Main characteristic features Ring Worms are:

Secondary, or nominal, body cavity;

The appearance of blood and respiratory systems;

Sectional system in the form of metanephridium.

a brief description of

The main classes of type are non-timeline, multi-minded, leeches.

A.G. Lebedev "Preparing for the Biology Exam"

Main Aromorphoses:

1. The emergence of the secondary cavity of the body-organizer.

2. Metor structure body.

3. The appearance of a closed circulatory system.

4. Extraction system of methonephridial type.

5. A higher organized nervous system and senses.

6. The emergence of respiratory organs.

7. The emergence of organs of movement.

The overall characteristics of the ringed worms.

An extensive group of animals, including about 12k species.

Inhabit mainly in the seas, as well as in fresh waters and on land.

They are characterized by the following features of the organization:

1. Metomium (correct repetition of similar to each other organs along the axis of the body of the animal). Externally, this is expressed in the fact that the entire body of the worm is divided with harshs on separate segments (rings). Therefore, the ring worms are also called the ringers. Along with the outer, there is an internal segmentation, which is expressed in the repeatability of many internal organs.

As a result, each segment to some extent is an independent unit of a holistic system.

Metomirion can be homonal (all segments are the same) and heteronal (if the segments differ from each other). For ringworms, it is characterized mainly chomona segmentation.

Metomirion arose with the need to increase mobility by increasing the muscles and muscle mass in length. However, it comes to a new problem management and increase the amount of organs to ensure full-fledged life.

Thus, the biological meaning of metomium in general is:

a) solving the problem of body management;

b) all the processes of vital activity are strengthened, as the same organs are repeated;

c) the stock of biological strength increases;

d) due to the presence of metomery, ringed worms are capable of regeneration.

From an evolutionary point of view, segmentation opens the way to specialization and defraentials of cells, which leads to a decrease in energy costs. And the emergence of heteronal segmentation. The occurrence of heteromonian segmentation is observed in some ringed worms, for example, in nonreide.

2. For the first time, the rings are noted the process of cefollization, that is, the formation of the head unit.

3. The skin-muscular bag is well developed.

Due to what, the collected worms make complex wave-like and re-elated movements. The lateral growth of body-parpletium body, which are the organs of movement, play a major role. Parapodya is another one of the ways to increase the mobility of ring worms. Best of all paropodies from multi-singing rings.

Unlessnickens and leeches of parplets were subjected to one degree or another, reduction.

4. Killed worms Have a secondary body cavity. Unlike the primary cavity of the body of the schisoycel, the whole has been lined with a special kind epithelium. In essence, it is an internal organ and has its own walls.

Overall, as well as the whole body of ringed worms, segmented.

5. The digestive system is well differentiated to the departments.

Some species have salivary glands. The front and rear part of the intestine of ectodermal origin, medium endodermal origin.

6. The main allocation bodies are metanephria. This is an open excretory system associated with the whole and ensuring not only the function of the selection, but also the regulation of the water regime.

Methanefridia are located in segments. In this case, the metanephridium funnel is located in one segment, and the excretory channel opens in the adjacent segment.

7. Most ringed worms closed circulatory system. This means that blood is flowing only by vessels and there is a network of capillaries between the arteries and veins.

8. Breathing is carried out through the skin, but some representatives have new respiratory gills.

In the gills turns the dorsal parapody.

9. The nervous system consists of paired spinal coggles and the abdominal nervous chain.

Paired spines along the brain are divided into front, medium and rear gangli. This is the difference from the previous groups of worms.

10. The senses are developed to a better extent than that of flat and round worms.

There are eyes capable of many rings to accommodation. Touch bodies, equilibrium organs (stamotocists), chemical feelings, and some more hearing organs arranged by type of locators.

Ring Worms in most separately, but is often observed hermaphroditism. Development often flows with metamorphosis. A typical larva of marine rings is called Trichor (carrier cilia).

Thus, the progressive features of the organization are traced in the ring worms: the presence of the organizer, the metaalog of the structure, the appearance of the blood system, methanephridium, a higher-organized nervous system and sense organs. Along with these features, there are signs rapping them with lower worms (primitive signs: the larvae of three phophylas has a primary body cavity, protonfridia, an orthogonal nervous system, and on early stages Development, blind intestine).

These features are found in adult rings from primitive groups.

Type includes 3 classes:class Polychate or Multi-Point Worms, olehechta class or Unavythinkic worms, leech class.

Class Polyhetete (Multi-Point Worms)

The central class of ring worms, which is distinguished by the greatest amount of species.

Some ringed worms are freely floating in water, for example, non-rigid, others are buried in the sand, for example, Peskodel. There are seating polychates living in lime tubes, such as Serpulides and crawling in the bottom of Afrodites.

External structure Polyhete.

The body consists of a head unit, segmented torso and anal leopard (Peregidius).

The head unit is formed by a head blade, a surgery and the mouth segment of the -peristomium. On the head, many polycetes have eyes and feeling appendages. For example, at Nereda there are 2 pairs of eyes, tentacles, twin-chip plates and olfactory pits. On the peristomium there is a mouth from below, and several pairs of mustache on the sides. The body consists of segments, the number of which can reach up to 800.

Free-breed stray polychite is best expressed by chomona segmentation. Heteroman segmentation is inherent in seating and partly to the milling forms.

On the torso segments there are par of refinery, with which polychaetes float, crawl or break into the ground. Each paroption consists of a basal part and two blades: spinal (notopodia) and abdominal (insection). At the base of the parmeta on the spinal side there is a dorsal, and on the abdominal side of the abdominal mustache. Some species of the dorsal mustache parpleti turns into filament gills. Paropodies armed with bristles with bristles consisting of an organic matter close to chitina.

One of the bristles of each blade is most developed and is called acycula. This is a supporting bristle. The muscles are attached to its base, leading the entire bundle. In some species, leading or attached lifestyle, parplets are reduced. Anal blade does not bear any appendages.

Skin-muscular bag.

The body polychite is covered with a single epithelium, which highlights thin cuticle to the surface. Epithelium can be wilderness. It is rich in unicellular glands that allocate mucus and substances, of which many seating polychas build their pipes. Under the epithelium, the annular and longitudinal muscles occur. Longitudinal muscles form 4 strongly developed tapes: 2 on the dorsal side and 2 on the abdominal.

In addition, there are oblique muscles, passing obliquely from the dorsal part of the skin-muscular bag to the abdominal. Secondary body body cavity. In fact, it is a bag filled with a strip fluid, which is separated from all tissues and organs by a nuclear epithelium of mesodermal origin.

Thus, the longitudinal muscles, intestines and internal organs are covered with single-layer epithelium.

Another feature of the organizer in a polychaete is to his metaidral structure.

This means that each body segment polychate has essentially its cavity, fully separated from the cavities of the neighboring segments with special partitions consisting of two-layer epithelium.

In addition, the organic cavity in each segment is fully divided into the right and left half of the longitudinal, also a two-layer partition. Inside this partition passes the intestine, and over and under the intestines, also inside this partition, are spinal and abdominal blood vessels.

That is, in each inner segment of polychites there are 2 nominal bags. The epithelial walls of these bags are closely adjacent on one side to the muscles of the skin-muscular bag, and on the other to the intestines and each other, covering the intestine from both sides and blood vessels. This part of the walls of the nuclei bags is called spinal and abdominal mesenter or splatter.

Overall performs several functions:

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See more:

1. Continue fill in the table.

2. Explain the approval.

For the first time, ring worms have a secondary body cavity and cellular structure. In the inner structure there is a circulatory system. The excretory system is represented by more developed metanephrides. Most of the rings are free-lived, some have a semblance of feet - parapody. All bilateral symmetry. There are organs of feelings.

We will write about the protective function of partitions.

Each segment of ringworms is separated by a partition and has a full set of nerve nodes, nephonds, ring vessels and sex glands. If the integrity of one segment is broken, it affects the vital activity of the worm affects a small extent.

4. List the features of the structure of the rings.

Some types of rings have parapody and bristles for movement.

Those species that do not have parapodies have bristles or their body is covered with mucus for better sliding. Muscular system All rings are represented by ring and longitudinal muscles.

5. We will finish the scheme.
a) digestive system of rings
b) the nervous system of rings
c) organs of the senses of rings
6.

We will write about the division of the body of the ring.

Regeneration can occur, and the worm will restore lost parts. That is, there will be a useless reproduction.

7. We write an answer to the formation of the belt.

Maybe. In some multi-pectic worms living in the seas and related ring worms, reproduction occurs in water, exterior fertilization.

But most of the rings reproduction occurs with the help of a belt.

8. Explain the relationship.

There is a direct relationship between the number of discharge eggs and care for the offspring. Some polycetes are laying down a bit of eggs, and the female guards them. This means that Killed Worms are more progressive than previous types of worms.

We list the power methods Polyhete.

Among the multi-minded worms there are predators that feed on small marine animals. There are omnivorous, filtering water and fed by plants.

10. We will finish the proposals.

Polish development occurs with alternating life forms.

Their larvae are not like adults. Each life form performs various functions: reproduction, resettlement, self-preservation. Some polychites have concern for offspring.

11. We will finish the scheme.
Value Polyhete in Nature

Filter water.
2. They feed fish.
3. Feed on remnants of dead animals.

12. We will write differences in the nutrition of different worms.

Unavythinkic worms feed on organic substances from the plant residues, and predators, and omnivorous, and roasting are found among multish items.

We will write common devices from the simplest and oligochet.

To transfer adverse conditions, many simplest form a cistol, and the oligochettes are a protective capsule, and fall into the range. These formations are similar to the functions performed.

14. Denote in the figure the structure of the rainworm. Make a conclusion.

Conclusion: The primary body cavity is supported. It contains a liquid that gives the body of the worm of elasticity.

We list the features of leeches.
1) constant number of body segments (33)
2) Availability of suckers for attaching to the sacrifice or substrate.
3) the absence of bristles on the body.
4) All leeches live in aquatic environment.

16. We call foods of leeches.

17. Determine the type and class of worms.

Explain the feature of the leech.

Vehives have a nervous system developed better.

19. Explain the approval.

The statement is not true. The leeches are very sensitive to the purity of water and dying in contamination. The oligochetes are still enduring water pollution and can live long in such water bodies.

Wire an answer about guitars.

The girudine is necessary for the obstacle to blood coagulation in the victim's wound and in the stomach itself of the leech itself. If it is not produced, the leech will not be able to eat, as the blood will come.

21. We call the role of leeches in medicine.

The leeches are used in medicine to reduce blood pressure in hypertension and the threat of hemorrhage, stroke.

We indicate the characteristics of the college worms classes.
Classes like ringed worms.

A - 1, 2, 8, 10, 16
B - 4, 6, 11, 12, 17
B - 3, 5, 7, 9, 14, 15

We write the answers to crossword number 1.

Answers:
1. Capsule
2. Subtle
3. Polyhetes
4. cavity
5. Chain
6. Oligochettes
7. Chain
8.

Breath
Keyword: rings

Type of ringed worms

Aromorphosis type:

1) the presence of movement organs;

2) the appearance of respiratory and closed circulating system;

3) Secondary body cavity.

The type of ring worms covers about 8,000 species of higher worms, which have a much more complex organization than previous types.

Main features like:

The body of worms are composed of a head blades (narrowness), segmented torso and rear anal blades (Pihydia). On the head blades there are organs of feelings.

There is a well-developed skin-muscular bag.

3. The secondary cavity of the body or the whole (the space between the body wall and the internal organs with its own epithelial lining, which separates the strip fluid from all surrounding tissues and organs, appears at the ringed worms. It is divided into cameras in accordance with external segmentation.

4. The river hole lies on the abdominal side of the first trunking of the body.

The digestive system is composed of oral cavity, pharynx, middle intestine and realer, opening out anal hole at the end of anal blade.

5. Most has a well-developed closed circulatory system.

6. Options are performed by metanephridia.

Metaphridia is called open excretory organs, unlike closed protonfritis.

MetaPridia begins with a more or less expanded funnel - nephrosty, seated with cilia and opening in the cavity of the segment. From nephrosta, the nephond canal begins, which takes place in the next segment. Here the channel forms a complex tangle and opens with an excretory hole out.

The nervous system consists of paired over-and-sodium ganglia, associated with the ocular nervous ring and the abdominal nervous chain. The latter is a pair of longitudinally pinned trunks forming nerve nodes in each segment.

The most primitive collected worms of separatogues; Part of the partly appears hermaphroditism.

9. Egg crushing goes on a spiral type.

10. At the lowest type of development, development proceeds with metamorphosis, a typical larva - Throhofor.

According to the most common look, the ringed worms occurred from the lowest non-banned worms.

The type is divided into three classes - the unobtinka (the representative of the rainworm), multi-minded (Nareis, Ponkodel) and leeches.

It is believed that in the course of evolution, multi-minded gave the beginning of arthropod.

1. Flat worms:

a) two-layer animals;

b) three-layer animals.

Specify the separation organs at the bull chain:

a) protonfridia;

b) metanephrium;

3. Intermediate owner of the hepatic sequence:

a) cow;

b) Small Prudovik;

c) man.

4. The complication of round worms compared to flat is associated with the appearance:

a) three-layer body structure;

b) nervous system;

c) hermaphroditism;

d) through digestive system.

a) type round worms;

b) class of ribbon worms;

c) class of seashers?

How many layers of muscles have round worms?

a) one; b) two; at three o'clok.

7. How many segments has a rainworm body?

a) 20-30; 6) 250; c) up to 180; d) 50.

8. Among the ringed worms, real parapodies have only:

a) oligochet; b) Polyhete; c) leeches.

For Polyhete, it is characteristic (-th; -o):

a) separatability;

b) hermaphroditism;

c) binding.

10. What body cavity at Nered:

a) intestinal; b) primary;

c) secondary; d) filled with parenchym

Literature

R.G. Zayats, I.V. Rachkovskaya et al. Biology for applicants. Minsk, "Unipress", 2009, p. 129-177.

2. L.N. Pescentskaya. Biology.

Minsk, "Avermev", 2007, p. 195-202.

3. N.D. Lisov, N.A. Lemes and other biology. Minsk, "AVERSEV", 2009, p.169-188.

4. E.I. Shepelevich, V.M. Glushko, T.V. Maksimova. Biology for schoolchildren and applicants. Minsk, "Universalpress", 2007, p. 404-413.

1. In the ring worms, a circulatory system appears for the first time. 2. The circulatory system serves to transfer oxygen and nutrients to all animal organs. 3. Ring worms have two main blood vessels. According to the abdominal vessel, blood moves from the front end of the body to the rear. 4. On the spinal vessel, the blood moves from the rear end of the body to the front. 5. The spinal vessel passes above the intestine, the abdominal - under it. In each segment of the dorsal and abdominal vessels are interconnected by ring vessels.

Circulatory system 6. Hearts have no heart worms. Several thick ring vessels have muscle walls, due to the reduction of blood flow. Thread vessels are departed from major vessels, then branching on the finest capillaries. The capillaries comes with oxygen from the skin epithelium and nutrients from the intestine. And from other of the same capillaries, branching in the muscles, there is a return "waste". Thus, blood moves all the time by vessels and is not mixed with a strip liquid. This circulatory system is called closed. 7. In the blood, iron-containing protein, close to hemoglobin.

Circulatory Circular Circulars 1. In the ring worms, a circulatory system appears for the first time. 2. The circulatory system is closed 3. Two main blood vessels: abdominal and dorsal. They are connected in each segment of the ring vessel 4. There is no real heart

The blood system of the mollusks: open (blood from the vessels falls into the body cavity) a heart appeared, an increase in blood circulation rate, which significantly increased the intensity of metabolic processes. Three-chamber or two-chamber heart (1 or 2 atrium and ventricle) from the heart moves aorta, it branches the arteries colorless blood is saturated with oxygen in light (gills) and returns to the heart of the function: blood is distributed in the heart and takes carbon dioxide

Unlike other mollusks, the cipaths have a bloodary system almost closed. In many places (skin, musculatura) there are capillaries through which the arteries move directly into veins. A highly developed circulatory system allows a chart to achieve gigantic sizes. Only in the presence of a capillary system, it is possible to exist very large animals, since only in this case a full-fledged supply of oxygen and nutrients of massive organs is ensured. Blood is driven by three hearts. 1. The main, consisting of ventricle and two atrials (Nautilusa - four atrium). The main heart drives blood on the body. 2. And two gill. 3. Rhythmic reductions of gill hearts pushing venous blood Through the gills, from where it, enriched with oxygen, enters the atrium of the main heart. The frequency of the beating of hearts depends on the water temperature. For example, at octopus at a water temperature of 22 ° C, the heart rate frequency is 40- 50 beats in 1 min. 4. To supply the blood of the head there are special vessels. The blood of challenges of mollusks has a blue color due to the presence of a hemocyanin hemocyanin respiratory pigment in it containing copper. The hemocyanin is produced in special gill glares.

The circulatory system in arthropods is not closed and represented by the heart and large vessels from which the hemolymph (liquid, in many respects of the blood vertebrate) is poured into the body cavity, wash the internal organs and again returns to the heart. 1. The heart is capable of rhythmic cuts. Hemolyimf falls into it from the body cavity through the side openings, an octol, and washes internal organs, supplying them with nutrients. 2. In crustaceans hemolymph performs a respiratory function. It contains weaving oxygen substances - red hemoglobin or blue hemocyanin. There are special gill vessels for this.

Blood System 1. When cutting the heart, the ore valves are closed. 2. And blood moving around the arteries falls into the body cavity. Here it gives the internal organs oxygen and nutrients. 3. Satisfied carbon dioxide and exchange products. 4. Then the blood enters the gills. 5. There is gas exchange, and blood, freed from carbon dioxide, is again saturated with oxygen. 6. After that, the blood through open octs falls into a relaxed heart.

Blood system The blood system is unlocked. In the transfer of oxygen in insects, blood is practically not involved. The long, tubular heart of insects is located on the dorsal side of the abdomen is divided into several cameras each camera has holes with valves - an oct. Through them, blood from the body cavity falls into the heart. Neighboring chambers are connected to each other valves opening only forward. A consistent reduction of heart cameras from the back to the front ensures blood movement.

Lancturer Blood System: Closed No Heart Reduced Cure Aorta Walls Function: Blood Drain Oxygen and Nutrients, Picks Decay Products

Blood Society Blood System Closed, One Circulation Circulation, Two-Chamber Heart (Soils from a thin-walled atrium and muscular ventricle) Venous blood is going first in venous sinus - The expansion that collects blood from venous vessels, then falls in the atrium and pushes out of the ventricle from the heart, the venous blood gets on the abdominal aorta to the gills, the arterial blood is collected in the spinal aorta. From all organs, venous blood according to vessels falls into the general venous sinus.

Blood system of amphibian circulatory system. Two circles circulation (big and small). Since the lungs appeared, the pulmonary (small) circle circle occurs. The heart of amphibians becomes three-chamber (formed by two atria and one ventricle), three pairs of arterial arc depart. The metabolism is not yet very intense, amphibians belong to the pikelotermic (cold-blooded) animals.

The blood system of the amphibian in the left atrium from the lungs according to the pulmonary veins is made by arterial blood, and in the right atrium - mixed, since venous blood comes from the internal organs, and skin veins bring arterial blood. In the ventricle, blood is mixed only in part, due to the presence of special separation mechanisms (various grows and spiral valve of the arterial cone).

Circulatory system Big circle blood circulation. From the ventricle, the blood enters three pairs of arterial vessels. When the ventricle is reduced, venous blood is pushed out, which fills the first two pairs of arteries. The blood with the maximum oxygen content enters the third pair of arteries, from which carotid arteries are deployed supplying the blood brain. Then the venous blood (from the internal organs on the hollow veins) and the arterial (for skin veins) fall into the right atrium.

Blood system Small circle of blood circulation. The pulmonary arteries are pounded by oxygen blood to the light, where gas exchange occurs, then arterial blood is in the lung veins in the left atrium. Major branches are departed from each pulmonary artery - skin arteries that carry blood to the skin, where it is oxidized, and then falls into the right atrium. Erythrocytes in amphibians are large, double-screw, have a kernel. Metabolism is higher than fish, but not high enough to maintain constant body temperature

The circulatory system takes further separation of arterial and venous blood flow due to the appearance of an incomplete partition in the ventricle of the heart. The partition partially prevents the mixing of arterial and venous blood. Three vessels independently depart from the ventricle: pulmonary artery, carrying venous blood to the easy, right and left arc of aorta.

Blood System A large circle circulation begins arcs of aorta. The right arc of the aorta comes out of the left part of the ventricle and carries the blood-saturated blood. Sleepy arteries, carrying blood to the brain, and connectible arteries supplying the front limbs are departed from it. Left aorta arc originates from the middle part of the ventricle and carries mixed blood. Both arcs merge into the spinal aorta supplying the remaining organs.

The blood system is a small circle begins with a pulmonary artery that departs from the right side of the ventricle. Venous blood is delivered to the lungs, gas exchange occurs there, and the bloodflows on the pulmonary veins return to the left atrium. Although the blood system is perfect than that of amphibians, the metabolism is insufficient to maintain a constant body temperature, so reptiles do not have a constant body temperature, caciferm.

Circulatory system. The heart becomes four-chamber, the partition divides the heart into two parts - the right and left. Each part of the heart consists of atrium and ventricle. Venous blood in the right half of the heart is returned to the hollow veins (top and bottom) from a large circle of blood circulation. Small circle of blood circulation. When reducing the right ventricle, venous blood comes by light arteries In the lungs, where gas exchange occurs, and arterial blood according to the pulmonary veins returns from the pulmonary circle of blood circulation in the left atrium.

The blood system is a big circle. From the left ventricle, blood comes out through the right arc of aorta. Sleepy arteries that carry blood to the head are separated, connectible to the upper limbs. The right arc of aortic goes into a spinal aorta, providing blood internal organs. Then the venous blood is going to hollow veins and enters the right atrium. Unlike the breeded system of reptiles, the birds are blood from the heart to the organs in a large circle flows not in two arteries (the left and right arc of the aorta), but only on the right. The oxygen capacity of the blood in birds is 2 times higher than that of reptiles. The average body temperature in birds is about 42 degrees.

The blood system in the right half of the heart is venous blood, in the left half - arterial, i.e. blood mixing does not occur. The pulmonary circle of blood circulation begins in the right ventricle, venous blood according to the pulmonary arteries is brought into the lungs, gas exchange is happening there, and arterial blood on the pulmonary veins falls into the left atrium. A large circle of blood circulation begins in the left ventricle, blood is thrown into the left arc of aorta. The arteries supply all internal organs with blood. Venous blood in the upper and lower hollow veins falls into the right atrium.

Anneld type, which combines about 12,000 species, is as it were a node of the pedigree tree of the animal world. According to existing theories, Killed Worms are originated from ancient cilia worms (turbellar theory) or from forms close to the comb (three-foam theory). In turn, the crown worms arose in the process of progressive evolution of arthropods. Finally, in his origin, Anneldides are connected by a common ancestor with mollusks. All this shows that great importancewhich has a type in question to understand the phylogenesis of the animal world. From a medical point of view, Anneldy has a limited meaning. Of course, only leeches are definite.

General characteristic type

The body of ringed worms consists of a head blade, segmented torso and rear blade. The torso segments throughout the entire body have similar outer appendages and a similar internal structure. Thus, the organization of annelder is characterized by repeatability of the structure, or metamery.

On the sides of the body on each segment, there are usually external appendages in the form of muscular growth supplied with bristles - parapody - or in the form of bristles. These appendages matter when driving a worm. Parapody in the process of phylogenesis gave rise to foreigners of arthropods. At the head end of the body there are special appendages - Tentacles and Palygy.

The skin-muscular bag is developed, which consists of a cuticle lying under it one layer of skin cells and several layers of muscles (see Table 1) and the secondary cavity of the body, or the whole internal organs. Overacted by peritoneal epithelium and divided by partitions into separate cameras. At the same time, in each body segment there is a pair of nominal bags (only the head and rear blades are deprived of the agencies).

The nominal bags in each segment are placed between the intestine and the body of the body, they are filled with a water fluid, in which amoeboid cells float.

Overall performs a reference function. In addition, nutrients come to the numerical fluid from the intestine, which are then distributed throughout the body. In general, harmful metabolic products are accumulated, which are removed by excretory organs. In the walls of the organizer, male and female sex glands are developing.

The central nervous system is represented by the headlinking nerve node and the abdominal nervous chain. Nerves are passing from the senses from the senses: eye, equilibrium organs, tentacles and palp. The abdominal nerve chain consists of nodes (one pair in each segment of the body) and the trunks connecting the nodes among themselves. Each node innervates all organs of this segment.

The digestive system consists of anterior, middle and rear intestine. The front intestine is usually divided into a row of departments: a throat, esophagus, goiter and a muscular stomach. Roth is on the abdominal side of the first segment of the body. The back of the intestine opens a posterior hole on the rear blade. In the intestinal wall there is a musculature, providing food progress.

Options - metanefridium - are paired tubular organs, metairly repeated in body segments. Unlike protonfritis, they have through excretory channels. The latter begins a funnel discovering in the body cavity. Through the funnel in nephridia flows a strip liquid. From the funnel, the jade canal holder, which sometimes opens out. Passing through the tube, the liquid changes its composition; It concentrates the final products of dissimilating, which, through the outer, jade, are emitted from the body.

Annelder for the first time in the philogenesis of the animal world appears a circulatory system. The main blood vessels pass along the dorsal and abdominal side. In the front segments they are connected by transverse vessels. The dorsal and front ring vessels are able to rhythmically shrink and perform the function of the heart. In most species, the circulatory system is closed: the blood circulates along the vessel system, which is not interrupted by cavities, lacunas or sinus. In some species, blood is colorless, in other red due to the presence of hemoglobin.

Most of the types of ringed worms breathe through the skin rich in blood capillaries. A number of marine forms have specialized respiratory authorities - Zhabra. Usually they develop on parapodies or on palpses. Vessels carrying venous blood are suitable for the zhabra; It is saturated with oxygen and in the form of arterial blood enters the body of the worm. Among Annelid there are separate and hermaphroditic species. Sex glands are located in the body cavity.

Killed worms have the highest organization compared to other types of worms (see Table 1); They first appear the secondary cavity of the body, the blood system, the respiratory organs, the nervous system is higher organized.

Ring Worms are inhabited in fresh waters, seas, soil. The body consists of ring segments. About 9 thousand their species are known, distinguish:

Multi-piece class

Class of maloshetinkovye

Class of maloshetinkovye

At the ring worms for the first time, the body was shared on - round rings - segments.To consists of a head blade, a torso separated into separate segments, from 5 to 600 pieces and anal blades. The skin - muscular bag consists of an epithelium that highlights the cuticle and abundant mucus and muscle fibers: ring and longitudinal, thanks to which the body can shrink and lengthen. Toyguish segments are bugged with pair of bristles on the sides. Family individuals in the front of the body appear thickening - iron-free belt.

The secondary body cavity appears for the first time - whole, has its own walls from the epithelium, Filled with a strip liquid and separated by transverse partitions into segments. Overall performs the functions of the inner skeleton, carries out the transport of nutrients, the delivery of the exchange products to the selection authorities.

Digestive system:

Mouth, located on the front segment of the body

Muscular glow

Esophagus

Goiter - extended part of the esophagus

Stomach

The intestine ending with anal hole located on anal blade.

Breathing is carried out through the coverage of the body.

Allocation organs - metanephridia, which in each segment are two. They have a kind of funnel, the extended end of which opens into the cavity. She is lined with fiscal epithelium and from it, it is sorry for an convoluted channel, ending with excretory sometimes.

The circulatory system appears for the first time Closed, no heart. Consists of main blood vessels:

The dorsal (blood flows from the rear end of the body to the front)

Abdominal (blood flows in the opposite direction)

They are interconnected in each segment of ring vessels. Heart function is performed by thickened ring vessels located in 7-13 segments. The capillaries form a thick plexus around the intestine (nutrition) and under the skin (gas exchange).

The nervous system consists of:

Occonditioning nervous ring (Padlotnaya and stiltped nerve nodes connected by nervous hill).

The abdominal nervous chain (departs from the sealing nerve node) with two pinned nodes in each segment, from which the nerves deploy to the tissues of the animal.

The senses are well developed, the exclusion is aqueous forms are located at the front end of the body (cephalization). This is a touch, chemical sensitivity, photosensitivity.

The complication of the development of roles provides more active and coordinated work of all systems and body bodies divided into segments, more complex behavior, successful development of new habitats.

The reproduction is intact (fragmentation) and sexual. There are also separate and hermaphroditic species. Outdoor fertilization, direct or indirect development.

Earthworm It dwells in soils rich in humus. The body has an extended cylindrical shape and consists of 140-180 segments. Longitian and longitudinal muscles of the skin-muscular worm bag act as antagonists and provide movement and digging of minks. Skin glands allocate a lot of mucus, which makes it easier to move and provides gas exchange.

It is powered by overloading vegetable residues, swallowing them together with earth with a muscular pharynx. In the esophagus, the ducts of lime glands, isolated substances neutralizing soil acids flow. In the goiter, food swells and carbohydrates are split under the influence of enzymes. In the muscular stomach there is an additional grinding of food. The spinal side of the middle intestine forms fusion - Typhlosol, which increases the suction surface of the intestine.

Rain worms Hermaphrodites, sex glands are located in several front segments of the body. Fertilization cross outdoor. Two worm exchange sperm, which snaps into a partner seed. Egg and sperm and spermatozoa are isolated into the mucous flour and fertilization occurs. The ends of the flutter are closed, forming a cocoon, inside which worms develop (direct development).

Rain Cerves have high ability to regenerate.

Unavythinkic worms, in particular rainy, play a huge role in the soil formation. They mix the soil, reduce its acidity, increase fertility. Water worms contribute to the somococating of water bodies and serve as food for fish.

Multi-piece class

Most of them live in the seas, there are bottom (Ponkzozhili) and free-lived forms (nonbeys). On the sides of the body segment there are a couple of motor appendages with bundles of bristles - parapody. At the front end of the body there are sense organs: various tentacles, eyes, olfactory pits. Many breathe with the help of gills associated with parapody. Most separately. The fertilization of eggs occurs in water, development with the transformation (there is a larva - threehood).

Multi-point worms serve food for fish, crustaceans, sea birds and mammals (important links in power circuits).

In the rigged worms, according to modern scientific ideas, the body divided into departments first appeared. This sign was fixed and received further development. Types such as ring worms occurred as:

Type of clayistonogy

Type of mollusks

Type chord.

Mollusk type (soft) .

130 thousand species. Mollusks predominantly sea animals, rarely meet freshwater and terrestrial. All mollusks have double-sided body symmetry, soft, undecided. In the bucculent asymmetry.

The main features of the structure:

• outdoor skeleton - sink.
• Heart and unlocked blood system.

The body is not segmented and consists, as a rule, from the head, torso and legs. The torso is surrounded by a large skin fold - mantia, which outwards the sink.

A mantine plane is formed between mantle and body wall, which opens ducts of digestive, excretory, sexual systems. Musculature is represented by muscles, some of which are attached to the sink. The secondary cavity loses the reference function and disintegrate. It remains only a chamidary bag. The gaps between the organs in the body of the molluscs are filled with a cloth connected.

The digestive system has:

• Harness, it opens with solid glands or grater
• Esophagus (often advanced in goiter)
• The stomach in which the liver fluid opens
• Intestines
• Anal opening opens into a mantle cavity.

Breathing is carried out with gills and lungs.

Mollusks - kidney.

The heart consists of 1 or 2 atrial and muscular ventricle.

The nervous system of scattered nodal type, consisting of several pairs of nerve nodes, from which the nerves to different body bodies are departed. Between themselves, nerve nodes are connected by nervous trunks.

The senses are well developed in mollusks leading an active lifestyle. There are quite difficult arranged eyes, tanging, chemical feeling and equilibrium. We multiply only in sexual path, there are hermaphrodites and separation. Development direct or with metamorphosis.

Class of the Poultryogy (snails).

Labor - the most numerous class of mollusks. Delivered in the seas, fresh reservoirs, on land.

The body is concluded in solid shell in the form of a spiral. They have an asymmetric structure of the body and spirals.

Large Prudovik It lives in standing fresh reservoirs on plants.

The body is divided into head, torso and leg. Spiral shiny shell of the pondovik has an acute vertex and holes - mouths. On the head there is a mouth, two movable tentacles - the tanging organs, at the base of which are eye. The foot is large has a flat crawling sole. The digestive system includes the mouth, (tongue with chitinic teeth of grater or randula), throat, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, the duct of which opens in the stomach). It feeds on the string with aquatic plants that scraps with a grater.

Breathes are breathing lightly 7-9 times per hour, rising to the water surface and exposing the breathing hole outward.

The circulatory system is unlocked. The heart on the dorsal side, consists of atrium and ventricle, blood colorless.

Isolation body - kidney with ureter.

The nervous system is formed by five pairs of nerve nodes, from which the nerves of the organs and body tissues are departed.

Snail hermaphrodis. In one gerbal gland at the same time, an egg and spermatozoa is formed. Fertilization internal, cross. Development direct.

Class bivalve .

Inhabit only in the aquatic environment. Bilateral body, sink from two sash, no head.

Uzabka dwells at the bottom of fresh reservoirs, crawls with the help of a leg, tearing out the front stupid end in the ground, and the rearly pointed outward. The body of toothless is in the dorsal part of the sink, consists of a torso and legs, and heads (sense organs, throat, graters). The sinks of the shell are connected by a bundle on the dorsal side and two special muscles - closers that pass through the body of the animal. Uzablka has no teeth ("Castle"), existing in others. Mantle folds adjacent to the sinks of the sink, between them and the body is the mantle cavity, in which there are two large gills, mouth surrounded by robust blades, and leg. The mantle folds are closely pressed to each other, but between them remain two holes - Chevrons:

1. Lower - water enters

2. Upper - water comes out.

The current is created by cilia, lining the mantle cavity and the gills.

By type of nutrition, a toothless bio filter, the simplest, wraps, etc. come into the mantle cavity with a flow of water and settle on the mucus separated by the gills. It falls into the mouth and then to the digestive system: robust blades, mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, anal hole opens in a mantle cavity at the top chevron. There is a digestive gland - the liver, the duct of which opens in the stomach. Breatha with habies.

The circulatory system is unlocked (pricing effect of the heart). The heart is located on the dorsal side of the body, consists of two atrial and ventricle.

The separation system is two major kidneys on the sides of the heart and ureters.

The nervous system consists of three pairs of nerve nodes:

· Over the esophagus

· Next to the rear muscule - the closer.

The senses are developed weakly.

The value of bivalve mollusks is very diverse: freshwater pearl sinks are used to obtain a pearl. They are biofilters - these are their biological role.

Mussels, oysters, scallops are eaten.

Bivalve mollusks - an important link in the power chain.

Class of poglong

Changated - the highest-organized class among mollusks. These are octopus, Caracatians, squid, there are minor forms. The body of chapport bilateral is symmetric, with a separation on the head and torso, the sink in primitive forms outdoor, the multi-chamber, in the highest representatives - internal, weakly aggravated. At the highest charts 8 sucks seated with suckers. Channels are very movable, use a jet method of movement. Special adaptation of cipaths - ink iron. "Ink" these poisonous and paralyzing the olfactory bodies of predators.

Number of species: about 75 thousand.

Habitat: In saline and fresh waters, are found in the soil. Water crawl along the bottom, buried in il. Some of them lead a sedentary lifestyle - build a protective tube and never leave it. There are plankton species.

Structure: Bilateral symmetric worms having a secondary body cavity and divided into segments (rings) body. In the body, they allocate the head (head blade), torso and tail (anal blade) departments. The secondary cavity (whole), in contrast to the primary cavity, is lined with its own inner epithelium, which separates the nominal fluid from the muscles and internal organs. The liquid acts on the role of the hydraulic. The ring worms have a skin-muscular bag consisting of one layer of skin epithelium and two layers of muscles: ring and longitudinal. On the body there may be muscular grown - parapody, which are vehicle organs, as well as bristles.

Circulatory system For the first time appeared during the evolution in the ringed worms. It is closed type: blood is moving only by vessels, not falling into the body cavity. There are two main vessels: the dorsal (carries blood from behind in the back) and the abdominal (carries blood to front of back). In each segment they are connected by annular vessels. Blood moves due to the ripple of the spinal vessel or "hearts" - ring vessels 7-19 body segments.

The respiratory system is absent. Ring Worms - aerobes. Gas exchange occurs through the entire surface of the body. Some multi-point skin gills appeared - parapodius grows.

For the first time during the evolution, multicellular separational organs - metanefridia. They consist of a funnel with cilia and excretory channel located in the next segment. The funnel is facing the body cavity, the tubules open on the surface of the body separatingly sometime, through which decomposition products are removed from the body.

Nervous system It is formed by the incapacity of the nerve ring, which is particularly developed by the paired durable (brain) gangliya, and the abdominal nervous chain, consisting of pairwise epipped abdominal nerve nodes in each segment. From the "brain" ganglia and the nervous chain moves the nerves to organs and the skin.

Feeling organs: Eyes - organs of vision, pepatoes, tentacles (antennas) and Ugings - the bodies of touch and chemical feelings are located on the head blades in multi-art. In unauthorized in connection with the underground lifestyle, the senses are poorly developed, but in the skin there are photosensitive cells, tanging and equilibrium organs.

Reproduction and development

Multiply in gender and nonsense - fragmentation (separation) of the body, thanks high degree Regeneration. Multi-playing worms also occur to boring.
Multi-point - separation, and non-timing and leeches - hermaphrodites. Outdoor fertilization, Hermaphrodites - Cross, i.e. worms exchange seed liquid. Freshwater and soil worms Development direct, i.e. Young individuals come out of the egg. In marine forms, the development is indirect: from the egg it turns out the larva - Trichofor.

Representatives

The type of ring worms are divided into three classes: multi-art, unobtrey, leeches.

Unavythinkic worms (oligochettes), mostly dwell in the soil, but there are freshwater forms. A typical representative living in the soil is a rainworm. It has an elongated, cylindrical body. Small forms - about 0.5 mm, the most large representative reaches almost 3 m (gigantic rainworm from Australia). On each segment of 8 bristles, four pairs of the sides of the segments are located. Censing them for the unevenness of the soil, the worm with the help of the muscles of the skin-muscular bag moves forward. As a result of nutrition with rotting plants and humus, digestive system It has a number of features. Its front department is divided into a muscular pharynx, esophagus, goiter and muscular stomach.

The rainworm breathes through the entire surface of his body due to the presence of a thick subcutaneous network of capillary blood vessels.

Rain worms - hermaphrodites. Fertilization cross. Cryships are applied to each other with abdominal sides and exchange seed fluid, which falls into seed. After that, the worms are diverged. In the front third of the body there is a subtle, which forms a mucous membrane, eggs are deposited into it. When promoting the coupling through segments containing seed recipients, eggs are fertilized with sperms belonging to another individual. The coupling is reset through the front end of the body, compacted and turns into an egg cocoon, where young worms develop. For raindling worms, high ability to regenerate is characteristic.

Longitudinal cut of the body of the rainworm: 1 - mouth; 2 - throat; 3 - esophagus; 4 - goiter; 5 - stomach; 6 - intestine; 7 - Occollectric ring; 8 - abdominal nervous chain; 9 - "Hearts"; 10 - dorsal blood vessel; 11 - abdominal blood vessel.

The value of the oligochet in the soil formation. Even Ch. Darwin noted their useful influence on soil fertility. Slipping the remains of plants into minks, they enrich it by humus. Putting in the soil moves, they contribute to the penetration of air and water to the roots of plants, loosen the soil.

Multi-point. Representatives of this class are also called polychate. They live mainly in the seas. The clad body polychet consists of three departments: a head blade, segmented torso and the rear anal blade. Head blades are armed with appendages - tentacles and carries small eyes. The next segment is a mouth with a throat, which can be turned out and often has chitinous jaws. On segments of the body there are two-way parapodies armed with bristles and often having gill growing.

Among them are active predators who can float rather quickly, wavely flexing the body (Neret), many of them lead a way of life, spending long minks in the sand or in Ile.

Fertilization is commonly external, the embryo turns into a characteristic larvae - a threefore, which is actively floating with cilia.

Class Leeches Combines about 400 species. Vehives have an elongated body and fightered in the spinal abdominal direction. In the front end there is one mouth suction cup in the back - another suction cup. They do not have parapody and bristles, they float, waving a wavely flexing body, or "walk" on the ground or leaves. The body of leeches is covered with cuticle. Leeches - hermaphrodites, the development is direct. They are used in medicine, because Due to the isolation of the protein of the girutin, the development of blood clots, blocking blood vessels, is preventing blood vessels.

Origin: The ringed occurred from primitive, similar to flat cilia worms. Multi-stitched unawares occurred, and from them - leeches.

New concepts and terms:, Polycetes, oligochettes, whole, segments, parapody, metanefridia, nephrost, closed circulatory system, skin gills, trichofora, weight.

Questions for consolidation:

· Why did the collee worms got such a name?

· Why are ringworms call as secondary-free?

· What features of the structure of ringed worms indicate their higher organization compared to flat and round? What bodies and system systems for the first time appear in ringed worms?

· What is characteristic of the structure of each body segment?

· What is the meaning of the ringed worms in the nature and life of a person?

· What are the features of the structure of ringed worms due to their lifestyle and habitat?