Eosinophilic leukocytes are produced in bone marrow from a single progenitor cell. The production of this population is accelerated by the release of interleukins IL4, IL5 by T-lymphocytes.

Mature eosinophils are stained with aniline dyes (eosin), for which they got their name. The size of the mature cell form is 12-17 microns.

Life cycle

• the formation of the population occurs in the bone marrow within 34 hours;
• mature forms enter the bloodstream, where it is located for about 2 - 10 hours;
• then they migrate to the submucosal spaces - the skin, intestinal mucosa, respiratory tract, oral cavity, paranasal sinuses;
• function in tissues for 8 - 10 days.

In increased quantities, eosinophils are concentrated in the skin tissues, mucous membranes, where they are contained 100 times more than in the blood. They are found in moderate quantities in the tissues of the spleen, mammary glands, thymus, lymph nodes, uterus.

The total blood flow of the circulating blood contains no more than 1% of all human eosinophilic leukocytes.

Structural features

Eosinophil carries receptors (antigens) on its surface that are involved in immune processes. The cellular cytoplasm contains granules filled with enzymes, which, if necessary, are delivered to the site of inflammation and released into the extracellular space.

Surface antigens (AG) of eosinophilic leukocyte are able to interact with immunoglobulins IgG, IgE, components of the blood complement system C3, C4.

The rapid increase in the concentration of eosinophils in the focus of inflammation is explained by their ability to:

• to phagocytosis - the property of "devouring" small particles of destroyed cell walls of microorganisms;
• to chemotaxis - directed movement into the inflammation focus under the action of eotaxin protein, monocyte chemotaxis proteins, lymphocyte chemotaxis protein.

Under the influence of chemotaxis proteins, eosinophils can accumulate in the inflammatory focus in huge quantities, as, for example, in allergies. Elevated eosinophils show that pathogenic microorganisms, antigenic complexes, foreign toxic proteins are present in the blood.

Eosinophils are responsible for the reactivity of the immune system, phagocytose antigen-antibody immune complexes formed during immune reactions in the blood, which serves as a way to regulate inflammation in the lesion focus.

Due to surface receptors and active compounds contained in cytoplasmic granules, as well as the ability to phagocytosis and chemotaxis, eosinophil:

• is a factor of local immunity of the mucous membranes - it does not allow the penetration of foreign antigens into the general bloodstream, surrounds and destroys them in the submucosal spaces;
• enhances the immune allergic response of an immediate type, which is manifested by Quincke's edema, anaphylaxis;
• participates in an allergic reaction of a delayed type - increased rates accompany bronchial asthma, hay rhinitis, drug intolerance, atopic dermatitis;
• controls the work of basophils and mast cells, neutralizes the histamine released by them;
• participates in autoimmune processes, which manifests itself, for example, cold urticaria;
• kills helminths and their larvae.

Norm, deviations from the norm

The rate of eosinophils in the blood in adults is 0.02 - 0.44 * 10 9 / l. The relative number of eosinophils in leukocyte formula blood is normal 0.5% - 5%.

A condition where eosinophils are more than 5% elevated is called eosinophilia. If eosinophils in the blood of an adult are increased, reaching values ​​greater than 6 - 8%, this indicates the possibility of infection, rheumatological disorders, and autoimmune processes.

When eosinophils in an adult are increased by more than 15 - 20% in a blood test, this condition is called hypereosinophilia, which is accompanied by a massive accumulation (infiltration) of eosinophilic leukocytes in the focus of inflammation. The tissues of the target organ, in which inflammation has occurred, are, as it were, impregnated with eosinophils.

The reason for the increased eosinophils in adults with hypereosinophilia or hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) is a change in the ratio of lymphocytes in the blood. The content of B-lymphocytes decreases, and the number of T-lymphocytes in these conditions increases, which stimulates the production of eosinophilic cells in the bone marrow.

HPP includes diseases characterized by increased rates of eosinophils - eosinophilic inflammation of the lungs, heart (endocarditis), neurological disorders, leukemia.

Eosinopenia is a condition when the number of eosinophilic granulocytes is less than 0.5%, or in absolute terms - less than 0.02 * 10 9 / l. Learn more about normal values eosinophils in the blood of adults and children, read the article "Norms of eosinophils".

When eosinophils are elevated

The penetration of an infection, a foreign protein (antigen) into the body triggers the activation of eosinophilic leukocytes. This stimulating effect is the reason for the massive migration of this population to the affected tissues.

An increase in the concentration of eosinophils in the blood is achieved due to the acceleration of the maturation time of the cells of this population. The reasons for the increase in indicators in the general blood test for eosinophils may be:

• allergies of immediate and delayed type;
• infection with worms - roundworms, echinococci, fascils, opisthorchomas, trichinella;
• infectious respiratory, intestinal diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi;
• collagenoses - periarteritis nodosa, thrombovasculitis, Behcet's disease, dermatomyositis, scleroderma, lupus, fasciitis;
• rheumatological diseases - arthrosis, gout, arthropathy;
• scarlet fever;
• lymph node tuberculosis;
• esonophilic gastroenteritis, pneumonia, myalgia;
• chorea;
• Churg-Strauss syndrome;
• ulcerative colitis;
• adrenal insufficiency;
• oncology - eosinophilic lymphogranulomatosis, myeloid leukemia, sarcidosis, erythremia, cancer of the liver, uterus, cervix, ovary.

When a woman has elevated eosinophils in her blood during pregnancy, this means that she is developing an allergic reaction. Allergies can occur both to food and to the invasion of viruses or bacteria with flu or acute respiratory infections, or infection with worms.

Allergy symptoms are difficult to recognize if this condition appears in a woman for the first time, and it is masked by the features of pregnancy - toxicosis, nausea, skin rashes.

Changes in the leukocyte formula

An increase in the concentration of eosinophils is accompanied by changes in the content of other cells immune system... Both eosinophils and lymphocytes, elevated at the same time, are found in the blood when infected with the Epstein-Barr virus, helminths. A similar picture is observed with allergic dermatoses, treatment with antibiotics and sulfonamides (biseptol), scarlet fever.

Above the norm in the analysis of blood eosinophils and monocytes with mononucleosis, viral, fungal infections. Increased test rates for syphilis, tuberculosis.

Leukocytosis, increased eosinophils, the appearance of atypical lymphocytes in the blood is observed in DRESS syndrome - a systemic allergic reaction to taking a drug. It can take up to 2 months between taking the drug and the appearance of the first signs of an extended allergic reaction of the body to the drug.

The symptoms of DRESS syndrome are:

• enlarged lymph nodes;
• skin rashes;
• temperature rise;
• prostration.

If the drug is not canceled, there may be lesions with granulocytes accumulated in the tissues of such organs as the lungs, liver, kidneys, and the digestive tract.

Complications with elevated eosinophils

The action of factors that stimulate the formation of eosinophils can cause an exaggerated response, a kind of "inflammatory" blood reaction - hypereosinophilia.

The number of eosinophils in hypereosinophilia can be increased hundreds of times compared to the norm. Leukocytes in a similar state are increased to 50 * 10 9 / l, while 60 - 90% of the total number of white blood cells may be eosinophils.

When proteolytic enzymes are released from granules, not only pathogenic microorganisms are damaged, but also own cells... First of all, cells of the inner lining are affected. blood vessels(endothelium) of the entire circulatory system.

Lesions in Severe Eosinophilia

The action of enzymes that enter the bloodstream from granulocytes provokes inflammation, which causes tissue cells in the lesion to die. With a massive accumulation of granulocytes, the damage is so significant that it disrupts the work of the target organ.

This means that if eosinophils in the blood are elevated for a long time, and their indicators are much higher than normal, then such vital organs as, for example, the heart, suffer. Signs of damage to the endocardium and myocardium are found very often in conditions associated with prolonged elevated levels of eosinophilic leukocytes in the blood.

Such a condition, when eosinophils are increased in the blood test, in children it speaks of helminthic invasion, allergies, in adults it means that inflammation develops in the joints, skin, and the respiratory system.

With congestion increased number granulocytes in the lung tissue develop eosinophilic pneumonia. This condition has a high risk of pulmonary edema.

For children, the typical causes of increased test scores are atopic dermatitis and bronchial asthma. Increased content in the tissues and blood of granulocytes in both adults and children, it has a damaging effect on the central nervous system.

According to the level of increase in eosinophilic granulocytes in the blood, it is not always possible to correctly assess the degree of tissue damage. In tissues, the number of eosinophilic granulocytes can be significantly higher than a blood test shows.

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Why are eosinophils elevated in the blood, what does this mean?

Eosinophils are a group of white blood cells (white blood cells). They belong to the neutrophilic series, but differ from neutrophils in some peculiarities. They are slightly larger. Their nuclei contain the smallest number of parts (usually 2-3).

Under a microscope in the cytoplasm of these cells, a corresponding abundant orange-pink granularity is visible. It consists of a huge number of homogeneous granules. When a blood test is done, eosinophils are counted in a smear under a microscope or determined on a hematology analyzer.

This is due to the fact that eosinophils are cells that instantly respond to the above problems, and together with basophils, they can be attributed to direct markers of hypersensitivity reactions in the body

The role of eosinophils in the body

The functions of eosinophils are varied, some of them very similar to those of other white blood cells. They are involved in numerous inflammatory processes, especially those associated with allergic reactions. In addition, eosinophils have specific physiological roles in organ formation (for example, in breast development after childbirth).

Eosinophils in the blood can have not only a positive effect, but also a negative one. They prevent potentially dangerous microorganisms from entering the human body, but there are times when they are associated with pathological changes. Leffler's disease is a prime example.

Norm

In adults, the norm of eosinophils in the blood is 0.4x109 / l, the norm in children is slightly higher (up to 0.7x109 / l). However, relative to the content of other immune cells, the normal number of eosinophils in adults and children ranges from 1–5%.

Elevated eosinophils in blood and other body fluids can be caused by a variety of factors.

The reasons for the increase in eosinophils in the blood

Why are eosinophils elevated in an adult, what does this mean? Eosinophils above normal cause a special condition in the body called eosinophilia. There are various degrees of this ailment:

• Light - cell count reaches 10%
• Medium - 10 to 15% eosinophils
• Severe form - more than 15 percent. This degree of the disease can be expressed by oxygen starvation at the cellular or tissue level.

In medical practice, there is the most common and easy-to-remember abbreviation, which helps to quite easily remember the most well-known causes of the development of eosinophilia.

In more rare cases, other diseases become the cause of an increase in eosinophils:

1. Acute leukemia.
2. Tuberculosis.
3. Hereditary eosinophilia.
4. Rheumatic fever (rheumatism).
5. Exudative reactions of various origins.
6. Vagotonia (irritation vagus nerve), vegetative-vascular dystonia.
7. Decreased functional ability thyroid gland(hypothyroidism).

You need to know that these cells do not always benefit the body. While fighting infection, they can provoke allergies themselves. When the number of eosinophils exceeds 5% of the total number of leukocytes, not only eosinophilia is formed. In the place of accumulation of these cells, inflammatory tissue changes are formed. According to this principle, children often have rhinitis and laryngeal edema.

Physiological causes

1. The highest rates of this cell can be observed exclusively at night, when a person is sleeping, and during the day, respectively, the lowest.
2. Treatment by some medicines may affect the indicator: medicines for tuberculosis, penicillins, aspirin, diphenhydramine, sulfonamide and gold preparations, complexes with vitamin B, chymotrypsin, imipramine, miscleron, papaverine, aminophylline, beta-blockers, chlorpropamide, hormonal drugs, etc.
3. Food Regimen: Sweets or alcohol increases the likelihood that the test will be incorrect.

Increased eosinophils in a child

Depending on the age of the child, the following factors may be the reason for the excess of the norm in the content of cells:

1. In newborn babies high rate eosinophils can be caused by Rh-conflict, staphylococcus, hemolytic disease, dermatitis and allergic reactions to medicines or food.
2. At the age of one and a half to three years, high rates of eosinophils can be caused by atopic dermatitis, allergy to drugs and Quincke's edema.
3. In children over three years of age, eosinophils increase in the presence of bronchial asthma or allergic rhinitis, during an exacerbation of skin allergies, chickenpox, scarlet fever and helminthiasis. Also, an increase in eosinophils in a child can cause malignant tumors.

Elevated eosinophils in the blood are not an independent disease, all efforts should be made to find the main cause of their increase and, if possible, eliminate it.

What to do?

If a general blood test showed that eosinophils have increased, it is imperative to additionally take biochemical analysis blood, so you can find out about the disease that led to the increase. Be sure to pay attention to the protein level of enzymes that are located in the liver, etc. Additionally, you need to pass a urinalysis, feces, to find out if there are worms or their egg deposition.

A hematologist treat eosinophilia, but remember, this is not a disease on its own, but only one with symptoms of some kind of disease. It is imperative to determine the disease due to which the eosinophils have increased, then an effective treatment regimen, the necessary medications and physiotherapy procedures will be prescribed.

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Causes of decreased eosinophils in adults and treatment

There is an essential element of blood in our body, like eosinophil. This cell belongs to leukocytes, which performs an important mission in our body. In medical sources, eosinophils are also referred to as blood cells. These vital blood elements are formed in the red bone marrow. After which they freely enter the bloodstream. Within a few hours, they begin their function in human organs and tissues.

Eosinophil test

As soon as a person falls ill, that is, some kind of infection penetrates, then these blood cells rapidly enter the focus. After which they activate special areas where receptors are located, which connect the immune system to fight infection.

What does this all mean? If, for example, an adult has reduced blood eosinophils, or almost complete absence, then this is called eosinopenia.

With a combination of this pathological composition of eosinophils with a reduced composition of neutrophils and leukocytes, we can safely say that a person has an inflammation process.

Why do humans need eosinophils?

If you delve into the very origin of eosinophils, then they are a subtype of leukocytes of granulocytic origin. The name of these cells comes from the fact that they are stained with a special dye eosin. As for basophils, they are stained with the main dyes, and 2 dyes are used for neutrophils. Studying the structure of eosinophils, they have a dicotyledonous nucleus, in basophils it is whole, and neutrophils have about 5 lobes.

The most important function of these cells is to enter the center of the focus of an inflammatory or other process. Then they excite receptors that are responsible for the anti-inflammatory effect and suppression of this pathology. Simply put, eosinophils push the body's cells to surround them in a special capsule, localizing the process. This, in turn, is a special sign for other, especially active immune cells, which will begin an active fight against infection, inflammation, etc.

The rate of eosinophils in the human body

Studying the human body, doctors have determined the rate of eosinophils in the body, which is up to 5% of the total number of leukocytes. Within 24 hours a day in a person, the number of eosinophils can change in quantity within the normal range. The smallest number is observed in morning time day, with the course of the day increases in the composition of the blood, reaching its maximum at night.

In order to accurately determine the quantitative composition of eosinophils in the blood, a clinical analysis is performed in the laboratory.

Moving on to the numbers, in adults and in children over 14 years of age, the number of eosinophils ranges from 0.4% to 5%. This percentage is in relation to the total number of leukocytes. As for children who have not reached the age of years, the rate of eosinophils is from 0.4% to 6.8-7.0%. If for some reason it was not possible to study the quantitative composition of eosinophils in the blood, then it can be calculated in human sputum. The rate is the same as with blood.

Reasons for rejection of eosinophils

Why is there such a phenomenon as a decrease in the level of eosinophils in human blood? The medical term for decreased eosinophils is also called eosinopenia. Such a process occurs due to a violation of the processes of formation and production in the bone marrow. This happens due to various pathological conditions, or when the body is weakened.

The level of eosinophils in the human body decreases due to several reasons:

1. Infectious diseases of acute bacterial origin (pneumonia of any etiology, tetanus, diphtheria).
2. Inflammation of the appendix, peritoneal syndrome.
3. Various stressful conditions.
4. With insufficient rest and sleep.
5. Massive overstrain of the body, as well as with shocks of toxic origin.
6. Severe frostbite, burns and injuries.
7. Postoperative condition.

Before taking a clinical blood test, you need to know that some facts can affect the composition of eosinophils:

• Exposure to certain drugs.
• Condition after childbirth, when the body has not fully recovered its strength.
• The postoperative period of the body.

It is necessary to restore the normal composition of eosinophils in the human body for about 15 days.

How to stop eosinopenia?

It must be understood that reduced level eosinophils are not a disease, but a pathological condition of the body. That is, a person is sick with some kind of inflammatory disease. At the moment, the process of lowering the level of these blood elements has not been fully studied by doctors. There are a wide variety of reasons and assumptions. Eosinopenia happens varying degrees, and from the factors of occurrence.

It is almost impossible to treat eosinopenia itself. It is necessary to stop the cause of this decrease in order to achieve positive results. Also, in order to prevent a decrease in eosinophils, it is necessary to maintain the level of immunity at the proper level.

As soon as the disease is stopped, the level of eosinophils in the blood will return to normal and the person is healthy.

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A little about elevated eosinophils

Eosinophils represent one of the groups of leukocytes (white blood cells). Their production is activated when a foreign protein structure enters the body. The number of cells is determined during the usual general analysis blood, and it is not only the absolute value (the number of pieces in a unit of blood) that matters, but also the ratio of this group of cells to the total number of leukocytes (it is expressed as a percentage). The increased values ​​of eosinophils are an important diagnostic criterion and indicate the intensive work of the immune system. However, you should know that not every increase or decrease in the level of these blood cells speaks of a pathological process. However, first things first.

Degrees of eosinophilia

A condition where eosinophils in the blood are elevated is called eosinophilia. Normally, in an adult (regardless of gender), cells are present in an amount from 100–120 to 300–350 in one milliliter of the test blood, as a percentage of all leukocytes it is 1–5%. In children of different ages, the ratio to leukocytes varies from 1 to 6-7%.

The deviation of the blood cell level of the considered group from 10% from normal is considered significant, in which case a mild degree of eosinophilia is diagnosed; with an increase in eosinophils up to 15%, a moderate degree is determined;

However, it is necessary to take into account the physiological fluctuations in the number of cells and other factors affecting the indicator.

Non-pathological increases in the rate

• At night, eosinophilia can reach levels above 30%, especially at the beginning;
• An increase in the indicator is observed in the evening;
• The analysis reveals variations in the number of cells in women over menstrual cycle: in the initial stages, their number increases, after ovulation it gradually decreases;
• Treatment with certain drugs can affect the indicator: aspirin, diphenhydramine, medicines for tuberculosis, penicillins, sulfonamide and gold preparations, complexes with vitamin B, imipramine, miscleron, papaverine, aminophylline, beta-blockers, chymotrypsin, chlorpropamide, hormonal other medications;
• Food regime: sweets, alcoholic beverages increase the likelihood that the analysis will be incorrect.

For the first time, elevated eosinophils detected in a blood test require a re-examination and study of changes in their number over time (several sequentially conducted analyzes).

Causes of pathology

There are several prerequisites for the development of eosinophilia:

A blood test reveals eosinophilia when a person is infected with helminthiases. The following diseases may be the cause:

Allergy

An allergic reaction takes the leading place among the reasons for the increase in eosinophils. The condition develops when:

• Hay fever;
• Edema Quincke;
• Bronchial asthma;
• Allergic reaction to medications;
• Hay fever;
• Serum sickness;
• Rhinitis of an allergic nature;
• Hives;
• Fasciitis;
• Myositis, etc.

Diseases of the internal organs

Eosinophilia manifests itself in diseases of the following organs:

Diseases of the blood

An increase in eosinophils is observed in erythremia, myeloid leukemia, lymphogranulomatosis, polycythemia, pernicious anemia, Sesari's syndrome.

Dermatological pathologies

Eosinophilia can be caused by almost any skin disease:

• Lichen;
• Pemphigus vulgaris;
• Contact or atopic dermatitis;
• Pemphigus;
• Eczema;
• Fungal disease.

Autoimmune conditions

Often, a blood test reveals an increase in eosinophils with scleroderma, SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus), and a large number of these cells are formed when the transplant is rejected.

Infections

The ingestion of infection always causes eosinophilia. The condition can be provoked by both the acute phase and the exacerbation of chronic diseases:

Malignant tumors

Features of eosinophilia in children

Diagnosis of the disease

To get a complete picture of the state of human health, it is first of all necessary to pass a biochemical blood test, such a study may indicate the cause of the increase in eosinophils. Further, according to the results, it is necessary to conduct a number of studies:

You should also not be upset when an increased number of eosinophils is detected, this may indicate the beginning of recovery and the formation of a healthy immune system response to infection. Leave your doctor to do his job and strictly follow his recommendations.

What does the increased level of eosinophils in the blood indicate? Symptoms and Treatment

With a prolonged runny nose or cough, a blood test reveals that eosinophils are increased in an adult. What does this mean? Most likely, the runny nose is allergic. In addition, eosinophilia may indicate other serious pathologies.

What are eosinophils?

Eosinophils are granulocytic leukocytes produced in the cells of the bone marrow. Eosinophils absorb the immune complex at the time of occurrence allergic reactions, will mix to the focus of inflammation or to damaged tissue. Eosinophils are in the blood for about an hour, then pass into the tissues.

Increased production spinal cord eosinophils can cause immediate allergic reactions (anaphylaxis). Thus, eosinophils have an anti-allergenic and pro-allergenic function. Therefore, an increase in eosinophils is observed during allergies.

The number of eosinophils in the blood changes during the day. In the evening, their number rises by 16%, at night - by 30%. In addition, in women, estrogens increase the synthesis of eosinophils, and progesterone - a decrease. Therefore, in the first half of the cycle, an increased number of eosinophils is observed, which gradually decreases after ovulation.

Eos is normal if their number is in the range of 0.4x109 / L in an adult and 0.7x109 / L in a child, which is 1-5% of the total number of white blood cells.

The reasons for the increase in eosinophils

An increased content of eosinophils in the blood may indicate that the body is in a "state of struggle" with allergens.

In medicine, the following degrees of increase in eosinophils are distinguished:

• Easy - less than 10%.
• Average - an increase of 10-15%.
• Severe - more than 15%. Such an excess indicates tissue oxygen starvation.

With a strong excess of indicators in the body, foci of inflammation are formed, for example, acute rhinitis, laryngeal edema.

In addition to blood, eosinophils can be found in urine, sputum, and fluid secreted from the nasopharynx. This phenomenon is typical for asthma, bronchitis, allergic rhinitis.

A large number of eosinophils is not an independent pathology, which means that a strong inflammatory process to be eliminated. Increase in children is especially dangerous. This may indicate such serious pathologies as:

• Hemolytic disease.
• Malignant blood disease.
• Asthma, allergic rhinitis.

Symptoms of increased eosinophils

Symptoms with elevated eosinophils depend on what was the root cause of the pathological condition:

Reactive diseases (arthritis) give the following symptoms:

• anemia;
• enlarged spleen;
• inflammation of the veins, arteries;
• temperature increase;
• joint pain;
• weight loss.

• nausea:
• headache;
• muscle pain;
• shortness of breath, cough;
• enlarged lymph nodes;
• general worsening of the condition.

If the increase is caused by allergic reactions, then the patient has signs of allergy:

In diseases of the gastrointestinal tract that provoked an increase, the symptoms are as follows:

The pulmonary form of eosinophilia is expressed in a dry cough, worse at night, decreased appetite, weight loss.

Malignant blood diseases give the following symptoms:

Diagnostics

If one or more of the above symptoms occur, you should be tested to determine the cause of eosinophilia. For this, the following tests are prescribed:

How to lower blood eosinophils? Since eosinophilia itself is not a disease, but only indicates the presence of other pathologies, the treatment will depend on the underlying cause.

Drug therapy is selected in accordance with the severity of the underlying disease, the patient's age. Usually, after eliminating the cause, the indicators return to normal. Sometimes the number of eosinophils can be increased due to taking certain medications. Then you should abandon these funds and everything will return to normal.

• Anthelmintic drugs: Pirantel, Mebendazole.
• Medicines that restore the activity of the gastrointestinal tract: Linex, Essentiale.
• Vitamins to strengthen the immune system.

If the reason for the increase is allergies, then the patient is prescribed a course of antihistamines.

Treatment of malignant tumors and blood diseases is very complex and lengthy, the course of therapy is selected by the doctor strictly individually.

Eosinophilia is a sign that something is wrong with the body. To prevent the disease from reaching an advanced stage, it is necessary to undergo a full course of examination. Timely diagnostics increases the chances of recovery even with the most unfavorable diagnoses.

Leukocytes are constantly on guard of our body. Eosinophils in the blood are a type of white blood cell. These are rounded polymorphic granule-containing cells, the diameter of which is 10-12 microns, the nucleus consists of two or three lobules.

Distinctive characteristics

The main distinguishing feature and characteristics of eosinophils is the presence of eosinophilic granules in the cytoplasm. Eosinophil granules vary in size. It is they who give the red color to this cell in the native smear. Large eosinophilic granules, 1.5 μm in diameter, contain crystalloid (main, heparin neutralizers, as well as inflammatory mediators). Small granules are primary, azurophilic, the diameter is 0.4 μm, they contain acid phosphatase and arylsulfatase B.

There are fewer eosinophils than. Maturation and differentiation of these cells occurs in the bone marrow. After maturation, they enter the bloodstream, where they circulate for up to 12 hours, then migrate to the lung tissue, gastrointestinal tract, and skin. It can stay in tissues for up to 14 days. Senescent eosinophils are removed from the body through the intestinal epithelium.

Functions

In children, an adult.

The rate of eosinophils is a relative concept. The number of eosinophils in the blood differs in children, men, women. Day and night, the total number of these cells in the blood is different. In women, in different phases of the menstrual cycle, the absolute values ​​of the content of eosinophils may change. Also, individual variability cannot be ignored.

But the percentage of eosinophils, which is calculated for, is of great diagnostic value. The level of eosinophils in the blood should normally be 1-5%. In absolute numbers, the content of eosinophils can reach 0.02-0.45 X 10 ^ 9 / l.

In children

The rates are different from each other. So, for example, absolute values:

• for a child of 1 year old can vary from 0.05 to 0.7;
• for 4 years, the range is 0.02 - 0.7;
• for 10 years - 0.02-0.6. (All values ​​are multiples of x 10 ^ 9 / L).

Rise and decline

A condition in which - eosinophilia. If eosinophils in the blood are lowered - eosinopenia. They are not diseases in and of themselves. If the cause is cured, then the level of eosinophils in the body will also return to normal.

Primary eosinophilia is observed with. It is often accompanied by an increase in basophils, with the appearance of the so-called eosinophilic-basophilic association. Secondary eosinophilia is observed in the presence of some underlying disease (for example, ascariasis).

The reasons for the increase in eosinophils in the blood in children are, in general, the same as in adults.

Eosinophilia in childhood can be classified as:

• primary eosinophilia. Occurs in the disease and hematopoietic organs with lymphogranulomatosis,;
• familial and constitutional eosinophilia can also occur in healthy children. The course of this disease is chronic. An exacerbation can be manifested, for example, by asthmatic bronchitis;
• reactive eosinophilia. It occurs most often as a result of intrauterine allergic reactions, various infections.

Eosinopenia

Eosinopenia is observed in many conditions, which can be both physiological and pathological.

Treatment

To adjust the rate and treat eosinophils, you first need to find out the reason for the changes in the indicators. Sometimes, to clarify the diagnosis, you need to go through a number of additional functional and laboratory tests: to make an x-ray of the lungs, to pass urine and feces for analysis.

These blood cells are of great diagnostic value. A change in their number is an important signal that will make it clear to the diagnostician that a physiological or pathological failure has occurred in the body with a certain probability.

The materials are published for information purposes only, and are not a prescription for treatment! We recommend that you consult a hematologist at your hospital!

Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell stained with an acidic pigment eosin. What are eosinophils in a blood test and what function do they perform? These are segmented formations that can seep through the walls of blood vessels and move inside tissues, heading to the focus of inflammation, injury, or the introduction of a foreign agent. An increase in their level in a blood test is an alarming signal.

Eosinophilia and its causes

Important! An increase in eosinophils is considered to be the level of 7% of the total number of white cells. Distinguish easy form, in which analyzes show up to 10%. The average form is considered 10-15%, and everything above is referred to as severe.

When eosinophils are above normal, what does it mean? Definitely - the course of the pathological process in the body.

The reasons for the increase in eosinophils in an adult are associated with the following factors:

• Allergy... Is an clinical symptom bronchial asthma and a number of dermatitis.
• Invasive pathologies- ascariasis, opisthorchiasis, giardiasis.
• Infectious diseases and pathologies the digestive chain in the convalescent stage.
• Cancer neoplasms, accompanied by tissue destruction. Eosinophils react to waste products as foreign proteins.
• Respiratory diseases.
• Myocardial infarction.
• Eosinophils are elevated in an adult and a child, if one or another is used medications... Antibiotics, salicylates, sulfonamides, iodates have an allergic effect on the body, which provokes eosinophilia.
• Food allergy... It develops with the use of some, often seasonal, vegetables, berries, mushrooms, fish and seafood.
• Allergic conditions during pregnancy, during critical days.

Important! The consumption of citrus fruits before donating blood for a standard test shows eosinophilia.

Indications for donating blood

Detection of elevated eosinophils is necessary when staging differential diagnosis for the following diseases:

General blood count table

Important! You need to donate blood for analysis in the morning on an empty stomach. For two days before the examination, they refrain from sweets, citrus fruits and alcohol.

High eosinophils are associated with the onset of bronchial asthma, atypical dermatitis, and allergic eye lesions. The same symptoms are observed in middle ear pathologies, autoimmune anomalies, permanent fatigue syndrome, infections and invasions of various etiologies.

ECP has neurotoxicity, which aggravates the severity of itching in dermatitis. A positive correlation was found between the growth of ECP and the intensity skin allergies... In the process of recovery, the level of ECP will return to normal.

Often, test results show p and o possible reasons this deviation can be found in more detail in the article on our portal.

Leukocytes in human blood are divided into several subspecies, one of which is eosinophils. Their characteristic features are a two-lobed nucleus, as well as the ability to turn red under the action of the substance eosin, from which this group of leukocytes got its name.

The measurement of the level of eosinophils is carried out either in absolute terms per milliliter of blood, or as a percentage of the total number of leukocytes. The second method is more common and it is he who is widely used in laboratories.

The level of eosinophils in the blood of an adult does not depend on either gender or age. As a percentage, in both men and women, an indicator of 1-5 percent of the total number of leukocytes is considered normal, which in absolute terms is equal to 120-350 eosinophils per milliliter of blood. And it is quite natural that the question "eosinophils are above normal, what does this mean" arises.

In children, the normative number of eosinophils, or rather the upper limit of the norm, changes slightly by age, which is clearly shown in the following table:

The absolute measurement of the level of eosinophils in the blood of a child significantly exceeds the indicators in adults, since in children, the content of leukocytes is significantly higher than those in the blood test in adults.

When processing the analysis with increased level eosinophils, it is also necessary to take into account the daily fluctuations of this indicator: in the morning and in the evening, there is a natural increase in eosinophils by 15 percent of the norm, and in the first phases of night sleep, the level can rise immediately by 30 percent. If a person's eosinophils in their natural state are close to the upper limit of the standards, then such fluctuations may lead to recommendations for further examination, although there will be no real prerequisites for this.

Increase in the normal level of eosinophils

In hematology, a condition in which eosinophils are elevated in an adult or a child is referred to as eosinophilia. By itself, this condition is not a disease, but acts as a kind of marker of pathological changes in the body. There are three forms of eosinophilia:

• easy - the eosinophil count does not exceed 10 percent;
• moderate - up to 15 percent;
• pronounced - more than 15 percent.

At the same time, a number of hematologists push the border of moderate eosinophilia up to 20 percent, and the expressed one, respectively, according to this gradation, starts from 21 percent.
There is also a confirmed correlation between the form of eosinophilia and the complexity of the pathological process that led to the growth of eosinophils in the blood: more high degree eosinophilia in most cases characterizes the complex course of the pathological process.

Following the detection of a high rate of eosinophils in the blood, the doctor prescribes additional diagnostics, which includes a biochemical blood test, ultrasound procedure organs abdominal cavity and sampling of feces to determine the presence of eggs of worms. In addition, the exit of eosinophils outside the normal range entails immediate consultation with an allergist, who must confirm or exclude the presence of allergies - a prerequisite for the development of eosinophilia.

Increased eosinophil levels in children

The reasons for the development of eosinophilia in children are somewhat different from adults and have a fairly clear age classification.
In children under six months of age, eosinophils outside the normative indicators in most cases are provoked by the following reasons:

• Rh-conflict;
• staphylococcal sepsis;
• atopic dermatitis;
• eosinophilic colitis;
• hemolytic or serum diseases.

At the age of six months to three years, eosinophilia in children develops due to the following prerequisites:

• atopic dermatitis;
• allergies to taking medications;
• Quincke's edema, which in most cases is also of an allergic nature.

At the age of three years, an increased rate of eosinophils in the blood of a child is mostly a manifestation infectious diseases and allergic manifestations:

• scarlet fever;
• chickenpox;
• allergic rhinitis;
• allergies with manifestations on the skin.

Eosinophils in the blood with an excess of the norm in combination with an increase in other indicators in the blood test are quite indicative. In particular, high eosinophils and monocytes are characteristic in the presence of an infectious process (such a combination is indicative of mononucleosis), as well as in viral and fungal diseases.
If eosinophilia is recorded against the background of high leukocytes, then this may indicate the presence, development viral infection against the background of allergies and the onset of scarlet fever.

Causes of low blood eosinophil levels

A decrease in the level of eosinophils in the blood below the normative indicator is denoted by the term eosinopenia. At the same time, there is a decrease in this indicator down to zero, which is a very dangerous condition. If eosinophils are practically absent in the blood, then this may indicate the development acute appendicitis, typhoid or diphtheria, as well as the extended form of leukemia.

In the case of an uncritical drop in this indicator, eosinopenia may be a consequence of the postoperative state of a person, a consequence of injuries and burns, sepsis, or evidence of the onset of the development of an infectious disease.

Also clinical researches show that it is stable low level eosinophils are common in people with Down syndrome and in people with chronic fatigue syndrome.