Population 6 200 thousand people. Military budget $ 7 billion (2000). The regular forces are 172,500 people. Reserve 425,000 people, including Land Forces - 400,000, Air Force - 20,000, Navy - 5,000. Militarized formations 8,050 people, including border guards - 8,000, security guard - 50. Recruitment: on call. Service life: conscripts - 36 (men) and 21 (women) months. Mob. resources of 1.5 million people, including 1.2 million fit for military service

SV: 130,000 people, 3 territorial commands, a border guard command, 3 corps headquarters, 3 armored divisions, 3 infantry divisions for protecting the state border, 2 division headquarters, 4 motorized infantry brigades, 3 self-propelled artillery divisions. Reserve: 8 armored and airmobile divisions, 10 infantry brigades. Armament: more than 20 launchers OTR, 3,900 tanks (1,200 "Merkava", 900 М60А1 / 3, 800 "Centurion", 300 - М48А5, 200 Т-55, 100 Т-62, 400 "Maga-7"), about 5,500 infantry fighting vehicles and armored personnel carriers, 400 armored personnel carriers, 520 towed artillery guns of calibers 105, 122, 130 and 155 mm, 1,030 SG of calibers 105, 155, 175 and 203 mm, more than 396 MLRS, over 6,470 mortars (5,000 - caliber 60 mm, 700-81 mm, 530 - 120 mm, 240 - 160 mm), up to 1,000 ATGM launchers, 850 guns for and more than 1,250 MANPADS, 48 Chaparel air defense systems.

Air Force: 36,000 people (20,000 cf. words, mainly in air defense), 444 b. with. (250 in res.), 137 p. v. Tactical units and subunits: 13 ibae and iae air defense, ttakr, 28 zrbat. Aircraft and helicopter fleet: 98 F-15 (A, B, C, D and I), 237 F-16 (A, B, C and D), 70 F-4E, 10 RF-4E, 20 "Kfir-C7 "(120 in res.), 6 Kfir S-2, 50 A-4N (another 130 in res.), 14 Boeing 707, 5 KS-130N, 12 S-47, 24 S-1 ZON, 3 1A1 -200, 6 RC-12D, 15 Do-28.6 King Er-2000, 3 1A1-1124 Sisken, 20 Cessna U-206, 2 Islander, 12 Queen Er-80, 80 CM -170, 30 "Super Cab", 36 AH-1F, 30 Hughes 500MD, 41 АН-64 А, НН-65А, 8 AS-565, 40 CH-53D, 10 UH-60, 15 S-70A, 54 Bell 212, 39 Bell 206. UAVs: "Scout", "Pioneer", "Sbger", "Fireby", "Samson", "Deline", "Hunter Silva Arrow". ZUR: Hawk, Patriot, Chaparel.

Navy: about 6 500 people (including 300 commandos and 2,500 average years), 3 submarines "Dolphin"), 3 KORV "Saar-5", 11 RCA (7 "Saar-4.5" and 4 "Saar-4"), 31 PKA (including 13 "Super Dvora", 15 "Dabur", 3 "Coastguard").

INDIA

Population 1,016,242 thousand people Military budget $ 15.9 billion (2000). The regular forces are 1,303,000 people. The reserve is 535,000 people, including the ground forces - 300,000, the air force - 140,000, the navy - 55,000, the territorial troops - 40,000. Paramilitary formations of 1,066,000 people, including the national security forces -7 400, special paramilitary forces 3,000, special border forces 9,000, Rashtri riflemen 36,000, outpost forces 31,000, police on the Indo-Tibetan border 30,000, Assamese riflemen 52,000, railroad guard forces 70,000, central industrial security forces - 88,600, police central res. - 160,000, border security forces - 174,000, guard - about 5,000, armed provincial police forces - 400,000. Recruitment: on a voluntary basis. Mob. resources 269.3 million people, including 158.1 million fit for military service

SV: 1 100 thousand people, 5 military districts, 4 field armies, 12 army corps, 35 divisions (3 armored, 4 rapid reaction, 18 infantry, 9 mountain infantry, artillery), a missile regiment, 15 separate (7 armored, 5 infantry, 2 mountain infantry, airborne), 4 anti-aircraft artillery, 3 engineering brigades, a missile regiment. Territorial army: 25 pb, 29 separate units. Armament: 3-5 PU OTR "Prithvi", 3414 tanks (700 T-55, 1500 T-72, 1200 "Vijayanta", 14 "Arjun"), 90 light tanks PT-76, 1350 BMP, 100 BRDM- 2,157 armored personnel carriers, 4,175 towed guns, 180 SG, 150 MLRS, more than 1,200 mortars, 4,024 ZA guns, about 1,725 ​​air defense systems, 160 AA helicopters.

Air Force: 150,000 people, 772 b. s., 32 b. v. Aircraft and helicopter fleet: 73 MiG-29.10 Su-ZOMK, 79 MiG-23 (BN, MF and UM), 147 MiG-27.317 MiG-21 (BIS, MF, PFMA, FL and U), 94 Jaguar , 8 MiG-25 (R and U), 35 Mirage-2000 (N and TN), 12 Canberra (B58, PR-57 and PR-67), 2 Boeing 707, 4 Boeing 737, 4 HS- 748, 105 An-32,43 Do-228, 25 Il-76, 120 Kiran-1, 56 Kiran-2, 38 Hunter (F-56, T-66), 34 Mi-25 and Mi-35.80 Mi-8.37 Mi-17, 10 Mi-26, 20 Chitak, 2 Mi-24, more than 280 missiles.

Navy: 53,000 people (including 1,200 in the MP, about 2,000 women). Operational Commands: Western, Eastern, Southern, Far Eastern. FLEET: 18 submarines (4 Project 209/1500, 10 Project 877EM, 4 Project 641), 1 AVL "Hermes", 8 EM URO (3 "Delhi", 5 Project 61ME), 1 FR URO "Brahmaputra" , 7 FR (4 “Linder”, 3 Project 159A), 23 KORV (2 Project 1234E, 2 Project 25A, 4 “Khukri”, 4 Project 1241.2, 11 Project 1241RE), 3 RCA Project 205, 7 PK "Sukania", 8 PKA, 10 DK (2 TDK "Magar", 8 Project 773), 10 DKA, 18 MTK (12 Project 266M, 6 Project 1258), 1 OIS, 12 GISU, 2 UK ( including "Linder"), 2 training sailing ships, 36 APU (including 1 PBPL, 3 TNZ, 8 TN), 2 BUK. AVIATION: 5000 people Squadrons: aircraft - 8 (2 ishae, 2 pae, 1 time, 1 tae, 2 utae); helicopters - 9 (6 ae PLV, 1 ae PSP, 2 utae). Aircraft - 90 (19 Sea Harrier FRS.51, Harrier T60 / T.4.16 Tu-142.31 Do-228.5 Il-38.11 Defender, 8 Jaguar), helicopters - 84 (29 Sea King Mk42A / B / C, 5 Ka-28, 17 Ka-25, 4 Ka-31, 31 Chitak, 4 Hughes 300). BOKHR: about 5000 people, 12 PK (3 "Samar", 9 "Vikram"), 21 PKA, 16 boats. Aircraft - 17 Do-228, helicopters - 15 Chitak.

see additionally:

INDONESIA

Population 206,213 thousand people. Military budget $ 2.271 billion (2000). The regular forces are 297,000 people. Reserve 400,000 people Militarized formations 207,000 people, including police - 195,000, naval police - 12,000 (46 PKA), customs. Acquisition: on call. Service life 24 months. Mob. resources 61.1 million people, including 35.8 million people fit for military service

SV: 230,000 people, 2 headquarters of infantry divisions, 3 infantry and 3 airborne brigades, 2 PA regiments, an anti-aircraft artillery regiment, 87 separate battalions (2 tank, 67 infantry, 8 armored cavalry, 10 engineering), 11 PA divisions, 10 anti-aircraft divisions, mixed AE, helicopter squadron, 5 special forces groups. Armament: 355 light tanks (AMX-13, PT-76, "Scorpion", 70 of them have a 90-mm gun), 143 BRM, 461 armored personnel carriers, 285 towed guns, 875 mortars of caliber 81 and 120 mm, 415 anti-aircraft artillery mounts , 51 PU SAM "Rapira", 42 MANPADS RBS-70, 10 aircraft and 90 AA helicopters.

Air Force: 27,000 people, 1,081 b. with., b. v. no. Tactical units: 5 Ibae, IAE air defense, RAE, BPAE, 4 TAE, 3 UTAE, 3 VAE. Aircraft and helicopter fleet: 20 A-4.10 Fl 6A and B, 14 Hawk Mk53, 39 Hawk Mkl09 and Mk209, 12 F-5E and F, 12 OV-10F, Boeing 707, 3 Boeing 737-200 , 19 C-130 (V, H and H-30), 2 KS-130V, 4 Cess-on 207, 5 Cessna 401.2 C-402.6 F.27-400.3 F.28-1000 and 3000 , 10 NC-212, 23 CN-235, 39 AS 202, 2 Cessna 172, 22 T-34C, 6 T-41D, 10 S-58T, 10 Hughes 500, 11 NAS-330, 4 NBO-105CD, 2 Bell 204.

Navy: 40,000 people (including 13,000 in MP, 1,000 in aviation). FLEET (Western and Eastern operational fleets, KMP): 2 submarines pr.209 / 1300, 10 FR URO (3 Fatahilla, 6 Van Speik, 1 Hajar Devantara), 7 FR (4 Claude Jones, 3 “Tribal”), 16 KORV pr.1331M, 4 RCA “Dagger”, 4 TCA “Lurssen”, 16 RCA, 30 DK, including 14 TDK (7 LST-512.6 “Tacoma”, “Teluk Amboina ") and 12 SDK pr. 108, 54 DKA, 13 MTK (2" Tripartit ", 2 pr. 254, 9" Condor-2 "), 1 ShK, 9 GISU, PM, 1 TNZ, 2 TN, 3 TR , 1 sailing training vessel, 2 BUK. AVIATION: aircraft - 60 (11 CN-235.35 Nomad, 5 Boeing 737.9 F-5E); helicopters - 16 (12 NBO-105C, 1 NAS-332F, 3 Usp HAS.1). MP: 2 infantry brigades (6 pb), 1 battalion of special forces, 1 ap (PA, air defense). Armament - 100 PT-76 tanks, 14 BRDM, 10 BMP AMX-10 RAS 90, 84 armored personnel carriers (24 AMX-10R, 60 BTR-50P), 48 SG (20 105 mm LG-1 Mk.2, 28 122- mm M-38), 15 140 mm MLRS BM-14.

JORDAN

Population 5,173 thousand people. Military budget $ 488 million (1999). The regular forces are 103 880 people. Reserve 35,000 people, including ground forces - 30,000. Paramilitaries (civil defense forces) 10,000 people, Recruitment: on a voluntary basis. Mob. resources 1.1 million people, including 793 thousand fit for military service

SV: 90,000 people, 4 divisions (2 armored, 2 motorized infantry), 3 separate brigades (royal guard, special purpose, PA). Southern Military District: 4 battalions (reconnaissance and 3 infantry). Armament: 1,246 tanks (M-48.354 M-60.270 Chieftain, 280 Centurion, 19 Scorpion), 32 BMP-2, 1,450 armored personnel carriers, 210 towed guns of 105, 155 and 203 mm calibers, 412 SG, 800 mortars (81, 107 and 120 mm), 640 ATGM launchers, 4,800 106-mm recoilless guns, 416 ZA guns, 250 Red Ai MANPADS, 50 Osa air defense systems, 50 Strela-10 air defense systems, 540 MANPADS ...

Air Force: 13 500 people, 93 b. s., 16 b. v. Tactical units: 3 ibae, 3 air defense Iae, 2 tae, 3 vae, 4 utae, 14 zrbat. Aircraft and helicopter fleet: 50 F-5E and F, 16 F-16A and B, 16 F-16A and B, 27 Mirage-F.lCj, Ej, Bj and B, 8 C-130B and H, 4 C -212А, 2 "Gulfstream-3", 16 "Bulldog", 15 С-101, 12 RA-28-161, 6 RA-34-200 1 L-1011, 24 AN-IS, 9 AS-332M, 3 VO -105, 8 Hughes 500D, 8 UH-60, 3 S-70, SA-319. 80 PU SAM "Improved Hawk".

Navy: 480 people, 10 PKA.

IRAQ

Population 22,300 thousand people. Military budget $ 1.4 billion (1999). The regular forces are 429,000 people. Reserve 650,000 people Militarized formations up to 50,000 people, including security units - 15,000, border troops - 20,000, Saddam's fedayeen (volunteer armed group) - up to 15,000. Service life 18 - 24 months. Mob. resources 5.5 million people, including 3 million fit for military service

SV: 375,000 people, 7 corps headquarters, 23 divisions (3 armored, 3 mechanized, 11 infantry, 6 republican guards), 13 separate brigades (4 republican guards, 2 special forces, 7 commandos). Armament: up to 6 launchers OTR, about 2,200 tanks (T-55, T-59, T-62, 790 T-72), up to 1,000 infantry fighting vehicles, 2,400 armored personnel carriers, about 500 ZA guns, up to 500 AA helicopters (120 combat), 500 MLRS, 150 SG.

Air Force: 52,000 people (including 17,000 in air defense). Aircraft and helicopter fleet: 20 MiG-25, MiG-29, MiG-23 and MiG-27, Su-22, Mirage-Fl, 5 An-12, Il-76, RS-7, RS-9, Mi -24, Mi-8, Mi-17, Mi-6, SA-32, SA-330, SA-342L, Aluette-3.

Navy: about 2,000 people, 1 RCA project 205.

IRAN

Population 72 664 thousand people. Military budget $ 5.7 billion (1999). The regular forces are 513,000 people. Reserve (CB) 350,000 people Militarized formations (gendarmerie) 40,000 people. Acquisition: on call. Service life 21 months. Mob. resources 17.2 million people, including those fit for military service 10.2 million

Army Grounds: more than 325,000 people, 4 corps headquarters, 12 divisions (6 infantry, 4 armored, special forces, commandos), several brigades (including: air, landing, tank, infantry, commandos), 5 artillery groups. Armament: 40 launchers TR, 1,325 tanks (M47, M48, M60A1, Chieftain, T-55, T-59, T-62, T-72, Scorpion), 440 BMP-1 / -2, 550 BTR, 35 BRM, 1,550 towed guns (calibers 105, 122, 130, 152, 155 and 203.2 mm), 290 SG (122, 155, 170, 175 and 203.2 mm), 764 MLRS, about 6,500 mortars, over 800 anti-tank and 1,700 anti-aircraft weapons, including about 400 MANPADS, more than 633 helicopters (including 100 combat AN-1J) and 77 aircraft.

Ground Forces of the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps: about 100,000 people, 17 - 20 divisions (including 10 infantry, 2 armored and 5 mechanized), 15 - 20 separate brigades (4 artillery, missile, anti-aircraft missile, parachute, special forces, communications, engineer-sapper, chemical protection, infantry, armored, border and indoctrination units). Armament: about 470 tanks, 366 PA guns and 40 MLRS, 140 anti-aircraft weapons, 620 infantry fighting vehicles and armored personnel carriers.

Air Force: 45,000 people (including 15,000 in air defense), 307 b. with., b. v. no. Tactical units: 9 ibae, 7 itae, rae, 6 tae 17 zrdn. Aircraft and helicopter fleet: 60 F-4 (D and E), 60 F-5 (E and F), 30 Su-24, 60 F-14, 32 F-7, 35 MiG-29, 8 RF-4E, 5 P-3F, RC-130, 15 Boeing 707, Boeing 737, 9 Boeing 747F, 23 C-130 (E, H, MR), 15 F.27, 4 Falcon-20, 10 RS-6V, 26 Beach-R-ZZA, 10 EMV-312, 45 RS-7, 7 T-33, 20 F-5B, 8 TV-21, 4 TV-200, 2 AV-206A, 39 Bell 214C, 5 CH-47. 150 PU "Hawk", 30 "Rapier", 15 "Tigercat", 45 HQ-2J.

Navy: 43,000 people (including 25,000 in the Navy of the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps). FLEET: 3 submarines pr.877EKM, 3 SMPLs, 3 FR URO "Alvand", 2 KORV "Bayandor", 20 RCA (10 "Kombatant-3", 10 "Khudong"), more than 40 PKA, 13 DK (incl. h. 6 TDK), 6 KVP, 3 MTK, 38 APU (including 3 TN, 7 TR). AVIATION: About 2,000 people, aircraft - 22 (6 P-3F, 5 Do-228, 5 F-27, 4 F-4); helicopters - 15 (6 AV-212.6 ASH-3D, 3 RH-53D). MP: more than 2 600 people, 3 brigades. Rocket Forces: 4 brigades, more than ZOO PKRS-201 and S-801.

IRELAND

Population 3,723 thousand people. Military budget $ 725 million (2000). The regular forces are 11 460 people. Reserve 14,800 people, including Land Forces - 14,500 (1st stage - 500, 2nd - 14,000), Navy - 300. Recruitment: on a voluntary basis. Service life 36 months. Mob. resources 974.2 thousand people, including 790.2 thousand people fit for military service

SV: 9,300 people, 3 infantry brigades (each with 3 infantry brigades, an artillery regiment, a reconnaissance battalion and a sapper company), an anti-aircraft artillery regiment, a ranger company, and a light tank battalion. Reserve: 4 army groups, 18 infantry battalions, 6 artillery regiments, 3 reconnaissance battalions, 3 engineering battalions, 3 anti-aircraft batteries. Armament: 14 light tanks "Scorpion", 47 armored personnel carriers, 54 armored personnel carriers, 66 PA guns, 468 mortars, 21 PU ATGM "Milan", 26 ZAU, 7 MANPADS RBS-70.

Air Force: 1,060 people, 7 b. with., b. v. no. Tactical units: 3 air units (2 combat training and communications), 4 military units. Aircraft and helicopter fleet: 7 SF-260WE, 2 CN-235MP, 6 Cessna FR-172 modifications H and K, 8 SA-316B, 5 SA-365F1, 2 SA-342L.

Navy: 1,100 people, 7 spacecraft, 2 CN-235 aircraft, 5 SA-365F helicopters.

ICELAND

Population 283 thousand people. Military budget $ 19 million (2000). There are no regular aircraft. Paramilitary formations (BOKHR) 120 people. Mob. resources 71 thousand people, including 62.6 thousand people fit for military service

BOHR: 120 people, 3 PK, 3 PS, F-27 aircraft, 3 helicopters (SA-365N, SA-332, AS-350B).

SPAIN

Population 39 237 thousand people. Military budget $ 7 billion (2000). The regular forces are 166,050 people. Reserve 447,900 people, including Land Forces - 436,000, Air Force - 8,000, Navy - 3,900. Militarized formations 75,760 people, including Civil Guard - 75,000, forces of observation of the situation at sea - 760. Acquisition: on call. Service life 9 months. Mob. resources of 10.4 million people, including 8.3 million people fit for military service

SV: 100,000 people, 8 regional operational commands, a mechanized division, 9 combined-arms brigades (2 armored cavalry, 3 light infantry, mountain infantry, airmobile, airborne, brigade of the “Spanish legion”), 2 regiments of the “Spanish legion”, 3 garrisons on the islands, artillery brigade, engineering brigade, AA brigade, 2 coastal artillery regiments, 3 special operations battalions, 6 anti-aircraft artillery regiments. Armament: 665 tanks (of which 108 "Leopard-2 A4"), 340 armored personnel carriers, 14 infantry fighting vehicles, 1,624 armored personnel carriers, 457 towed artillery guns and 202 self-propelled guns, 14 MLRS, 409 120-mm mortars, 1,314 82-mm mortars , 442 PU ATGM "Milan", 28 HOT, 200 TOU, more than 638 ZA guns, 24 PU SAM "Improved Hawk", 18 "Roland", 13 "Skyguard Aspide", 108 MANPADS "Mistral", 174 helicopters (of which 28 shock), 2 radar AN / TPQ-36.

Air Force: 29 100 people (including 11,000 average words), 211 b. with., b. v. no. Tactical units: 7 Ibae, 5 Iae air defense, times, bpae, Yutae, 6 air support, 10 Utae, Vae PSP. Aircraft and helicopter fleet: 90 EF-18A and B, 35 F-5B, 66 Mirage-Fl (modifications CF, BE and EE), 14 RF-4C, 7 P-ZA and B, 4 Boeing 707, 7 C -130Н, 5 КС-130Н, 78 С-212, 2 Cessna 560, 74 С-101,15 CL-215, 5 "Falcon-20S", "Falcon-50", 2 "Fal-con-900", 3 F.27.37 E-26.20 CN-235.5 E-20.25 E-24.5 SA-330, 16 AS-332, 13 Hughes 300, 8 S-76C.

Navy: 36 950 people (including 10,700 average words, 830 women) and 7,900 citizens. ate .; fleet, 4 VMZ. FLEET: flotillas: escort (3 squadrons), submarine and mine-sweeping forces; groups: aviation and amphibious forces; 8 PL (4 "Agosta", 4 "Daphne"), 1 AVL "Prince of Asturias", 17 FR URO (6 "Santa Maria", 5 "Ba-leares", 6 "Descubierta"), 6 PC (4 " Serviola, Chilro, Alboran), 26 PKA (including 10 Anaga, 6 Barcelo), 11 MTK (1 Egressive, 6 Adjutant, 4 Segura), 4 DK (1 DVKD "Galicia", 2 TDK "Newport", 1 DVTR "Paul River"), 12 DKA, 1 RZK, 1 OIS, 6 GISU, 2 TNZ, 3 TN, 3 TR, 1 SS, 3 diving vessels , 4 training sailing ships, 5 BUK. AVIATION: 700 people Aircraft - 17 EAV-8B / 8B + (Shae), 3 Site-2 (NPP); helicopters: 11 SH-3D / G / H (ae PLV), 6 SH-60B (ae PLV), 10 AV-212 and 4 AV-204 (ae PSP), 10 Hughes 500 (utae). MARINE INFANTRY: 6,900 people Brigade (3,000 people, 2 infantry battalions, 1 supply battalion, 3 PA batteries), 5 garrison groups. Armament: 33 tanks (16 M60AZ, 17 "Scorpion"), 51 armored personnel carriers (16 LVTP-7, 35 BLR), 12 BG M-56, 6 SG M-109A, 54 106-mm recoilless guns, 30 launchers ATGM (12 TOU, 18 "Dragon"), 12 PU SAM "Mistral".

ITALY

Population 57 930 thousand people. Military budget $ 16 billion (2000). The regular forces are 250 600 people. Reserve 65,200 people, including Land Forces - 11,900, Air Force - 30,300, Navy - 23,000. Militarized formations 252,500 people, including troops of the Carabinieri -110,000, Ministry of Internal Affairs - 79,000 , financial guard - 63,500. Recruitment: by conscription. Service life 10 months. Mob. resources 14.1 million people, including those fit for military service 12.2 million

SV: 153,000 people Operational command headquarters, 3 headquarters of military districts, SBR (mechanized, airborne assault and airborne brigades, amphibious and engineer regiments, AA regiment), Alpine troops (3 Alpine brigades, an engineer regiment, AA regiment, Alpine parachute battalion) , 2 defensive forces command (2 tank, 4 mechanized and armored cavalry brigades, 2 engineering regiments, AA regiment), operational forces support command (anti-aircraft artillery division: 3 Hawk SAM regiments, 2 anti-aircraft artillery regiments; artillery brigade: heavy artillery regiment , 3 artillery regiments, ZOMP regiment; AA division: 2 regiments and 2 AA battalions). Armament: 1,398 tanks (of which 868 "Leopard-1"), 2,647 armored personnel carriers, 895 PA guns (including 231 self-propelled calibers 155 and 203 mm), 22 MLRS MLRS, about 2,045 mortars, 434 80- mm recoilless guns, 60 Hok missile launchers, 112 Stinger MANPADS, 361 helicopters (of which 45 A-129 shock), 432 TOU-2V ATGM launchers, 752 Milan ATGM launchers, 12 aircraft.

Air Force: 59 600 people (including 17,800 average food), 336 b. with., b. v. no. Tactical subdivisions: 8 Ibae, 5 Iae Air Defense, 2 AE BPA, AE EW, AE aircraft laboratories, 3 TAE, 3 NPP, UTAE VAE PSP, 20 Zrdn. Aircraft and helicopter fleet: 116 "Tornado-IDS, -ADV, -ESK", 65 P-U4A8A (35 more in operation), 6TR-104O (12 more in operation), 104 AMX, 73 MV-339.14 MB-339CD, 14 Atlantic (4 more in res.), 4 Boeing 707-320, 15 С-130Н, 39 G-222, 2 DC9-32, 2 Gulfstream-3, 3 Falcon-50 , 7 R-166, 5 R-180, 7 PD-808, 26 SF-260M, 29 SIAI-208, 21 HH-3F, 1 SH-3D, 27 AB-212, 51 NH-500D. Air defense 6 air defense missile "Nike - Hercules", 14 air defense complex "Spada".

Navy: 38,000 people (incl. 11,000 Wed ate); Fleet, 5 territorial commands, SSO. FLEET: 3 squadrons, a flotilla of corvettes, command of submarine and mine-sweeping forces, aviation. 8 PL (4 "Sauro", 4 "Advanced Sauro"), 1 AVL "Garibaldi", 1 CR "V. Veneto ", 4 EM URO (2" De la Penne ", 2" Audache "), 16 FR URO (8" Maestrale ", 4" Lupo ", 4" Artilieres "), 8 KORV" Minerva ", 8 PC ( 2 "Bambu", 4 "Cassiopeia", 2 "Egressive"), 3 PKA "Esploratore", 3 DVD "San Giorgio", 26 DKA, 1 ShK MTS, 12 MTK (4 "Leri-chi", 8 "Gaeta "), 45 APU (including 8 TR, 3 TNZ, 14 TN, 5 OS, 3 OIS, 2 SS, 3 PM, 2 diving ships), 5 training ships (including 2 sailing), 51 BUK (including 43 raid ones). MTR: groups: special purpose (3), combat swimmers (1). AVIATION: 2,500 people Squadrons: aircraft - 1 shae; helicopters - 5 ae PLV, 1 ae TDV. Aircraft -18 (16 AV-8B, 2 TAV-8B); helicopters - 81 (26 SH-3D / H, 51 AB-212.4 EH-101). MP: 1,000 people, armament - 30 VCC-1 armored personnel carriers, 10 LVTP-7 armored personnel carriers, 16 81-mm mortars, 8 106-mm BZOs, 6 PU ATGM "Milan".

YEMEN

Population 17 766 thousand people. Military budget $ 374 million (1999). The regular forces are 66 300 people. Reserve (CB) 40,000 people Militarized formations of 70,000 people, including the forces of the Ministry of National Security - 50,000, armed detachments of tribes - 20,000. Recruiting: upon conscription. Service life 36 months. Mob. resources 3.8 million people, including 2.1 million fit for military service

SV: 61,000 people, 45 brigades (9 armored, special forces, 18 infantry, 7 mechanized, 3 missile, 2 airborne and 5 artillery), security forces, 3 anti-aircraft and 4 anti-aircraft missile divisions. Armament: 18 launchers OTR, 12 launchers TR, 990 tanks (T-34, T-55, T-62, M60), 200 armored personnel carriers, 200 infantry fighting vehicles, 440 armored personnel carriers, 412 towed guns, 36 100-mm coastal artillery guns, 185 MLRS, more than 71 ATGM launchers, 370 ZU calibers 20.23, 37, 57 and 85 mm, 30 SU-100 self-propelled guns, 600 mortars.

Air Force: 3,500 people, 49 b. with. (40 more in res.), 8 b. v. Aircraft and helicopter fleet: 12 F-5 E and B, 16 Su-20, 15 MiG-21, 5 MiG-29, 2 An-12, 4 An-26, 3 S-130N, 4 Il-14, 3 Il -76, 14 Yak-11, 2 AV-212, AV-47, AV-214, 14 Mi-8, 8 Mi-35.

Navy: 1,800 people (including 500 in the MP), 5 RSA (3 "Haunfen", 2 pr. 1241), 3 large ("Brodsward") and 5 small (pr. 1400) PKA, 1 TDK pr. 775, 2 MDK pr. I 76, 6 MTK (1 pr. 266ME, 5 pr. 1258), 2 TN, 2 TR.

Meaning, definition and interpretation of the word

ARMED FORCES OF THE STATE- these are land, sea and air military formations. To V.S.G. also includes the combined contingents of the armed forces under international command, which are created on the basis of the provisions Of the CharterUN or regional organizations. V.S.G. consist of combatants and non-combatants... V.S.G. limited in the choice of means and methods of warfare. The norms of international law prohibit the conduct of armed actions against the civilian population, civilian objects, objects with cultural values, and cause serious damage to the natural environment.

FOREIGN ARMED FORCES- these are military units and formations present on the territory of a foreign state. Such presence is legitimate in the event of an agreement on this between the respective states or in the event of the defeat of the troops of the aggressor and entry into its territory. The legal status of V.s.i. in the first case, it is determined by special international agreements between the sending and receiving states of the armed forces, in the second - by the regime military occupation.

UNITED NATIONS ARMED FORCES- these are coalition forces formed from national military contingents provided by the UN member states at the disposal of the UN Security Council, used by its decision and under its leadership in the implementation of coercive measures to maintain or restore international peace and security. For this purpose, the UN Charter obliges all members of the Organization to make available to the UN Security Council, at its request and in accordance with a special agreement or agreements, armed forces, assistance and appropriate facilities (Article 43). Such coalition forces, as follows from the Charter, are not permanent and are formed at the request of the UN Security Council and on the basis of its decision to use force in a specific situation. The legal basis for the allocation of national contingents at the disposal of the UN Security Council should be the aforementioned agreements concluded between the Council, on the one hand, and individual members or groups of UN members, on the other, subject to ratification by the signatory states in accordance with their constitutional procedures. The UN Security Council should be assisted by the Military Staff Committee, consisting of the chiefs of staff of the permanent members of the Council or their representatives, in terms of planning the use and command of coalition forces.

In practice, the provisions of the UN Charter on the procedure for the formation and use of armed forces under the command of the UN have not yet been applied, not a single stipulated by Art. 43 agreements between the UN Security Council and member states on the provision of military contingents were not signed, and the Military Staff Committee does not fulfill the functions assigned to it by the Charter. This was largely due to the political and ideological contradictions of the Cold War period, and later due to the financial and organizational problems faced by the UN. As a palliative measure, UN-flagged military contingents are used within the framework of peacekeeping operations.

EDUCATIONAL AND EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES:

1. To study the organization, armament, combat capabilities and order of battle of formations and units of the armed forces of the United States, China and the combined armed forces of NATO;

2. To instill in students confidence in the need to know the organization of formations and units of a potential enemy.

TIME: 2 hours

PLACE: class

METHOD: group lesson

MATERIAL SUPPORT: Foreign armies (reference book), presentation, multimedia.

REFERENCES: Foreign armies.

TIMING:

I. INTRODUCTORY PART- 5 minutes.

II. MAIN PART- 75 minutes

Study questions:

1. The principles of building US military communications systems,

China and NATO. - min.

2. Methods of organizing radio communications in the US armed forces,

China and NATO. - min.

3. Organization of communications in the US Army Corps and Divisions. - min.

III. FINAL PART- 5 minutes.

LESSON PROCESS:

I. INTRODUCTORY PART

· I accept the report of the platoon duty officer, check the presence, appearance and readiness of students for the lesson;

· I check the awareness of students in matters of the international situation of our state;

· I declare the topic and educational purpose of the lesson, the order of its conduct.

II. MAIN PART

Introduction

Communication with the use of modern technical means is the material and technical basis of the command and control system of troops and weapons.

To organize channels, lines and directions of communication in automated command and control systems for troops and weapons (ACSUVO), communication technology and automated control systems (ACS) are used. The structure of communication technology and ACS includes the following groups of equipment:

Communication means are technical means that transmit and (or) receive messages, process and (or) store information in military communication systems. In the vocabulary of military signalmen, along with the expression “communications equipment”, terms such as “communications complex” (KSS) and “technical means complex” (KTS) are used.

Automation tools are technical devices designed for collecting, processing, storing, displaying and documenting information, as well as for exchanging data in an automated command and control system for troops and weapons.

Communication means and ACS - means intended for power supply, maintenance, mechanization of work during their deployment and operation.

Mobile courier and postal means are vehicles (land, water, air) intended for the delivery of secret documents (orders, combat orders and other documents) and postal items (letters, parcels, translations and periodicals).

Signaling means are means for giving pre-set commands and signals. Signaling means are sound and lighting. With their help, commands, reports, call signals, transfer or ceasefire signals, target designation signals, mutual identification, designation of their troops, ensuring the interaction of units and subunits, and alerts are transmitted. As lighting equipment used: signal flares, smoke bombs, lanterns, flags, sound - sirens, whistles, beeps.

Radio intelligence means are technical means intended for conducting radio intelligence.

Electronic warfare and radio countermeasures are technical means intended for electronic warfare and radio countermeasures to enemy control and communications systems.

Academic question number 1"Principles of building military communication systems

USA, China and NATO Joint Armed Forces ".

Military satellite communications systems

Features, systems

Satellite communication systems in the interests of the armed forces in capitalist states, primarily in the United States, began to be developed in the 60s. To date, considerable experience has been accumulated in the operation of the SSS and certain views have been formed on their use in order to control the armed forces.

The main advantages of such systems:

operational deployment and communication through the seas, deserts, mountains, territories occupied by the enemy;

low dependence of communication on the time of year, day, atmospheric interference, nuclear explosions

(especially in the ranges of CMB and MMV);

the efficiency of restoring communication in the main directions in case of damage to the ground communication network in the theater of operations;

the ability to have small-sized stations to provide communication at almost any distance, reducing the number of personnel, etc.

A serious drawback of SSS is the possibility of physical destruction of satellites, the organization of deliberate interference and insufficient secrecy of transmissions.

In the opinion of American specialists, the SSS, in terms of its tactical and economic capabilities, is the main means of strategic communication in a unified automated command and control system. The issue of the use of the SSS in the tactical level and control of nuclear forces was also positively resolved.

Specialized military SSS are built, as a rule, on common satellites for the Air Force, Navy and Land Forces and the development of "their own" AP fleet. Basic requirements for military SSS:

command and control of troops and weapons anywhere in the world, including areas occupied by the enemy;

ensuring high survivability of satellites in orbit and noise immunity of communication channels when exposed to electronic warfare;

tolerance of inefficient use of frequency bands and transmission capacity of repeaters in the interests of meeting the requirements for stability of communication and control;

providing multi-station access to a large number of mobile APs (including aircraft and shipborne ones) with a relatively small channel capacity under conditions of deliberate interference;

ensuring the secrecy of information transfer and protection of the system from disorganization of its work by the enemy, etc.

With the development and improvement of military SSS, the views, in particular, on the efficiency of using the resource of frequency bands, bandwidth, economic efficiency of these systems were revised towards tightening.

At present, the armed forces of capitalist states widely use commercial SCS on lease, and some countries, for example France, are creating systems for commercial and military purposes, placing repeaters on the same satellites.

The armed forces of the United States, NATO, England, France, Italy, in addition to leasing commercial SSS channels, have created, are improving and developing new specialized SSS of the armed forces: NATO, DSCS, Flitsatcom, Leasat, Afsatcom, Milstar, Sicral, Scynet, etc.

NATO satellite communications system (NATO)

The system is designed to control the armed forces of NATO of the countries of Western Europe and a significant part of the Atlantic Ocean region and provides communication between the top military leadership of the NATO bloc and the command of the combined and national armed forces of the NATO countries.

Work on the creation of the NATO SSS began in 1966. The first satellite was launched in 1970. The system is interfaced with the military SSS of Great Britain and the United States. In 1986, the system included third-generation NATO-3 satellites, 21 stationary and several mobile ES, two control centers - the main and the reserve. Stationary stations are installed in NATO countries, mobile ones are used to serve the NATO command when they move from stationary control points.

NATO-3 satellites were developed by Ford Aerospace Communications Corpor

The NATO-3D satellite was launched in 1984.

The system operates in digital transmission modes with time division multiplexing.

Used four-position phase modulation, multiple access FDC.

The throughput capacity is about 682 TF (32 kbps), 400 TT channels and about 200 medium-speed data transmission channels. The system operates in the 8/7 GHz band.

The NATO-3 CCC is managed by a special subsystem that provides centralized control of:

the total radiated power of the ES;

emitted power and carrier transmission rate;

the number of channels organized on one carrier.

The control subsystem automatically receives control information from each ES, compares it with the database stored in the computer, and generates the corresponding control commands.

Every 2 s, both control centers receive data from all stations and satellites on the state of the equipment and on the operation of communication lines. At the same interval, these centers transmit commands to control the power of carriers and traffic configurations in the ES network. The automated control system can significantly increase the efficiency of the communication system.

Work is underway to improve the third generation system. The improved NATO-4 system will have a capacity of up to 4000 TF channels and higher energy potentials of radio links.

In addition to transceiving equipment, earth stations contain a multifunctional automated command and control system. This system collects information about the state of the equipment, communication channels, emitted and received signal power, processes it, issues it to the operator's workplace and exchanges control information with the system control centers. Several variants of communication schemes are stored in the memory device of the ZS, which are used depending on the operational situation. The stations operate in digital mode.

The park of stationary air stations includes both modernized previously developed and new stations.

The diameters of the antennas of these stations are 12.8 and 14.2, respectively; transmitter power 5 kW;

EIRP 94 ... 95 dBW, quality factor of the receiving system 34 dB / K.

Mobile stations have antennas with a diameter of 6.4 m, EIRP - 86 ... 88 dBW, the quality factor of the receiving system is 27 dB / K.

Trunks with a bandwidth of 17 and 85 MHz are used in the European zone; a 50 MHz barrel is used throughout the service area.

Satellite communication system DSCS (USA)

The DSCS satellite system is the primary global communications system for the US Department of Defense and selected government agencies. The main purpose of the DSCS system is to provide telephone and other channels for US military and government operations outside of them.

It provides reliable communications for stationary bases as well as mobile subscribers

strategic and tactical levels of management. In general, the ССС DSCS meets the communication needs of the global operational command and control system of the US Armed Forces, military-political leadership, ground mobile forces, diplomatic communication systems, communications systems of the country's Defense Ministry and allies.

DSCS system subscribers have priority:

the president and the military-political leadership; committee of chiefs of staff; joint and special command; other departments of the Ministry of Defense, as well as NATO countries.

The DSCS system was created and is being modernized in the interests of the three branches of the military and government agencies. The US DoD Communications Office is responsible for overall program management and system design principles.

By 1986, the system had about 400 ZS. The largest number of them is used in the tactical echelon and is associated with the mobile ground forces program, where the Land Forces, the Air Force and the Marine Corps can use up to 200 ZS.

In the DSCS-2 system, 16 satellites were manufactured, two of which were launched into the GSO together with the DSCS-3 satellites. The system contains four working satellites in orbit and up to three standby satellites.

Multi-station access in the DSCS-2 system with CHRK and KKK, in DSCS-3 CHRK, KKK and VRK.

The DSCS-3 system was the defining SSS MO in the 80s and early 90s. It is fully converted to digital channels at a rate of 2.4; 4.8; 16; 32 and 48 bps. The main operating frequency range is 8/7 GHz.

The satellite is additionally equipped with a barrel of the DCV range of 0.4 / 0.2 GHz in the interests of the Afsatcom system. The issues of the possibility and feasibility of developing the system in the range of 7 ... 14 GHz are discussed. In the opinion of US specialists, this will significantly increase the noise immunity of the communication channels of the system, and, if necessary, use satellites of commercial systems in the 14/11 GHz range.

Earth stations, depending on the antenna diameter, are divided into: large (18.3), medium (12.2 m) and small (6.1 m), and according to their intended purpose, they are at the stations of strategic and tactical control links.

To increase the noise protection of the channels, the system uses pseudo-noise modulation methods, AN / USC-28 noise protection equipment with a random frequency tuning law (PFC). The level of interference protection is up to 28 dB at a data transfer rate in the 2.4 kbps channel.

When operating in several directions, the nodal ES of the strategic link provide simultaneous transmission of up to 9 and reception of up to 15 separate carrier frequencies (ES AN / FSC-78, AN / GSC-39, AN / TSC-85), and the tactical link in several directions of the ES The AN / TSC-85A provides simultaneous communication with four AN / TSC-93A stations.

The ship stations in the CCC DSCS centimeter wave range are AN / WSC-2 and AN / WSC-6.

The AN / WSC-2 station includes the OM-55 / WSC-2 modem, which provides operation in the MDVRK or CDKRK modes. The AN / WSC-2 station has two modifications and is intended for use on large (with a 2.4 m antenna) and small (with a 1.2 m antenna) surface ships. The quality factor of the receiving systems of the stations is 17 and 12 dB / K ,. and the EIRP is 76 and 6.8 dBW, respectively. The number of telephone and telegraph channels is six for stations with an antenna of 2.4 m and three for stations with an antenna of 1.2 m. The station has not become widespread due to its large overall characteristics.

A more advanced station is the AN / WSC-6 station with an antenna 1.2 m in diameter, a receiving system quality factor of 11 dB / K and an EIRP of 75 dBW.

The station is designed to operate in both DSCS-2 and DSCS-3 systems. The weight of the station in the package is 635 kg, its modem ensures operation in conditions of interference and disturbance of the propagation environment.

On the DSCS-2 satellite, the switching of trunks with airborne antennas makes it possible to provide communication zones: global coverage - global coverage, global coverage - local and area coverage, local and area coverage - global coverage; local and area coverage - local and area coverage.

The maximum speed of the satellite in orbit is 15 ° per day. The satellite is stabilized by rotation.

The positions of the satellites on the GSS: 12 and 135 ° W. d., 60 and 175 ° E etc.

On the DSCS-3 satellite, antenna switching along the repeater shafts allows simultaneous global reception along the same shafts with information concentration in a separate area with transmission through an antenna with a high gain. The ability to switch trunks to an MLA, a global antenna pattern, or a high-gain parabolic antenna is one of the most important characteristics of the operational flexibility of organizing communications via the DSCS-3 satellite. Multi-beam antennas completely allow the formation of communication zones of almost any configuration, and at the reception to provide a "zero" radiation pattern to the source of interference. Satellite stabilization is triaxial.

The positions of the satellites in the GSO are: 12, 42.5, 52.5 and 135 ° W, 60 and 175 ° E. etc.

Flitsatcom satellite communication system (USA)

The system is designed to serve the naval forces. However, its satellites are used in the interests of the air force and ground forces, as well as presidential communications. The system provides communication in areas from 70 ° S. NS. up to 70 ° N NS.

Flitsatcom satellite communication in the interests of the Navy provides: the transmission of warning signals (on one subcarrier 15 channels are compressed in time at 75 bit / s at a group rate of 1200 bit / s. The notification signal from the coast station (AN / FSC-79) is transmitted to the satellite, where is transformed, and on the satellite - Earth section is transmitted in the DTSV range.The satellite has two channels for transmitting warning signals - the main and the reserve one.

transmission of general subscriber digital information and automated communication.

Two networks are usually deployed in the coverage area of ​​one satellite. Two channels are allocated on the satellite. Information transfer rate 2400 bit / s; transmission of data and telephone messages to submarines (submarines). The submarine uses AN / WSC-3 (V) stations. The information transfer rate is 2400 bit / s.

Each satellite is allocated one channel for information exchange. The satellite can operate up to 60 subscribers in the communication zone; transmission of information during combat operations against submarines. The AN / ARC-143B station is used as coastal and air (on aircraft) based stations. Up to 60 subscribers can work in the network; the exchange of tactical information of the network in which the naval command centers operate with the command centers of the special forces; transmission of tactical reconnaissance information, including classified telephone information in the ship-to-ship, ship-to-shore and shore-to-ship sectors. Information processing in the channel is carried out on a computer. Coastal stations AN / WSC-5 (V) and subscriber stations AN / WSC-3 (V) operate in the network. The information transfer rate is 2400 bit / s. There are two channels on each satellite.

The system has the following characteristics: customer service - 4 simplex input / output channels; number of priorities - 5; information transfer rate -75; 300 and 600 bps; 1.2; 2.4 and 4.8 kbps; packet transmission rate in the line - 2.4; 9.6; 19.2 and 32 kbps; control over the service line from the main station to the subscriber station, from the subscriber station to the main one - 75 bit / s at the input / output; the efficiency of the MDVRK system is 80%; the probability of bit errors at the signal-to-noise ratio equal to 9.2 dB, -13% at the error probability per bit of information -10-5; number of subscribers and satellite channels - 18; two service channels; the number of selectable frame formats -514 (minimum).

Improvement of the Flitsatcom system is carried out in the direction of the introduction of MDVRK and the distribution of channels between subscribers at their request. The procedure for using multiple access with system resource allocation on demand is similar to using a telephone, since the only actions on the part of the operator to obtain a channel are to set the address and priority; the allocation of resources goes through the main stations in the system.

The system of multiple access with resource allocation on demand makes it possible to use individual satellite channels in such a way that a channel currently serving one functional network can serve several functional networks. Each subscriber uses the channel in accordance with the distribution of time intervals allocated to him by the main station for monitoring and controlling the network.

The subscriber set, providing the mode of operation of the MDVRK with the distribution of channels on demand, gives access to the satellite on the basis of priorities while maintaining the quality of service. All subscribers can be provided with channels with a width of 5, 25 and 500 kHz, depending on which channel most fully meets their requirements. Subscribers are provided with almost immediate access to the satellite and great opportunities for the options for establishing communication. The number of stations in the system in the interests of the Navy is about 600.

The main parameters of Flitsatcom satellites are as follows:

The year of the launch of the first satellite ................... 1978

Standing points on the GSO, deg ..................... 100 and 23 z. d., 71.5 and 172 c. etc.

Satellite diameter, m .................................. 2.4

The mass of the satellite in orbit, kg .................... 912

Launch vehicle ........................................... "Atlas - Centaur"

SEP power, W .................................... 1200

Time of active existence, years ....... 10

Range, GHz ............................................. 8 / -; 0.4 / 0.2

(reception - 290 ... 320 MHz, transmission - 240 ... 270 MHz)

Number of channels .......................... ....... ........... 23

Barrel output power, W ................ 40, 10

EIRP of the barrel, dBW .................................. 26 - for eight channels of 25 kHz;

28 - for two channels of 25 kHz;

27 - for 500 kHz channel,

16.5 - for 12 channels at 5 kHz

The quality factor of the receiving system, dB / K .... -16 - CMV, -18 - DCV

Antenna gain, dB:

appointment.............. . ................................ 16- CMV (mouthpiece); 12.6 - DCV (18-turn spiral)

to transmit ............................... ............. 17 (antenna diameter 4.9 m)

Polarization ............................................... circular

On satellites Flitsatcom VII and VIII, an additional 44/20 GHz trunk is installed.

Stations of the DCV range have a mode of operation in the line of sight, bypassing the satellite. In stationary conditions, these stations use antennas with a gain of 18 dB.

For the Flitsatcom family of satellites (Flitsatcom -A, B, C), the US administration announced the following points for coordination on the GSO: 15, 23, 70, 100, 105.145, 177 ° W. d. and 28, 70, 72, 75, 77 and 172 ° E etc.

Flitsatcom satellites, on board of which are equipped with MMV range trunks (Flitsatcom-B, C), use stations located on ships, planes, cars and in a stationary version in terrestrial networks. The operating range on the Earth-satellite section is 43.5 ... 45.5 GHz, and on the satellite-to-Earth section it is 20.2 ... 21.2 GHz.

The first Flitsatcom satellite B (VII) was launched in 1986.

Stationary, mobile and ship stations have antennas with a diameter of 0.6 m and the quality factor of the receiving systems, respectively, 9 and 10 dB / K. Aircraft-based stations have antennas with a diameter of 0.5 m and a receiving system Q-factor of 8 dB / K. Spectral power density ЗС-36 W / Hz. The same stations are used in the Milstar system.

The stations of the spacecraft of the MMV range have the following characteristics: the service area is global; the maximum gain of the global antenna is 18 dB, the highly directional (receiving) antenna is 34 dB, the "aiming" point of the highly directional airborne antenna changes according to a pseudo-random law over 37 zones, the polarization is circular; the transmitter power of the repeater barrel is about 20 W; the spectral power density of the RTR radiation is estimated at 47 W / Hz.

Leasat satellite communication system (USA)

The commercial system, leased by the US Department of Defense, is used by the Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force and Ground Force. The system includes four operational and one standby satellite and controls. To coordinate all satellite operations, the command system is linked to the Naval Space Operations Command Center in Dalgren, Virginia.

The Leasat system is envisioned to replace Flitsatcom satellites when they are decommissioned.

The complex of APs used in the system is the same as in the Flitsatcom system. Four satellites were launched into GSO in 1984 and 1985. The main parameters of the Leasat satellites are as follows:

The year of the launch of the first satellite ................... 1984

Diameter, m ............................................... .. ..4,26

Height, m ​​............................................... .. .... 6.17

Mass in orbit, kg .................................... 1315

Launch vehicle .................................... ........ "Shuttle"

SEP power, W .................................... 1240

Time of active existence, years ....... 7

Frequency range, GHz ................................. 7.25 ... 7.5; 7.975 ... 8.025; 0.4 ... 0.2

Number of channels ............................................. 6 to 25 kHz; 5 to 5 kHz; 1 x 500 kHz; 1 x 25 kHz, circus, channel

EIRP, dBW ............................................... 26 for channels with a bandwidth of 25 kHz; 16.5 for 5 kHz channels; 28 for 500 kHz channels

Quality factor of the receiving system, dB / K .... -18; -twenty

Antenna gain, dB ......... 16 - CMB; 12 .... 14 - DCV

Polarization ................................................ Circular

Warning signals on the Earth - SC section are transmitted in the CMB range, and on the SC - Earth section - in DCV.

Satellite communication system Afsatcom (USA)

The Afsatcom satellite communications system of the United States Air Force is designed to provide control in the interests of the military-political leadership, the committee of chiefs

headquarters, commanders-in-chief, command of nuclear forces and a number of priority bonents.

The development of the system began in 1973, operation in the army from 1978-1979. System

allows you to control strategic forces in conventional and emergency

conditions. The stations of the system are installed at ground and air command posts (CP) of the Strategic Aviation Command (SAC), missile control centers, and aircraft.

The system does not have independent satellites. Its repeaters are deployed on Flitsatcom, SDS, Leasat, DSCS-3 satellites and a number of satellites for various purposes as a "passing" load.

The repeater is a 12-channel unit with a channel bandwidth of 5 kHz. The operating frequency range is 225 ... 400 MHz. The satellites of the SDS system have an orbit similar to the orbit of the USSR satellite Molniya, and provide control of strategic forces primarily in polar latitudes.

The first two SDS satellites were launched in 1976.

In addition to 12 RTR channels of the SDS satellite, in the interests of the Afsatcom system, it organizes a two-way telegraph channel (75 bit / s). Communication lines have protection against interference, provided by the use of frequency hopping. Broadband channels in the trunks of Flitsatcom and Leasat repeaters can provide simultaneous telegraph operation (75 bit / s) to 14 subscribers. The channel, if necessary, can be released from the work of these subscribers and used by priority as a digital vocoder channel for direct communication of the president.

The AN / ARC-171 transceiver is the same for the entire Afsatcom DTSV ZS family.

The station, in addition to the transceiver, includes a modem and a satellite channel control unit. Its overall dimensions are 95 x 146 x 165, and its weight is 1.7 kg.

The AN / ASC-21 station provides simultaneous operation on five channels, of which two duplex channels operate in the 500 kHz satellite channel band, one duplex channel - in the 5 kHz satellite channel band, and two half-duplex channels - also in the 5 kHz band. Transmitters (five) with an output power of 100 W (ЗС AN / ARC-171) can alternately be connected to amplifiers with an output power of 1000 W. Station antennas (two transmitting and one transmitting-receiving) are made in the form of flat phased arrays and are installed in the upper part of the fuselage under their own fairings.

The AN / USC-39 station provides data or TG channel transmission at a rate of 75 bit / s, and when equipped with special modems, it can provide data transmission or telephone communication over one channel up to 2400 bit / s.

The transceiver of the AN / ARC-171 station is used as a transceiver. The station is used by other types of the US Armed Forces.

The Afsatcom system also uses AN / ASC-28 and AN / ASC-30 aircraft stations in the CMB and MMB bands.

Station AN / GCS-43, in addition to the Air Force, is used by other types of the US Armed Forces. The station includes two duplex transceivers, a modem, a teletype printer, an antenna tracking unit, an antenna system with a scanned antenna (antenna has a high gain) and controls.

The AN / GSC-44 station contains a transceiver, a modem providing one channel for transmitting and three for receiving, two teleprinters (printing devices) operating only for receiving, an antenna system and controls. Used by troops operating under a single operational plan.

AN / TSC-88 is a mobile station and is used as a satellite control station. The station is also used by troops operating according to a single operational plan. Provides communication over five channels.

Further expansion of the tasks of the Afsatcom system and the improvement of methods for transmitting and receiving information is planned to be carried out in the Milstar system. At present, the number of stations in the Afsatcom system is over 1000.

Satellite communication system Milstar (USA)

The Milstar (Military Strategic Tactical and Ralay) satellite communications system is being created as a unified satellite communications system for the US Armed Forces, providing control, reporting and communications in extreme wartime conditions. During its creation, the development of elements was carried out to ensure the functioning of the system under the influence of nuclear weapons. Satellites have protection against attack in space, against radiation in a nuclear war and laser radiation, a long period of autonomous operation, and a high level of protection against interference.

The system is designed to service nuclear forces at the strategic level and to solve control and communications problems at the tactical level and is part of the program for modernizing the strategic forces of the US Department of Defense in order to ensure the provision of minimum vital communications equipment during a crisis.

It is expected that the space segment of the system will include eight satellites, of which four will be located in the GSO and four in circular inclined orbits, providing communications in northern latitudes. Seven points on the GSO have been announced for coordination in the IFRB preliminary publication for Milstar networks. The satellites will be able to exchange information flows among themselves via inter-satellite communication channels. In 1983, the military department presented a contract in the amount of $ 1.05 billion. to develop Milstar satellites for 5 years.

The system uses the MMV and DCV ranges. The decimeter range and methods of information transmission in it are chosen the same as in Flitsatcom and Afsatcom systems. Inter-satellite communication is supposed to be carried out in the 60 GHz range, and communication on the Earth-to-satellite and satellite-to-Earth links, respectively, at frequencies: 43.5 ... 45.5 GHz and 20.2 ... 21.2 GHz. It is planned to fully process signals in the on-board repeater and their dynamic switching, including between repeaters of the MMV and DCV ranges.

Multiple access method on the Earth-satellite-FDMA section, on the satellite-Earth-TDMA section. The system provides for work on the principle of loose channels. The information transfer rate in the channels is 75 and 2400 bit / s. The number of subscriber networks provided by one satellite in the MMV range is 50 ... 100. Anti-jamming method - frequency hopping and spatial selection of on-board antennas and ZS antennas. On board the satellite in the IIM range, it is supposed to have antenna arrays for receiving and transmitting with the possibility of zeroing the receiving antenna pattern in the direction of interference. The transmitting antenna will be characterized by fast beam switching, spatial addition and power concentration on the satellite-to-Earth link. In addition to the MLA, separate highly directional and wide-angle (“global”) antennas will be used. On this section of the radio link, it is planned to use a double FM.

The satellite processor (resource controller) will ensure the management of its resource throughput of the satellite, routing of information flows from subscribers, control of these flows, including through inter-satellite channels, responses to requests of priority subscribers, access to the network, etc. This will allow the system to function in conditions of defeat ground-based control centers. The processor is able to change the structure of communication networks depending on changes in the requirements of subscribers and operating conditions, control access to the system, automatic search for subscribers (by scanning with a narrow beam over the earth's surface). The system provides for the possibility of switching on reserve satellites through the workers, carrying out maneuvers of satellites in orbit in order to escape them from anti-space weapons. The Milstar system is being created with decentralized management, which will increase its survivability in emergency conditions.

The earth complex includes stationary, mobile, aircraft stations and stations of surface ships (PC) and submarines.

The satellites of the system will start operating in the early 90s. The system will operate up to 4000 stations.

The stations of the MMV and DCV ranges of the Milstar system are similar to the stations of the DSCS systems (AN / ASC-28 and AN / ASC-30) of Flitsatcom and Afsatcom. A contact was made for the development and manufacture of stations of the MMV range, which can be installed on the B-52, B-18, E-ZA, E-4 aircraft, as well as on bombers.

Stationary and mobile stations of the MMV range are supposed to be used in the ground forces, the single-channel mobile station of the tactical control level SCOTT will find wide application. The station has two construction options: the first is located in a cylindrical portable container and is controlled from a car via a fiber-optic cable, the antenna has a diameter of 0.6 m, the transmitter power is 20 W; the second option - the station is placed in an S-250 container, which is installed on a car or other vehicle, the antenna is mounted on a portable tripod, the generator (primary power source) is transported on a single-axle trailer. It is planned that the Army will acquire up to 2,000 SCOTT aircraft, and the Navy - about 400.

Milstar satellite and repeater parameters are as follows:

The launch date of the first satellite ....................... Beginning of the 90s.

Satellite mass in orbit, kg .................... up to 2200 (experimental),

Up to 3600 (workers)

The declared position of the satellite in the GSO, degrees:

zd ............................................... ....................... 30, 68, 95, 120

vd ............................................... ....................... 15, 35, 150

Time of active existence, years ........ 10

Frequency range, GHz ....................................... 0.4 / 0.2 ; 44/20; 60 / -

Number of channels (networks) ....................................... 50 ... 100 ММВ ; 4 ... 10

Gain ..................................... 10 DCV; 17 MMV (global zone);

31 MMV-MLA;

39 MMB - single directional antenna

Noise temperature of receiving systems, K ......................................... 1000 DCV; 1560 MMV

Gain

transmitting antennas, dB ................................... 15 DCV, 0 = 31 °; 17 MMV

(global zone), 0 = 23 °; 31 MMV-MLA, 0 = 3.6 °; 39 MMB - single directional antenna, 0 = 1.1 °

Polarization................................................. . ..... Circular

Notes: 1. Frequencies in the section Earth-satellite-292.825..311.175; 316.587 ... 317.318 MHz.

2. Frequencies on the satellite - Earth section - 243.588 ... 244.217 MHz; 248.840 ... 259.560 MHz;

260.340 ... 260.860 MHz; 261.440 ... 262.560 MHz; 263.540 ... 264.060 MHz; 265.225 ... 269.975 MHz.

3. The possibility and feasibility of using the 8/7 GHz band in the system is being considered.

Academic question number 2"Methods of organizing radio communications in the armed forces

USA, China and NATO Joint Armed Forces ".

METHODS OF ORGANIZING COMMUNICATION BY RADIO

The ways of organizing radio communication are: radio direction and radio network.

Radio direction is a method of organizing radio communication between two control points (commanders, headquarters) (Fig. 4.).

Rice. 4. Radio direction.

The advantages of this method of organizing radio communication include the speed and simplicity of establishing communication; increasing the speed of message transmission when exchanging information; increasing intelligence protection from enemy reconnaissance means, increasing the communication range when using directional antennas.

The main disadvantage of this method is the increased consumption of radio communications at the control center, from which radio communications are organized. In practice, this method of organizing radio communication is used to transmit a large number of messages in especially important information directions.

A radio network is a way of organizing radio communication between three or more control points (commanders, headquarters) (Fig. 5.).

In comparison with the radio direction, it has less stability, transmission capacity and intelligence protection. At the same time, the radio network provides the possibility of circular transmission and maintenance of communication between all correspondents of the network with the least expenditure of manpower and resources.

Fig. 5. Radio network

In practice, communication over a radio network is usually organized:

To transmit signals, commands, alert signals to a large number of correspondents;

To exchange information with less important correspondents with a small volume and low requirements for the timeliness of transmission;

When there is a lack of radio equipment or to increase stability in addition to radio directions.

In the most important radio networks, the number of correspondents is limited to no more than 4 - 6.

As well as radio directions, radio networks can be: constantly operating, on duty, reserve and hidden.

Permanently operating are called such radio networks (radio directions) in which the operation of radio stations for transmission is carried out without restrictions.

On duty are called such radio networks (radio directions), in which the senior control center immediately receives messages from subordinate units and units.

Such radio networks (radio directions) are called reserve ones, the work in which is opened by an additional command when it is impossible to exchange messages in the main radio networks (radio directions).

Covert radio networks (radio directions) are organized to communicate with the most important correspondents and are used to transmit the most important and urgent orders, reports, commands and signals. Work on transmission in covert radio networks is opened only with the permission of the chief of communications of the senior headquarters. When opening work in hidden radio networks, requests for audibility are not made, and the transmission is carried out in short radiograms and signals without a preliminary call and receipt of confirmation of reception.

Depending on the purpose, as well as on the availability of forces, means and frequencies, communication in the radio network can be provided: on one frequency; at two frequencies; at transmitter frequencies; at the frequencies of reception on duty; on one calling and several working frequencies; subscriber radio network. The method of assigning operating frequencies significantly affects the nature of the radio link and its capabilities.

One frequency of reception and transmission is assigned for radio networks (radio directions), in which maximum simplicity and efficiency of communication is required (Fig. 6.).

Rice. 6. Radio network on the same transmission and reception frequency.

When two frequencies are assigned to the radio network, one of them is assigned to the transmitter of the main station, the other to the transmitters of the correspondents (Fig. 7.). This method of organizing radio communication can only be ensured if the main radio station and the correspondents have a separate transmitter and receiver. In such a network, full-duplex operation is carried out and, therefore, stealth, noise immunity and bandwidth increase.

Rice. 7. Radio network on two frequencies.

The radio network at the frequencies of the transmitters is used for two-way communication simultaneously between all or several radio stations of the network without rebuilding the transmitters and receivers, as well as for providing broadcast transmissions by any radio station of the network to everyone else (Fig. 8). In such a radio network, each radio station transmits at the frequency of its transmitter, and receives at the frequency of the correspondents' transmitters.

Rice. 8. Radio network at transmitter frequencies.

A kind of radio network at transmitter frequencies is the so-called combined radio network (Fig. 9.). In a combined radio network, two-way communication of correspondents is provided only with the main radio station of the network. All stations of the network have the ability to conduct continuous transmission: the correspondents of the network - for the main station, and the main station - to any of the correspondents.

Fig. 9. Combined radio network

The method of assigning the frequencies of reception on duty to each radio station of the radio network is used to ensure communication between correspondents during short-term exchange and when it is impossible to assign optimal frequencies to the network for communication between all correspondents (Fig. 10.).

Fig. 10. Radio network at standby frequencies

One calling and several working frequencies are assigned for radio networks, in which a long exchange of messages is carried out between correspondents. In such a radio network, on the calling frequency, only a call and transmission of short commands (signals) of combat control is made. To conduct a long radio exchange on the calling frequency, the main radio station transmits a call to the correspondent and a signal to switch to one of the working frequencies. On this frequency, messages are exchanged. When using radio stations equipped with special frequency adaptation devices, radio communication between them can be organized via a subscriber radio network.

With a limited number of radio facilities, radio frequencies and time for the development of radio data, radio communication can be provided by the method of entering the radio station into the existing radio networks.

To ensure the entry of the radio station of the senior commander (headquarters) into the radio network of subordinate commanders (headquarters), the senior commander (headquarters) has a permanent call sign. At the same time, the call signs of the commanders (commanders) must be known by memory by the signalmen of all radio networks of subordinate subunits and units.

In modern combined arms combat, an important place is occupied by the organization of interaction and, consequently, the organization and maintenance of radio communications of interaction.

Interaction radio communication is organized in three ways:

1. Organization of special radio networks for interaction;

2. By means of mutual entry of radio stations into other radio networks;

3. Through operational groups arriving with their own radio communication facilities at the communication centers of the command posts of interacting units and subunits.

To ensure the secrecy of control points and create a favorable electromagnetic environment at communication centers, a strict sequence of putting into operation radio networks and radio directions and operating modes of radio facilities is established.

For radio links (radio facilities), three degrees of readiness are introduced.

The radio links of the FIRST degree of readiness include permanent radio networks and radio directions.

Radio links of the SECOND degree of readiness are put into operation in case of disruption (deterioration) of communication provided by other means.

Radio links of the THIRD readiness level are used during certain periods of the battle during planned changes in the tactical situation.

By the decision of the commander (headquarters) of the formation (formation), the operating modes of radio equipment can be established:

1. Work of radio stations for transmission without restrictions;

2. Permission to work on the transmission of radio stations only in separate radio networks (radio directions);

3. Complete prohibition of the operation of radio stations for transmission.

Academic question number 3"Organization of communications in the US Army Corps and Division."

2.2. Methods of organizing communication by radio relay means

Radio relay communication can be organized: in the direction, along the network and along the axis.

The application of this or that method in each individual case depends on the specific conditions of the situation, the peculiarities of the organization of control, the terrain, the importance of this connection, the need for exchange, the availability of funds and other factors.

The direction of radio relay communication is a way of organizing communication between two control points (commanders, headquarters) (Fig. 11.)

This method provides the most reliable operation of the direction of communication and its greater throughput, but in comparison with other methods, it usually requires an increased consumption of frequencies and radio relay stations at the headquarters organizing communications. In addition, when organizing communication in directions, difficulties arise in the placement of a large number of radio relay stations without mutual interference at the communication centers of the senior headquarters.

A radio relay network is a method of organizing communication, in which the connection of a senior control point (commander, headquarters) with several subordinate control points (commanders, headquarters) is carried out using one radio relay semi-set (Fig. 12.).

Rice. 12. Radio relay network.

The advantage of this method of organizing radio relay communication is the promptness of establishing communication. The main disadvantage is the provision of communication over short distances, since working on an omnidirectional antenna leads to a deterioration in communication due to the worse antenna gain in comparison with a directional one.

The axis of radio relay communication is a method of organizing radio relay communication, in which communication between the senior control center (commander, headquarters) and several subordinate control points (commanders, headquarters) is carried out through one radio relay line deployed in the direction of movement of its control center or one of the control points of subordinate headquarters (Fig 13.).

Fig.13. The axis of radio relay communication.

As shown in the figure, the communication of the control center of the senior headquarters with the control centers of subordinates is carried out along the communication axis, built between the three support communication nodes, and the communication lines of the binding of the communication nodes of the control centers to the support communication nodes. At the reference nodes of communication, redistribution (switching) of communication channels is carried out in the directions of communication.

The advantages of this method in comparison with the direction are: a decrease in the number of radio relay stations at the communication centers of the control points of the senior headquarters. This creates the possibility of assigning frequencies to these stations for operation without mutual interference; the ability to maneuver the channels, which ensures their more efficient use. At the same time, a reduction in the time for selecting and calculating routes is provided; simpler organization of radio relay communication control; fewer personnel required to guard and defend intermediate stations are involved; control of radio relay communication is facilitated.

The disadvantages of this method are the dependence of the serviceability of all radio relay lines on the correct operation of the center line and the need for cross-channel switching at the reference communication nodes.

2.3. Methods of organizing communication by satellite means

Currently, there is a steady trend towards an increase in the role of satellite communications in military communications systems. In modern local wars, armed conflicts, peacekeeping and special operations, satellite communications can be used at a link from the Pentagon to a motorized rifle battalion, inclusive.

Just as in radio communication, there are two known ways of organizing satellite communication - by direction and by network.

The direction of satellite communication is a way of organizing communication between two stations of satellite communication, one of which is the main one (Fig. 14).

This method of organizing satellite communications is used in practice to organize those areas of communication in which it is necessary to transmit significant flows of information, especially of a documentary nature.

A satellite communications network is a way of organizing satellite communications between three or more satellite stations (Fig. 15.).

This method of organizing satellite communications is used in the interests of command communications, when it is necessary to transmit short orders to several correspondents at once.

Rice. 15. Satellite communication network.

For each satellite communication station operating in the network or direction, the bandwidth resource (the rate of transmission and reception of information in the station - repeater direction) and the mode of operation in the repeater trunk are determined.

In accordance with this, for the modern generation of satellite facilities, the following methods of building satellite communication networks can be distinguished: radial satellite communication network; nodal satellite communication network; radio network of automatic telephone exchange of satellite communications.

Let's consider the organization of these networks.

A radial satellite communications network is a network in which fixed directions are organized from one main (central) to several subordinate (terminal) stations.

The radial direction of communication is the direction of communication organized between two satellite communication stations, one of which is the main one. As a rule, the radial direction is organized in a multichannel mode.

A nodal satellite communication network is a network in which communication of the main (nodal) station with subordinate terminal stations and terminal stations is organized with each other both in the assigned communication directions and in the directions in the radio automatic telephone exchange mode.

A satellite communications PBX radio network is a network in which information directions are organized between subscribers at the time of information transfer.

2.4. Ways of organizing communication by wired means

Wire communication, depending on the conditions of the situation and the availability of forces and means, can be organized along directions or along an axis.

The direction of wire communication is a way of organizing communication between two control points (commanders, headquarters) (Fig. 16.).

The axis of wire communication is a method of organizing communication, in which communication of the senior control point (commander, headquarters) with several subordinate control points (commanders, headquarters) is carried out along one wire line laid in the direction of movement of its control point or one of the control points of subordinate formations ( parts) (Fig. 17.).

Rice. 17. The axis of the wire connection.

The figure shows a variant of the structure of the axis of the wire connection. The axis of the wire communication is deployed as part of the reference communication nodes and multi-channel lines between them. Multichannel lines are formed by sealing the P-296 long-distance communication cable with the P-302 channeling equipment.

Wire communication, organized by directions, in comparison with the axis of wire communication, has a number of advantages: high stability and throughput of cable communication lines. However, there are also disadvantages: increased consumption of manpower and resources; lack of maneuver by communication channels between directions.

The advantages of the wired axis are:

Significant savings in manpower and communications;

Quick connection establishment; maneuver channels.

The disadvantages of this method include:

The dependence of communication in certain directions on the correct functioning of the center line;

The dependence of the throughput of the communication directions on the channel capacity of the center line.

When laying a communication line, to protect them from damage in practice, terrain folds, trenches, communication routes are used, and on the approaches to communication centers and at intersections with the routes of transport and tanks, the lines are buried in the ground or laid in ditches. All this ensures their protection from damage and deliberate influence of the enemy.

2.5. Ways of organizing communication by mobile means

Courier-postal service ensures the delivery to the headquarters of formations, units and subunits of an almost unlimited number of genuine military documents - orders, orders, reports and other secret and official documents, as well as constant communication of personnel with each other and with the population of the country by delivery (forwarding) of postal items ...

Delivery of documents in their original form excludes the possibility of distortion of messages and ensures high secrecy of their content. Delivery of documents is carried out using mobile means. Mobile means are used to provide courier and postal communications with a higher headquarters, between command posts of subordinate units (subunits) in all types of hostilities, when moving and deploying troops on the spot. Helicopters, armored personnel carriers, automobiles and motorcycles and other vehicles are used as mobile means of communication. Mobile means of communication enjoy the right of preferential movement on all roads and crossings and must have an identification mark (pass), and couriers - certificates of the established form. The order of addressing all types of secret and postage is determined by the governing documents.

Each unit (unit) is issued a postal certificate intended for registration to the nodes and stations of the courier-postal service of the Ministry of Defense or to the enterprises of the Ministry of Communications.

When organizing courier and postal communications, one should take into account: the nature of the terrain; the state and congestion of routes; speed of vehicles; location of command posts and landing sites; the need to guard couriers delivering classified documents and military postmen delivering postal items.

Courier-postal communication can be organized: in directions, along circular routes and along the axis.

The direction of courier-postal communication- a method of organizing communication by mobile means between two control points (commanders, headquarters), in which secret and postal items are delivered along the route laid between them (Fig. 18).

This method is usually used when providing FPS with a grouping of troops operating in separate directions, or with troops located at a considerable distance.

Dignity This method of organizing courier-postal communication is faster than other methods of delivery of all types of secret and postal items.

Flaw This method consists in the fact that it requires a large number of vehicles and personnel.

This method is used to organize courier and postal communications with formations and units performing the most important tasks. The organization of the FPS in the direction is widely used in formations and associations.

A circular route of courier-mail service is a method of organizing communication by mobile means between control points (commanders, headquarters), in which secret and postal items are delivered on one flight sequentially (alternately), depending on the route laid between them (Fig. 19.).

Rice. 19. Circular route of courier-mail service.

This method is usually used with a limited number of mobile communication facilities and ensures the delivery of all types of secret and postal items in a longer time frame compared to communication in directions. It finds application in formations and units, as well as in the operational rear.

The axis of courier-postal communication is a method of organizing communication by mobile means of a senior control post (commander; headquarters) with two or more subordinate control posts (commanders, headquarters) in which secret and postal items are delivered through an exchange office deployed by a higher headquarters in the area of ​​deployment of subordinate units ...

III. FINAL PART

Remind the topic and learning objectives of the lesson;

Conduct a brief analysis of the lesson, announce the grades;

Gt; 3. Investigation of violation of the rules of operation of computers, their systems or networks

I Development of the student self-government system in the process of integrating educational, scientific and innovative activities of the university

I. Formation of the modern political system in India

I. Formation of conditions for the elimination of the colonial system

FOREIGN MILITARY REVIEW No. 1/2000, pp. 37-64

Reference data

The reference material "The Armed Forces of Foreign Countries" is designed to meet the needs of a wide range of readers for a relatively small volume and generally accessible encyclopedic information about the armies of foreign states. It is compiled from the data of the annual editions "The Military Balance (1999 - 2000)", "The World Factbook (1999 - 2000)", "The Balance of Military Power, World Defense Almanac (1999 - 2000)", "Terre Magazine (August 1999) "," Jane "s Fighting Ships (1999 - 2000)" and other open foreign sources.The reference and terminological nature of these data makes them useful and necessary for specialists.

The reference material contains the following data on 177 countries of the world: population size, size of the military budget, number of personnel of regular troops (forces), reserves and paramilitary formations, principles of manning and terms of conscript service, mobilization manpower, combat strength of the armed forces, number of weapons and military equipment, their types and classes.

All data are presented as of late 1999 - early 2000. The absence of information in the open foreign press about the armed forces of any country in the reference material is designated as "There is no data on the Armed Forces", and the absence of armed forces in the structure of its state institutions, respectively, "There is no Armed Forces." If data on the type of aircraft are not provided, this means that it is not included in the aircraft.

The reference material uses the well-known names of states, and they themselves are arranged in alphabetical order. The number of personnel of the regular armed forces of any country, given in it, is not always the sum of the number of personnel of the branches of the Armed Forces due to the presence of unaccounted institutions and formations of the central subordination of the Ministry of Defense.

Subsequent issues of the journal "Foreign Military Review" will publish articles on the armed forces (or their individual types) of any countries. It is possible that some of the data given in them will not coincide with those published in this reference material. This discrepancy is explained by the use by the authors of these articles of national sources, that is, materials from the country to which the publication is devoted. As a rule, these materials are later in terms of their publication, and, as a result, more realistically reflect this or that characteristic.

In an effort to fit as much information as possible about the armed forces of foreign countries in one magazine, the editors were forced to type reference material in small print, which is usually used in encyclopedic publications. In addition, in order to save space, a system of abbreviations for terms and phrases is used, which are given below.

Lieutenant Colonel S. Pechorov, Candidate of Military Sciences

In recent years, thanks to the dynamic foreign policy of the Soviet Union and other countries of the socialist community, it has become possible to transfer the task of creating a security system on the European continent from the field of theory to a practical plane. In accordance with the mandate of the Vienna meeting, negotiations are under way on conventional armed forces, as well as on confidence and security building measures in Europe. In an effort to create favorable conditions for their conduct, the Warsaw Pact states decided to significantly reduce their armed forces unilaterally and to reorganize them in accordance with the defensive nature of military doctrines. These steps are extremely important for the formation of a new model of relations between the two largest military-political coalitions - ATS and NATO - through the reduction of armaments on a reciprocal basis to the limits of reasonable sufficiency. However, as the candidate for membership in the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU, USSR Defense Minister General of the Army DT Yazov emphasized, The Warsaw Pact, its main potential enemy, is still carried out in accordance with the doctrines of "direct confrontation" and "flexible response." And they, as you know, are not at all harmless. "

A special place and role in the ambitious plans of the United States and NATO, which are still aimed at achieving military superiority over the Warsaw Pact countries, are assigned to the southern European region, which, in accordance with the NATO thread, is included in the South European Theater of Operations (SEAT) of the European Theater of War.

From a military-geographical point of view, the UE theater of operations covers the territories of Italy, Greece, Turkey, as well as the waters of the Mediterranean and Marmara seas, the Black Sea straits zone and the southern part of the Black Sea. The area of ​​the terrestrial part of the theater is over 1200 thousand km2, and about 120 million people live here.

The strategic position of this theater of operations provides an opportunity for NATO armed forces to take active offensive actions in the event of a war on the European continent to contribute to the success of the alliance's joint military forces in the CE theater, posing a threat to the southern flank of the Warsaw Pact troops deployed in Central Europe. The South European region, being a convenient springboard for strikes against the USSR and its allies, figured in almost all scenarios of a coalition war developed within NATO, and then played out in maneuvers and exercises of troops. In addition, from the same bridgehead, the United States and other NATO countries can threaten the states of the Near and Middle East, North and Central Africa. This threat has already been repeatedly implemented during the numerous cases of interference of the bloc countries in the internal affairs of Arab and African states.

At present, the second largest possible impact, a combat-ready, highly readily-available group of armed forces, which is based on Italian, Greek and Turkish troops, is deployed in the South European theater of operations. Under the guise of strengthening the southern flank of the bloc and maintaining the so-called stability in the Mediterranean region, combat formations of the United States and Great Britain are constantly located within the theater of operations. The most important role in the region belongs to the 6th American Fleet - the most efficient operational formation of the Navy. Combat ships, aircraft, as well as the units of the marine corps, which are part of it, are equipped with modern types of weapons and military equipment, which allows you to solve a wide range of tasks. For exercises or in the event of an aggravation of the situation in Italy, in the Black Sea straits and in Eastern Anatolia (Turkey), military formations from other member countries of the Alliance are usually transferred.

NATO armed forces in the theater of operations are deployed primarily in areas adjacent to the borders of the socialist states. Their deployment for the conduct of hostilities is planned in accordance with the operational plans of the block command.

Ground forces are the main branch of the armed forces in the South European theater of operations, accounting for about 75 percent. the total number of the group deployed here. At the beginning of 1989, they numbered almost 1 million. Taking into account the reserve components - the troops of the carabinieri, the national and financial guards (in wartime it is involved in border protection), the irregular troops - the number of ground forces of NATO countries in the theater of operations as a whole exceeds 1200 thousand people. The data on the number of ground forces of NATO countries in the SE theater are given below.

According to the foreign military press, the grouping of ground forces in the theater includes 30 divisions and 54 separate brigades. Almost all divisions and most of the individual brigades have been consolidated into army corps (Table 1). On the YUE theater there are 17 ak (Italian - three, Greek - four, Turkish - ten). They are different in their composition and organizational structure. Depending on the mission, army corps in peacetime usually include from several brigades to three to four divisions, as well as artillery, reconnaissance, engineering units and subunits. Their strengthening in wartime is planned to be carried out mainly due to the newly formed structures. In addition, the ground forces of Greece and Turkey have army command levels (one and four armies, respectively, combining from two to four army corps each). The field armies also include support, combat and logistical support units and subunits.

The role and place of the region in NATO's plans, that is, its importance, can be judged by the fact that there are a significant number of divisions and separate brigades in the theater of operations, accounting for about 45 percent. the general composition of the block's ground forces deployed in the European theater of war. However, in terms of mobility, fire and strike power, only 10 percent. of 30 divisions and just over half of 54 separate brigades are mechanized and armored (Table 2). Most of the formations of the ground forces in the theater of operations are represented by infantry, motorized infantry and alpine formations, which are armed (primarily in Greece and Turkey), along with modern weapons and military equipment, a significant number of obsolete models.

The formations and units of NATO countries in the South European theater of operations are subdivided into those included (allocated) in the united armed forces (JAF) of the bloc and remaining under national control, the JAF, in turn, into troops transferred and intended for transfer to NATO. In fact, all the land forces of the participating countries located in the theater of operations can be allocated to the bloc.

A High Command has been created to lead the allied armed forces of NATO in the South European theater of operations (Fig. 1, headquarters in Naples, Italy). By the waters of the seas of the Mediterranean basin, the theater is divided into two parts: southern and southeastern. The first includes the territory of Italy and the western part of the Mediterranean Sea, the second - the rest of it and the sea area. Accordingly, two commands of the united ground forces were formed in the southern (headquarters in Verona, Italy) and southeastern (headquarters in Izmir, Turkey) parts of the theater.

The grouping of NATO ground forces in the southern part of the SE theater includes Italian formations and units, as well as American troops stationed in Italy (Fig. 2).

The main task of the united ground forces in this area is to conduct offensive and defensive operations in the North Italian direction. Its northern border runs along the main ridge of the Eastern Alps, and its southern border runs along the northern coast of the Adriatic Sea. From the territory of Italy, through mountain passes in the Alps, this direction leads to the borders of Austria (Brenersky and Filakhsky passages) and Yugoslavia (Ljubljana-Goriziysky pass). The North Italian direction is characterized by a variety and complexity of the relief. The Lombard Lowland is considered the most accessible for the actions of troops.

The combat strength and main armament of the NATO Ground Forces in the South European theater of operations
Combat strength and armament	Total theater	In the southern part of the theater	In the southeastern part of the theater
Field Army Headquarters
Army Corps Headquarters
Separate brigades
Launchers OTR
PA guns, MLRS and mortars
Anti-tank weapons
SAM launchers
Anti-aircraft artillery guns
Army aircraft and helicopters

The Italian troops allocated for the transfer to the operational subordination of the command of the united ground forces of NATO in the southern part of the YE theater of operations include the 3rd and 5th army and 4th alpine army corps, 24 separate brigades (one parachute, four tank and four motorized infantry, five alpine and ten mechanized), four army aviation regiments, combat and logistical support units and subunits. They form the so-called field troops.

The total number of formations of the NATO Ground Forces in the SE theater
					Separate brigades
						mpbr / alp.br		brtbr / tbr

In accordance with the reorganization of the ground forces that began in the first half of 1987, as a result of which the divisional structure was abolished, almost all brigades, battalions and other units that were previously part of the divisions were transferred as separate units to the operational subordination of the army corps commands. Subordinate to the main headquarters of the ground forces remained separate brigades - "Friuli" (motorized infantry) and "Folgore" (parachute, both, in addition, allocated to the Italian "rapid deployment forces"), as well as a separate mechanized brigade "Sardinian Grenadiers". In accordance with the reorganization, the structure of the reserve components of the ground forces is undergoing changes. So, in 1988, three new separate cadre (reserve) brigades were formed - the Alpine "Piedmont", the mechanized "Lazio" and the tank "Puglia".

The territorial defense forces, which are also taken into account when calculating the general balance of forces in the region, but are intended mainly for conducting hostilities on their own territory, not included in the area of ​​responsibility of field forces, include individual motorized infantry ("Aosta" and "Akkui") and mechanized ("Pinerolo") brigades.

All these formations and units are equipped mainly with weapons and military equipment supplied by other states or manufactured in the country under licenses, as well as weapons of national development. At present, according to the foreign press, the troops have six Lance launchers, 1720 tanks (500 M47, 300 M60A1, 920 Leopard-1), about 4.5 thousand armored personnel carriers, 1110 field artillery pieces (105 -mm and above), up to 30 MLRS MLRS and "Firos" MLRS (national production), 500 120 mm mortars, about 1300 ATGM launchers, 230 anti-aircraft guns (20- and 25-mm, see color insert, and 40-mm ), almost 130 PU SAM "Improved Hawk", 150 MANPADS "Stinger", about 100 aircraft and 330 helicopters of army aviation and other military equipment.

Along with the implementation of measures to improve the organizational structure of formations, units and subunits, the plans for the construction of the Italian ground forces envisage continuing to equip them with modern weapons. In particular, judging by the data of the foreign press, additional supplies of the Abrams, Leopard tanks (see color insert), М60А1, as well as other military equipment: BMP YCC-1 and -2 **, fire support helicopters A. 129 "Mongoose", ATGM, 80-mm rocket-propelled anti-tank grenade launchers of its own production "Folgore" (Fig. 3), anti-aircraft missile and artillery systems "Skyguard-Aspide", etc. The implementation of these measures, according to foreign military experts, will be to contribute to the further build-up of the combat power of the Italian troops, to increase the degree of their readiness for action in the conditions of this theater of operations.

The American ground forces in the SE theater are represented by units and subunits of the South European tactical group (totaling more than 5 thousand people, headquarters in Vicheitsa, Italy). They are intended for combat and logistics support of the US ground forces grouping, which is planned to be deployed at the theater of operations in the SE in the event of an exacerbation of the situation, as well as for the period of exercises. The Western press reported that the American troops in the southern part of the theater of operations, and in particular the 559th artillery group for the provision of nuclear weapons, have various systems capable of hitting enemy targets and objects with nuclear weapons. In addition, the contingent of US troops stationed in Italy includes a separate parachute battalion and a number of support units.

Possible military use of troops in the region. Combat operations by NATO ground forces in the southern part of the theater of operations are envisaged in the form of offensive and defensive operations. The main method of routing the opposing enemy, both in the offensive and in defense, is the simultaneous defeat of his grouping to the entire depth of the operational formation. This should be ensured by the comprehensive use of combat arms, coordinated maneuvering actions of formations and units of the first echelon and reserves, tactical and army aviation, the widespread involvement of air and sea landings, reconnaissance and sabotage formations and the massive use of electronic warfare systems.

The operational deployment options tested during the NATO Joint Armed Forces exercises envisage the creation in Northern Italy of such a grouping that would be ready to conduct operations with decisive targets. The experience of NATO military and command-staff exercises in the region in recent years indicates that military operations in the southern part of the theater of operations can begin with the conduct of defensive operations by the united NATO ground forces, followed by a transition to the offensive. When planning and conducting a defensive operation in this part of the theater of operations, the command and staff will focus on the formation of a strong first operational echelon. At the same time, the main efforts can be focused on maintaining the forward defensive line along the Italo-Yugoslav border. According to the leadership of the bloc, the united ground forces of NATO in the southern part of the SE theater during a defensive operation on the lines prepared in engineering terms are capable of repelling the offensive of the first operational echelon of the enemy without resorting to the use of nuclear weapons. In the future, it is planned to defeat the wedged enemy groupings by carrying out counterattacks by operational reserves, using air and sea landings. In this case, the core of the counter-strike groupings, according to the experience of the exercises, can be American reinforcement troops and mobile NATO forces.

In addition, the first offensive operation is envisaged in the North Italian direction. This seems to be possible, for example, given a favorable development of events in the CE theater of operations - the main, according to the views of the NATO command, a war zone in Europe. The purpose of such an operation may be the defeat of the enemy force grouping deployed in the neighboring Eastern European countries, the seizure of the territory of these states and their withdrawal from the war. In the event that the goals set by the NATO leadership cannot be achieved with the help of conventional weapons, as well as when there is a threat of defeat by the enemy of the main group of its forces or the threat of losing a significant part of the territory of Italy and other countries of the Alliance, the bloc's military strategy provides for the use of nuclear weapons.

The NATO ground forces grouping in the southeastern part of the USE theater of operations includes the Greek and Turkish ground forces allocated for transfer to NATO, as well as the American and British troops stationed there.

According to foreign press reports, in the southeastern part of the theater of operations, the main grouping of the block's ground forces is deployed in a theater of operations. The area of ​​responsibility of the joint command covers two areas - the Balkan Peninsula and the Asian part of Turkey (Eastern Anatolia), within which the troops will solve independent tasks.

The main grouping of NATO ground forces in the Balkans is located in Northern Greece and Eastern Thrace (the European part of Turkey) in close proximity to the state borders of these countries with Yugoslavia and Bulgaria. NATO military experts identify two areas of possible military operations with the ATS countries within this area: Greek and Bosphorus-Dardanelles.

The Greek direction, bounded from the west by the Adriatic Sea, and from the east by the Greek-Turkish border and the Aegean Sea, will ensure the exit of the bloc's troops through the mountain passes in the Serbian-Croatian and Rila-Rhodope mountains. The terrain within the Greek direction is mainly mountainous. Only the coastal regions of the Aegean Sea and the valleys of the Vardar, Struma and Mesta rivers are considered suitable for the conduct of hostilities by all types of troops.

The Bosphorus-Dardanelles direction is the most important in the southeastern part of the theater of operations, since, as foreign military experts believe, the outcome of not only joint offensive actions of all types of armed forces, but also operations to blockade the Black Sea straits will depend on the course of hostilities in this area. This direction is limited by the Greek-Turkish border, the western coast of Turkey and the Black Sea coast. The terrain within its limits allows the use of almost all types of troops.

In Eastern Anatolia, the NATO command identifies two areas: Kars-Erzurum and Karakose-Diyarbakir. On the part of Turkey, these directions are taken to the borders of the Soviet Transcaucasia. The natural conditions of both directions are characterized by a complex relief, which is a combination of mountain ranges with valleys, hollows and plateaus.

According to the NATO command, the most accessible for troop actions are the Chorokhsky, Kelkitsky, Kars-Erzinjan-Sivassky and Karakyose-Mush-Elazig passages.

The Greek ground forces, which are part of the NATO ground forces grouping in the southeastern part of the YE theater of operations, are represented by the 1st Field Army (headquarters in Larissa), consisting of four army corps, formations, units and subunits! central subordination. In total, the group has one armored, one motorized infantry and 11 infantry divisions (including one training), four separate armored and two separate mechanized brigades, four tank battalions, 15 field artillery battalions, eight anti-aircraft artillery battalions, two SAM battalions "Advanced Hawk, three battalions and one separate army aviation company. This should also include units and subunits that are part of the so-called command of the interior regions and islands (ASDEN), which in turn is subordinate to the chief of the main staff of the ground forces (as an army corps). It is intended for the defense of the central part of the territory of Greece and the island zone.

According to foreign sources of information, the armament of the formations and units of the ground forces of Greece consists of weapons and military equipment, mainly of American, French and West German production. There are: about 1900 medium tanks (M26, M47, M48 of various modifications, AMX-30, "Leopard-1A3"), more than 200 light tanks M24 and M41AZ, 335 armored vehicles M8, M20 and M3A1, 200 BMP AMX-10R, 2245 armored personnel carriers "Leonidas" (own design), MZ, M59 and M113, about 1400 field artillery guns, almost 1500 mortars of various calibers, about 1200 anti-tank artillery guns. There are SS-11, "Cobra", "Milan" launchers, 36 "Advanced Hawk" launchers, the same number of "Chaparel" ZSUs, 130 anti-aircraft artillery guns, about 100 army aircraft and helicopters and other military equipment.

In accordance with the national plans for the development of the ground forces, as well as the long-term NATO military program calculated until the mid-90s, the command of the Greek armed forces intends to focus further efforts on a qualitative improvement in command and control through the introduction of automated systems that combine all control elements. It is planned to increase the number of modern types of weapons and military equipment through the supply of tanks and infantry fighting vehicles from France and Germany, artillery and ATGM from the USA, army aviation helicopters from Italy, expand the production of modern weapons of our own design, remove from service or modernize at the enterprises of the national military industry outdated samples, to carry out a number of measures to increase the combat readiness of units and formations. As a result of the fulfillment of the outlined plans, the Greek ground forces, according to foreign military experts, will have a higher strike and fire power, maneuverability on the battlefield and ample opportunities to cover troops from the air and fight tanks.

The Turkish ground forces allocated for transfer to the NATO ground forces in the southeastern part of the theater of operations include four field armies (a total of 17 divisions, including one training), 24 separate brigades (six armored, four mechanized, 11 infantry, in including two training, two "commandos", one airborne), units and subunits of combat and logistic support of central subordination. The main groupings are concentrated in Eastern Thrace (near the border with Bulgaria) and Eastern Anatolia (with the Soviet Union). In particular, formations and units of the 1st field army with headquarters in Istanbul are deployed in Eastern Thrace (2, 3, 5, 15 ak, a total of ten divisions, of which eight are infantry and two mechanized, as well as four separate brigades). According to NATO experts, the 1st Field Army is the most equipped and most efficient. It is designed to conduct combat operations together with the allies (allied forces) in the Bosphorus-Dardanelles direction. On the western coast of Turkey in Narlidere (near Izmir) there is the headquarters of the 4th (Aegean) Field Army, which includes one infantry training division and two separate infantry brigades.

The 3rd Field Army (headquarters in Erzinjan), which includes 8 and 9 ak (a total of four infantry divisions and nine separate brigades), provides the Karo Erzurum and Karakose-Diyarbakyr directions. The 2nd Field Army (headquarters in Malatya), designed to cover the southeastern flank, includes the 6th and 7th Army Corps (a total of six separate brigades).

4th ak (headquarters in Ankara) is located in Central Anatolia. It consists of three separate brigades, combat and logistics units and is a reserve for the command of the ground forces.

The 11th Army Corps has been deployed on the island since 1974. Cyprus (headquarters in Kyrenia) under the pretext of ensuring the security of the Turkish Cypriot community. It consists of two infantry divisions with a total strength of over 23 thousand people. In the event of a military conflict with the Warsaw Pact countries, both army corps are supposed to be used as a reserve in the Balkans.

According to the foreign military press, the formations and units of the Turkish ground forces, along with a small amount of modern weapons, are equipped with a significant number of outdated weapons and military equipment, mainly of American production. They include (taking into account those in stock) over 3700 tanks (77 Leopard-1A3, 1615 M48A5, 1085 M48A1, 900 M47, 100 M41), 3750 armored personnel carriers M113, M59, M2 and M3, more than 2000 field artillery guns ( 105-mm and above, Fig. 4), six MLRS launchers, 1800 mortars of various calibers (81-, 106.7- and 120-mm), up to 2500 recoilless guns (75- and 106-mm), 500 ATGM launchers SS-11, "Cobra", and "Milan", about 1,500 anti-aircraft guns of various calibers, over 150 aircraft and almost 250 helicopters of army aviation of various types, as well as other military equipment.

In accordance with the national and bloc plans for the development of the armed forces, the Turkish command is making efforts to further improve the organizational structure of formations and units, equip them with modern weapons in order to increase maneuverability, fire and strike power, as well as control and communications equipment. It is planned to supply armored vehicles from Germany (Leopard-1A3 and -1A4), the United States (M60 of the latest modifications, and then, possibly, M1 Abrams), further modernization of obsolete models at their own enterprises. It is planned to organize in the country the production of a number of modern systems of military equipment, including ATGMs, MANPADS, MLRS, as well as cars, engineering vehicles and communication equipment.

The American ground forces in the southeastern theater of operations are represented by the 558th and 528th artillery groups for the provision of nuclear weapons (headquarters in Elefsis, Greece, and Chakmakli, Turkey, respectively), which are part of the US South European tactical group, whose headquarters are stationed in Italy ...

The British ground forces in the region are represented by two motorized infantry battalions (see color plate) and a helicopter squadron stationed on the island. Cyprus.

Possible military use of troops in the region. Military operations in the southeastern part of the SE theater are planned to be conducted in accordance with the operational-strategic concepts of "deep strikes" in the form of both offensive and defensive operations conducted under the leadership of the NATO Allied Command in the theater of operations according to a single concept and plan. The great length and complex physical and geographical conditions of this part of the theater of operations complicate the maneuver of the ground forces' formations. Their joint actions in the course of the first operations can therefore be carried out along scattered directions (Balkans, Eastern Anatolia).

The NATO command considers the tasks and methods of combat employment of the united ground forces in the southeastern part of the theater in the first operations in direct proportion to the possibility of timely deployment directly at the borders of the Warsaw Pact countries (USSR and Bulgaria), groupings of forces, including the first operational echelon, which must be able not only to prevent the loss of territory, but also to create favorable conditions for conducting operations with decisive goals.

According to the experience of NATO exercises, the possible nature of military operations in the region will largely be influenced by the course of events in the CE theater. Thus, in the event that the situation in Central Europe is favorable for the Alliance, the first offensive operation in the Balkans is envisaged. At the same time, NATO ground forces in the southeastern part of the YE theater of operations can interact with the forces of the bloc advancing from Northern Italy. The purpose of an offensive operation in the Balkans may be the defeat of a grouping deployed in socialist countries, the seizure of their territories and withdrawal from the war, and the creation of conditions for the transfer of hostilities to the territory of the USSR. In this case, the idea of ​​the operation, in the opinion of Western military experts, is likely to be to dismember the enemy troops and destroy them in parts with counterstrikes of groups of forces from Greek and Turkish Thrace, as well as Northern Italy. At the same time, in order to save manpower and resources for an offensive operation in the Balkan Peninsula, the NATO ground forces in Eastern Anatolia may receive a task to prepare for a defensive operation, which will consist of actions to cover mountain passes leading to the central and southeastern regions of Turkey.

The goal of the offensive operation of the NATO ground forces in Eastern Anatolia may be the defeat of the opposing enemy, the seizure of the territory and resources of the Soviet Transcaucasia.

In a defensive operation, the NATO ground forces in the Balkans may be tasked with holding the Black Sea straits zone and covering mountain passes in Northern Greece in order to prevent the enemy from breaking through to the central regions of the country.

NATO military strategists, based on the experience of the exercises in recent years, believe that the bloc's advanced joint forces, including in the south-eastern part of the SE theater, are able to repel the offensive of the enemy's first echelon and restore the lost position along the state border without resorting to using nuclear weapons and strategic reserves. The transition to the use of nuclear weapons in the southeastern part of the theater of operations is envisaged in the event of a threat of breaking through the forward defensive lines, as well as the seizure of the Black Sea straits zone. The focus of operational and combat training of headquarters and troops. In the course of numerous command-staff and military exercises at the YE theater of operations, conducted according to the general bloc, national and joint plans of the participating countries, the issues of transferring formations and units of ground forces from a peaceful state to a military one, organizing and conducting offensive and defensive actions in various terrain conditions are being worked out and the situation (Fig. 5, 6) with the use of both nuclear and conventional weapons, improving the forms and methods of joint use of armed forces and combat arms in accordance with the concepts of "air-ground operation (battle)" and " the fight against the second echelons (reserves) "of the enemy. Recently, especially after the entry into force of the INF Treaty, more and more attention in the block exercises in the region is paid to the search for "compensation options", the solution of the tasks set during the exercises, taking into account the high-precision and long-range weapons supplied to equip the ground forces of NATO states.

From year to year, the development of issues related to the transfer to Northern Italy, the Black Sea Straits region and Eastern Anatolia of formations from other countries of the bloc, designed to strengthen the group of forces deployed here, in particular NATO mobile forces, and their joint actions with Italian, Greek and Turkish units and formations.

Despite the announced slight reduction in the scale of individual exercises, as well as in the number of troops and assets involved in them, the intensity of the operational and combat training of the united NATO ground forces in the theater of operations SE still significantly exceeds the reasonable limits of training and combat activities. In fact, they are large-scale military rehearsals, and the volume of activities carried out under their cover to deploy troops to the theater of operations allows