Diphtheria is an infectious disease, and the danger is not at all a diphtheria bacillus, but those toxins that this bacillus secretes both in the fragile body of children and adults. They affect all mucous membranes, respiratory organs and larynx.

It is very difficult to get rid of the action of this stick, and therefore diphtheria, with the help of medicines, the poet of vaccination is the most effective way fight. But she has side effects, as well as contraindications, and even the body of healthy children and adults is not immune from the fact that the reaction will be negative.

How does it work?

The diphtheria vaccine does not work on the bacillus, but it destroys those toxins that cause all the symptoms of the disease, more precisely, the immune system begins to produce antitoxins that fight the manifestations of diphtheria.

There are three types of this vaccination:

• DPT is the most popular diphtheria vaccine. It is used for preschool children;
• ADS-M - suitable for adults who have received early age vaccination for children who have already gone to school, as well as older preschool age;
• ADS is a vaccine for those who have had a negative reaction to the whooping cough vaccine.

  The first diphtheria vaccine is needed for children when they are three months old, the second after a month and a half, and the third after the same 45 days. For adults, different rules apply. So, the next vaccination after the first one is carried out after one month, then - after 12 and the following - every decade. This vaccine is injected intramuscularly for kids, while for adults - under the skin.

  

  Contraindications

  DTP, ADS and ADS-M, of course, have contraindications. So, any health problems, be it a runny nose or a mild cold, are already contraindications. It is worth refraining from injections if you are intolerant to substances from the vaccine and during pregnancy.

  Post reaction and side effects

  Many side effects indicate that the body is simply fighting the substance. Which he doesn't know. Side effects can be varied, but you need to give the vaccinated an opportunity to rest and observe: you may have to call a doctor.

  • At first, general state the body may deteriorate. Side effects after the injection may look like a breakdown or a cold. May be drowsy or the vaccinated person will feel lethargic. But all this can last no more than one week.
  • Painful sensations at the injection site, swelling and induration. This is not too scary, because all the discomfort will go away in seven to eight days.
  • Elevated temperature. It can be brought down with the usual medicines. If it did not appear immediately, then it is better to find out with a doctor.

  

  Complications

  There are, however, complications and side effects that cannot be ignored. They happen very rarely, but they can. So. There may be a strong and unexpected allergy to the same ADS-M or ADKS. It can also manifest itself as a diathesis in a child. It is better to check before vaccination if your baby or you have allergies.

  A side effect of ADKS and whether ADS-M may be, for example, skin problems, itching, or strong perspiration. You can also find flushing of the skin.

  Among the internal "side effects" should be noted such as constipation or diarrhea, bronchitis, inflammation of the ear or throat, loss of appetite, slight fever, etc. Vomiting and convulsions are extremely rare. And also - atrophy of the muscles of the hands. But this is with a tendency to allergies. In general, this vaccine is one of the safest and usually goes away without any problems, and its side effects are more like a minor cold. If you choose the right drug, there will be no such "side effects".

  Diphtheria vaccine: for the smallest and for those who are older Insidious disease meningitis: whether or not to be vaccinated against it

The national immunization schedule is constantly undergoing changes. New vaccinations appear in it, because vaccines against seriously curable diseases are constantly being invented. But the diphtheria vaccine has remained unchanged in him for many decades, although many doctors have not seen this disease in their practice for a long time.

Do I need a vaccination against this disease today? Perhaps the time has come to completely abandon it due to the absence of epidemics? Should you expose your child to the dangers of inappropriate or failed vaccinations? Let's find out all the important points about the diphtheria vaccine for children and the pitfalls that can be avoided.

Do I need a diphtheria vaccine?

The benefits of the diphtheria vaccine are indicated by precise medical numbers. Every year, each country counts the number of cases and deaths from complications of this disease. But there is another important component that is difficult to calculate - this is the saving of parents' time, their money and peace of mind, which they do not waste, since children today hardly get sick with this disease.

So let's find out where universal diphtheria vaccination has led in recent decades.

1. In countries where the population is vaccinated in almost 100% of cases, this disease occurs only in newcomers or those people who have not been vaccinated earlier in a timely manner.
2. 95% vaccination coverage provides complete protection against diphtheria bacillus.
3. The transferred disease does not guarantee that the child will not be infected with it again.
4. Doctors can fight bacteria, but they have not yet invented a treatment against their toxins, therefore, in our time, one of the most serious complications of diphtheria is death (up to 4% of cases).
5. At the time when vaccinations were only introduced into medicine, about 20% of all diseases in children were diphtheria, and the number of deaths was more than 50% of cases. These numbers have now been significantly reduced.
6. The bulk of young doctors in our time knows about classical diphtheria only from books. Modern doctors have to work only with those complications of diphtheria that have developed in older people who have been ill.

The need to vaccinate against diphtheria is primarily due to the inability to deal with the consequences of the disease. These include damage to the heart, kidneys, diseases nervous system accompanied by early and late paralysis. It is possible to cure the disease by completely removing the sore throat, lowering the body temperature, but it is impossible to remove the weakness of the neck muscles due to paralysis, to return the voice if the nervous system is disrupted.

At what age are they vaccinated against diphtheria?

Immediately after birth, the child's body is protected from diphtheria for some time thanks to the mother's immune cells. If a woman has timely and correctly made all the required vaccinations from infection to pregnancy, the child inherits immune protection, but only for a short time. For only three months, the baby retains antibodies.

At what age is the first diphtheria vaccine given? In the absence of contraindications, the first meeting with the vaccine in a child should take place at 3 months. This is the optimal period to timely protect the baby at a time when the parental immune defenses are weakening. Vaccination takes place in three stages and the interval between vaccinations must be at least a month. According to the new schedule, the vaccine is administered at age 3, then at 4 and at 5 months. Only in this case it can be confidently asserted that the protection will work. The first revaccination of diphtheria is carried out at 18 months. The next one should be at 6 years old, and the third at 14-16. Such a schedule provides 95% protection against infectious disease, but not for a long period.

What to do if the vaccination schedule is violated? This happens if the child had contraindications to the administration of the drug or the parents refused vaccinations. Children after 7 years of age are vaccinated against diphtheria with weakened toxoid ADS-M twice with an interval of a month. Further, the revaccination follows not earlier than after 9 months, the subsequent revaccinations are carried out after 10 years, as in the case of the usual schedule.

Up to what age do you get the diphtheria vaccine? By up-to-date recommendations doctors are immunized every ten years, without age restrictions. Such changes have affected the national vaccination schedule recently, the last vaccine was previously administered at 66 years old. Due to the increase in average life expectancy, the schedules have also changed slightly.

How long does the diphtheria vaccine work? If a full course of vaccination with revaccination is carried out, then the drugs protect against diphtheria for at least 10 years.

Composition and rules of vaccine administration

All vaccines that include diphtheria protection contain diphtheria toxoid. These are not living or killed bacteria, but a substance prepared from the main damaging factor of a bacterium - its toxin. The bacteria themselves do not harm the infected person, it is the toxin that leads to all the negative effects. In response to the administration of the drug, the immune system develops antibodies for a quick, timely response when it encounters an infection.

Can I get diphtheria from vaccination? - no, since the vaccine does not contain live cells, which, in case of deterioration of the child's immunity, begin to act. These are harmless particles that cannot infect a baby.

At three months, the child is injected with a vaccine containing 30 units of diphtheria toxoid. This is in most cases a three-component vaccine with added protection against pertussis and tetanus.

There are vaccines against diphtheria, with a lower content of protective cells or two-component - ADS, ADS-M (10 units of toxoid in 1 ml). For children and adults with an allergic reaction to tetanus toxoid and the pertussis component, there is the AD-M vaccine containing only protection against diphtheria (10 units). Each of the proposed vaccines is administered according to strict indications.

Where do you get the diphtheria vaccine? One dose of the drug is only 0.5 ml. For ease of administration and quick effect, it is used intramuscularly in small children in the antero-outer region of the thigh. No drugs are injected into the buttock or other muscles. First, with the development allergic reaction it is easier to put a tourniquet on the thigh. Secondly, this surface is intensively supplied with blood, so the drugs act faster.

Where do you get the diphtheria vaccine at the age of 14? For adolescents and adults, deep subcutaneous injection of the drug into the subscapularis can be done.

Indications and contraindications

The only indication for the administration of the vaccine is the prevention of severe forms of diphtheria and its consequences.

As for contraindications, there are a little more of them. Any vaccination is an imbalance in the functioning of the child's body systems, therefore, many contraindications are associated with a temporary state of immunity.

When is the vaccine not given? When is diphtheria vaccine contraindicated?

1. A child receives a temporary medical treatment until complete recovery in case of an acute illness or exacerbation of a chronic one. It can be viral, bacterial, or any other infection.
2. The introduction of vaccination against diphtheria is contraindicated in the development of allergic reactions.
3. If there are severe post-vaccination complications for the previous vaccination.
4. Neurological diseases in the active phase are also a prohibition on the administration of toxoid, but only until such time as remission or a period without exacerbations occurs.
5. Mild forms of diseases such as rhinitis, redness of the throat do not pose a danger and do not require the abolition of vaccination, but if the parents insist, the doctor monitors the child and vaccinates when the symptoms completely pass.

Unlike other vaccinations, immunodeficiency states, oncological diseases and powerful chemotherapy are not a contraindication to vaccination against diphtheria.

Is it necessary to get vaccinated against diphtheria and can I refuse it? If there are no contraindications, it should be done because of the danger of meeting with diphtheria, the consequences of which are sometimes unpredictable. At the same time, the introduction of any vaccine is a voluntary procedure, therefore, before immunization, a written permission is taken from the parents. If the parents refuse, the health workers cannot force them. In our country, although vaccination is mandatory, it is carried out only with the consent of loved ones.

Possible reactions and complications

One- and two-component vaccines (for diphtheria and tetanus) are very well tolerated and are among the least reactogenic in medicine. But in the first year of life, the baby is almost always vaccinated against diphtheria together with the pertussis component (DPT vaccine), to which children react most of all. Reactions develop within a few hours or in the first day after vaccination. They proceed relatively favorably and in most cases do not require specific treatment and specialist assistance.

What reactions are possible in children to the diphtheria vaccine?

1. Local reactions in the form of redness and swelling of the thigh.
2. General reaction in the form of weakness, impaired well-being.
3. Possibly fever after diphtheria vaccination. A pronounced reaction is noted if a temperature of more than 38.5 ° C lasts for more than two to three days and does not go away after taking antipyretic drugs.

The complications of the vaccine include more serious consequences that last for a long time with a worsening not only of the general condition, but sometimes with the development of neurological symptoms. They rarely appear, but they also cause trouble for the child and his parents.

Complications of diphtheria vaccination can be as follows.

1. Toxic reactions in childhood are a whole complex of temporary symptoms, which include: lethargy, partial loss of appetite, when the baby rarely eats and refuses to eat a little or completely, anxiety and sleep disturbance, deterioration in general well-being.
2. Various types of damage to the nervous: convulsions, a shrill cry of a baby that appears a few hours after vaccination, anxiety and a short-term increase in body temperature.
3. If a lump appears after the diphtheria vaccination, it is possible that this is not a complication, but a violation of the vaccination rules, when active substance did not get subcutaneously or intramuscularly, but into the fiber. Moreover, such a complication should go away on its own, after a few days or within a week.
4. Side effects in children for the diphtheria vaccine are all variants of allergic reactions: a small rash at the injection site or throughout the body, the appearance of Quincke's edema, an asthmatic attack some time after administration, anaphylactic shock.

Post-vaccination diphtheria is not the result of a child's reaction to the vaccine. It is an accident. Most often, the disease occurs if an already infected child was vaccinated or a poor-quality drug was introduced that could not protect the baby from infection.

Complications and side effects of the diphtheria vaccine do not always develop immediately, sometimes they appear on the second or third day and require an appointment drugs to normalize well-being.

How to deal with the effects of diphtheria vaccination

Reactions and complications, except for special ones, are in most cases predictable, so you can prepare for them. You should start by reading as much information about the upcoming vaccination as possible and talking with your doctor about possible consequences.

Let's find out what to do when some unwanted symptoms appear.

1. If a sore throat after a diphtheria vaccination is often not the effect of the vaccine, but the addition of a concomitant infection. If there are no other symptoms, it is enough to rinse the throat with any antiseptic for older children, babies can treat the throat with preparations in the form of sprays.
2. An increase in temperature is already a more serious symptom and more often it manifests itself precisely on the DPT vaccine. In most cases, doctors recommend waiting for a higher temperature of 38.5 ° C to prescribe treatment, but in the case of this vaccine, antipyretic drugs can be prescribed already at a body temperature of 37.5 ° C and even slightly less.
3. The diphtheria vaccine or injection site hurts. This is possible, since inflammation occurs at the injection site of the vaccine, which can last up to several days until the entire drug is absorbed by the body. With severe pain, anti-inflammatory drugs are prescribed.
4. After the diphtheria vaccine, redness and swelling - what to do in this case? A small local reaction (about 25 mm) does not require the use of special tools. But if the inflammation increases and is painful when touched, then it is enough to prescribe antiallergic and anti-inflammatory drugs. In this case, a doctor's examination is required.

Rules of conduct before and after vaccination

The basic rule is to be in or near the clinic for 30 minutes after vaccination, so that in the event of a severe complication, you can quickly and effectively provide the child emergency assistance... But this is not the only important point.

What can and cannot be done after a diphtheria vaccine?

Before any vaccination, including diphtheria, the child should be examined by a pediatrician to exclude the possibility of administering a vaccine to a sick baby.

Types of diphtheria vaccines

In most cases, diphtheria prophylaxis is carried out with multicomponent vaccines. Single-component drugs are administered in case of allergy to other components of the vaccine or when it is necessary to carry out prophylaxis only against this infection.

What vaccines are available to protect against diphtheria?

1. DPT is administered to children under six years of age (protection against diphtheria, tetanus and whooping cough).
2. ADS-M is a vaccine to protect only against diphtheria and tetanus in children over 6 years of age and adults.
3. AD-M diphtheria toxoid for emergency prevention of the disease.
4. Pentaxim helps to build up protection against whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus, polio and hemophilus influenza.
5. "Infanrix" - contains protective cells against diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough. it imported analog DPT vaccines.
6. Infanrix Hexa is a six-component vaccine against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, haemophilus influenzae, hepatitis B and poliomyelitis.

Do I need a diphtheria vaccine or is it better to refuse it? Forced interference in the work of human immunity by doctors is due to many years of unsuccessful experience in the fight against diphtheria. It is still impossible to completely defeat and eradicate this disease. You can only reduce the likelihood of contracting diphtheria and prepare the body for its meeting with the help of vaccination.

"Hangman's loop", "malignant sore throat", "fatal ulcer of the pharynx" - such terrible names were in ancient times for this disease, which destroyed millions of lives over several millennia. Now we are reliably protected: a timely vaccination against diphtheria reduces the chances of getting sick to a minimum. Even if a vaccinated child or adult does become infected, the disease progresses more easily and does not end tragically.

What is this disease?

Diphtheria is caused by bacteria - some strains of the bacillus of the same name, secreting the strongest poison - diphtheria endotoxin, which, in its aggressiveness and danger, surpasses even botulinum and tetanus toxins that are considered extremely poisonous.

You can get infected from people who are already sick and from carriers that secrete a stick through the nasopharynx. Carriers are even more dangerous than patients, because they outwardly look completely healthy and there are always many more of them: diphtheria bacterium is registered in 10-30 percent of people living around us.

Despite the high infectivity, the disease is well controlled: the diphtheria vaccine for several years helps the body develop antibodies and form a strong immunity.

Salvation is in vaccination

The only way to avoid an epidemic is to carry out total immunization of children and adults with coverage of at least 95 percent of the population. For this, the diphtheria vaccine DTP and ADS-M is used.

DTP is used to vaccinate children, ADS-M is administered during a routine revaccination - a repeated vaccination cycle at 6, 11 and 16 years old. She is also injected into adults.

The DPT vaccine is a combination of killed pertussis germs and two toxoids - tetanus and diphtheria. Now domestic medicine is increasingly switching from it to pentaxim and infanrix - more effective modern analogues.

ADS-M - combination drug from purified diphtheria and tetanus toxoids with their reduced content. It is used not only for revaccination, but also for vaccination - in cases where the patient cannot tolerate the pertussis component of the DPT vaccination.

Important! All diphtheria vaccines undergo strict sanitary control at manufacturing enterprises and are quite suitable for vaccination campaigns: there is no need to be afraid of them.

How children are vaccinated

Immunization of children is carried out in several stages and includes the actual vaccination and several revaccinations to maintain immunity to infection.

Vaccination

The first diphtheria vaccination is given to children at three months, and the immunization is carried out in three stages with an interval of 30-45 days.

Revaccination of not sick or ill children

As mentioned above, revaccination begins 9-12 months after the full course of immunization, then at 7, 11 and 16 years in the usual way, if the child has not had diphtheria during this time.

If the infection did occur and the disease proceeded without complications, additional vaccination against diphtheria is not required. The situation is different with vaccinated children who have undergone toxic forms of the disease. They receive additional vaccinations six months after recovery - they are injected with ADS-M at a dose of 0.5 once. Further revaccinations are recommended by age and National Calendar.

If the child is unvaccinated and sick

In unvaccinated children, an attack of any form of diphtheria infection is considered the first vaccination, since a stable natural immunity to the pathogen is formed in those who have recovered. If before the illness the child managed to receive only one vaccination, then the illness is considered the second vaccination.

How adults are vaccinated

There is no special calendar of vaccinations against diphtheria for adults, but the entire adult population of the country must be vaccinated every five years before reaching the age of fifty-six. Immunization invitations can be obtained from your GP.

Adults are vaccinated with ADS-M. If in the period between vaccinations they get sick with a mild form of diphtheria, then they are not prescribed an additional vaccination against diphtheria.

The exception is those who have had toxic forms: they, like children, six months after recovery are prescribed another vaccination at a dose of 0.5, and they skip the next campaign. They are given a new vaccination in 10 years.

Important! There is a separate group of adults who should be vaccinated regularly and without fail. These are employees in the fields of education, medicine and services. The vaccination mark is recorded in their medical books.

Due to increased migration within the country and long-term evasion from vaccination of a large part of the population, a significant number of people with an unknown vaccination history have appeared. Before sending them immediately for vaccination against diphtheria, a serological blood test for antitoxic antibodies is first carried out. If the results do not determine sufficient protective titers, such people are immunized.

How vaccination affects the body: possible reactions and complications

Reactions

The formation of post-vaccination immunity is always accompanied by certain physiological reactions, the intensity of which ranges from almost imperceptible to very violent.

Important! the timing is important here: signs of malaise after diphtheria vaccination appear in the first 12 hours, at the latest - within two days.

Children and adults can celebrate:

• The rise in temperature and chills, when the numbers on the thermometer can show from 37.0 to 38-38.5 degrees
• Soreness and pain in the nasopharynx and throat
• Slightly swollen and reddened tonsils
• Redness at the injection site

The picture resembles a mild form of the disease - and this is absolutely normal: the purpose of vaccination against diphtheria is precisely to cause a "mini-disease" with which the body will quickly cope and form a specific immunity for several years.

Sometimes the reaction to the vaccine coincides with the onset of other infectious diseases - influenza, SARS or tonsillitis. This misleads people ignorant of medicine and they complain to a therapist that they got sick just after being vaccinated against diphtheria, and before that they felt quite normal.

This coincidence can be explained by the fact that any infectious disease has its own incubation and prodromal periods, when a person is already actually sick, but this has not yet affected the condition. We do not like to be examined before vaccination, which is why such overlays appear.

Complications

The diphtheria vaccine received sometimes ends in complications. Why does this happen? There may be several reasons: accidental introduction of infection into the injection site at home, administration of a dose of the drug greater than required, violation of the rules for storing vaccines. Personal intolerance to the components of the vaccine is also possible.

Complications are manifested in the following:

• Formation of extensive dense redness around the injection site with a diameter of 50 mm
• The appearance of infiltrates in it
• Anaphylactic shock
• Quincke's edema
• Convulsions on the background of high temperature
• In infants - in episodes of a shrill cry

To prevent the development of fulminant allergies, newly vaccinated people are under the supervision of medical personnel for at least half an hour after the injection.

When you need to postpone or even refuse vaccinations

Temporary contraindications

Vaccination will have to be postponed if your baby has:

• Any acute infectious diseases at the time of invitation for vaccination
• Exacerbation phase of chronic, systemic and autoimmune diseases

A child who has recovered from a mild cold can be vaccinated after two weeks. In chronic diseases, you must first achieve a stable remission lasting at least a month, and then vaccinate against diphtheria.

Absolute contraindications

The district pediatrician and specialized specialists give a complete ban on vaccination for children who have been diagnosed with:

• Progressive diseases of the central nervous system
• Encephalitis
• Malignant oncopathologies of hematopoietic organs, liver, kidneys, brain
• Convulsive syndrome
• Serum sickness
• Previous cases of anaphylactic shock, Quincke's edema, urticaria

Since injections are made with drugs with a reduced content of toxoid and act on the body softer, there are no significant restrictions on their use.

The only exceptions are decompensated forms chronic diseases unresponsive to treatment:

• Diabetes
• Neurological pathologies - myasthenia gravis, multiple sclerosis
• Systemic diseases

Vaccination against diphtheria during revaccination is indicated for patients with any form of immunodeficiency. Allergy sufferers can also be vaccinated against the background of desensitizing therapy.

Do I need to be vaccinated at all?

Fear of severe complications after diphtheria vaccination is the main reason for refusals to vaccinate and revaccinations. Fear is fueled by publications in the media, stories of friends, relatives and even doctors about the tragedies that are played out in the manipulation rooms of polyclinics.

One could agree with all this: why risk your own life or the lives of children, if the probability of getting sick is very low? However, epidemiologists have long sounded the alarm about the gradual deterioration of the epidemiological situation for diphtheria and other severe infections... This means that the risk of getting sick is constantly growing.

Important! it is worth understanding that absolutely any medical intervention is always a risk.

We do not refuse to treat our teeth, we gladly sign up for peeling sessions in beauty salons, buy and take antibiotics without hesitation if we get pneumonia or sore throat. All of the above - common reason development of no less severe allergies and complications, however, only vaccinations against diphtheria for children, adolescents and adults and other types of vaccination meet such an obstruction.

Finally, here are some tips for those who have firmly decided not to tempt fate and to be grafted:

• Spend time consulting with a therapist and specialized specialists
• If you are chronically ill, get a good evaluation to assess the course of the illness.
• If you are healthy, take at least the simplest tests: a blood picture will show if a cold is approaching and whether a planned injection of the diphtheria vaccine will harm you
• Do not be afraid of anything!

A positive attitude, the confidence that you are doing everything right and that you are responsible for yourself and others will help you cope with fear and protect your health.

Forms of the disease

The infection forms inflammatory foci on the mucous membranes of the oropharynx, larynx, nose, bronchi, trachea, eyes, skin and, very rarely, genitals.

Depending on the location of the foci, the forms of the disease are:

In the oropharynx:

• Localized - catarrhal, membranous and insular
• Widespread
• Toxic
• Hypertoxic

In the larynx and trachea:

• Diphtheria croup - localized, widespread and descending

Rare localizations:

• Diphtheria lesions of the mucous membranes of the nose, eyes, genitals

Sometimes several foci of infection and inflammation are formed at once: then they speak of a combined type of disease.

Localized form

The most common variant of the disease: in about 90 percent of patients with the entrance gate for infection, there are mucous membranes of this particular department.

The course of diphtheria in this case resembles the symptoms of angina. Patients complain about:

• Temperature at 38-38.5 degrees
• Weakness, thirst
• A sore or dull sore throat

On examination, the doctor notes an increase in heartbeat (tachycardia), an increase in regional lymph nodes and characteristic changes in the mucous membranes of the pharynx and tonsils:

• Dull redness
• Swelling of the tonsils, soft palate
• Plaque on the tonsils

The plaque gradually changes its color and consistency: on the first day it looks like a whitish jelly, after a day the jelly resembles a cobweb, after another two days a dense grayish coating forms on the tonsils. It is not easy to remove it with a spatula: it is separated with difficulty, the tonsils begin to bleed.

However, a typical diphtheria plaque has rarely been noted lately. In most patients, its consistency is softer, it can be easily removed with a spatula, while the mucous membranes of the tonsils do not bleed. Plaque persists for about a week after other symptoms subside.

Important! without treatment, localized diphtheria takes on a more severe course, shifting to other parts of the respiratory system!

Catarrhal form

The easiest flow option. It happens in children and adults who have received at least one diphtheria vaccine in a timely manner and have managed to form immunity. The set of symptoms here is minimal and more reminiscent of those that are usually noted with ARVI or catarrhal sore throat:

• Normal or slightly elevated temperature
• Swelling and slight redness of the tonsils, rawness and pain when swallowing
• No raid

The diagnosis in such cases is based on the results of a smear from the oropharynx. The doctor is obliged to suspect diphtheria, given the unfavorable surrounding epidemiological situation - already confirmed cases of the disease in his area.

With a common form, the inflammatory process goes beyond the tonsils, which is accompanied by more pronounced symptoms than with a localized form.

With a benign course, recovered patients develop antitoxic immunity, which, however, does not guarantee against re-infection.

Toxic form

Toxic forms of diphtheria arise as a variant of the further development of localized diphtheria or immediately, and in the last decade they cannot be called a rarity: toxic variants are noted in about 20 percent of patients. This can be explained by the weakening of herd immunity due to the increase in the number of opponents of vaccination, significant migration of the population.

The symptomatology is very severe here:

• Rapid rise in temperature to 39-41 degrees
• Intoxication
• A significant increase in lymph nodes, their soreness and density, edema of the subcutaneous tissue above them
• Swelling of the tonsils, plaque on them, which lasts up to two weeks after recovery
• Severe pain when swallowing
• Trismus of the chewing muscles
• Mental changes - agitation, euphoria, delirium

Hypertoxic form

Hypertoxic diphtheria proceeds in an even more severe form with all the listed symptoms, as well as with the phenomena of encephalopathy, deterioration of hemodynamics, and further development of the fatal disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome. This variant of the disease occurs in patients with alcoholism, diabetes, chronic hepatitis... These people are very weak, but they often miss the diphtheria vaccine, which puts themselves in great danger.

Diphtheria croup at the very beginning is characterized by attacks of rough barking cough, hoarseness or transient aphonia, then symptoms of stetonia join them:

• Aphonia, silent cough
• Difficulty breathing
• Cyanosis
• Tachycardia

Important! stetonic phenomena are undoubted indications for a tracheostomy operation: only the dissection of the trachea with the creation of a temporary channel for the flow of air into the lungs can save the patient from asphyxia.

The final stage of the course of diphtheria croup is asphyxial. It can come with lightning speed - in a matter of hours, but more often it lasts up to three days. Breathing is characterized by superficiality and high frequency, pulse gradually weakens, pressure drops, cyanosis intensifies. After a while, a person dies from suffocation - that is why ancient doctors called diphtheria the hangman's noose.

As you can see from the description of the symptoms, the disease is a very serious one, so it is hardly worth tempt fate: several vaccinations against diphtheria received during a lifetime remove all possible risks.

Pathogens lie in wait for a person almost everywhere. Some of them are capable of causing malaise, others are complex pathological conditions that are life-threatening. That is why the need arose in society for the prevention of infectious ailments, it would prevent the infection of the human body with pathogens.

Fortunately, modern medical science really has effective method prevention of most infectious diseases, the name of which is vaccination. The introduction of the vaccine allows you to form immunity against diseases and protect the body from their consequences. Vaccination against diphtheria is an important part of routine immunization of the population, which makes it possible to significantly reduce the number of cases of the disease and eliminate the likelihood of its epidemic developing.

General information about diphtheria

Diphtheria is one of the aggressive infectious diseases, it occupies a leading position in terms of the degree of danger in relation to the health and life of patients. The pathological process is characterized by the development in the patient of symptoms of inflammation of the mucous membranes of the pharynx and oral cavity, nasal passages, upper respiratory tract and reproductive organs.

The causative agents of diphtheria are diphtheria corynebacteria, which in the course of their vital activity produce an aggressive toxin. The disease is transmitted through the air, as well as through common items. It is dangerous for its complications, including lesions of the central nervous system, complex variants of nephropathy, dysfunction of the organs of the cardiovascular sphere.

Should I be vaccinated against diphetria?

According to statistics, diphtheria in most clinical options is difficult, with severe symptoms of general intoxication and dangerous consequences for normal life. Doctors do not stop paying attention to the fact that diphtheria is the cause of death in half of patients, among them the majority are small children.

Currently, vaccination against diphtheria in adults and children is the only way to protect yourself from the penetration of infectious agents. After vaccination, a person receives reliable immune protection against the disease, it lasts for many years.

What are the consequences of postponed diphtheria?

As you know, the causative agents of diphtheria secrete a very poisonous toxin, it has an extremely negative effect on most internal organs and affects the central nervous system. In a number of cases, diphtheria bacilli are the culprits in the development of severe complications in the body of a sick person, they are characterized by:

• damage to nerve cells leading to paralysis, in particular the muscles of the neck, vocal cords, upper and lower limbs;
• infectious toxic shock, manifested by symptoms of intoxication, leading to failure of organs and systems;
• inflammation of the muscle tissue of the heart (myocarditis) with the formation different forms rhythm disturbances;
• asphyxia, is the result of diphtheria croup;
• decreased immunity.

Features of vaccination against diphtheria

Vaccination against diphtheria - a special composition, it contains a weakened toxin that promotes the production of diphtheria toxoid in the body. That is, the diphtheria vaccine does not directly affect the causative agents of inflammation, but inactivates their waste products, thereby preventing the appearance of symptoms of the infectious process.

There are two groups of vaccinations that form the basis for the inoculation material:

• merthiolates (contain mercury), which are highly allergenic and have mutagenic, teratotoxic, and carcinogenic effects;
• compounds without mercury (without the preservative thiomersal), which are safer for the body, but have a very short shelf life.

In Russia, the most popular option for vaccination against diphtheria is DTP vaccine or adsorbed diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis solution containing the preservative thiomersal. This preparation contains purified microorganisms and toxoids of three infections, namely, diphtheria, tetanus. Despite the fact that the composition can hardly be called safe, it is recommended by WHO as the maximum effective remedy to develop immunity from these ailments.

There are several main types of diphtheria vaccine:

• ADS (diphtheria and tetanus vaccine without pertussis component);
• (the drug, which, in addition to the tetanus component, also includes diphtheria toxoid, only in lower concentrations).

Most do not contain mercury, due to which they are considered safer for children and patients with comorbidities. Among these drugs on the territory of our state, the following have been certified:

• "", Which protects against diphtheria, poliomyelitis, whooping cough, tetanus and;
• "Infanrix", as well as "Infanrix Hexa", contributing to the development of immunity from the three children's ailments (the hexa version makes it possible additionally, hemophilic infection, poliomyelitis).

Immunization schedule

As you know, after DPT vaccination, only temporary protection occurs. The frequency of revaccination depends on the immune reactivity of each individual organism, its living conditions and characteristics labor activity... Doctors advise people who are at risk for morbidity to get vaccinated on time to avoid infection.

Routine diphtheria vaccination in adults is given every ten years, starting at the age of 27. Naturally, the vaccination schedule may have a different look if a person lives in a region that is unfavorable for an epidemiological situation, is a student, a soldier or a person working in the medical, railway, and food industries. However, the ten-year intervals between revaccinations only apply to patients who were vaccinated in childhood. All other people should be vaccinated according to a different scheme. They are first given three doses of the vaccine every month and one year later. After the third injection, it is recommended to vaccinate according to the scheme.

Vaccination of children

The child's body, due to a fragile and immature immune system, is more susceptible to damage by microorganisms. Especially when it comes to a child under one year old. That is why the childhood vaccination schedule has a rich appearance and includes a number of injections aimed at preventing diphtheria in a child.

For the first time, pediatricians recommend getting vaccinated against diphtheria at the age of 3 months. In the case of using foreign drugs, the vaccine can be administered from the age of two months. In total, during the first 12 months of life, the child is given three DPTs with an interval of 6 weeks. Then they take a break. The further grafting scheme takes the following form:

• revaccination at 1.5 years;
• ADS vaccination + polio at 6-7 years old;
• vaccination for adolescents aged 13 to 15 years.

Such a vaccination scheme for children is not universal and depends on a huge number of factors. In particular, in infants, the administration of the vaccine may be postponed due to the presence of temporary contraindications. An older child should be vaccinated taking into account the amount of active antibodies in his body; the period until the next vaccination can be extended to ten years.

Vaccination rules

The diphtheria vaccine is given intramuscularly. For this, the gluteus muscle or the anterior lateral zone of the thigh is used. It is forbidden to inject the vaccine directly into a vein or under the skin, these activities lead to the development of a number of side effects. Make sure the needle is not in a blood vessel before injection.

To wet or not after vaccination?

That after vaccination, the injection site cannot be wetted. Is it so? Experts do not prohibit contact of the injection site with water, but they warn that the patient should not visit the pool, sauna, and also take water-salt procedures for seven days. It is also not recommended to rub the injection site with a washcloth, this can provoke skin irritation.

Adverse reactions from the vaccine

The diphtheria vaccine is well tolerated by most patients, regardless of their age. It rarely potentiates the appearance of side effects, the duration of which normally should not exceed 4 days. Under the condition of subcutaneous injection of the vaccine, a person develops irritation or a lump at the injection site. The affected area of ​​the skin may itch, redden. In isolated cases, the site of exposure becomes inflamed with the formation of an abscess.

Among the reactions after vaccination, patients may experience fever, intestinal disturbances, poor sleep quality, moderate nausea, and decreased appetite.

How does the child respond to the vaccine?

Children who are not allergic to immune materials are normal. After vaccination, they may complain of minor discomfort in the throat, perspiration, and coughing. It is extremely rare for doctors to diagnose the development of more complex adverse reactions in babies, namely:

• fever;
• frequent crying and mood swings;
• lowering blood pressure.

Vaccination reactions in adults

In adults, there are practically no complications after vaccination. The exceptions are cases when a person has an individual intolerance to the vaccine or its individual components. With this option, after vaccination against diphtheria, skin reactions in the form of dermatitis, eczema or diathesis, as well as general manifestations of an immediate type (most often anaphylaxis), can be diagnosed.

Contraindications to vaccination

• Availability colds in the active stage of the development of the painful process;
• a period of exacerbation of chronic ailments of visceral organs, enzymopathy, and also enzyme deficiency;
• history of neurological pathology;
• birth trauma with the appearance of hematomas in the brain area;
• congenital and acquired heart defects;
• conditions after surgery and diseases with a long course;
• autoimmune pathologies;
• cancerous tumors;
• progressive variant of the course of encephalopathy;
• an allergic reaction to the components of the vaccine;
• increased body temperature and immunodeficiency states;
• convulsive syndrome.

Vaccination against diphtheria for adults is undesirable for pregnant women who are up to 12 weeks old, as well as a population category prone to developing severe forms of allergies in the form of anaphylactic shock, Quincke's edema, Lyell's syndrome, hay disease, and the like.

Contraindications to vaccination against diphtheria in a child during the first years of life:

• diathesis;
• intestinal colic;
• defeat of the central part of the National Assembly;
• cold.

Before vaccination, the doctor must necessarily examine the child and assess all the risks of developing pathological reactions in him to the administration of the vaccine preparation.

Diphtheria video

Today, one of the most popular sources of information on vaccination against diphtheria infection is the Internet. Anyone can learn more about vaccinations by watching the video.

A strong toxin secreted by diphtheria bacillus is the main cause of severe poisoning and deaths, but thanks to the introduction of mandatory vaccination into the calendar, the prevalence of this infection has been significantly reduced.

WHAT IS DIPHTHERIA VACCINATION

Vaccination against diphtheria, unlike many other vaccines, does not contain live and weakened microorganisms. To acquire stable immunity, a specially treated toxin of the pathogen is injected subcutaneously. After that, the body begins to actively produce antibodies in the form of antitoxins. These substances provide human immunity to diphtheria bacillus. The vaccine lasts about 10 years, then revaccination is required.

Diphtheria toxoid is used as a component in complex vaccines ADS (without pertussis component) and DPT (antitoxins of whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus).

Children of the first year of life, preschoolers and schoolchildren are subject to compulsory vaccination, since the child's body is especially susceptible to the negative influence of this infection.

For adults, routine vaccinations are provided, which should be carried out every 10 years, but more often vaccinations are postponed or completely abandoned.

Population groups that are subject to mandatory vaccination:

• medical workers;
• catering establishments staff;
• people working in preschool and school educational institutions;
• persons living in a region with an unfavorable epidemic situation.

The first revaccination is usually given between 18 and 27 years of age, the second between the ages of 28 and 37, etc.

CONTRAINDICATIONS TO DIPHTHERIA VACCINATION

Even in a healthy adult, the diphtheria vaccine can cause a reaction, therefore, before the procedure, the doctor examines and asks the patient for contraindications to vaccination.

Conditional contraindications:

• viral infection, transferred less than a month ago;
• body temperature is above normal;
• conditions that are accompanied by a decrease in immunity;
• acute period of skin diseases;
• exacerbation of chronic pathologies;
• first trimester of pregnancy.

WHO points out the need to vaccinate even pregnant women after 12 weeks of pregnancy. The toxoid will not harm the fetus, but will provide the newborn with protection in the first 3 months of life.

Reactions to the diphtheria vaccine are rare in adults. Nevertheless, for some time after the procedure, it is recommended to avoid crowded places, avoid exposure to high temperatures, rest more, do not abuse food and alcohol.

SIDE EFFECTS AFTER DIPHTHERIA VACCINATION

In adults, side effects of vaccination are rare.

There were no cases of severe allergies or neurological disorders.

Possible consequences of diphtheria vaccination:

• pain and swelling at the injection site;
• an increase in regional axillary lymph nodes;
• fever;
• irritability, display of aggression;
• tiredness and apathy;
• decreased appetite.

Fever on the first day after injection is considered normal. The temperature can be brought down with drugs that are used for colds. If you feel unwell for more than a week, it is best to see a doctor.

COMPLICATIONS AFTER DIPHTHERIA VACCINATION IN ADULTS

Subject to these rules in adults, the side effects of diphtheria vaccination in the form of complications are rarely recorded. It so happens that it is impossible to identify a predisposition to such a reaction and predict the outcome.

Sometimes side effects from vaccination are accompanied by angioedema, anaphylactic shock, diarrhea and vomiting.

Possible complications of vaccination:

• Anaphylactic shock occurs in persons prone to allergic reactions, or in patients with bronchial asthma.
• Increase in body temperature to critical indicators.
• An abscess where the needle was inserted.
• Complications from the heart (tachycardia, arrhythmia).
• Convulsions.

If an acute allergic reaction to the first vaccination is detected, the subsequent stages of vaccination are not carried out.

Vaccination against diphtheria does not exclude the risk of infection, but the disease in this case will be much easier than in an unvaccinated person.

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Diphtheria is a disease from a number of infectious diseases, characterized by inflammation of the oropharynx and nasopharynx (in more rare cases, inflammation.

IMPORTANT. The information on the site is provided for informational purposes only. Do not self-medicate. At the first sign of disease, consult a doctor.

Diphtheria vaccine for adults: side effects after, whether to do

A lot of conjectures and legends are associated with vaccinations and the question "should I do it or not?" vaccination, for example, against diphtheria rises in front of many. On the one hand, it seems like a good thing to do, because the disease and its consequences are serious. But on the other hand, nothing has been heard about such a disease as diphtheria for a long time, and the Internet is "teeming" with stories about the dangers of various vaccinations. Let's try to sort out such issues.

All basic vaccinations are given to a person within the first year after he was born. Then, approximately the same number, over the next years, until he becomes an adult. The only exception is unscheduled vaccination, which happens infrequently. The total number of certain types of vaccinations that are given to children before they reach the age of majority is in the region of 25.

However, this is only a "must-have" program. Medical thought does not stop for a minute and, practically, every year it issues all new drugs, the essence of the actions and effects of which is to improve immunity by infecting a child or adult light form of the disease. Vlachi, using various pretexts, try to convince a person to vaccinate, often simply by fulfilling the normative indicators.

What is diphtheria?

If you go back several decades in the past, then the question of whether or not the vaccination against diphtheria was not even raised. The disease was widely known, one way or another, its outbreaks periodically occurred in the family circle, in large work groups or among friends. And such a result is easily explained, because diphtheria is an infectious disease that is caused by a microbacterium belonging to the root bacteria (Leffer's bacillus) and it is perfectly transmitted by airborne droplets. The respiratory system, skin, eyes, nervous and, sometimes, genitourinary system are exposed to negative damage as a result of infection. Symptoms of diphtheria are fever, sore throat, swelling in the neck. In addition, many groups may increase. lymph nodes, there will be a film coating on the tonsils, as well as many other symptoms and signs. The most dangerous complications of diphtheria are:

• Paralysis of the respiratory tract, the muscular skeleton of the legs, arms, neck and other organs, indicating that the nervous system is affected.
• Inflammatory process in the cardiovascular system

The most dangerous is the defeat of the respiratory and heart function, as this can lead to death.

Do adults need a diphtheria vaccine?

When asked whether to be vaccinated against diphtheria, the answer of doctors is unequivocal - of course, yes! In recent years, the word diphtheria has been forgotten and this happened mainly due to the systematic vaccination of the population over the previous decades. At the same time, in the form of isolated, outbreaks of the disease and its consequences arise, but only in those who are not vaccinated or vaccinated incorrectly in violation of the scheme.

How and where to vaccinate adults?

When is adult vaccination required? They do this if this has not been done before, especially when the person was a child. In addition, if the course of injections was made according to the wrong vaccination schedule or a weakened vaccine was used.

When, before reaching the age of 16, the entire course of vaccinations against diphtheria was done, then it is necessary to inject the drug mixture once every 10 years. It often happens that, for various reasons, the child's routine vaccination has not been given. This can happen due to contraindications, or if the parents refuse. In such cases, revaccination should be done not at the age of 26, but sooner or later.

The vaccination information to be delivered is contained in the vaccination card and medical record. They are managed by the local polyclinic, which, based on information about the necessary vaccinations, plans to purchase drugs for each year. At the right time, the patient is called for the vaccine administration procedure.

So, ideally, adults should be vaccinated every 10 years, but until what age? Previously, the upper threshold was considered to be 66 years old. However, in recent years, human life expectancy in Russia has increased and now there is no upper age limit.

In the case when an adult for some reason did not deliver as a child, special lightweight vaccines are used, in which the concentration of the antigen is intentionally reduced. In such a situation, the vaccination schedule also changes, the initial course here is considered to be two vaccinations, which are separated by 1-1.5 months. The first revaccination is carried out after about half a year, the second after another five years, then the schedule returns to the usual interval of 10 years.

As a preparation for revaccination, a substance called "ADS-M Anatoxin" is used. The amount of antigen in it is reduced, it acts quite effectively both against diphtheria and against tetanus.

People are often afraid of injections and are very interested in where and how are adults vaccinated against diphtheria? If the drug is administered to children intramuscularly, then for people who have reached the age of majority, the method of deep subcutaneous injection into the area under the scapula is suitable. In addition, intramuscular administration is also possible. In this case, the antero-outer part of the thigh is used as the injection site.

Contraindications for diphtheria vaccination

By itself, the vaccination for adults is given without any special preparatory measures. However, there is a list of contraindications, vaccination is prohibited for:

• Pregnant and lactating women
• Adults with kidney or liver problems
• Those who have previously been allergic to the constituent drugs, including the toxoid itself against tetanus and diphtheria
• Suffering from acute illnesses. In this situation, the procedure is postponed for several weeks.
• People with exacerbation of chronic diseases and any allergic processes, for example, to food, medicine. In this case, the injection is done after the exacerbation stage has passed

The vaccine itself must be of high quality, storage conditions and shelf life must not be violated. If possible, for an ampoule with a medicine, you need to check:

• Is the integrity of the ampoule broken?
• The presence of markings with an expiration date
• If the ampoule is shaken, then the precipitate should disappear

Side Effects of Vaccination in Adults

Usually, the diphtheria vaccine does not deliver any worries or consequences, except for a small combat effect when administered. Poor tolerance and an acute reaction of the body are extremely rare. Let's list the most common side effects of vaccine injection in adults:

• Probably a brief feeling of malaise with impaired well-being, as well as an increase in body temperature
• Irritation, redness, swelling in the area where the injection was given
• An area of ​​inflamed tissue appears around the injection site, usually the diameter of such localization does not exceed 20 mm
• Infrequently, an allergic reaction is possible, for example, a local manifestation of urticaria or a general manifestation of Quincke's edema

To assess the response to the diphtheria vaccine in an adult, it is necessary to wait a day after its introduction.

Possible complications and consequences

Some of the following complications are infrequently likely to occur in autumn:

• Long fever, weakness, purulent phenomena in the area around the injection site due to the existing toxic reaction. Usually this happens due to neglect of the general rules for introducing a substance, as a result of which an infection enters the body in the same place.
• Convulsive syndrome caused by lesions of various parts of the nervous system
• Very rarely, post-vaccination encephalitis or brain inflammation is possible. There is such a complication in the literal sense of the word "once in a million", and usually develops in the first few days after vaccination

The pathological conditions listed above, the consequences and side effects associated with the administration of the diphtheria vaccine are temporary and in most cases are subject to proven correction with the help of medications prescribed based on the symptoms. As a rule, the list of such drugs for adult patients includes antiallergic, antipyretic, anticonvulsant, antispasmodic and other drugs.

How likely is it for an adult to get diphtheria after being vaccinated against it? Such situations are very rare and are mainly explained by the fact that a low-quality vaccine is used, with a reduced effect, or the terms of the planned revaccination are disrupted. It should be noted that in the event of such an infection, the symptoms of the disease will still be lower, it will be easier to treat and tolerate.

Let's summarize

• How often is an adult vaccinated against diphtheria? Revaccination schedule for desired effect is 10 years, provided that the standard vaccination course was completed in childhood.
• The diphtheria remedies used today have good detoxification and are easily tolerated.
• Why get vaccinated against diphtheria as an adult? This is necessary to avoid falling into a risk group, since this type of disease is infectious and easy to get infected with. It is enough to go to any region where the epidemic situation is unfavorable and the likelihood of getting sick will sharply increase.
• Where can I go if I am an adult and want to be vaccinated against diphtheria? To do this, you need to contact a therapist at the clinic at your place of residence.

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Diphtheria vaccination: consequences and effects on the body

Forewarned is forearmed. This expression is very suitable for the ailment called diphtheria. Diphtheria is a disease of an infectious origin, which is very difficult to fight. In most cases, it is useless.

Statistics have shown that infections among children, in 50–70% of cases, are fatal. For nearly 50 years in a row, the diphtheria vaccine has saved millions of children's lives. And infection is observed in less than 10%.

What is diphtheria vaccine

Diphtheria bacillus toxin is made weakened and incapacitated, and then injected into the human body. At the same time, the disease is not able to develop a priori. Diphtheria vaccination is done artificially in qualified laboratories, undergoing many tests. Therefore, the fear of getting infected through an injection must be discarded forever. The main thing is to observe contraindications and health will not be harmed.

The effect of the diphtheria vaccine on the body

The diphtheria vaccine does not work on the bacillus that has entered the body. Its effectiveness is directed towards toxic elements from bacteria. If you get rid of them, then the disease will recede. The injected drugs provoke the immune system to produce antitoxins. Thanks to these elements, the disease is no longer terrible for your body.

In order not to make an injection thoughtlessly or just refuse it, it is worth knowing what consequences can overtake you or your child in case of diphtheria infection. The disease is made dangerous not by the presence or concentration of a diphtheria bacillus, which enters the body by household or airborne droplets. A poisonous substance that this microbe secretes. It affects the mucous membranes, larynx, Airways etc.

Plaque envelops the walls of the mucous membrane in a single layer and it is very problematic to remove it mechanically. Ulcerative formations and tissue trauma remain. Chemically, that is, medication, it is also not easy to defeat the disease.

Where is the diphtheria vaccine given?

Usually, the injection site for diphtheria is chosen depending on the age category:

• children - intramuscularly, often in the left forearm, thigh, under the shoulder blade;
• adults - the injection is done under the skin.

When to vaccinate

Again, it all depends on age. It is customary to vaccinate children according to the following schedule:

• at 3 months the first vaccination against diphtheria;
• 2 more injections in between 45 days each injection;
• the next diphtheria vaccine at 1.5 years;
• further in school age- at 6, 14 and 18 years old.

Further, you need to vaccinate yourself 5 years after the last injection, and the next diphtheria vaccine is needed every 10 years of life. If the first vaccination against the disease is done in adulthood, then he is vaccinated in 3 approaches:

• the first diphtheria vaccine - any age;
• the second - exactly 30 days later;
• the third - a year later;
• subsequent vaccinations - after 10 years each.

The schedule is acceptable only for people without contraindications to vaccination against diphtheria.

Types of diphtheria vaccine

Injections are divided into 3 types:

1. DPT - the most known to us with childhood triple counteraction (diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus), is used for children under 6 years old;
2. ADS - against diphtheria and tetanus, applicable to people with contraindications to the pertussis vaccine;
3. ADS-M - its injections are given to children over 6 years old and adults who have already received DPT in childhood are vaccinated against diphtheria.

Contraindications

A period of ill health is undesirable for grafting. Even if only a runny nose or a cold hit the body. It is also strictly forbidden to give injections to persons with an allergy to substances from the vaccine. Also pregnancy up to 12 weeks.

Is the body fully protected after vaccination

No vaccine or shot can guarantee that a person will not get diphtheria. Vaccination greatly reduces the risk of infection - up to 100%. It all depends on the characteristics of the body and the support of the immune system.

Pregnancy as a reason to cancel the vaccine

The World Health Organization notes that pregnancy is not a hindrance to vaccinations. Unless the pregnant woman has inherited the contraindications. After being vaccinated against diphtheria, the baby will be born with protection against infection for the first months of life, just up to 3 months of age.

Neither the child nor the mother will become infected, because the injection contains only antitoxin. But the pregnancy must last more than 12 weeks. Because there is no time much more dangerous for medical intervention than pregnancy during the period of fetal formation.

How to care for your injection site

Children often confuse injections and are afraid to wet or touch the place where the drug was injected, as when handling Mantoux tests. The diphtheria vaccine has no restrictions on contact with the injection site. Still, it is better to avoid intense influences: rubbing, scratching, hot water with salt when bathing, etc. This will make it possible to avoid the appearance of external reactions on the skin.

Body reactions after vaccination

The effects that vaccination can cause are quite varied, but don't be intimidated. It is a natural reaction of the body and a fight against an unfamiliar substance in the body. So, when symptoms appear, give the patient peace of mind. If you suspect complications or side effects, it would not hurt to visit a doctor. Especially if a woman has a pregnancy, regardless of the term.

• General deteriorated state of health. It looks like a cold or a breakdown. The patient wants to sleep, passive behavior is noticeable. The condition can last for a maximum of a week. If the term of symptoms is rapidly increasing, then you cannot be against a visit to the clinic.
• Pain, swelling, induration at the injection site. Also no reason to worry. The drug will completely leave the injection site in a week and at the same time the discomfort in this area will disappear.
• Increased body temperature. It happens that a similar symptom appears during the day. Knock down the fever with the usual drugs that you use for colds. But if the temperature did not appear in a short period of time after the injection, then find out with the doctor what could provoke such a condition.

Complications and consequences of vaccination

So far, in the entire history of vaccination against diphtheria, there have been no cases similar to complications. The most significant manifestation effects are an undetected allergy to the drug, which doctors effectively deal with. Or an injection injected into children's organism during diathesis and similar diagnoses. This should be attributed to non-compliance with contraindications, and not complications.

Side effects of the diphtheria vaccine

Unlike complications, side effects do exist. But they do not pose a serious threat to the life or health of the patient.

• external - itching, skin manifestations, sweating;
• internal - problems with stools, ear inflammations, bronchitis and other side effects.

Nevertheless, the diphtheria vaccine is considered the safest and most harmless in medicine, because the side effects are akin to a mild cold. Remember, the doctor's task is to provide you with prevention and protection of the body. And yours is to monitor the safe effect in order to avoid negative consequences.

They were vaccinated at the age of 27, the first day there was a fever and malaise, then everything went away.

They were vaccinated at the age of 45 - a day later the temperature rose to 37.3 seconds. malaise and wanted to lie on the third day it became better and the temperature returned to normal.

Have vaccinated a 6-year-old child .. suffer from headaches, fever

A 12-year-old child was vaccinated. temperature 3 days 37, 38

done in years, the temperature immediately rose to 39, today the second day the temperature is 38.5, the general condition is sluggish, the head hurts and the throat hurts badly.

I was vaccinated, the injection site on my back hurt so much that I could not move for the first three days, there was a swelling, then it began to subside, the pain disappeared.

They have been vaccinated for 28 years, nothing hurts anywhere, itchs, only all the laziness began to do!

The same story. The temperature rose the next day to 38.8. The third day lasts 37.5. My back hurts as if I had been hit with a crowbar)) it’s impossible to move) last time I was just as hard to bear. But a colleague from work does not hurt anything, as if they didn’t do anything)

I was vaccinated against diphtheria and tetanus at the age of 48. On the first day I had chills, then I had severe rhinitis for a week.

I was vaccinated at 55 years old. After 10 days, my throat began to hurt. After a while, it seems to have passed. And then sores began - inflammation of the conjunctival sacs, purulent tonsillitis, or diphtheria? Than I just do not treat her - it does not help.

They vaccinated at the age of 34, immediately the injection site began to hurt, at first the hand was very dressed up, then, on the contrary, it became limp as it became sluggish, then the pain increased to the hand, it was painful and hard to raise or straighten the arm, while there was no pyration, about 18 hours passed. I asked about the side effects, neither the doctor nor the nurse told me anything except tempurature (I would have known, I would not have done it before leaving for another city.

Made ADSM four years ago.

After her there was a fever, problems with stool, throat, nose. After all this has passed (relatively), I suffer - my throat always hurts, my nose has become weak, almost immediately congestion, constant weakness, no strength. I am still suffering for 4 years. Life has changed radically, they made me a sick person! Are they doing experiments on a federal scale? ...

The first day after the vaccination, I was already depressed ... my back hurt for two days. Weakness. Apathy. A few days later, the throat ached, then the trachea and an empty, barely receding cough began ... the head hurts and the nose works every other time ... diphtheria? "- received a counter-indignant question -" No, of course. Why would ?! "Kapets ... there are no other words.

vaccinated, a reason to get drunk ...

two weeks ago I was vaccinated on my back the bump hurts reddened I feel terrible discomfort I went to the vaccination room told to do it vodka compresses... awful, I wouldn’t know

A year ago I had this vaccine ... The injection site still hurts.

We were vaccinated yesterday in the shoulder, by the evening the scapula began to hurt in one place.

They were vaccinated against diphtheria in March 2016. Within two weeks, a small ball-shaped lump formed under the skin, the hospital said that there was no reason to worry. This lump still lives in my body. And already in January 2018 it swelled up for no reason or no reason. Now it's about 3 cm in diameter and it hurts. Apparently we need to go to the hospital.

made 2 vaccinations against influenza and diphtheria at the same time after vaccinations for 3 months already mucus and sore throat and paroxysmal cough were checked by a pulmonologist asthma and bronchitis were excluded Tired of this condition

: evil: the child is 10 months old, I'm afraid to put the ADS vaccine

I'm 23g. did an Indian diphtheria and tetanus vaccination yesterday. during these two days there were no side effects. Immediately after getting used to it, I got a headache, but maybe from excitement.

After vaccination, a runny nose, a swollen neck in the region of the lymph node on the left, tears flow from my eyes, my eyes sneeze red. There is a pulsating noise in the head on the left. No temperature.

Damn, such reviews are sad. Is it all done Indian?

The vaccine was done yesterday. The injection site is still sore, swollen and reddened. Hopefully it will pass soon

“I was vaccinated at 55 years old. After 10 days, my throat began to hurt. After a while, it seems to have passed. And then sores began - inflammation of the conjunctival sacs, purulent tonsillitis, or diphtheria? Than I just do not treat her - it does not help. "

ARE YOU SERIOUSLY? After 10 days.

All adults behave like little ones: the injection site hurts very much, headache, throat, etc. Yes, there is discomfort at the injection site, but this is not the pain from which to whine and scare other people.

They gave a 7-year-old child a vaccination on 02/20/18, the leg was very sore, 02/22/18 was very swollen and everything turned red around the vaccination, the temperature of 37 was called an ambulance, they said nothing wrong (((today, on 23.02, it didn't get better ((

I will add))) on the 24th there were no spots, it means that the reaction to the vaccination is true, but you should not panic)))

I have three children. Everyone was vaccinated. The temperature rose at a maximum, the inoculation site swelled and reddened. After a couple of days, everything went away. These are trifles compared to diphtheria disease and mortality from it. In our city already. Measles epidemic. When to expect diphtheria?

Diphtheria vaccine; what are the side effects in adults

Diphtheria - infection caused by toxigenic strains of diphtheria bacillus, which is accompanied by an acute inflammatory process of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract.

Diphtheria is spread from person to person by coughing and sneezing. The causative agents of diphtheria in the course of their vital activity release toxins that affect the palatine tonsils, the upper respiratory tract (more often the larynx). Toxins can also cause intoxication of the body and damage the internal systems and organs. Diphtheria is one of the worst childhood diseases.

That is why a timely vaccination against diphtheria is so important, the side effects of which are not as terrible as the disease itself. Diphtheria currently affects many adults and unvaccinated children. This disease is treatable, but even with timely and correct therapy, the mortality rate reaches about 10%.

Basic preventive measure the prevention of diphtheria is vaccination. For many years, routine vaccinations given to the population have helped to avoid epidemics. Vaccination against diphtheria is done either under the scapula or in the shoulder.

Diphtheria vaccine side effects

In the first 24 hours after administration of the drug, temporary local and general reactions may occur.

• Severe pain at or around the vaccine site. The pain can also spread to the lymph nodes in the armpit.
• Increased body temperature.
• Aggressiveness and irritability.
• Decreased performance due to decreased immunity.

All these symptoms usually disappear within one to two days. Side effects do not pose a serious threat to the life and health of the patient.

In most cases, the first adverse reactions appear within 24 hours after the injection. They go away on their own, so they do not require any treatment. All this suggests that you should not be afraid of vaccination.

Whether or not to be vaccinated is up to you. For example, if you live in a small village and do not travel anywhere, then the risk of contracting diphtheria is minimal. If you live in a big city or metropolis, travel often, then the diphtheria vaccine will save you from unwanted consequences.

Vaccination against diphtheria for children: side effects, contraindications

Vaccination is prescribed for small children from the age of three months. In this case, use different kinds vaccines - ADS, ADS-M, DPT and their combinations. Adults are injected subcutaneously, and children intramuscularly. In some cases, at the request of the patient, an injection is given in the buttock. No matter where you are inoculated, the effect is always the same.

Side effects of the diphtheria vaccine can occur as early as a few hours after vaccination, and sometimes only the next day. A person can feel drowsy, apathy, refuse to eat, suffer from fever. There may be swelling at the injection site, and in some cases redness.

Children are vaccinated according to the following schedule:

• 3 months - the first vaccination against diphtheria.
• 2 more injections with an interval of 45 days.
• The next vaccination is carried out at 1.5 years.
• Then the vaccine is administered at 6, 14 and 18 years old.

In the future, a person should be vaccinated independently every 10 years.

Types of diphtheria vaccines:

• ADS - against diphtheria and tetanus
• DPT - vaccination against diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, for children under 6 years old
• ADS-M - injections for adults who received DPT in childhood and children over 6 years old.

Contraindications

Vaccination against diphtheria has a minimum of contraindications. Vaccination is not done if the child has an individual intolerance to the components of the drug. Vaccination is postponed for some time:

• in the acute course of any of the diseases
• At high body temperature
• If the patient is taking strong medications
• If the child has diathesis
• With eczema.

Side effects are possible if individual intolerance was not identified in time. In other cases, there is a normal response to vaccination.

Possible vaccine reactions

As a rule, side effects go away quickly, although they cause some discomfort. The most common reactions include:

• lethargy
• drowsiness
• local reaction: redness of the skin
• general malaise
• pain in the injection area (may be present for up to a week)
• a slight swelling at the injection site, can last for a week until the drug is absorbed into the blood
• a bump at the injection site (it dissolves within a month, this happens when the drug gets into the tissue under the skin, not into the muscle)
• increase in body temperature (usually not very large). At a very high body temperature, antipyretic drugs are used.

To avoid side effects, you need to follow the basic rules for caring for the puncture site. Although bathing is not prohibited, bathing in a bath that is too hot with foam or salt should be avoided. It is better not to use a washcloth for a week.

Parents should not refuse vaccination against diphtheria. Of course, the vaccine does not guarantee that a person will not get sick, but it significantly reduces the risk of infection - by almost 100%.

Diphtheria vaccine: side effects in adults, contraindications

Adults are vaccinated against diphtheria in three approaches:

• first vaccination - at any age
• the second - after 30 days
• third - after 1 year

Subsequent vaccinations are carried out at intervals of 10 years.

If adults refuse to vaccinate, then complications such as respiratory failure, swelling of the throat and neck, damage to the nervous system, heart and kidneys may appear when they contract the disease. Vaccination against diphtheria reduces the risk of infection, but by only 10 years, so vaccination is carried out periodically.

First of all, vaccinations are given to students, construction workers, military personnel, railway workers and those people who live in areas where there is an unfavorable epidemiological situation.

Contraindications

There are no specific contraindications against vaccination in adults. However, it is not carried out for colds, chronic and acute diseases, allergies. Pregnant women are not vaccinated during the first and third trimesters of pregnancy.

After vaccination, drafts, exposure to high temperatures, contact with people should be avoided, since all this significantly reduces immunity. But you can wash.

Side effects

In adults, complications rarely develop after vaccination. However, sometimes there is pain at the site of vaccination, fever, rash and swelling may appear.

After a diphtheria shot, the risk of diphtheria is reduced. If a person gets sick, then the disease will proceed in more mild form, that is, the vaccination is still worth doing.

The diphtheria vaccine promotes the emergence of persistent immunity to the disease, which persists for years after the injection. It all depends on the individual characteristics of the organism.

The introduction of the vaccine promotes the formation of antitoxic bodies, which prevent the development of the disease.