not available to even man-like monkeys.

The skeleton of the lower limbs has a number of features associated with straightening. It has great strength, which is achieved at the expense of some limitation of mobility.

The lower limb belt is represented by pelvic bones. These are flat bones, closely articulated with a sacrum. They form almost fixed articulation. Pelvic bones together with powerful muscles attached to them form the bottom abdominal cavitywhich is based on all internal organs.

The skeleton of the legs (free lower limbs) begins the femur bones, which at an angle are attached to the pelvic bones, forming a solid arch capable of withstanding heavy loads. Pay attention to the location of the spongy substance: bone crossbars in it are perpendicular to each other and in neighboring bones are equally directed. They coincide with the forces of compression and stretching acting on the bone. The articular head of the femur bone round, movements are possible in any direction, but they are limited to bundles. In the shin, as in the forearm, two bones: Tibra and Malobersova.

The large berth bone is tested with a foot and a thigh.

This significantly increases strength, but reduces mobility. The mulberry bone is located outside, from the mother's side, and carries a smaller load.

The man's foot consists similarly to the brush of three parts: replous, plus and phalanx fingers. The most massive taranne and heal bones are most massive.

Foot sole has longitudinal and transverse vaults. Thanks to this, it springs when walking and running, softens the shock when driving.

The structure of the skeleton and human bones, as well as their purpose studies science osteology. Knowledge of the basic concepts of this science is a mandatory requirement for personal coach, not to mention the fact that in the process of knowledge of knowledge, these are systematically deepened. In this article, we will consider the structure and functions of a skeleton of a person, that is, we will touch on that basic theoretical minimum that is obliged to own literally every personal trainer.

And according to the old tradition, as always, start with a brief excursion about what role in the human body performs a skeleton. The structure of the human body, about which we talked in the relevant article, forms, among other things, the musculoskeletal system. This is a functional totality of the bones of the skeleton, their compounds and muscles exercising through the nervous regulation in space, maintaining poses, facial expansion and other motor activity.

Now, when we know that a human musculoskeletal system forms a skeleton, muscle and nervous systemmay go directly to the study of the topic marked in the title of the article. Since the skeleton of a person is a kind of carrier structure for fastening various fabrics, organs and satellites, then this topic can be rightfully considered the foundation in the study of the entire body of a person.

The structure of a skeleton of man

Human skeleton - A functionally structured set of bones in a person's body, which is part of its engine apparatus. This is a kind of frame on which fabrics, muscles are attached, and in which the internal organs are placed, the protection of which it is including and acts. The skeleton includes 206 bones, most of which are combined into joints and ligaments.

Skeleton man, front view: 1 - lower jaw; 2 - upper jaw; 3 - Skulent bone; 4 - lattice bone; 5 - wedge-shaped bone; in - temporal bone; 7 - tear bone; 8 - parietal bone; 9-block bone; 10 - Elets; 11 - nasal bone; 12 - pear-shaped hole; 13 - front longitudinal bunch; 14 - intercouche bunch; 15 - front beast-cleaned bunch; 16 - a closure-clavish bunch; 17 - a acromial-clearable bunch; 18 - a closuacromial bunch; 19 - a trump-free bundle; 20 - rib-cleaned bunch; 21 - radiant breasts and ribbies; 22 - outer intercostal membrane; 23 - rib-dreamed bunch; 24 - elbow side bunch; 25 - Radu Owl (side) bunch; 26 - ring bunch of radial bones; 27- iliac lumbar bunch; 28 - Ventral (abdominal) sacrum-iliac ligaments; 29 - groove bunch; 30 - a sacratling bunch; 31 - inter-emergency opposite of the forearm; 32 - Dorsal interconnect ligaments; 33 - Dorsal Metal Bundles; 34 - Owl (side) ligaments; 35 - Rady Owl (side) bunch of wrists; 36 - Lobkovo-femoral bunch; 37 - iliac femur; 38 - locking membrane; 39 - upper pubic bunch; 40 - arcuate bunch of pubis; 41 - a small -com (side) bunch; 42 - a bunch of the patella; 43 - Target Owl (side) bunch; 44 - interstit echoing shin; 45 - anterior tibial-small-cell bunch; 46 - a split bunch; 47 - Deep transverse ventilation bunch; 48 - Owl (side) ligaments; 49 - rear ligaments plus 50 - dorsal ligaments plus 51 - medial (deltoid) bunch; 52 - a variable bone; 53 - heel bone; 54 - bones of the fingers of the foot; 55 - hanging bones; 56 - wedge-shaped bones; 57 - Cuboid bone; 58 - taja bone; 59 - tibial bone; 60 - mulberry bone; 61 - Phalannik; 62 - femoral bone; 63 - Sedal Bone; 64 - Lobcovaya bone; 65 - Cresan; 66 - iliac bone; 67 - Lumbar vertebrae; 68 - pea bone; 69 - triangular bone; 70 - Gun bone; 71 - hooked bone; 72 - Metro bones; 7 3-bones of the fingers of the brush; 74 - trapezoidal bone; 75 - bone trapezium; 76 is a variable bone; 77- semi-lunar bone; 78 - elbow bone; 79 - radiation bone; 80 - ribs; 81 - breast vertebra; 82 - Break; 83 - blades; 84 - shoulder bone; 85 - clavicle; 86 - cervical vertebrae.

Skeleton man, rear view: 1 - lower jaw; 2-force jaw; 3 - side bunch; 4 - Skyl bone; 5 - temporal bone; 6 - wedge-shaped bone; 7 - frontal bone; 8 - parietal bone; 9- Calcule; 10 - shily-mandibular bunch; 11- Own bunch; 12 - cervical vertebrae; 13 - clavicle; 14 - Supported bunch; 15 - blade; 16 - shoulder bone; 17 - ribs; 18 - lumbar vertebra; 19 - Cresan; 20 - iliac bone; 21 - pubic bone; 22- Copchik; 23 - Sedal Bone; 24 - elbow bone; 25 - radiation bone; 26 - semi-lunar bone; 27 is a variable bone; 28 - bone trapezium; 29 - trapezoid bone; 30 - Metal bones; 31 - dice of the fingers of the brush; 32 - Hanging bone; 33 - hooked bone; 34 - triangular bone; 35 - pea bone; 36 - femoral bone; 37 - Padelnik; 38 - Malobers bone; 39 - Tibial bone; 40 - taja; 41 - heel bone; 42 - a variable bone; 43 - wedge-shaped bones; 44 - Tweet bones; 45 - bones of the fingers of the foot; 46 - rear tibial-mull-metal bunch; 47 - Medial deltoid bunch; 48 - rear taranno-small bunch; 49 - Heart and Malobersto bunch; 50 - Dorsal ligaments are repluted; 51 - intersectant echoing of the leg; 52 - rear bunch of the head of the Mulobers bone; 53 - Mulobers Owl (side) bunch; 54 - Target Owl (side) bunch; 55 - oblique bunch; 56 - Cross-voiced bunch; 57 - retention retention; 58 - Owl (side) ligaments; 59 - Deep transverse metalliac bunch; 60 - a pea-hooked bunch; 61 - a radiant bunch of wrists; 62- elbow okolny (side) bunch of wrist; 63 - a sedlication-femur bunch; 64 - Surface spinal sacchant-cleaner bunch; 65 - spinal sacrats and ileal ligaments; 66 - Local Owl (side) bunch; 67- Radiant Owl (side) bunch; 68 - iliac lumbar bunch; 69 - ribroad ligaments; 70 - inter-line ligaments; 71 - a beaten bundle; 72 - a acryal-crooking bunch; 73 - Tooth-cranched bunch.

As mentioned above, a skeleton of a person forms about 206 bones, of which 34 are unpaired, the rest are pair. 23 bones make up the skull, 26 - vertebral pole, 25 - ribs and sternum, 64 - skeleton of the upper extremities, 62 - skeleton of the lower extremities. The bones of the skeleton are formed from bone and cartilage tissue, which relate to connecting tissues. Bones in turn consist of cells and an intercellular substance.

The skeleton of man is designed in such a way that it is usually divided into two groups: the axial skeleton and the addition skeleton. The first is the bones located in the center and forming the foundation of the body, these are the bones of the head, neck, spine, ribs and the chest. The second includes clavicle, blades, bones of the upper, lower limbs and pelvis.

Central Skeleton (axial):

• The skull is the basis of a man's head. It houses the brain, organs of vision, hearing and smell. The skull has two departments: brain and facial.
• Chest - bone base of the chest, and placement location for internal organs. Consists of 12 breast vertebrae, 12 pairs of ribs and sternum.
• The vertex pillar (spine) is the main axis of the body and the support of the entire skeleton. Inside the spinal canal passes the spinal cord. The spine has the following departments: cervical, chest, lumbar, sacral and smoking.

Secondary skeleton (extension):

• The belt of the upper extremities - at the expense of it to the skeleton, the upper limbs are joined. Consists of pair blades and clavicle. Upper limbs are adapted to carry out work. The limb (hand) consists of three departments: shoulder, forearm and brush.
• Belt of the lower extremities - ensures the attachment of the lower extremities to the axial skeleton. It contains organs of digestive, urinary and sexual systems. The limb (foot) also consists of three departments: thigh, shin and stop. They are adapted for support and displacement of the body in space.

Functions of a skeleton of man

The functions of a skeleton of a person are usually divided into mechanical and biological.

Mechanical functions include:

• Support is the formation of a rigid bone-cartilage body frame, to which muscles and internal organs are attached.
• Movement - the presence between the bones of moving connections allows you to bring the body into motion using the muscles.
• Protection of internal organs - chest, skull, vertebral pole and not only serve as protection for organs in them.
• The shock-absorbing - reduction of vibrations and blows when moving is promoted by the arch of the foot, as well as cartilage layers in the joints of the bones.

Biological functions include:

• Hooping - the formation of new blood cells occurs in the bone marrow.
• Metabolic - bones are a storage of a significant part of calcium and phosphorus in the body.

Sex features of the skeleton structure

The skeletons of both sexes are predominantly similar and radical differences do not have. To distinctions, this include only minor changes in the shape or sizes of specific bones. The most obvious features of the structure of a skeleton of a person look like this. In men, the bones of the limbs are usually longer and thicker, and the locations of the muscles are usually more bug. Women have a broader pelvis, including a narrower chest.

Types of bone tissue

Bone - Active live tissue, consisting of a compact and spongy substance. The first looks like a dense bone tissue, which is characterized by the location of mineral components and cells in the form of a Gaverc system (structural unit of bone). It includes bone cells, nerves, blood and lymphatic vessels. More than 80% of bone tissue has a kind of gaverca system. There is a compact substance in the outer bone layer.

Bone structure: 1- bone head; 2- epiphysis; 3- sponge substance; 4- Central bone marrow cavity; five- blood vessels; 6-bone marrow; 7- sponge substance; 8- compact substance; 9 - Diaphiz; 10- osteon

The spongy substance does not have a gaverc system and is 20% of the bone mass of the skeleton. The spongy substance is very porous, with branched partitions that form a lattice structure. Such a spongy bone structure provides an opportunity for storing bone marrow and fats and simultaneously ensures sufficient bone strength. The relative content of the dense and spongy substance varies in different bones.

Development of bones

The growth of bones is an increase in the size of the bone due to the increase in bone cells. The bone can increase in the thickness or grow in the longitudinal direction, which directly affects the skeleton of a person as a whole. The longitudinal growth occurs in the zone of the epiphysear plate (cartilage plot at the end of the long bone) is originally as a process of replacing the cartilage tissue tissue. Although the bone tissue is one of the most durable fabrics of our body, it is very important to imagine that the bone growth is very dynamic and metabolically active tissue process occurring throughout the human life. A distinctive feature of bone tissue is the high content of minerals in it, first of all calcium and phosphates (which give bones strength), as well as organic components (elasticity providing bones). Bone tissue has unique opportunities for growth and self-healing. The features of the structure of the skeleton are implied among the number of the fact that due to the process called the rearrangement of bone tissue, the bone can adapt to the mechanical stress that it is exposed.

Bone growth: 1 cartilage; 2- formation of bone tissue in diaphysis; 3- growth plate; 4- formation of bone tissue in epiphyshes; 5 - blood vessels and nerves

I.- fruit;II.- newborn;III- child;IV- young man

Perestroika bone tissue - The ability to modify the shape of the bone, its size and structure in response to external influences. This is a physiological process comprising resorption (resorption) of bone tissue and its education. Resorption is a tissue absorption, in this case bone. Perestroika is a continuous process of destruction, replacement, maintenance and restoration of bone tissue. This is a balanced process of resorption and bone formation.

Bone tissue forms three types of bone cells: osteoclasts, osteoblasts and osteocytes. Osteoclasts are large cells - bone destroyers carrying out the resorption process. Osteoblasts are cells forming bone and new bone tissue. Osteocytes are mature osteoblasts, helping to adjust the process of bone tissue.

FACT. The density of bone tissue largely depends on regular motor activity for a long time, and exercise classes, in turn, help prevent bone fractures due to an increase in their strength.

Conclusion

This amount of information is definitely not an absolute maximum, but rather the necessary minimum of knowledge necessary for the personal coach in his professional activity. As I said in articles about the work by a personal coach, the basis professional development This is permanent learning and improvement. Today we laid the foundation in such a complex and bulk theme as the structure of a human skeleton, and this article will be only the first in the thematic cycle. In the future, we will consider even a lot of interesting and useful information relative to the structural components of the skeleton of the human body. In the meantime, you can confidently say that the structure of a human skeleton is no longer for you "Terra incognita".

We continue to deepen in anatomy, this time we will tell the children about the skeleton of man. Complicated themes need to be submitted to a child in interesting activities. Initially, we will pay attention if the interest in your own body is already present, then analyze what exactly your little student likes: Experiments, modeling from plasticine, applique - everything can go into the move. In the article I share complete information Classes on this topic with the Son.

1. Skeleton man for younger preschoolers
2. Skeleton man with bones - cards
3. Human skeleton structure: head, torso, limbs

Hello, dear readers, welcome you on the blog. Today we are waiting for a fascinating journey into the world of human bones. That is the case, we will try as the heroes of cartoons to deepen in the bowels of the body. What are we going to travel, on a magic bus or a flying ship, to solve you. The main thing is that our small passengers are interested. Go!

This is the first crossword in the life of the Son for his 5 years 6 months. For the knowledge of my child, he turned out to be sufficiently light, which indicates a full assimilation of information from children's encyclopedias. The literature of our children's library I will mention along the story.

On 6 cards wrote questions from hand, and on a separate sheet, it inscribes the grid for filling. If you wish, you can make the same thing, but first appreciate the knowledge of your child. If the answers to the questions are not familiar to him yet, postpone this crossword before the end of the necessary topics.

Questions:

1. Not a clock, but ticks.
2. The train is infinitely engaged in the body nutrients.
3. When the full, he is silent. When hungry - urchit.
4. Organ view.
5. Man's breath body.
6. And he says, and eats.

Alexander gladly took the case, he really was interesting to solve the crossword. After graduation, I was ordered a new on plants and their cultivation.

Most likely your child became interested in his own body in the younger preschool age. After all, the kids are such inquisitive and begin to ask many questions. But it is not necessary to hurry and lead a child on a tour of the medical institute, limit the view of a similar skeleton of a person from the book My body from the crown to heels. Where Anya girl tells about the human bones, our muscles and how it grows.

If the baby's things are preserved, from which he grew up, then get them and talk about how his body changes. Does the baby guess that the size of shoes and clothing is changing due to the fact that its bones grow? After reading this book, it will surely guess! At this stage, it will be an excellent addition to collect your skeleton, even a child will cope with this for 5 years.

Many have pictures of X-ray, show them to their small student. Consider together and make it possible to guess what part of the skeleton is located in the picture. If they are good quality, you can even see the bone texture. We had a snapshot of the ribs of Alexander at the age of three years and the feet of Mom.

For children, the book "Secrets of a person" from the series of magic flaps will be interesting for children. It already provides information on anatomy, but still in a lightweight for the understanding of children.

Thanks to this book, we decided to think about and paint our skeleton. The advantages of such games are that the child feels every bone during drawing, and then can see himself in the mirror. My skeleton then demanded to draw pelvic boneBut we will no longer show you.

I can not not mention the book of the Publishing House of the Myth "Bones and Skeletons", where the baby will be able to see a skeleton of a person in his height, and also consider skeletons of different animals.

Show children a skeleton of a person in a video that is not very animated, but still better perceive than a presentation on slides.

Skeleton. Body structure for children - developing cartoon

You can also watch cartoons about Adibu, which we are already familiar to. Adibu travels on a skeleton "Why I stand straight":

And explanation about the muscles of a person "why I move":

For small lovers of educational cards, there are wonderful benefits in which a skeleton of a person with the name of the bones is included. They appeared for us for a long time in Russian, English, French and Spanish. Two wonderful moms Catherine and Olga shared them with all those who wish, here you can download cards. As you can see in photos, it is not only about a skeleton of a person with the name of the bones, but also the name of all muscles, organs.

I am very advised to immediately illuminate cards, as they will use you not only at introductory exercises on the anatomy, but also in the study of foreign languages. We do not live in Russia, so in our case it is very important. After all, there is nothing worse when you want to tell what you know and can not because of ignorance of terms in the language of the interlocutor.

The structure of a skeleton of man

So let's go to more serious knowledge. The first thing we explain to the child is that the skeleton of man is divided into the following parts:

• Skeleton head;
• torso;
• upper extremities (shoulder belt, limbs);
• lower extremities (pelvic belt, limbs).

If you show it in the picture or on the skeleton layout, the preschooler will definitely understand.

Skeleton of man's head

The skeleton of man's head is the skull, about it our kids will learn from cartoons long before we decide to tell them about their own body. The child of preschool age will be enough to know that the skull reliably protects his brain, which in turn is very soft and vulnerable.

Also many children may interest, why there is no nose on the skull? We explain that in fact the nose consists of a rigging soft cartilage. And after death, cartilage decomposes.

Let's look at the skeleton scheme in the book The human body. What does the child immediately notice in the skull?

• Elets that protect our eyes;
• teeth pinned with roots in the upper and lower jaws;
• the back of the skull is shorter than the facial.

Explain that it is in the back of our brain. The only moving part of the skull is the lower jaw. Let the child open and closes the mouth, he himself will feel it.

If there is a desire to deepen another, then disassemble some bones of the skull, which are not very different from the familiar words of the word. Show on your head, and he may repeat for you showing on his.

1. Lob - frontal bone.
2. Whiskey - temporal bone.
3. Nose - nasal bone.
4. Zaseil - occipital bone.
5. Temmetko - dark bone.
6. Cheeky - Skulent bone.
7. The lower jaw is the mandibular bone.
8. Upper jaw - topless bone.

As the occupation is designed for preschoolers, then it is enough for them to explain that the skeleton of the body consists of a spine and chest. The ribs protect the heart and lungs, and the whole person has 12 pairs of ribs. If the child is already able to consider, he will not be difficult to add 12 + 12 and learn the total number.

Spine is our main support that supports the head and torso. In addition, it protects located inside the spinal cord. In the spine between small bones there are intervertebral discs, they are solid but movable. It is they who allow us to bend.

We will conduct an experiment! What gives us the ability to be flexible?

As we learned the spine consists of a variety of small bones. Between them there are gaps of solid, but moving sites. Let's see visually as it happens.

We need:

• Cinema wire;
• 2 ballpoint handles;
• hacksaw.

We pull out all the details of the ballpoints, we only need a frame (plastic tube). One tube is left as it is, it should have outdoor holes on both sides. Other cutting into pieces.

First, we ask the child to wear a whole tube on a cinema wire and bend slightly. Does not work? This is how our spine, if it consisted of a solid bone, we could not be tilted, bend to the sides, we would not be available to many games and movements.

Now we ask the child to wear pieces of plastic tube, leaving gaps as intervertebral discs. Well, now, our "spine" has become more flexible?

After this experiment, ask the child to make different movements of the body. Let it focus on the spine, will feel its flexibility.

Functions of human limbs - hands and legs - completely different. Feet are responsible for support and movement. And hand brushes provide a variety of complex movements. We ask the child to take objects with your feet and walk in your arms, it's fun and it will immediately understand the difference in the functions. The skeleton of the brush hand consists of 27 bones, and the skeleton of the feet of 26 bones.

Alexander with Alexander disassembled in detail only one limb, the son made it from plasticine.

Watching the work of the child, I realized that any knowledge of a person's skeleton can be well understood and learn if you make such plasticine X-rays. After all, during the creation of such a layout, you have to analyze, consider the number of parts, pay attention to their shape.

So how many bones in the skeleton of man?

The skeleton of an adult consists of 200-218 bones. And the skeleton of the newborn is about 300. What happens later? The kid develops and some bones will grow, of which larger bones are formed. Men and women do not differ in the number of bones - dad and mom can have the same amount.

Dear parents, in various sources information is given about the skeleton of an adult with 206 bones, 210, a little more than 200. And all these data are true. Just explain to the child that every organism is individual, the fire of children's bones is happening in different ways. So the 200-218 data is optimal.

1. Our skull consists of 29 bones.
2. Skeleton of the body:
   The vertebral pole consists of 32-34 vertebrae;
   The chest consists of 37 bones, which includes 12 pairs of ribs.
3. The bones of the upper limb 80.
4. Bones of the lower limb 60.

The general calculation is due in this way: 29 + 37 + 80 + 60 \u003d 206. That is why in many sources this figure is given, but do not forget about the individuality.

How many people weighs the skeleton?

We all know the expression "light bones and heavy bones." Sometimes you take a child in your hands and wonder how easy it is or the opposite is hard - appearance Sometimes deceptive. Despite this, there is a table, which is customary to calculate the weight of the skeleton of a person:

The bones of the men make up 17-18% of the body weight.
Women are 16% of the total weight.
The weight of the children's skeleton is 14% of the child's weight.

If at home there are scales, then weigh the whole family and calculate the weight of the bones of mom, dad, baby. Such a submission of information will be remembered for a child.

Now after all you have passed, you can watch a video skeleton of a person to consolidate knowledge.

Even though the bones are very lungs, they are also very strong. But as far as they are strong, it depends on how much calcium carbonate they contain. Let's spend an experiment!

What do we need:

• Dried, pure chicken bone (bone of the leg or wing, both of both);
• columns for the experiment (glass);
• white vinegar (we have 5%).

We give a child a bone and ask him to try to break it. We note how tough it is and is not amenable to children's handles. We consider the bone under the magnifying glass and from the sides perfectly see spongy bone tissue.

Now we place chicken bones into the flasks, we have three of them, and cover with vinegar.

Allow the bones to lie down in vinegar for 1-3 days, then pour vinegar. The first bone with a wing, the most thin, we got in a day. Now give the child to touch the bone and determine what the difference. It can be seen as the edges of the bone bend. On the child it makes an impression!

We got the second and third bone through three days. If you want more effect, you can merge and update vinegar once a day. And you can take acetic essence, but we do not sell such miracles. Bone with a wing, after 3 days, really perfectly bent over the entire length. But the thick bone from the leg sofas only at the edges. Now you can easily break and see inside the bone marrow channel.

Conclusions of the experiment

Bones are made of calcium carbonate and soft material of collagen. When the chicken bone was placed in a glass with vinegar, acetic acid dissolved calcium carbonate and remained almost only collagen. Calcium is needed to make our bones strong. The composition of our bones is changing depending on what we eat (composition composition). Several products that contain a lot of calcium: milk, cheese, soy products, beans, almonds, fish (in canned food) and cabbage. After such a lesson, the child understands how important their use is.

The topic of the human bone is, Alexander looked at the cartoon, which fought him into the soul. I asked to revise for three days. In my opinion, for preschoolers, the topic is revealed well but difficult. The opinion of the child speaks about the opposite. After the views, the Son can pass the anatomy exam on leukocytes and blood tales.

- What would a man without bones?

I asked such a provocative question Alexander. My child lay down on the floor and began to move as a slug.

- Like a puddle of leather!

Yes, this comparison was issued by my boy. And I invited him to see it clearly. Since the puddle, then water. He took the rubber glove, poured into it water from under the tap - so they got a brush without bones!

Dear friends, our journey through a human skeleton is finished. Finally, I will show what a gift decided to make my son for my birthday, which coincided with our classes. He asked me to not look at me to receive a real surprise. And here he!

- Look mom, skull smiles to you! - With such words I was presented a gift.

And I am sure that no mother received such a wonderful skeleton of a person on his birthday.

Lesson "Skeleton man. Axial skeleton "

Biology Grade 8.

Tasks:

1. shape an idea of \u200b\u200bthe structure of the human musculoskeletal system;

1. reveal Features of a human skeleton associated with straightening and labor activity, by comparing human skeletons and other mammals;

1. show Communication between the structure and functions of the musculoskeletal system.

During the classes

1. Org. moment.
2. Check homework (Appendix 1 Test)
3. New topic.

At the dawn of biological evolution, living organisms dreamed of this invention of nature. Nature worked for a long time and brought him to perfection. At first he was an outdoor calcined or chitin, but, unfortunately, heavy and uncomfortable, then it became more reliable, allowing the body to move freely and maintain its body in space. As you have already guessed the conversation goes about the skeleton.
"Movement is life," as noted Voltaire.

What do you think for a personmovement for life, or life for movement! We will reply on this problem question at the end of the lesson.

Write down the topic of today's lesson:"Human skeleton. Axial skeleton "

What is the skeleton?

Skeleton (Skeletos - dried)- A combination of solid tissues in the body serving body support or individual parts and protect it from mechanical damage.

The human skeleton consists of bones interconnected. The weight of the skeleton in the total mass of the body - 10-15 kg (several more men). Indicate the exact number of bones in the human body is not possible. Modern scientists cautiously indicate that a person has a "somewhat more than 200 bones", and in the body of the child about 300.

Records in the skeleton: Stirrup is the smallest bone of 3 mm long - is in the middle ear. The longest bone is the femoral. The man has a rise of 1.8 m with a length of 50 cm. But the record holds one very high German, the femoral bone of which is 76 cm long corresponds to the height of a dining or writing table.

During life, the skeleton constantly undergoes changes. During intrauterine developmentcartilaginous skeleton fruit Gradually replaced bone. This process continues also for several years after birth. A newborn baby in a skeleton is almost 270 bones, which is much more than an adult. Such a difference arose due to the fact that the children's skeleton contains a large number of small bones, which grow into large bones only to a certain age. This, for example, bonesskull, pelvis and spine. Sleep vertebrae, for example, they grow into a single bone (sacrum) Only aged 18-25 years. And 200-213 bones remain, depending on the characteristics of the body.

Skeleton

Appendix Skeleton

Axial skeleton

Skeleton torso

Skeleton head

Rib cage

Vertex Pole (Spine)

Brain Skull

Facial Skull

Skeleton head (skull) It consists mainly of flat, still interconnected bones, consists of 23 bones.

In the skull distinguish between the brain and facial departments. The upper part of the brain department is formed by unpaired frontal and occipient bones and paired dark and temporal bones. They form a sign of the skull. At the base of the brain department, the skull is a wedge-shaped bone and pyramidic processes of the temporal bones, in which hearing receptors and the equilibrium organ are located. In the brain part of the skull is a brain.

The front of the skull includes upper and lower jaws, zickyl, nasal and lattice bones. The shape of the nasal cavities determines the lattice bone. It contains the sense of smell.
The bones of the brain and facial skull are still connected to each other, with the exception of the lower jaw. It can move not only up and down, but also left-right, back-back. This allows you to chew food and talk to speak. The lower jaw is equipped with a chiffering protrusion, to which the muscles involved in speech are attached.

Skull
A - front view;
B - Side view:
1 - dark bone;
2 - frontal bone;
3 - wedge-shaped bone;
4 - temporal bone;
5 - tear bone;
6 - nasal bone;
7 - Skyl bone;
8 - upper jaw;
9 - lower jaw;
10 - occipital bone

Head circumference

The newborn head circle is 35 cm, but at the end of human growth, this value reaches 55 cm, that is, in 16 years it increases by 20 cm at an average rate of 1.25 cm per year. If we assume that the head growth would not cease, by the end of life, its circumference would increase to 1.25 m in men and 1.35 m in women.

Output: The skull determines the shape of the head, protects the brain, hearing organs, smell, view, serves as a place to attach the muscles involved in the Mimic.

Skeleton of the body (Fig. 22a p. 53) consists From the spine and chest.

The spine binds the body parts, performs a protective function for the spinal cord and the support for the head, arms and torso. The length of the spine is 40% of human body length. The spine is formed by 33-34 vertebrae.

It distinguishes the following departments:

cervical (7 vertebrae) - Fig. 24.

Breast (12) - Fig. 25.

Lumbar (5)

Sacral (5) rice. 26.

Copchik (4-5).

In an adult, sacral and sprinkled vertebrae grow together in the crescents and the tailbone. Human cleaned vertebrates are least developed. They correspond to the tail vertebrae of animal spine.

Like all mammals, incervical department Man spine seven verteons. The skull is articulated with the first cervical vertebra. Thanks to this joint, you can lift and lower your head. It is curious that the first cervical vertebra has no body: it has grown to the body of the second cervical vertebrae and formed a tooth: the axis around which the first neck vertebra rotates in the horizontal plane when we show the negation. From the spinal cord to the tooth separates a bunch of connective tissue. It is especially fragile in infants, so their head must be maintained to avoid injury.
The cervical department followschest department spine. It consists of 12 vertebrae to which ribs are attached. Of these, 10 pairs of ribs with cartilage are attached by other ends to the sternum. Two bottom pairs of edges ends freely. The chest department of the spine, ribs and the chest form the chest.
Behind the chest department followslumbar department. It consists of 5 vertebrae, sufficiently massive because they have to withstand the bulk of the body.
The next department consists of 5 surfacing vertebrae constituting one bone - the crushes if the lumbar department has high mobility, thensacral Mustly and very durable. With a vertical position of the body, a significant load falls on it.
Finally, the last spine department -coccyx . It will come from 4-5 intoxicated small vertebrae.
The spine of man has four bends, cervical, chest, lumbar, sacral (mammal animals - only cervical and sacral).

Output: Due to the S-shaped bent, the spine is able to spring and perform the role of the springs, reducing the shock when driving. This is also a device to straighten.

Fizminutka: Got up - I call the bone, and you show it on yourself: spine, frontal bone, edge, lower jaw,

Rib cage Formed by 12 pairs of ribs, breast vertebrae and a flat thoracic bone - sternum. The ribs are flat curved bones, their rear ends are movably connected with breast vertebrae, and the front ends 10 of the upper edges with flexible cartilage are connected to the chest. This ensures the mobility of the chest when breathing. The two lower pairs of the ribs are shorter than the rest and end free.

Output: The chest protects the heart, lungs, liver, stomach and large vessels from damage.

And now let's make a conclusion, for what the skeleton needs and what is its functions.

Functions of a skeleton of a person.

The skeleton performs different functions, the main one is supported. It determines a large extent size and shape of the body. Some parts of the skeleton, such as the skull, chest and pelvis, serve as a container and protection of vital organs - brain, lungs, hearts, intestines, etc. Finally, the skeleton is a passive organ of movement, because Muscles are attached to it.

Functions of a skeleton of man

1. Motor

(Provides the movement of the body and its parts in space).

1. Protective

(creates the body cavity protection of internal organs).

1. Forming

(Determines the shape and size of the body).

1. Reference

(support of the organism).

1. Hematopoietic

(Red bone marrow - a source of blood cells).

1. Exchange

(bones - source Ca, F and other minerals).

And now let's answer the problem of the problem, which we set at the beginning of the lesson: so still movement for life, or life for movement?

Indeed, the person is adapted, and maybe sentenced by nature to movement. People cannot but move and begin to do it consciously on the fourth month after birth - reach, grab various items.

Filling table: