Biochemical analysis for sugar is one of the most common and frequent laboratory tests. The fact is that in our time, several hundred million people suffer from diabetes in all countries of the world.

This disease is insidious, as it develops in the body for a long time without any signs. Diabetes does not signal itself until irreversible pathological processes begin in the heart, blood vessels and in the organs of vision. However, there is a way out - each person can prevent the onset of critical complications. To do this, you should regularly check your glucose level and know the norms of the blood sugar test.

Blood plasma sugar

In medical practice, a lot of experience has already been accumulated in the diagnosis of diabetes in the early stages, when the patient can keep healthy state, only thanks to diet and a corrected lifestyle. Let's figure out what types of research there are, how sugar is indicated in a blood test, in order to prevent erroneous interpretations of research answers. It is worth knowing which answers can be considered normal and which are pathological.

Blood sugar test: decoding in adults, the norm in the table

Sugar is usually understood to mean glucose present in human blood, circulating throughout all tissues and organs. This substance is sent to the blood from the liver and intestines. Glucose is considered to be the main source of energy. More than 50 percent of all energy received from food comes from glucose. This substance ensures the functioning of red blood cells, brain cells and structural units muscular system... And the absorption of sugar is provided by a special hormone called insulin. It is produced in the pancreas.

Table of norms

The glucose concentration is also called the sugar content or level. Smallest value sugar is detected in the blood before eating. After breakfast or lunch, this indicator increases, and then, over time, it again falls into place.

So, consider a blood test: transcript in adults and the norm in the table. Ideally, sugar should not exceed 3.5 to 5.6 mmol per liter. However, it happens that glucose metabolism malfunctions in the body. The amount of this substance in the blood increases significantly or, conversely, decreases. Such phenomena have scientific names: hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia.

Attention! When considering the responses of a blood test to glucose, units such as millimoles per liter are used to determine the norm in the CIS countries. And in the West, this figure is calculated in milligrams per deciliter. You can easily convert mmol / L to mg / dL.

What is Hyperglycemia?

Hyperglycemia is said to be when the blood glucose value is elevated. With intense physical activity, emotional turmoil, pain, consumption of food rich in cholesterol, with the release of adrenaline, blood sugar rises sharply. This is explained by the fact that the body needs to expend too much energy. This increase does not last long. The values ​​normalize on their own.

Pathology is considered to be the case when high rate glucose is kept for a long time and continuously. Moreover, the rate of glucose production is much higher than the rate of its assimilation and processing. Usually, the cause of such a disease is a violation of endocrine functions.

Most frequent illness became diabetes... Quite rarely, hyperglycemia is caused by a disease of the hypothalamus - this is a part of the brain responsible for regulating the work of the endocrine glands in the body. Even less often, an increase in sugar concentration occurs due to liver disease.

The clinical signs are as follows:

• The patient is tormented by a feeling of thirst;
• The volume of urine increases;
• The skin on the face and hands becomes dry.

Hyperglycemia

If the disease becomes severe, the patient has nausea, drowsiness, lethargy, and vomiting. In especially advanced cases, the onset of a hyperglycemic coma is possible. This phenomenon is life threatening.

If blood sugar is elevated for a long time, it suffers the immune system, the blood supply to organs and tissues gets confused, inflammation and purulent processes can begin in them.

What is hypoglycemia?

When too low values ​​are recorded in the blood sugar test, this phenomenon is called hypoglycemia. It is more rare than high glucose levels. The condition when the pancreas works at a high intensity for a long time, producing too much insulin, can reduce the sugar content. This is usually caused by diseases of the gland, an increase in its tissues and cells. For example, tumor phenomena, as well as renal diseases, liver and adrenal gland pathologies, can reduce the sugar concentration.

Symptoms of hypoglycemia:

• Sweating;
• Weak condition;
• Chills and shivering;
• Increased heart rate;
• Mental disorder;
• An agonizing feeling of hunger;
• High excitability.

In a severe form of the disease, loss of consciousness and coma occur, the result of which can be fatal.

Indications for analysis

As soon as appear characteristic symptoms hypo- or hyperglycemia, the doctor must prescribe a blood test for sugar from a vein. The norm or deviation from it will confirm or deny the doctor's assumptions. There are several types of such analyzes, their difference lies in the subjects of the survey, the use of special instruments and the specificity of the answers.

Blood sugar analysis is normal

Types of analyzes

1. The value of sugar in general analysis blood count demonstrates the amount of glucose. This examination method is prescribed for prophylactic control if there are symptoms of high or low sugar.
2. Identification of the indicator of fructosamine and creatinine. This blood sugar test makes it possible to determine the indicator, which was two weeks before the test. This makes it possible to evaluate the effectiveness of diabetes therapy.
3. Glucose tolerance rapid test that allows you to identify the amount of glucose before and after the "sugar test". The study determines several values ​​of blood sugar in blood plasma, presented in the form of a curved line. First, blood is donated on an empty stomach, and then the patient takes glucose, which is diluted in water. Then again you will need to take a blood test for sugar from a vein. The research method can reveal hidden disorders in the processing and excretion of carbohydrates in the body of a child or an adult patient.
4. Analysis for glucose tolerance with the identification of peptide C. Such an analysis must be passed for accurate counting of cells that produce insulin. In this case, it becomes possible to find out the type of diabetes, regardless of age.
5. The lactate index in blood biochemistry reveals the level of lactic acid in the urine. This test can reveal a specific form of lactic acidosis associated with diabetes.
6. Glucose tolerance test during pregnancy. This study is carried out as preventive measures with an excessive increase in the weight of the fetus or baby. This condition can be triggered by an increased blood sugar level in a pregnant woman.

Important! A study for the content of glycated hemoglobin and ESR is considered the most reliable and correct type of diagnosis of increased sugar levels. Its result does not depend on food consumption, its glycemic index, time of day, stress or physical activity of a woman or man.

Preparation for analysis

People with diabetes usually get tests every month. To pass the sample and get the correct answer, you need to properly prepare for the study. This analysis must be taken on an empty stomach (the last meal at least 8 hours before delivery). Better to go to the clinic in the morning. Among the drinks before the examination, only water is allowed.

Preparation

It is recommended to give up alcohol for two days before donating blood, otherwise the answers will be increased content Sahara. You should also forget about cigarettes the day before going to the laboratory. In addition, it is better to avoid excessive physical activity and stress, as they also increase the concentration of glucose in the blood. If the patient is constantly taking medications, then it is better to drink pills after donating blood, because some of them contain sugar and can lower or overestimate the results.

It is necessary to exclude the conduct of medical procedures, for example, physiotherapy, X-rays, massage effects, etc. You should not go to the laboratory if you have infectious diseases and inflammation in the body, because in this case the answer will differ from the true indicators.

Doctors recommend testing the amount of sugar in the blood at least three times a year. This advice is not far-fetched, since diabetes mellitus is initial stages practically has no symptoms. Therefore, sugar, or rather its level, is an important parameter for every person, it must be strictly controlled and taken into account.

When to do blood sugar tests

There are a number of symptoms that signal the possibility of diabetes or hormonal disruptions:

1. Feeling thirsty.
2. Frequent urination.
3. Feeling of dry mouth.
4. Feeling overwhelmed.
5. Deterioration of vision.
6. The appearance of boils throughout the body.
7. Hyperglycemia.

If you have these symptoms or some of them, then you should immediately contact an endocrinologist and take blood tests. Especially often, diseases associated with an increase in sugar levels are exposed to people who are in the so-called risk group. These include the following people:

• relatives with a similar disease;
• people with signs of obesity;
• giving birth to women;
• taking glucocorticoids;
• having a pituitary tumor;
• allergy sufferers.

Also, diabetes mellitus is often manifested in children. Therefore, if a child has symptoms such as a constant, uncontrollable desire for sweets and pressure surges, you should consult a doctor immediately. Also, a temporary increase in blood sugar is typical for pregnant women.

Analyzes for sugar and their types

In order to accurately find out the sugar level in circulatory system, the endocrinologist directs the patient to the laboratory to do some tests. Modern methods laboratory diagnostics have the following varieties:

• fast research method;
• biochemical analysis;
• blood sampling with stress;
• checking glycated hemoglobin.

A quick method, like a biochemical one, is a standard blood collection test to check your blood sugar level. Take it from a finger or from a vein. The first option is the most common. Unfortunately, the validity of this test is controversial, due to the fact that the test strips deteriorate when exposed to air. Therefore, the error of the method is more than twenty percent. At home, the level can be found using a glucometer.

Biochemical analysis is carried out using an automatic analyzer, and blood is taken from a vein. There are situations when even this method gives an error, that is, the indicators constantly change their values, despite the fact that samples are taken after a short time. In this case, doctors recommend an exercise test for sugar, in other words, check the body for glucose tolerance. Such testing is carried out in two stages:

• necessarily on an empty stomach, blood is taken from a vein from a person, after which you need to drink sweet water containing glucose;
• then, for a little more than two hours with an interval of fifty minutes, a repeated blood sampling takes place.

While this sugar test lasts, you must not eat or drink anything. It is also worth knowing the method that is designed to display the hemoglobin content ( glycated hemoglobin). It is performed if there is a suspicion of diabetes. This test is needed in order to be able to control the course of the disease and prescribe correct treatment... Hemoglobin is taken from the finger, while eating is not prohibited.

The sugar norm in children and adults is the same and amounts to 3.29-5.49 mmol / liter. Moreover, at different types tests have their own standards. Therefore, usually for each method, its own, separate decoding is used, which is usually presented in the table, as a comparison of different tests and their indications.

What not to do before taking a sugar test

Taking the test and preparing each person before doing the sugar test is of great importance. Only by properly preparing, you can avoid the fact that an error will occur at all. General recommendations before collecting blood are as follows:

• before taking the test, it is better not to have breakfast;
• it is recommended not to drink tea, coffee, soda for the purity of the indications;
• in no case should you drink alcohol a day before the analysis;
• it is not recommended to brush your teeth with any dental cleansers before going to the laboratory;
• chewing gum is also prohibited.

Also, doctors advise not to overdo it with sweet, spicy and sour foods a day before the analysis. Alcohol and tobacco are under special prohibition. If you follow all the recommendations, you can get sugar test results on the first try.

An important constituent source of energy for a healthy body is glucose, which is involved in carbohydrate metabolism... Increased or reduced content glucose leads to various diseases, which at first do not show themselves in any way. In order to control the level of glycemia, a special laboratory test is carried out - a blood test for sugar, deciphering in adults, the norm in the table, the preparation and delivery of which is the topic of today's article. Timely control of the sugar level will help prevent the development of disorders in functioning endocrine system and timely diagnose diseases that can lead to serious consequences, in particular, diabetes mellitus.

A laboratory blood sugar test is mandatory for adults if they have the following conditions:

• A sharp decrease in vision;
• Feeling of weakness, tiredness that does not go away;
• Feeling of thirst and dry mouth that does not go away;
• Wounds that heal for a long time, boils;
• Frequent urination;
• Weight loss.

Types of blood glucose tests

There are these types of blood glucose tests:

How to prepare and how to get tested for sugar in adults

V clinical practice before taking a glycemic test, the standard preparation procedure is used:

Patients are very often interested in whether it is allowed to use water before donating blood for glucose. Basically, you can drink water, but there are exceptions in which the use of water is prohibited. Such nuances can be clarified with the attending physician. This applies to those cases when the patient is not aware of which method will be used. You need to pay attention to this, because if the decoding is not accurate, incorrect treatment may be prescribed.

In adult women and men, the blood sugar rate is almost the same, only in pregnant women and in the elderly a slight increase in glucose is possible, this condition is considered the norm. The test results can be influenced by the patient's age, food intake before blood collection, and which blood is used for analysis, venous or from a finger.

Decoding of the results and the norm in the table

Patients are given the results of the transcript of the study carried out on special forms, which indicate the identified changes in sugar levels. The decoding of the blood test is presented by values ​​in mmol / l. The norm of values ​​of these indicators will be indicated in the table below.

• An increase in the table sugar rate in deciphering a blood test in adults is called hyperglycemia. At high level sugar can develop, endocrine system pathology, liver disease as well.
• Decreased glucose is called hypoglycemia. ITS cause can be excessive physical activity, long breaks between food consumption, too much sweets in the diet, alcohol abuse.
• For the norm of blood sugar, the term is used normoglycemia.

The norm in the table is indicated in the analysis capillary blood... When taking blood from a vein, the indicators are compared with the norm, while adding 12%.