Petrova's disease
The term applied earlier, old oncologists, very widely. Usually indicated the gastric cancer (although in principle could designate any malignant tumor). It has long been not widely walking. In general, the surname "Petrov" was often used in oncology in various Slanghah terms, it was understood by the name of Oncologist - Academician N.N. Petrova.

cancer, C-R, Blastoma, Bl., Neo, Neoplazma (Neolation), Disease ...., Tumor (Tumor)
All the above terms indicate a malignant tumor, as a rule - cancer. They are used to not write the word "cancer" with open text. For the designation of sarcoma, another reduction is used - SA (SA).

Trial Laparotomy, Laparotomia Explorativa, Petrov Operation, Exploratory resection (something)
All terms indicate the situation when the "opening" of the abdomen is revealed by the inoperability, tumor launition, 4 of the cancer stage, in which it is meaningless to produce any interference. After that, the stomach is sewn without making any operation. Among the doctors are often used by such Slang experts as a "sample", "score".

Palliamentary operation, palliative resection (something)
Palliative operation (not radical) - an operation at which neoplasty is also installed, the inoperability of the tumor is also established, but some intervention is made - either to eliminate some complication (bleeding, stenosis, etc.), or in the hope of achieving temporary remission Especially subject to subsequent chemotherapy or radiation treatment (also palliative, that is, not radical).

Symptomatic treatment at the place of residence
The phrase in which it is encrypted that the patient has a non-cultural, launched tumor, as a rule of 4 stages, and that such a patient, suspension with it, is not subject to special types of radical treatment at a specialist - oncologist. It implies the prescribing of drugs, only facilitating the state of the incryst patient, and, first of all, narcotic analgesics as needed. Among the doctors are often used by Slengtic expressions "symptomatics", "symptomatic patient". It can be considered synonym with 4 clinical dispensary accounting group.

Generalization (dissemination)
The term denoting the launched tumor at which there are many regional and / or remote metastases. As a rule, we are talking about 4 stages of the tumor process and the 4 clinical group of dispensary accounting.

Progressia (Progressia)
The term denotes the continuation of tumor aggression, continued cancer growth. The usual development of untreated cancer. However, the progression may occur after a special treatment on a radical program. In such a situation, the antonym of the word "remission". Moreover, the progression time can be very variable - the continuation of the growth of cancer cells after treatment may occur in 1 - 2 months, and after 10 - 20 - 30 years. (The most distant term of the progression of the progression of the end of the treatment found by me in the literature, 27 years).

Secondary hepatitis (pulmonitis, lymphadenitis, etc.), secondar hepatitis (pulmonitis, lymphadenitis, etc.)
All terms indicate the presence of remote metastases (in the liver, lungs, lymph nodes, etc.). Indicates a launched tumor, 4 cancer stages.

Lymphadenit Virchova
Metastasis Virchova (cancer metastasis in the prescription lymph node on the left - by the name of the author first described it) indicates the launching of the tumor, 4 cancer stages.

mTS.
Metastasis (Reducing from Latin - MetaStasis). It may designate both regional metastases and remote.

prima, Secunda, Tercia, Qarta (Prima, Secund, Terration, Quart)
Latin words are numeral. Denote the stage of cancer development, the tumor process is the first, second, third and fourth. Among the doctors of incraculatory patients often indicate the Slanghah term "quart".

T .... n .... m ....
Abbrevia Latin words used in international Classification malignant tumors in stages. T- Tumor is the primary tumor, values \u200b\u200bcan be from 1 to 4, depending on the size; N - nodulus - nodes (lymphatic), values \u200b\u200bcan be from 1 to 2-3, depending on the level of lesion of regional lymph nodes; M - MetaStasis - metastases, mean distant metastases, values \u200b\u200bcan be 0 or 1 (+), that is, distant metastases are available or not. For all categories (TNM), the value can be x (X) - the available data is not enough to evaluate.

Differences of the stage and clinical group
Often, patients who are even in long-term remission fall into panic, having heard the term "3 clinical group", considering it 3 stages of the development of the tumor process. This is not true. "Clinical groups" are groups dispensary observation, and in their numerical designation there is no correlation with the stage of development of the tumor.
1 Clinical group - Patients with background predisfactory diseases subject to dispensary observation;
2 Clinical Group - patients with oncological diseases of any stage, subject to special types of treatment (operational, radiation, chemogormonal);
3 Clinical group - radically cured oncoboles;
4 Clinical Group - Incurable patients, patients with launched malignant tumors, not subject to special types of treatment.
As you can see, 3 clinical groups denotes a very good option.

Adequate anesthesia
Under this phrase, it is usually "hiding" the recommendation of the appointment of narcotic analgesics to relieve pain syndrome. However, the problem of anesthesia of inhibitory patients is much more complicated and wider than the simple purpose of drugs.

Palliative exposure (chemotherapy)
Palliative chemotherapy, palliative exposure - negligent application of these techniques. That is, the situation when specific treatment is carried out by a deliberately inactive patient with a deliberately neravyal target, either to relocate any complications and improve the quality of the remaining life, or in the hope of at least the temporary stabilization of the tumor process. The concept of palliativeness corresponds to such in operational treatment.

Medicine is a science learning a person in a healthy and painful condition in order to strengthen its health, protection against disease and treatment. Thus, the tasks of medical science include not only the treatment of patients, but also to promote healthy health.

It is clear that these tasks cannot be solved, not knowing how the human body is arranged (i.e. anatomy) and how it functions (i.e. physiology). Therefore, medical science is based primarily on these two sciences - anatomy and physiology.

Sometimes it is mistaken to sign the equality of MEYUU1U physiology and medicine. These sciences have different tasks and various ways to solve them. The difference between physiology from medicine is primarily in the fact that the physiologist studies the general patterns of the function of an abstract healthy person, the doctor studies these functions from the specific person being surveyed. In addition, the doctor, in contrast to a physiologist, should know not only, as a healthy organism functions, but also what morphological changes and impairment of functions occur under various diseases and pathological conditions. In other words, he should know deviations from the norm, that is e pathology. Otherwise, he will not be able to resolve the state of the health of the athlete and make a diagnosis of "healthy." But this particular question is the main in class physical culture and sport, since it is precisely from his decision primarily to admission to classes exercise And their dosage. In addition, the doctor should be able to treat diseases, damage and injuries, found among athletes, which is not included in the function of physiologist.

Medicine consists of two large sections: theoretical and clinical.

In addition to anatomy and physiology, the theoretical section includes microbiology, pharmacology and a number of other disciplines.

In the clinical section, i.e., in the so-called clinical medicine, it is studied both healthy and sick person - diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases, as well as a healthy person's reaction to various external influences, factors affecting health, ways to strengthen its strengthening and Maintaining.

Study various diseases It has shown that, despite the external differences, they have common causes, general symptoms and general patterns of development. It turned out that, although externally, the disease differ significantly from each other, they obey general laws. Without knowledge, these laws should not be studied either healthy, none more than a sick person, since, without having learned the general patterns of the emergence and development of pathological processes, it is impossible to prevent or diagnose or treat diseases.

The science studies these common patterns is called general pathology. Therefore, before studying clinical medicine, and sports medicine belongs to this section of medicine, it is necessary to learn the foundations of general pathology.

It would seem that medicine, designed to improve and treat a person, should be international and the task of healthcare should be the same in both the socialist and capitalist state. However, it is not.

Health care in the socialist state and health care in the capitalist state will significantly differ.

The tasks of Soviet medicine are determined by the CPSU program in which there is a special section "Caring for health and an increase in life expectancy." Thus, in our country, the care of the health of the Soviet person is, as noted above, the state challenge. This was spoke of V. I. Lenin. He considered the health of the worker in our country not only as his personal good, personal happiness, but also as public wealth, to guard which is called upon by the state and the resignation of which is criminal.

V.I. Lenin considered public health in the complex with the conditions of the material and cultural life of the country and considered it necessary to resolutely achieve health, prevent diseases, improving the physical condition, to increase the working capacity and increase the life expectancy of Soviet people.

All of these principal instructions of V. I. Lenin and underlie the Soviet medicine, one of which is sports medicine.

Free medical support of the population of polyclinic and hospital care, careful observation of the state of health in order to prevent the occurrence of various diseases, starting from the first day of the appearance of a Soviet citizen, and even before its appearance, in women's consultations for pregnant women, is a huge socialist conquest .

Our country has a wide network of state medical and preventive institutions (hospitals, polyclinic, consultations, etc.), all preventive measures are provided by the state. In the Soviet Union (according to the data in 1971), 618,000 doctors work, which is more than 25% of the number of doctors around the world.

It is quite different about capitalist countries, where qualified medical care is paid by the patients themselves, and it costs it quite expensive, and therefore not everyone is available. There is a concern for human health is his purely personal matter, and the state does not provide medical care for the population to the extent necessary.

All said applies to sports medicine, which does not exist isolated from medical science as a whole.

Only in recent years it was given a satisfactory definition of the concept of medicine: "Medicine is a system of scientific knowledge and practical measures, united by the aim of recognizing, treating and preventing diseases, preserving and strengthening the health and working capacity of people, continuing life 1. In this phrase for accuracy, it seems to us, follow the word "measures" to add the word "societies", since essentially medicine is one of the forms of society to combat diseases.

You can repeat that medical experience, medical science and practice (or art) have social origins; They cover not only biological knowledge, but also public problems. In human existence it is easy to see that biological patterns are inferior to social.

Discussion of this issue is not empty scholasticism. It can be argued that medicine as a whole is not only science, but also practice (and the oldest), which existed long before the development of sciences, medicine as the theory is not only biological, but also social science; The objectives of medicine are practical. Rights B.D. Petrov (1954), arguing that medical practice and medical science, which arose as a result of critical critical generalization is inextricably linked.

G.V. Plekhanov emphasized that the influence of society on a person, his character and habits are infinitely stronger than the direct influence of nature. The fact that medicine and the incidence of people are social in nature seemingly no doubt. So, N.N. Syrotinin (1957) indicates a close relationship of human diseases with social conditions; A.I. Stops (1971) writes that human disease is a very complex socio-biological phenomenon; A.I. Germanov (1974) considers it a "socio-biological category."

In a word, the social aspect of human diseases is no doubt, although each pathological process is separately a biological phenomenon. Let us give another statement of S.S. Kalatova (1933): "Animals react to nature as purely biological creatures. The effect of nature on a person is mediated by social laws. " Nevertheless, the attempts of biologization of human disease still find defenders: for example, i.e. Vekua (1968) The difference of medicine from veterinary sees in "Qualitative differences human organism From the organism of animals. "

The referenced references to many scientists are appropriate, because the patient's relationships and the doctor can sometimes create the illusion that hearing - as it were, a completely private thing; Such an invalid misconception could meet with us to the Great October Socialist Revolution and now exists in bourgeois states, while the knowledge and ability of the doctor - the whole of social origin and the human disease is usually due to the lifestyle and the influence of various factors of a particular social environment; The physical environment is largely also socially determined.

It is impossible not to recall the meaning of the socialist worldview for medical and understanding the disease and understanding of human disease. ON THE. Semashko (1928) wrote that the view of the disease, as the social phenomenon, is important not only as the correct theoretical installation, but also as a fruitful working doctrine. From this look, the theory and practice of prevention lead their scientific roots. This teaching makes it from a doctor not an artisan from the hammer and tubes, but a public worker: since the disease is a social phenomenon, then it is necessary to fight it not only therapeutic, but also socio-preventive measures. The social character of the disease obliges a doctor to be a community.

Social and hygienic research proves the social condition of the state of health of people. It is enough to remember the famous work of F. Engels "The position of the working class in England" (1845) 2. With the help of medical and biological analysis, the mechanism of action of environmental factors (climate, nutrition, etc.) is established on biological processes in the body. However, it is impossible to forget about the relationship and unity of the social and biological conditions of human life. The dwelling, food, the production environment is social factors by origin, but biological on the mechanism of impact on the anatomo-physiological characteristics of a person, i.e. we are talking about mediating by the body of social conditions.The higher the socio-economic level of modern society, the more effective the organization of the environment for human living conditions (even in space). Therefore, metaphysical and unscrewed both biologism and abstract sociologism in solving the problems of medicine. In the listed facts, it is possible to see crucial importance in the understanding of the theory of medicine and health care, the general worldview, the accounting of socio-economic grounds, a class approach.

Description of diseases in antique time and modern terminology.Practical experience doctorsaccumulated for several millennia. It can be recalled that the activities of ancient doctors have been accomplished on the great experience of predecessors. In 60 hippocratic books, in which, apparently, the works of his students were reflected, a significant number was found. names of internal diseases,which, as expected, were quite famous to the reader. Hippocrat did not describe their symptomatology, he had only the history of the disease of specific patients and many practical and theoretical comments. In particular, the following, conventionally speaking, nosological units: Peripnemmonia (pneumonia), pleurisy, purulent pleurisy (empya), asthma, exhaustion (phthisis), angina, phenomena, rhubber, crofulosis, abscesses of various types (apostles), Ryg, Cefalgia, Franit, lethargy (fever with drowsiness), apoplexy, epilepsy, tetanus, cramps, mania, melancholy, Ishias, Cardialiag (Heart or Cardia?), Jaundice, Dieseneria, Cholera, intestinal obstruction, belly, hemorrhoids, arthritis, gout , stones, stones, swelling (ascites, edema), leukofemasia (anasarka), ulcers, crayfish, "big spleen", pallor, fatty disease, fever - continuous, daily, terciana, quarter, burning fever, typhoid, ephemeral fever.

Before the activities of the hypocratic and his school, doctors distinguished at least 50 manifestations of internal pathology. A rather long listing of various painful states and, accordingly, different designations is given in order to more precisely present the great progress of observations, albeit primitive, the doctors of ancient civilizations - more than 2500 years ago. It is helpful to realize and thereby be attentive to the grave works of our predecessors.

Position of medicine in society.Caring for people about the treatment of injuries and diseases has always existed and achieved some success in varying degrees in connection with the development of society and culture. In the oldest civilizations - for 2-3 thousand years BC - There were already some legislation governing medical practice, such as the Code of Hammurapi, etc.

Quite detailed information about ancient medicine was found in the papyrus of ancient Egypt. Eberts and Edwin Smith's papyrus represented a summary of medical knowledge. Characteristic of the medicine of ancient Egypt was a narrow specialization, there were separate healers for the treatment of lesions of the eyes, teeth, head, stomach, as well as the treatment of invisible diseases (!) (Perhaps they relate to internal pathology?). This extreme specialization is considered one of the reasons who detained the progress of medicine in Egypt.

In Ancient India, along with many empirical achievements of medicine, surgery achieved especially high level (Cataract removal, removal of stones from bladder, plastic face, etc.); The position of the healers, apparently, was always honorary. In the ancient Babylon (according to Hammurapi Code) there was a high specialization, as well as public schools of healers. In ancient China, there was an extensive experience of healing; The Chinese were the first pharmacologists in the world, they paid great attention to the prevention of disease, believing that the real doctor is not the one who treats the sick, but the one who prevents the disease; Their healers distinguished about 200 species of the pulse of them 26 to determine the forecast.

Repeating devastating epidemics, such as plague, at times paralyzed the population with fear of "divine punishment". "In ancient times, medicine, apparently, was so high and the benefit of it is so obvious that medical art was part of a religious cult, was the belonging of the Divine" (Botkin S.P., ed. 1912). At the beginning of the European civilization, since the ancient period of ancient Greece, together with the exception of religious views on medical illness, received the highest rating. Evidence of this was the statement of Dramattry Eschila (525-456) in the "Prometheus" tragedy, in which the main feat of Prometheus was to learn people to provide medical care.

In parallel with Temple Medicine, there were medical schools of fairly high qualifications (Kosaka, Badovskaya schools), the assistance of which was particularly obvious in the treatment of injured or wounded people.

The position of medicine and therapeutic assistance, in particular in the era of Roman rule, was very low. Rome was flooded with a multitude of impocked healers, often fraudsters, and outstanding scientists of that time, such as Plinles senior, called the doctors of the Emirates of the Roman people. Such a proper state organization of Rome in attempts to improve hygienic conditions (the famous Rome water pipes, Maxim Cloaca, etc.).

The Middle Ages in Europe essentially did not give anything for the theory and practice of medicine. It should also be noted that the preaching of asceticism, contempt for the body, care mainly about the spirit could not contribute to the development of therapeutic techniques, with the exception of the opening of individual charity houses for patients and the publication of rare books on therapeutic plants, for example, the books of the XI century M. Floridus On the properties of herbs "3.

The development of medical knowledge, as well as all training, corresponded to the generally accepted scholastic method. Medical students were required to study logic for the first 3 years, then the books of canonized authors; Medical practice was not in the curriculum. This situation, for example, was even officially established in the XIII century and in the next time.

At the beginning of the Renaissance, there were few changes in studies in comparison with the Middle Ages, classes were almost exclusively book; Scholasticism, endless abstract verbal intricacies overwhelmed the heads of students.

It is necessary, however, it is necessary to note that along with a very increased interest in the manuscripts of antiquity began reinforced scientific research in general and the study of the structure of the human body in particular. The first researcher in the field of anatomy was Leonardo da Vinci (his surveys remained hidden several centuries). It can be noted the name of Francois Rabel - the Great Satirik and the doctor. He publicly opened the corpse and preached the need to study the anatomy of the dead for 150 years before the birth of the "father of pathological anatomy" of Morgania.

There is little known for the state organization of training and health care in this era, the transition from the gloomy Middle Ages to new medicine was slow.

The position of medical care in the XVII-XVIII centuries was rather pitiful, the poverty of knowledge was masked by dull reasoning, wigs and solemn gowns. This position of healing is truthfully depicted in the Moliere Comedy. The existing hospitals gave scant care to the patient.

Only during the Great French Revolution 1789 begins state regulation of medical educationand help; So, for example, from 1795 on the decret, mandatory student training in patients.

With the emergence and development of capitalist society, medical education and the situation of a practical doctor accepted certain forms. Learning medical art is paid, and in some states - even very expensive. The patient personally pays the doctor, i.e. Buys his skill and knowledge to restore his health. It should be noted that most doctors are guided humane beliefsBut in the conditions of bourgeois ideology and life they must sell their work to patients (the so-called fee). This practice sometimes acquires the disgusting features of "Cleft" in doctors due to the desire for an increasing profit.

The position of the healer in primitive communities, among the tribe, was honorary.

In half-day conditions, not so long ago, unsuccessful treatment led to death and physician. For example, in the reign of Tsar Ivan IV, two foreign physicians were executed due to the death of the Tsarevich treated with them, they were slaughtered "Aki Sheep".

Later, in the period of serfdom, the remnants of feudalism, the attitude towards the doctor was often negligible. At the end of the XIX century V. Snegirev wrote: "Who does not remember how doctors stood at the sickness, not daring to sit down ..." G.A. Zakhariane belongs to the honor of the struggle against the humiliation of doctors.

The position of "buying and selling" in medical practice was in pre-revolutionary Russia. The deviation of the doctor's activities from the rules of humanity (sometimes from elementary honesty) is noted in the writings of D.I. Pisareva, A.P. Chekhov et al. However, the doctors and the general public know the life and the perfect behavior of most doctors (for example, F.P. Gaaz, etc.), as well as actions of scientists who have expressed themselves dangerous experiments for the development of science, are familiar with the names of numerous doctors of Russia who worked conscientiously on the village. However, the practice of bourgeois relations everywhere prevailed, especially in cities.

The Great October Socialist Revolution has created new, the most humane rules of medical practice. All the relationship of the doctor and the patient, distorted by bourgeois ideology and practice, changed cool. Creating a public health system providing free medical careinstalled new relationship of the doctor and the patient.

Caring for the health of the population, we are one of the most important tasks of the state, and the doctor became the performer of this serious task. In the USSR, doctors are not people of the so-called free profession, and public figures,working in certain social region. The relationship between the doctor and the patient has changed accordingly.

In conclusion, it is mentioned about the high value of the medical profession, it should be reminded novice doctors or students that this activity is difficult both by the possibilities of success and the situation in which the doctor will have to live. Another difficulties of our work eloquently wrote more hippocrates (ed. 1936): "There are some of the arts that are severe for them, but for those who enjoy beneficial and for ordinary people - the benefit of help, and for those involved in sorrow. From among these arts, there is both Ellina call medicine. After all, the doctor sees terrible, concerns what is disgusting, and from the misfortunes of others reaps for himself; The patients, thanks to art, are exempt from the greatest angry, diseases, suffering, from grief, from death, for against all this medicine is a healer. But the weaknesses of this art are difficult to learn, and strong - easily, and these weaknesses are known to be one doctors ... "

Almost everyone expressed by hippocrates is worthy of attention, careful thinking, although this speech seems to be more addressed to fellow citizens than to doctors. Nevertheless, the future doctor must weigh its capabilities - the natural movement of the help of suffering, the inevitable situation of heavy spectacles and experiences.

The difficulties of the medical profession vividly described A.P. Chekhov, V.V. Veresaev, M.A. Bulgakov; Their experiences are useful to think through every doctor - they complement the dry statement of textbooks. Acquaintance with the artistic descriptions of medical topics is absolutely necessary to increase the culture of the doctor; E.I. Liechtenstein (1978) gave a good summary of the statements of writers about this side of our life.

Fortunately, in the Soviet Union, the doctor is not a "lonely", dependent on the police or self-rigners of Russian, and is a worker, quite revered, participant in the state health care system.

1 BSE, 3rd ed. - T. 15. - 1974.- C. 562.

2 Engels F. The position of the working class in England // Marx K., Engels F. O.- 2-ed. - T. 2.- C. 231-517.

3 ODO made of me / ed. V.N. Ternovsky. - M.: Medicine, 1976.

Source of information: Aleksandrovsky Yu.A. Border psychiatry. M.: RLS-2006. & NBSP- 1280 C.
Directory issued by the RLS Group of Companies ®

Abscess - (Lat. Abscessus - dust, ulotnik, removal) - limited capsule purulent inflammation of tissues with their melting and formation of purulent cavity. For example, lesion of the skin is a furuncle.
0191

Agenesia - (Greek. A - deny. Particle + Genesis Origin, Development) - Congenital absence of an organ or its part in connection with a violation of intrauterine development. Comes as a result of the impact of physical, chemical, genetic factors.
0190

Adhesiveness - (Lat. Adhasio - sticking). In microbiology, the ability of microbes is attached to the surface of protective barriers (skin cells, mucous membranes, endothelium of vessels, etc.), and in the future to overcome them and penetrate the tissue.
0192

Adenomyosis - (Internal endometriosis of the body of the uterus) - the pathological growth of the endometrium deep into the muscular layer of the uterus, and in the norm should be only in the uterine cavity.

Adipocit - cage of adipose tissue.
0163

Adrenaline - (Epinephrine) Hormone brainstuffs of adrenal glands and chromaffine tissue of sympathetic nerve ganglia. Neurotiator. By chemical structure - Catecholamine. Adrenaline - stress hormone, is part of the body response system into acute stressful situations.
epinephrine

Adrenogenital syndrome - (Sin. Congenital dysfunction of adrenal cortex) is a group of hereditary and acquired diseases, under which the synthesis of corticosteroids of adrenal glands (cortisol and aldosterone) decreases. About 90% of all cases A.S. due to the deficit of the enzyme of 21-hydroxylase. At the same time, the content of androgen in the body increases that women lead to virilization.

Alopecia - hair loss, which leads to their break or complete disappearance in various areas of the head or body. Alopecia can be rack or temporary, complete or partial.
0096

Albinism - (from lat. Albus - white) - hereditary pathologyassociated with the lack of or blockade of the triosinase enzyme required for the normal synthesis of the pigment of melanin in the skin, hair and the iris. Manifested in white (bleached) color of the skin, hair, eyelashes, eyebrows, iris.
0095

Algodismenorye - excessive soreness at the bottom of the abdomen or back in the days of menstruation.

History - (Greek. Anamnesis - Memories) - information obtained in a medical examination from a patient or those who know his persons relating to the life of the patient and the history of the emergence and development of the disease.
0118

Angedonia - (AN - denial + Hedone - Pleasure, enjoyment) - the inability to have fun and joy, loss of interest in work and to everything that used to deliver pleasure.
0153

Androgen alopecia (hereditary, genetic) - hair loss leading to baldness associated with the action of male sex hormones. And if more precisely, the effect of dihydrotestosterone.

Androgens - men's sex hormones produced by sex chances (eggs and ovaries) and adrenal glands.

Android obesity - (on male type) - excessive deposition of subcutaneous fat on the shoulders, chest and stomach. This type of obesity often accompany high blood pressure and diabetes mellitus. It is also called "Obesity by Apple Type".
0198

Anemia - this state in which the hemoglobin content or the number of erythrocytes decreases in the blood, which reduces the delivery of oxygen to the tissues - hypoxia occurs. In men, a decrease in hemoglobin levels below 130 g / l, in women below 120 g / l and in pregnant women below 110 g / l is considered to be anemia.
0094

Anomaly - deviation from the norm.
0031

Anorexia - (AN - denial + OREXIS - There is a desire) - the complete absence of appetite.
0152

Antigens - these are all genetically alien and potentially dangerous substances for the body against which the body begins to produce its own antibodies. Usually, proteins are used as antigens, but simple substances can also become antigens, connecting with their own proteins of the body. They are called Hapten.
0059

Antibodies -
(IG immunoglobulins)

Antibody-mediated immunity -
gumoral immunity

Aplasia - (Greek. A - denied. Particle + Plasis - Education) - See Agenesia.
0189

Apoptosis - genetically programmed ordered cell death.
0028

Arrhythmia - the pathological state in which the frequency, rhythmic and sequence of cuts of the heart departments is disturbed.

Aromatase - the enzyme that is responsible for the formation of estrogen from androgen.

Arterial hypertension -

Arterial hypotension -

Atypism - the unusual, the acquisition of the traits that do not characterize the normal cell.
0029

Atrophy - (Greek. A - without + Trophe - Food) - a prominent decrease in the volume of a normally formed organ or tissue by reducing the size of each cell or the number of cells that make up the fabric. Accompanied by a decrease or complete cessation of the function of this tissue. It comes due to lack of nutrition or long inactivity.
0188

B-lymphocytes - the type of lymphocytes that are formed in the bone marrow and are involved in the regulation of a humoral immune response, producing immunoglobulins (antibodies).
B-lymphocytes

Bioavailability - this is the amount of medicinal substance that reaches the systemic blood flow, in its active form or in the form of a precursor. The higher the bioavailability of the medicinal substance, the smaller its loss when absorbing and the smaller dose is required to achieve the therapeutic effect.
0060

Biological age (BV) - this is an indicator reflecting how much the level of aging of this body corresponds to the average age-related standards in this population. BV shows how age the condition of the body according to its degree of "wear" and reflects how the true degree of aging of the body corresponds to its calendar age.
0125

Biomarker (biological marker) - this is the test parameter, the measurement of which is characterized by high accuracy, reliability and reproducibility, which allows to reflect the tensions of physiological processes, the state of health, the degree of risk, or the fact of the development of the disease, its stage and the forecast.

Beomarkers aging - the objective physiological parameters of the state of organs and systems of the body that change qualitatively or quantitatively when aging.

Diseases of adaptation - such diseases that occur when exposed to the organism of nonspecific pathogenic factors in violation of adaptive reactions of the body. These are cardiovascular diseases, cancer, immunodeficiency, ulcerative disease of the stomach and duodenal gut, Dr.
0057

Peritonea - the shell that wipes the abdomen from the inside and covers the internal organs separately.
0002

Wagotomy - organ-resistant operation for ulcerative ulcer of the stomach and 12-rosewood, during which the wandering nerve or its individual branches are intersecting, stimulating the secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach. It is used as for the treatment of the stomach and duodenal ulcers and other acid-dependent diseases. The boundary between ionizing and non-ionizing radiation is considered to be the wavelength of about 100 nanometers.
0126

Vasopressin - or antidiuretic hormone (ADG) - a hormone, which is produced by neurosecrete cells of the hypothalamus. The main functions of V. is the preservation of water in the body and the narrowing of blood vessels. B. Regulates the amount of water in the body, i.e. Participates in maintaining the constancy of the water-salt metabolism in the body.

Vegetative violations - conditioned violation of the function of the autonomic nervous system. These include - decreased or improving skin temperature, trophic disruption, that is exchange processesproviding cellular nutrition, pallor, sinusia, swelling, violation of sweating, etc.
0014

Virilization - (Sin. Androhenization) - the appearance of secondary male sexual signs in a woman, which is mainly associated with excessive products or activity of men's genital hormones - androgen. At the same time, there is a masculine type, baldness, change in voice timbre, physique, etc.

Virulence - (Lat. Virulentus - poisonous) - quantitative characteristic of pathogenicity. Reflects the extent to which the specific microorganism of this species expressed the ability to infect the body, causing a disease. Ovenly (LD 50) and infecting dose (ID 50), i.e., the smallest number of microbes or their toxins killing or infecting 50% of experimental animals are conditionally adopted per unit of measurement of the virulence.
0121

Congenital dysfunction of adrenal cortex - see adrenogeneital syndrome

Hapten - simple chemical compounds with low molecular weight that do not have antigenic properties, but purchasing them with an increase in molecular weight. Gaptages acquire immunogenicity only after a compound with a high-molecular weight carrier. This process can occur with the introduction of medicinal substances and causes drug allergies.
0061

Hydration - saturation of matter (organism) water molecules.
0154

Ginoid obesity - (on the female type) - excessive deposition of subcutaneous fat at the bottom of the abdomen, on the buttocks and hips. It is found mainly in women. It is also called "obesity by type of pear."
0199

Hyperandrodemia - enhance the level of androgen in the blood.

Hyperandrode - the pathological condition, which clinically manifests itself with acne, hirsutism, seborrhea and androgen-dependent baldness. Due to redundant (absolute or relative) content in the blood of free forms of male genital hormones or increased sensitivity to these target tissues in women. This increases the activity or concentration of androgen compared with estrogen. The level of androgens in the blood can be elevated or remain within the norm.

Hyperkeratosis - (Greek. Hyper - over, over, many + keras - horn, horns) - excessive thickening of the horny leather layer. G. may be associated with external (long-term friction, pressure, chemicals, etc.) and internal (violation of the function endocrine system, hypovitaminosis A, etc.) factors.
0187

Hypermelaanosis - (Hyper-prefix, meaning "over", "over" + Melas - black) - an increase in the number of melanin in the skin.
0117

Hypermenoria (Menorragia) - abundant and long-lasting menstruation, lasting more than 7 days and blood loss more than 100 ml.

Hypermetabolism - enhanced metabolism.

Hyperplasia - (from Greek. Hyper is exceeding + plasis - education, formation) - an increase in the number of cells in any organ or tissue (with the exception of tumors), as a result of which the volume of this body increases. Developed as a result of the influence of factors stimulating cellular reproduction.

Hypereflexia - increased reflexes due to the weakening of braking brain on a segmental reflex device. It may occur during the damage to the nervous system, as well as at neurosis.

Hypertension arterial - resistant raising arterial pressure Above 140/90 mm Hg. Art. The resulting minimum of three dimensions produced in a relaxed atmosphere at different times.

Hypertermia - Increase body temperature above 37 ° C.
0003

Myocardial hypertrophy - increase the mass of the heart muscle or its individual parts under the influence of various factors and, accordingly, increase the size of the heart
0056

Hypionesis - (Greek. HYPO- Under, bottom, undo-+ genesis Origin, development) - see hypoplasia.
0186

Hypoxia - oxygen starvation of the whole organism or its individual organs and tissues
0055

Hyfelaanosis - reducing the number of melanin or its complete absence in the skin. Manifests as leukoderma.
0116

Gapopia - (Greek. HYPO- Under, bottom, undo-+ plasis - education) - underdevelopment of tissue, organ or parts of the body associated with imbounds of intrauterine development.
0185

Hypotension arterial - (from Greek Gipo - under, bottom and tenzo-stress) - a decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure below 100/60 mm.rt.st.

Girsutism - excessive hair growth on the face and body in women on male type due to increased production in women men's sex hormones or increased sensitivity to them hair Lukovitz. It is characterized by the appearance of hair in androgen-dependent zones: on cheeks (bundles), above the upper lip, chin, chest, back, in the area of \u200b\u200bnipples, at the bottom of the abdomen, on the front and inner surfaces of the hips.

Hysteroscopy - a visual diagnostic method that allows you to inspect the neck and cavity of the uterus, the cervical channel, as well as the mouth of the uterine pipes using a special optical system - a hysteroscope.

Hysterectomy - the gynecological operation at which the uterus is removed. Hysterectomy can be partial (with the preservation of the cervix) and complete.

Histohematic barrier - the combination of internal physiological mechanisms that separate blood from the tissue fluid, maintaining the constancy of the physicochemical properties of the tissue fluid and preventing the penetration into the tissue of alien substances. The histohematic barriers are represented by such specialized barriers as hematorecephalic (between blood and brain tissue), hematoophthalmic (between blood and intraocular fluid), hemato-test (between blood and men's sexual glands), gemato-thyroid (between blood and thyroid gland), depriving banner fabrics of immunological tolerance.
0062

Glycemic Product Index (GI) - this is an indicator reflecting the splitting rate of a product in the body and turning it into glucose. The faster the product is split, the higher its glycemic index. The standard is glucose, the gi of which is 100. The indicators of other products are compared with gi glucose. The higher the gi products, the more carbohydrates from it the body is able to assimilate in the form of glucose, which is expressed in increasing blood sugar levels.
0164

Glukegenesis - the formation of glucose liver from non-reliable compounds.

Homeostasis - (Greek. Homoios, similar to the same + stasis, standing, immobility) - self-regulation, the body's ability to maintain the constancy of its internal medium through adaptive coordinated reactions aimed at maintaining dynamic equilibrium.

Homocysteine \u200b\u200b- the cytotoxic amino acid, which is formed from an indispensable amino acid methionine and cause damage to the vascular wall.
0015

Gonadotropins - see gonadotropic hormones

Gonadotropic hormones - hormones regulating and stimulating the endocrine function of genital glasses. Gonadotropinams include a follicle-stimulating hormone ( FSH.) and luteinizing hormone ( LG),

Hormonal status - this is the ratio between hormones, which is characteristic of a certain age, gender and the state of the body. It is different in men and women, in children, as well as during pregnancy. With age, hormonal status in humans change due to natural causes (for example, when climax).

Gumoral immunity - this is an immune defense that provides in lymphocytes, producing special proteins in response to antigens, circulating in the body of the organism - antibodies. Humoral immunity ensures the protection of the body from foreign substances that are in extracellular space and blood and does not require direct contact in lymphocytes and antigens.
0063

Degenerative changes - such, in which there is a gradual destruction of fabrics, organs, systems, body parts with the simplification of their organization and loss of functions.
0016

Dehydration - dehydration. Occurs when there is an excessive water loss of the body, which is a sign of any violation or illness
0155

Denaturation - (from Lat. DE - Removal, Loss and Nature - Nature). The term, which is most often used in relation to proteins and means the loss of their natural properties.
0127

Denaturation of proteins - full or partial loss by proteins of their natural properties (solubility, biological activity, etc.) due to the change in the natural structure of their molecules, under the influence of chemical or physical impact. Denaturation facilitates the action of proteolytic enzymes, because We will open access to all parts of the protein molecule
0128

Dendritic cells - this is one of the types of cells. immune systemexercising searching, primary destruction of pathogenic organisms and representing their T-cells to form a specific immune response. Dendritic cells are in the tissues in contact with the environment (leather and mucous membranes). Differentiated cells are those that have clear features specific to perform a specific function.
0064

Depressor reaction - lowering blood pressure in response to the impact of any exogenous or endogenous factor
0050

Depressor action - complex of the influences of special systems of the body, due to which the extension of the arteries and the fall of hell
0051

Dermat - this is a skin area that is innervated by a certain spinal cord segment. So, for example, the segment of the 2nd cervical vertebra innervates the skin of the head and the upper part of the neck, the first breast - the inner side of the forearm, the fifth breast - outdoor surface The hands are above the elbow, the second and the third lowerline - the front surface of the hips and the knees, the cranial nerves - the skin of the head.
0115

Dermographism - (Greek. Derma - Leather + Grapho - Write) - The reaction of the vessels of the skin, which is expressed in the appearance of a red or white strip on the site of the mechanical barn irritation of the skin with a blunt item. Dermographism is normally present in every person.
0111

Dermographism elevated - the appearance on the skin towering and long non-disappearing lanes of red. Located with increased permeability of the vascular wall.
0114

Dermographism white - the appearance on the skin of white strips with a mechanical barn irritation of the skin is blunt item. Due to local capillaria spasms.
0113

Dermographism red - the appearance on the skin of red strips with a mechanical barn irritation of the skin with a blunt item. Due to the local expansion of capillaries.
0112

Desynchronoz - a condition in which synchronization (consistency of functions) of biological daily rhythms of the organism is violated. A healthy body is well synchronized with natural daily rhythms, and it is difficult for him to adapt to the rhythms of other periods, artificially created by man. If the rhythm of life does not correspond to natural rhythms, the state of the physiological norm is violated, the adaptive capabilities of the organism weaken, and therefore, chronic and new diseases appear. An increase in adaptation capabilities in something is accompanied by their loss in the other.
0150

Deskvamation - (LAT. . desquamare to remove the scales) - peeling of the skin, lunning tissue cells.

Children's age - see reproductive age.

Defecation - (Lat. DE - Removal + Faex - Sediment, Sustained) - Facility Education Process kALOV MASS. From the intestine through the rear pass.
0156

Diarrhea - (diarrhea) - a pathological condition in which there is a frequent or single emptying of the intestines with a liquid chair. D is not a disease, but a symptom that can be caused by different reasons.
0157

Diastolic pressure - pressure in the arteries at the time of the relaxation of the heart. It reflects the resistance of peripheral vessels.
(Lower)

Diaphorosis - increased sweating.

Diverticulitis - heruzhevoid protrusion of the intestinal wall area with its inflammation.
0200

Dizuriy - (Greek. DYS is a violation of + uron - urine) - the general name of urinary disorders, for example. Painful and often stripped urination

DISPAREUTIONS - pain in any field of genitals arising during or after sexual contact.

Differentiated cells - such which have clear features specific to perform a specific function.
0030

Differentiation of cells - acquisition of a cell of special features to perform specialized functions.
0032

Natural immunological tolerance - the absence of an immune response to the antigens of the organism's own tissues, due to the destruction in the thymus of T-lymphocytes, which are directed against their own antigens.
0068

Itching paranoplastic - itching skin in cancer.

Psychogenic itching - itching skin caused by psychoneurological diseases and disorders (psychoneurosis, stress, depression, anxiety, etc. Emotional problems). It is characterized by the absence of skin changes and strengthening during stressful situations.

Seenile itch - inexplicable itching of the skin in the elderly in the absence of visible reasons. This itching can be caused by dry skin due to a decrease in the function of the sebaceous glands, a decrease in water content and hyaluronic acid in the skin.

Itching uremic - itching the skin caused by intoxication of the body with products of protein metabolism - urea, ammonia, uric acid, etc.

Itching cholestatic - itching the skin caused by cholestaste (bile stake) and raising the level of bilirubin in the blood. Causes - cirrhosis of the liver, hepatitis, etc. arises due to the fact that bilirubin high concentrations It is an irritant of the skin.

Radiation of visible light - electromagnetic waves with a wavelength of 780-380 nm (frequency 429 THz - 750 THz).
0129

Radiation gamma rays - electromagnetic waves with a wavelength less than 5 PM (frequency of more than 6,1019 Hz).
0130

Infrared radiation - electromagnetic waves with a wavelength of 1 mm - 780 nm (frequency of 300 GHz - 429 THz). It is also called "thermal" radiation, as it is perceived by the skin of a person as a feeling of heat.
0131

Radiation non-ionizer - all radiation that have no energy to ionize matter. This radiation with a wavelength of more than 1000 nm and energy is less than 10 keV. The non-ionizing radiation includes radio waves, infrared, visible radiation. Ultraviolet radiation Not always is "non-ionizing".
0132

Radio rates - electromagnetic waves with a wavelength of more than 1 mm. They include: Long, medium, short, ultra-screws. In turn, ultrashort waves are in turn on meter, centimeter (including microwaves), millimeter waves.
0133

Radiation x-ray rays - electromagnetic waves with a wavelength of 10 nm - 5 pm (frequency 3 1016 - 6 1019 Hz).
0134

Ultraviolet radiation - electromagnetic waves with a wavelength of 380 - 10 nm (frequency 7.5 1014 Hz - 3 1016 Hz). C).
0135

Immune deficiency - a condition in which the immune response is reduced or lacks due to a defect in the immune system: an insufficient number of immune cells, immunoglobulins, or a function of any immune system link.
0110

Primary immune failure - conditioned hereditary (genetic) pathology and underlying immunodeficient diseases. It is already manifested in early childhood and often has an adverse outcome.
0108

Immune response - a combination of protective processes that occur in the immune system in response to the introduction of antigen.
0065

Immune status - this is a comprehensive indicator that characterizes the state of the immune system of a separate person at a particular point in time. To determine it, a generally increasing examination and a number of special laboratory tests are carried out.
0107

Immunogenicity - the ability of one or another substance to stimulate the immune response.
0067

Immunoglobulins - these are special protective proteins that produce in lymphocytes are circulated in body fluids and have the ability to recognize antigens, contact them and neutralize them. Provide specific humoral immunity.
Ig.

Immunodeficiency - see immune failure.
0106

Immunodeficiency secondary - see Immune deficiency secondary.
immunodeficiency acquired

Primary immunodeficiency - see Immune deficiency primary.
immunodeficiency hereditary

Immunodeficiency structural - this in which organic damage to the structure of organs, cells or other factors of the human immune system.

Immunodeficiency physiological - conditioned by the physiological characteristics of the body in different periods of life or the action of natural factors of the external environment.
0105

Immunodeficiency functional - temporary (transient) impairment of immunity, which occurs at a source of a healthy person in inconsistency between the current capabilities of its immune system and overly high microbial load or adverse environmental conditions.
0104

Immocompetent cells -
immunocytes

Immunosuppression - suppression or depression of immunity in response to certain physiological conditions, diseases or impact of immunosuppressants (for example, steroids or chemotherapy preparations to prevent the transplant rejection).
immunodepression

Immunocytes - the cells of the body's immune system involved in the immune response (T- and B-lymphocytes and macrophages).
0069

Implantation - (from lat. IM - inside + Plantatio - plant) - the introduction, lusion, transplanting in the tissue of alien tissue of structures and materials.

Invasivity - (from Lat. Invasio - attack). In microbiology, the ability of causative agents of infection (bacteria, viruses, mushrooms, simplest) penetrate into fabrics and human organs and spread to them, which ensures the development of the infectious process.
0193

Involution - the transition to the previous state, simplification, the opposite development of the properties of the body, separate organs or tissues in connection with the loss of their function (for example, a decrease in the uterus after delivery, the age involution of the fork gland). Also atrophy organs in pathology and aging.
0070

Incubation period - (Lat. Incubo - to sleep, rest) - a hidden period from the moment the causative agent of the infectious disease in the body before the appearance of the first signs of the disease. Synonym - Latent period.
0184

Insulin-dependent fabric - these are those whose cells are absorbed by glucose, regardless of the presence of insulin by simply diffusion (from places with a larger glucose concentration in places with less concentration). These are nervous cells, endothelium vascular wall and lens.

Insuline receptor - this is a special component of the cell membrane, which selectively recognizes and binds insulin, and also has the ability to generate signals resulting in a biological reaction in the form of glucose into the cell.

Insulin resistance - (IR) (insulin + resistentia - resistance, resistance) - decrease in the sensitivity of peripheral tissues to insulin. Under the IR "Normal", the level of insulin does not provide a biological need for it, because Glucose does not enter the cells. IR implies an insufficient response of target tissues on insulin.

Infiltrating growth - germination through healthy fabrics with their destruction.
0033

Ionization - this is the process of formation of ions and free radicals from neutral molecules or atoms. In order for ions formed, it is necessary from an atom or molecule to tear the electron, which requires a huge amount of energy. Only those radiation species that bear the ultraviolet (in some cases), X-ray, gamma radiation have an ionizing effect.
0136

Ionizing radiation - the types of radiation (possessing sufficient energy), which, when interacting with the substance, are able to ionize its atoms and molecules, turning them into electrically charged ions. In this case, the structure of molecules is broken by removing one or more electrons. Ionizing is X-ray, gamma radiation, and in some cases ultraviolet. Microwave and radio wave are not ionizing, because There are not enough energy to ionize atoms and molecules.
radioactive radiation

Ischemia - insufficient blood supply.
0005

Candidemiya - detection of mushrooms of the genus Candida at least in the same blood sown.
0194

Cankrofilia - (Lat. Cankro - Cancer + Filia - Love, i.e. "Love for Cancer") – The predisposition or hormonal metabolic states that increase the likelihood and development of malignant neoplasms.

Carcinogens - all the effects of physical, chemical and biological nature, which increase the likelihood of malignant neoplasms.
0034

Cardiomyopathy - change the heart muscle without a visible cause.

Catecholamines - physiologically active substances produced by nerve and neuroendocrine cells and regulating the functions of the endocrine glands and the transfer of nerve pulses. In the first case, catecholamines are considered as hormones (adrenaline, norepinence), in the second - as neurotransmitters (norepinephrine, dopamine).

Cachexia - the depletion of all life support systems of the body.
0035

Cell immunity - this is a type of immune response in which protective functions perform special cells, absorbing and destroying alien substances by direct contact with them. Cellular immunity protects against intracellular aggressors and tumor cells and requires direct contact with them.
Cellular mediated immunity

Cognitive functions - higher brain functions: memory, attention, thinking, the process of knowledge, psychomotor coordination, speech, account, planning, orientation and control of higher mental activities.
0017

Colonoscopy - the diagnostic method at which a visual inspection of the mucous membrane of the entire colon is carried out with a colonoscope introduced through the rear pass.

Koprostaz - this is an excessive accumulation of dense path masses in the intestine. It is observed mainly in the elderly people suffering from constipation. The stopping of the movement of the cartilage masses by the intestine leads to obstruction of the colon. K. Characterized by a chicken-like or sharp gravity pain in the stomach.
0158

Correlation, correlation dependence - (from lat. Correlatio - relationship, relation) - the statistical relationship of two or several random variables. At the same time, changes in the values \u200b\u200bof one or more of these values \u200b\u200baccompany the systematic change in the values \u200b\u200bof other or other values.

Coenference - auxiliary organic compounds of non-chicken nature necessary for the implementation of the catalytic action of enzymes.
0018

Xenoestrogen - chemicals with estrogen-like action - pesticides, plastic, industrial pollution, exhaust gases, poultry meat grown on hormones, etc.
0165

Lactase - the enzyme required for the absorption of sugar contained in dairy products.

Laparoscope - medical optical instrument for laparoscopic diagnostic and operating manipulations on organs abdominal cavity.

Laparoscopy - (Greek. Lapara, Belly + Skopeo, I see, observe, I consider) - the surgical procedure for inspection of the abdominal cavity organs and cavity with the help of an optical video system (laparoscope) introduced through small holes on the front abdominal wall.

Laparoscopy diagnostic - inspection of the abdominal organs and cavity of the pelvis using an optical video system (laparoscope) to establish the causes and nature of the disease.

Laparoscopy operational - the surgery method in which surgery on the abdominal organs and the pelvis is carried out using an optical video system (laparoscope).

Latent infection - the form of an infectious process (the state of infection), in which the microbe lives and multiplies in the tissues of the body, without causing any symptoms of the disease. Most often, it is observed in protracted or chronic infections with a long stay of the causative agent in the body. It is manifested in the weakening of the body's resistance.
0137

Leukoderma - (Greek. Leuco - colorless, white + derma - leather) - see leukopathy.
0103

Leukopathy - (Greek. Leuco is a colorless, white + pathos - the disease) - the disappearance of pigmentation in separate areas of the skin due to the decrease or complete disappearance of the melanin pigment in it.
0102

Leukocytosis - the pathological condition of the organism, in which the number of leukocytes in peripheral blood increases.

Leptin - (Greek. Leptos is a thin, weak) - "hormone hormone", which is produced in adipocyt adipotable tissue. It communicates with adipose tissue with the brain, regulating the energy exchange of the body and body weight. Acting for receptors in the hypothalamus, leptin reduces appetite and increases thermogenesis. Leptin forms a sense of saturation, ensures a decrease in appetite and an increase in energy costs.
0166

Lymphoid fabric - the fabric of the body in which the formation and ripening of lymphocytes occurs. L.T. It may be as holistic anatomical formations (thymus, spleen, almonds) and cell groups, diffuse in the thickness of the intestinal mucous membrane, bronchi, etc.
0071

Lymphopoesez - the process of forming lymphocytes (T- and B cells).
0072

Lymphocytes - the variety of leukocytes, cells of the immune system, providing humoral and cellular immunity. The two most important types of lymphocytes are T- and B-lymphocytes, which play a different role in the reaction of the immune system during the destruction of alien proteins (antigens).
0073

Lipogenesis - the process of the formation and stock of fat.
0167

Lipodystrophy - (Greek Lipos - Fat + Trophe - Nutrition) - Pathological condition of subcutaneous tissue with a decrease (atrophic form) or an increase (hypertrophic form) of the volume of adipose tissue. L. can wear a common or local character.
0168

Lipolysis - the process of decay of fats.
0169

Lipotropic substances - substances that participate in the normalization of fats and cholesterol. Warning or reduce the accumulation of fat in the liver, as well as the deposition of cholesterol on the walls of the vessels.
0183

MALT - (Abbreviated from MUCOSAL-Associated Lymphoid Tissue) - lymphoid fabric associated with mucous membranes and responsible for the immune response to the periphery through IGA products. It is freely located in the walls of the respiratory tract, the gastrointestinal tract, the urinary tract in the form of diffuse infiltration or lesions of the accumulation and is devoid of a connective tissue capsule. These are almonds, Appendix, Peyer's intestinal plaques, etc.
0119

Magnetically resonant tomography (MRI) - the method of diagnosis to obtain a layer-by-layer image of the structure of internal organs and tissues based on the phenomenon of nuclear-magnetically resonance. MRI allows diagnosing diseases of the head and spinal cord, hearts and vessels, joints, spine, abdominal organs (except the stomach and intestines) and a small pelvis.

Macrophages - (from Greek. Macro - Big, Fagos - devour) - Immune cells connective tissuecapable of active seizure, absorption and removal of alien particles, microorganisms, as well as dead or damaged cell cells. They are formed from monocytes when they get into tissue. Macrofagas include histiocytes of connective tissue, chipper liver cells, microglia cells, alveolar macrophages, etc. See phagocytes
0074

Malignation - (Lat. Malignus - Harmful, flexible) - acquisition by cells of a normal or pathologically changed body tissue (including a benign tumor) properties of a malignant tumor.

Malabsorption - (Lat. Malus - bad + lat. Absorptio - absorption) - impaired suction of one or more nutrients in the small intestine. Synonym - impaired suction syndrome.
0201

Skin maceration - softening and breaking tissues as a result of a long exposure to liquid.
0195

Megaloblastic anemia - this anemia caused by impaired blood formation due to a lack of vitamin B12 organism. At the same time, large immature predecessors of erythrocytes are produced - Megaloblasts.
B12 deficient anemia, Addison-Burmer disease, malignant anemia

Mediators of allergic reactions - (from lat. Mediator - mediator) - biologically active substances emitted by their fat cells or created as a result of the formation of immune complexes: allergen + antibody or allergen + sensitized T-lymphocyte, and directly causing allergic reactions. The most significant of these includes histamine, serotonin, chemotaxine, proteases, heparin eosinophils and neutrophils.
0075

Mesothelium - (Greek. Mesos is the middle + (epithelium) - a single-layer flat epithelium, lining serous abdominal and chest cavity shells.

Melanin - (from Greek. Melas - black) - pigment that is produced by skin cells - melanocytes and determines the constitutional pigmentation of the skin and the possibility of tanning. This is a natural pigment, which is contained in the skin, hair and retina.
0092

Melanocytes - (from Greek. Melas - Black + Citos - Cell) - Special cells of the epidermal layer of skin, producing pigment melanin.
0093

Menorriage - see Hypermenorrhea

Metabolism - a combination of ordered adjustable chemical reactions of synthesis, destruction and mutual entertainment, which occur in each cell cell and correspond to its physiological needs for maintaining life.
0019

Metabolic syndrome - (MS) (XI. X) syndrome is a complex of metabolic, hormonal and clinical disorders that are the risk factors for the development of the 2nd type diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The MS is based on insulin resistance (IR) and compensatory hyperinsulamia (GI).

MetaPlasia - (Greek metapalassiō convert, convert) - a resistant substitution of the normal tissue of one type to another normal fabric while maintaining the basic type of fabric, but characterized morphologically and functionally or in an atypical location.

Metastasis - the process of formation of metastases.
0036

Metrragia - acyclic uterine bleeding in the intermenstrument period.

Melin - the substance of lipoprotein nature, forming a myelin sheath of nerve fibers. The main functions of myelin: nutrition, insulation and acceleration of the nervous impulse, as well as the support and barrier function.
0020

Melinic shell - a special type of cell membrane surrounding nervous cell processes, in the central and peripheral nervous system.
0021

Myeloid fabric - the fabric of the body in which myelopois is happening.
0076

MielopoEZ - the process of forming uniform elements of blood: erythrocytes, monocytes, granulocytes and platelets in the bone marrow.
0077

Miometry - muscle layer of the uterus.

Multiple endocrine neoplasia - (Maine) A group of hereditary diseases in which are developing benign or malignant tumors in several endocrine glands.

Monocytes - the most active phagocytes of peripheral blood. In the tissues, monocytes turn into tissue macrophages. See phagocytes.
0078

Morphology - exterior signs.
0038

Mukobovysidosis - (LAT. MUCUS mucus + viscidus sticky) is a systemic hereditary disease of the gland of the external secretion, in which the pancreas, the bowel gland and respiratory tract produce an excessive amount of mucus, and their output ducts are blocked by a viscous secret. Manifests itself in the form of chronic pneumonia and digestive disorders. Synonyms: Pancreofibrosis, dispersion Enterobronchopancreatic, congenital pancreatic steatheree.
0202

Multipotent stem cells (MPSK) - cells of an adult organism capable of generating cells of different tissues, but limited bits of one embryo sheet.

Mutation - accidentally emerged persistent inherited change in the genotype, leading to a change in certain signs of cells, tissues, or the whole organism, which is happening under the influence of external or internal factors.
0079

Undifferentiated cells - such, on the signs of which it is impossible to determine which tissue in the body they represent (muscle, bone, nervous or other). Those. Novo-formation cells lose their specialization compared to normal.
0039

Neurobiology - science (section of biology), studying genetics, device, development, functioning, physiology and pathology, nervous system.

Neurohumoral regulation - (Grech . neuron, nerve + lat . humor, Liquid) - Joint regulating effects of the nervous system and humoral factors (mediators , hormones, metabolites carrying blood and lymph) on organs, fabrics and physiological processes in the body. N. r. Supports the constancy of the inner environment of the body ( homeostasis ) And his adaptation to the changing environmental conditions.

Neuropsychiatric biomarkers - - these are highly specific biological signsindicating the presence of a certain neuropsychiatric disease (epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, depression, etc.).

Neuroeconomic - this science (section of neurobiology), which studies the neurobiological foundations of the adoption of certain solutions (including when choosing alternative options), the causes of our inconsistencies and behavior. Neuroeconomic is also called decision-making neurobiology.

Neuroendocrine syndrome - (Neuroendocrine disorders) – The clinical complex of symptoms due to the primary disorder in the hypothalamic-pituitary system.

Necrosis (Greek. Nekros is a dead) - irreversible cessation of vital activity (death) of cells or tissues of any part of a living organism as a result of its exo- or endogenous damage.
0182

Nervous gangliy - (Nervous assembly) - limited accumulation of nerve cells, located along the course of nervous trunks.

Nonspecific immunity - this is a system of protective factors that exist from birth and caused by the features of anatomy and physiology inherent in this form and enshrined inheritance. Those. It is a congenital and existing ability to destroy everything alien.
congenital immunity

Lower sphincter esophaw - circular muscle at the bottom of the esophagus, which carries out relaxation and closure of the transition hole from the esophagus in the stomach.
0148

Noradrenalin - (Norepinephrine) is a hormone of brainstabs of adrenal glands and at all-adhesive chromaffinity tissue. Neurotiator. By chemical structure - Catecholamine. Noraderenalin is the predecessor of adrenaline. Wake-up mediator. It is part of the body responding to acute stressful situations.
norepinephrin

Obesity android - see "Android obesity."
0205

Ginoid obesity - see "Ginoid Obesity".
0206

Oxytocin - neurogormon, which is produced by neurosecrete cells of the hypothalamus and regulates the activities of the endocrine glands and the central nervous system. The main functions of O. are associated with childbirth and lactation.

Oncogenez - the process of occurrence and development of the tumor.
0040

Tumor progression - genetically fixed, inherited by a tumor cell and an irreversible change in one or more cell properties Tumor transformation - the conversion of a normal cell into tumor. Tumor Atypism is the acquisition of a cell of the pecific tumor properties that are not characteristic of normal cell.
0041

Tumor markers (Oncomarkers) - specific substances that produce normal tissues in response to the introduction of cancer cells or which are tumor activity products. Elevated level Oncomarcers defined in the blood may indicate the presence of a tumor in the body, but can also accompany some other diseases that are not related to oncology.

Tumor phenotype - characteristic tumor signs.
0042

Ortostatic hypotension - this is a decrease in systolic blood pressure by more than 20 mm Hg. Or a decrease in diastolic blood pressure by more than 10 mm Hg Prix transition to a vertical position. It is the result of the inability of vessels to maintain blood pressure.

Osmotic pressure - this is the power that causes the solvent movement through a semi-permeable membrane of a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated. OD It is mainly created by salts in a dissolved state and is aimed at maintaining the concentration of substances dissolved in body fluids. OD Reflects the desire of the solution to lower the concentration in contact with a pure solvent due to diffusion of the solvent molecules and the dissolved substance.
0160

Main exchange - this is the minimum amount of energy that needs the body to maintain its normal life in full rest 12 hours after meals in wakefulness and with the exclusion of the influence of all external and internal factors.
0210

Acute belly - a threatening condition at which significant damage to the abdominal cavity organs and requires immediate surgical care.
0006

Paragargy - the accumulations of hormonal-active cells (chromaffine) located in sympathetic ganglia or near them. Paragangles have a general origin with the gangs of the vegetative nervous system and participate in the synthesis of catecholamines. Paragangles are located in various parts of the body, respectively, the location of the nerve gangliy - spool, adrenal, aortic and grade plexuses, in myocardium and skin, as well as the mediastinal field, neck, brain.

Paraganglioma - these are adrenaline-producing tumors, which arise from chromaffine cells in sympathetic ganglia or near them. They proceed from cells of the peripheral nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic). Paragangloma produce catecholamines (adrenaline, norepinephrine, dopamine).

Pareenoplastic syndrome - nonspecific reactions from various organs and systems for malignant tumors.
0043

Pathogen - (Greek. Pathos - suffering + Genes - generate) - any microorganism or any other external environment factor capable of causing damage or illness (pathological condition) of another organism.
0122

Pathogenicity - (Greek. Pathos is the suffering of + Genes - generate) - this is a species genetically determined property of the pathogen, its potential ability to cause infectious disease in healthy faces. On this basis, all microorganisms are divided into pathogenic, conditionally pathogenic and saprophytes.
0123

Pathology - deviation from the normal state of cells, fabrics, organ or body system
0054

Peyer Plaques - clusters of lymphoid tissue in the intestinal wall.
0080

Peristalistics - reducing the intestinal walls of a wave-like character, thanks to which intestinal content is moving towards the rectum.
0007

Peritonitis - inflammation of peritoness leaves.
0008

Persistency - (Lat. Persisto - constantly being) - the ability of some microorganisms to a long existence in the host cells without active metabolism and reproduction, in the form of a cystic or L-form. These are noncommunicable hidden forms that cause a weak immune response. They cannot be removed by the immune system from the body, but also cannot continue its infection before the occurrence of the period favorable for them.
0120

Border arterial hypertension - this type of primary hypertension, in which systolic and (or) diastolic pressure ranges periodically from normal numbers to the boundary zone limits - 140 / 90-159 / 94 mm RT. Art.
0058

Polymorphism - variety.
0044

Polyuria - (from Greek. Poly is a lot of + uron -Moch) - elevated compared to the norm of urine release (for adults over 2000 ml per day).

Post-infectious irritable sind syndrome (SRC) - SRK, developed after acute intestinal infection. It arises about 25% of persons who have suffered sharp intestinal infections.

Postmenopause - the period of life of a woman after the cessation of menstruation.

Haiflica Limit - the number genetically determined by the norm of a cell division limit to a maximum of 50 times and controlled by the body.
Hayflick limit

Precept - the condition from the initial minimum changes in cells before the appearance of malignant signs.
0045

Pressor reaction - enhance arterial pressure in response to the impact of any exogenous or endogenous factor
0052

Pressorh action - complex of the influences of special systems of the body, thanks to which the arteries and rise of blood pressure are carried out
0053

Proliferation - an increase in the number of cells by reproduction, leading to the growth of the tissue.
0022

Proteolytic enzymes - see Proloolithic Enzymes.
0196

Psychosomatic diseases - (Greek Psyche - Soul, Spirit and Soma - body) is a group of diseases, a leading role in the emergence and development of which neuro-psychological factors (acute or chronic psychological stress, as well as the specific features of the emotional response of the individual).
0147

Reabsorption - repeat suction.
0023

Reactivation - (Lat. Re - Return + Activus - Activity, effectiveness) - Restoration of the viability and activity of cells, organs, organisms or viruses lost as a result of various factors.
0161

Virus reactivation - transformation of inactive virus to active.
0162

The reactivity of the body - the protective and adaptive property of the living organism to respond in a certain way to the changing conditions of the outer and internal environment.
0101

Regeneration - (Lat. Re - Again, again + Genus - Rod, generation) - the restoration of damaged or lost tissues.
0170

Resistance - (Lat. Resistentia - Resistance, Counteraction, Sustainability) - The body's resistance to the effects of various adverse factors of the external environment - infections, pollution, etc. The term immunity is more often used regarding resilience to infections.
0140

Resorption - (from lat. Resorbeo absorb) - absorption, suction of substances in the body. Resorption in pathology is the resorption of alien bodies, dead tissues, inflammatory exudate.
0141

Receptors - (from lat. recipio - to receive, obtain) - special structures that perceive external and internal exposure (physical and chemical) react to them and cause reactions that ensure the final effect of this impact.

Recurney - (Lat. Recidivus - renewal) - repetition of the disease after the apparent complete recovery. Recurrence is related to the fact that during treatment the damaging factor was not completely eliminated from the body and under certain conditions again causes the appearance of symptoms of the disease. The recurrence of infection is associated with the activation of an infectious agent already circulating in the body, and not as a result of a new infection. Recurpose does not apply to reinfection.
0177

Recurrence of tumor - re-development of the tumor in the same place after its complete deletion.
0047

Saprophytes - (Greek. SAPROS - rotten + Phyton - plant) - plants and microorganisms (bacteria, mushrooms), which are powered by dead or decompanying tissues and convert organic substances into inorganic.
0197

Sensitization - (from Sensibilis - sensitive) - this is the occurrence of increased sensitivity of the body to alien substances - allergens.
0082

Layella syndrome - a severe toxic-allergic disease that threatens the life of a patient, which manifests itself with sudden intense necrosis of the skin and mucous membranes with the formation of bubbles, erosions and the delay of the epidermis. The main reason is a non-specific reaction and increased sensitivity to drugs - sulfanimamides, penicillins, erythromycins, tetracyclines, anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, painkillers. Less often, the reaction develops into infectious and toxic agents.
toxic epidermal necroliz, acute epidermal necroliz, scalding skin syndrome

Syndrome of an irritable intestine (SRC) - this is the complex functional disorders Intestinal intestines, which are manifested by chronic pains and discomfort in the abdomen, bloating, impaired intestinal motorcycles, change in the frequency and shape of the chair without any signs of damage and the absence of organic changes in the intestine itself. - (from Greek. Soma - body) - all cells of the body that make up the body and do not take part in sexual reproduction (sex cells). They form a variety of body tissues, possessing specific features that are purchased in the differentiation process.
0084

Specific immunity - immunity acquired during the life of an individual after the diseases suffered or after vaccination and not inherited.
0100

Spontaneity - spontaneity; characteristic of processes caused by non-external influences, and internal reasons; Independence, the ability to actively act under the influence of internal motivations.
0085

Stem cells - unripe (undifferentiated) cells with self-renewal ability and subsequent development (differentiation) into specialized cells of various organs and tissues (nervous, immune, muscle, etc.). These are the predecessor cells of all other organism cells.
0086

Steroid hormones - a group of physiologically active substances (sex hormones, corticosteroids), which regulate almost all processes of vital activity in humans and animals. Synthesized from cholesterol in the core of adrenal glands, germ glanes, placenta.

Sphincter - circular muscle, compressing hollow organ or hiding any hole.
0146

T- and memory cells - these are lymphocytes that store information (memory) on the first meeting with an antigen and forming a stronger and fast immune response when a re-meeting with this antigen. Cells of immunological memory are long-lived t- and limmphocytes.
0087

T-lymphocytes - the type of lymphocytes that are formed in the thymus and provide the reaction of cellular immunity.
0088

Tachycardia - increasing the frequency of heart cuts of more than 90 shots per minute. Tachycardia is not a disease, but a symptom, because It may arise as a manifestation of not only diseases, but also physiological conditions. Testosterone connected - testosterone fraction associated with blood proteins - with globulins (60-70%) and albumin (25-40%).

Tyrosinaz - copper-containing enzyme catalyzing oxidation of Tyrosine amino acid before the formation of a pigment melanin due to oxygen. With the hereditary absence or violation of the metabolism of tyrosinase, albinism is developing.
0097

Transformation - transformation, change.
0048

Tremor - involuntary trembling of the body or its individual parts (for example, fingers of the hands) for some nerve diseases and states.

Tronof - (Greek. Trophe - Power) is a set of cellular power processes that ensure the preservation of the structure and function of the tissue or organ.
0142

Troof nervous - adjusting the influence of the nervous system on tissue trophics in accordance with their needs at any given moment.
0145

Fat cells - these are cells of connective tissue containing such biologically active substances as histamine, heparin, serotonin, etc. These cells accumulate mainly in places of the greatest contact with the external environment: the tissues of the respiratory tract, the gastrointestinal tract, in the tissues surrounding blood vessels.
0099

Urography - x-ray method of study of the kidneys and urinary tract after intravenous administration of the X-ray-repeat substance. The method is based on the ability of kidneys to separate certain radiocontrase substances, with the result that the X-ray image shows the image of the kidneys and urinary tract.

Conditional pathogenic microorganisms - these are such that, with the normal physiological state of the body, are deprived of pathogenic properties and are harmless, but under certain conditions may cause an infectious disease. These conditions are the massiveness of infection and the weakening of the immune system. Most often included in the natural microflora of the body.
0124

Phagocytic activity - an indicator of the ability of phagocytes to capture and digest pathogenic microorganisms.
0089

Phagocytosis - the process of active capture and absorption of alien substances (microorganisms, foreign particles, destroyed cells) by special cells of the immune system - phagocytes.
0090

Phagocytes - (Phagos - devouring, Kitos -Tack). These include monocytes, macrophages, granulocytes - specialized cells of the immune system, which are able to capture, absorb and remove alien particles, bacteria, as well as dead or damaged cells of the body. - enzymes that split protein,
protease

Fertility - (Lat. fertilis is a fertile, prolific) - the ability of a semi-green organism to produce viable offspring.

Fertility - the ability of a hawk organism to produce viable offspring.

Phlegmon - (Greek Phlegmone - fire, heat, inflammation) - acute, spilled, purulent inflammation of fiber with diffuse impregnation of purulent exudate tissues and a tendency to quickly spread over the cellular spaces and involvement in the purulent muscle and tendons.
0181 - permanent pains in the lower back or belly, disturbing independently of menstruation for more than 6 months.

Tseliacia - (gluten enteropathy) is a hereditary autoimmune disease for which the intolerance of the protein of cereals (gluten) is characterized due to a lack of a special enzyme. During C. Damage to the mucous membrane fine intestine Toxic exchange products, which conducts suction disorders.
0203

Cerebroids - organic compounds from a group of complex lipids, which are components of cell membranes of cells. Their largest amount contains the membranes of nerve cells. Violation of their exchange leads to mental illness.
0025

Cystoscopy - the diagnostic method at which a visual inspection of the inner surface of the bladder is carried out using an endoscope introduced through the urethra.

Scale Norwood - a map containing images of balding men serving to form an accurate diagnosis of male alopecia, as well as determining the degree of intensity of hair loss in the preparation of a treatment plan. The scale consists of 7 degrees of baldness.

Excretion - active elimination of finite metabolic products from the body.
0026

Exposition - the duration of the impact of any harmful factor (biological, physical, chemical) on the body.
0180

Ectopic fabric - the body of the body, offset in an unusual place for itself.

Endemic - the disease is characteristic of a certain area and caused by natural and social conditions. E. h may be due to resistant natural foci of infectious diseases, as well as to be non-infectious - associated with a disadvantage or abundance of any chemical element In the medium (eg endemic goiter with a lack of iodine in products). Such diseases for a long time are observed among the population of this limited territory.
0179

Endometrium - the mucous membrane lining the uterus from the inside.

Endometriosis - the disease in which the benign abnomalous cell growth occurs endometrial (mucosa of the uterus) outside the uterine cavity.

Retrocervical endometriosis - the damage to endometriosis of the rear surface of the cervix and its isthmus at the level of sacratling bonds. Such foci can spread to the rear vaginal arch and the rectum.

Endometrioid cells - pathological cells in endometriosis, which can be distributed beyond the uterus. Eradication - the term, mostly relevant to the ulcer of the stomach and the 12-pans. This is the complete destruction of bacteria Helicobacter pylori. In the mucous membrane of the stomach and a 12-rosewood, which is achieved during the treatment with antibiotic therapy.
0144

Erythropoes - the process of formation of erythrocytes in the bone marrow.
0027

Estrogen - (Greek OISTROS - liveliness, brightness, passion + genes - generating) - the general name of three female sex hormones (estradiol, estrone, estrilla) generated by ovaries and adrenal glands in women, as well as in a small number of adrenal glands in men.
0172

Dictionary of medical termsconstantly updated as new articles writing. We hope he will help you understand the difficult medical terminology.