The human brain has branched and difficult to arrange blood system. Intensive blood supply to the nervous tissue provides its active functional state. No less important for brain activity the structure of the venous bloodstream. Sinuses of solid cerebral shell perform the role of tanks venous blood, redirecting it from the microcirculatory bed to Venory, and then into the system of the jugular vein.

Features of cerebral sinusov

The brain, located in the cranial box, is covered with an additional three-shell case of various density and structures. The solid shell is formed by two sheets. Of these, the outer sheet is connected to the bone structures of the skull. He plays the role of periosteum. The inner leaf of the shell is represented by a dense plate of fibrous fabric. The sheets are tightly connected, where they diverge, venous sinuses are formed.

Structural features of venous channels:

1. Triangular shape. The base of the triangle is the periosteum of the cranial bones, the other two sides form the inside of the solid shell.
2. Sinuses are located at the base of the furrow of the inner surface of the cranial bones.
3. Shell leaf forming sinuses, durable and tense.
4. There are no valves in sinuses, which provides free blood outflow.
5. The surface of the periosteum is covered with fibrous cells, and the cavity of the channels from the inside is a thin endothelial layer.

In addition, there are functional features of venous sinuses. They play the role of blood drives in brain veins. Thanks to them, venous blood is freely descended from the brain to the inner jugular veins. The defeat of the cerebral veins is found in medical practice quite rare, since there is an exorbate binder network between surface veins and venous vessels located in the depths of the brain structures.

Good shunting (venous blood discharge) often saves from full-blood. If problems appear in the venous blood circulation system, it is possible to quickly eliminate due to the renovalization of the veins and the formation of collaterals.

Localization of canals

Sinuses of the solid shell of the brain are classified on intracranial localization and the presence of cross-bonds. The words "sinus" and "sinus", as well as the "reservoir" are synonyms and denote the same thing.

Upper sagittal sinus

The upper sagittal sine is characterized by a significant extent and complex structure. In its formation, the brain sickle is involved. This is called a sickle plate. It forms a solid brain sheath. The progestion from the crest of the lattice bone begins, goes along the midline back, filling the intermetrous gap separating the hemisphere from each other. The groove of the upper sagittal sinus is the base of the sickle.

This channel forms numerous lateral lacuna. So called small cavities communicating with the venous network of solid sheets.

The upper sagittal sinus is equipped with the following vascular connections:

• The front sinus departments are associated with the veins of the nasal cavity.
• Medium sections have a link with venous vessels of the dark brain.

This vascular tank gradually increases in volume and expands. His rear section is included in the common sine.

Lower sagittal tank

Lower sagittal sinus in the medical literature is indicated as Sinus Sagitalis Inferior. It is so called because it is located in the lower segment of the brain sickle. Compared to the upper sinus, it has a much smaller value. Due to numerous venous anastomoses, it is connected to direct sine.

Direct sinus

The straight sinus is located in the sickle compound and the brains covering the cerebellum. It has a sagittal direction. A large cerebral vein flows into it. The blood flow from it is directed towards the transverse venous sinus.

Cross sickness

The transverse sine occupies a wide stunnory furrow on the surface of the occipital bone. It is located on a plot where cerebellar will be fed from the hard shell. This is the largest of all venous tanks, which goes into sigmoid venous sinuses.

Sigmid venous tank

Sigmid sinus on both sides occupies sigmoid furrows, in shape resembling the letter S. outer brain veins are connected with it. At the level of the jugular holes from the sigmoid channels, the blood flow is sent in the channel of the inner jugular vein.

Come sinus

The cavernous sine is localized on the sides of the Turkish saddle, it resembles a triangle, in the upper part of which the glazing nerve is located, in the side department - a twig trigeny nerve. Its anatomy is distinguished by a large number of internal partitions. This explains another name - the cavernous sinus.

The inner structure of the structure occupies a taking nerve. Inside the sinuses there is a plot of an internal carotid artery surrounded by sympathetic nervous plexus. Paired eye eye venous vessels fall into this channel. Wedge-shaped dark sinuses with a solid cerebral shell are connected with it.

Cave sines are connected by venous branches passing through the contours of the Turkish saddle. Such complex vascular relationships allow vessels to form a rather large sinus surrounding the pituitary bed in the center of the Turkish saddle.

The continuation of this sine is two venous reservoirs surrounding from above and below the temporal pyramids. They are called the upper and lower stony sinus. Connecting with each other with numerous venous vascular, the stony sinuses are involved in the formation of the basic plexus of venous vessels located in the field of the occipital lobe of the brain.

Baseline venous canal

The occipital sinus is located at the base of the sickle and the inner crest of bones of the nape. At the top it is associated with a transverse channel. In the lower part, this sinus is divided into two branches that surround the occipital hole. They are connected to the right and left sigmoid sines. Surface veins of brain and vertebral veins are connected with the occipital sinus.

Brain sinus create venous merge, or stock. In Latin, this venous blood tank is referred to as "Confluens Sinuum". It is located in the field of cruciform elevation inside the occipital bone. The flow of venous blood from all intracranial vessels and tanks is sent to the jugular vein.

Thus, the scheme of the structure of the cerebral venous system of man is very complex. All venous channels are somehow interrelated not only with each other, but also with the rest of cerebral structures.

Pathology of intracranial sinusov

Diseases of these vascular formations are most often due to their occlusion, which can be caused by thrombosis, thrombophlebitis or squeezing of intracranial vessels.

Inflammatory diseases of the brain structures may occur when infectious agents come with venous blood flow (purulent emboliths). The infection can be listed on the brain shell from the surface venous vessels of the skull. In this case, the development of the clinic of acute meningitis, encephalitis is possible. Little children are formed a picture of neurotoxicosis.

Sometimes a fracture of the base of the skull of neurosurgeons can be suspected, seeing the picture of the pulsating exophthalma. In case of injury, an internal carotid artery associated with the cavernous canal. The stream of arterial blood, falling into the Eye Viennes associated with this sinuse, causes pulsation, severe redness and protrusion of the eyeball. This pathology is otherwise called a carotoid-cavernous cassement, and this is one of the rarest states when listening to the head to the phoneneoscope allows you to hear blood noises in the regime of the coast.

In case of damage to the sine walls, a number of neurological symptoms appear caused by the defeat of the closely located branches and the cerebral nerve nuclei. In the pathology of the cavernous sinus, the appearance of eye disorders, the development of the neuralgia of a trigeminal nerve is possible.

If the patient suffers from frequent headache attacks, intracranial hypertension, the development of the reverse (retrograde) current of blood is possible - from the brain cavity to the surface veins of the skull. Therefore, in children with intracranial hypertension, drawing from the veins on the skin of the head is clearly visible. Due to blood flowing, the pressure inside the skull decreases. This is a compensatory mechanism for reducing intracranial pressure.

Brain sinuses are an important component of the venous brain network. Knowing their functions, features of structure and localization, specialists can assume the development of pathology in a certain area of \u200b\u200bthe brain. To clarify the diagnosis, it is necessary to conduct magnetic resonance imaging with intravascular administration of a contrast agent.

Sinuses of solid shell brain , sinus Durae Matris is the channels in solid brain shell splitting lined with endothelium, according to which venous blood is subject to brain, and eyeball, inner ear, bones of skull and brain shells. It falls out of sinuses into the inner jugular vein, which originates in the field of the yapper of the skull. In addition, Sinuses are involved in the exchange of spinal fluid. In its structure, they differ significantly from the veins, on the cross section they have a triangular form. When cut, the sines do not fall down, there are no valves in their lumen. Such a structure contributes to the free outflow of blood from the brain, regardless of the oscillations of intracranial pressure. Major venous sinuses:

1. Upper sweat-shaped sinus, Sinus Sagittalis Superior, unpaired, is formed along Sulcus Sinus Sagittalis Superioris Skull Vault in the upper edge of a large brain sickle. Sine begins on the blind hole of the frontal bone and reaches the internal protrusion of the occipital bone, where flows into the sine. Surface veins of a large brain semi-guns and diploic veins are falling into the upper sagittal sinus.

2. Lower sweat-like sinus, Sinus Sagittalis Inferior, unpaired, is the splitting of the lower edge of the cinema sickle. It begins ahead of the corn body and ends at the junction of a large brain vein of Galen and direct sine.

3. Straight sinus, Sinus RECTUS, non-rooted, is located in the splitting of the brazower scale along the attachment line to the cinema sickle. Takes a large brain vein and lower sagittal sinus. Fences the fusion of the transverse and upper sagittal sinuses. This place is called sinuschard, Confluens Sinuum.

4. Transverse sine, Sinus Transversus, is located in the frontal plane in the stingy bone of the same name. It extends from sinus runoff to a sigmoid groove, where it continues to the sigmoid sinus of the corresponding side.

5. Sigmoid sinus, SINUS SIGMOIDEUS, pair, is located in the stunched furrow on the inner surfaces of the dark, temporal and occipient bones, being a continuation of the transverse sinus. Ends in the region of the jugular hole on the basis of the skull, where it goes into the inner jugular vein.

6. The occipital sinus, Sinus Occipitalis, not a pair, is at the base of the cerebelley sickle. Starts from the flow of sinuses , confluens Sinuum, it goes parallel to the inner gripping ridge, reaches a large occipital opening that covers the back and from the sides. Blows into the sigmoid sinus of the corresponding side, connects with internal venous spinal plexuses.

7 . PEpierce sinus, Sinus Cavernosus, pair, is located on the base of the skull, on the sides of the Turkish saddle. Through this sinus passes the inner carotid artery and a tanning nerve, and in the lateral wall it is a glazing, block and eye nerves. The pulsation of the inner carotid artery in the caverning sine contributes to the outflow of blood from the individual extensions (caves), as the sinus walls are little podiatiliv. In the front department of the sinus flows a wedge-rare sinus.

8. Front and rear inter-expert sinuses, Sinus Intercavernosi Anterior et Posterior, are in front and rear from the Turkish saddle in the splitting of Diaphragma Sellae. They connect the right and left cavernous sines, take the top basic vein and blood from basilar plexus, Plexus Basilaris, which is located on the skull's skate. This plexus connects the rear inter-expert sine, the lower rocky sinus and the inner vertebrate venous plexus, forming the second path of the outflow of venous blood from the cavity of the skull in the verteb.

9. Wedge-shaped sinus, Sinus sphenoparietalis, pair, is located in the back of the edge of small wings of a wedge-shaped bone and connects to Sinus Cavernosus.

10. Upper rocky sinus, Sinus Petrosus Superior, pair, corresponds to the furrow of the upper stony sine pyramid of temporal bone, connects the cavernous and sigmoid sines.

11. Nizhny rocky sinus, Sinus Petrosus Inferior, pair, corresponds to the furrow of the lower stony sine, has a greater lumen than the top rocky sinus. Connects with interpoctic sinus and basilar plexus.

Fig. 2.18. Venous sinuses of the solid shell of the brain and their connection with vv.diploicae and the outer veins of the head (scheme).

1 - VV. Diploicae; 2 - Sinus Sagittalis Superior; 3 - SINUS TRANSVERSUS ET Confluens Sinuum; 4 - SINUS SIGMOIDEUS; 5 - v. Occipitalis; 6 - v. Jugularis Interna; 7 - v. Facialis; 8 - v.GulaRis; 9 - Sinus Cavernosus; 10 - v. Temporaalis superficialis.

II. Diplootic veins of the bones of the skull arch.

Diploic veins vv. diploicae, are in the spongy substance of the bones of the skull. Through graduate veins vV. emissariae, they fall into the surface veins of the heads and anastomosize with sines of a solid cerebral shell, providing communication between systems of internal and outer jugs. The valves in the diploic veins are absent, so blood flow is possible in two directions.

The main diploic veins are located in the czech of the same name, this is:

1. Lobal diploic Vienna, V. Diploica Frontalis;

2. Tempodic diploic veins, v.V. Diploicae Temporale;

3. Grocery diploic Vienna, v..diploica occipitalis.

Sinuses of a solid cerebral shell, collecting venous blood from the brain veins, are formed in places attaching a solid cerebral shell to the bones of the skull due to the splitting of its sheets. According to sinusam, blood flows out of the cavity of the skull into the inner jugular vein (Fig. 4.15). Valves sinuses do not have.

Fig. 4.15. Sinuses of a solid cerebral shell. The blue arrows indicates the direction of blood current by sinus:

1 - Sinus Sagittalis Superior; 2 - Falx Cerebri; 3 - Sinus Sagittalis Inferior; 4 - sinus sphenoparietalis; 5 - Sinus Intercavernosus; 6 - SINUS PETROSUS Superior; 7 - Plexus Venosus Basilaris; 8 - SINUS PETROSUS INFERIOR; 9 - FORAMEN JUGULARE; 10 - SINUS SIGMOIDEUS; 11 - SINUS TRANSVERSUS; 12 - Sinus Occipitalis; 13 - Falx Cerebelli; 14 - Confluens Sinuum; 15 - Sinus Sagittalis Superior; 16 - SINUS RECTUS; 17- v. Cerebri Magna (Galen); 18 - Tentorium Cerebelli.

Upper sagittal sinus solid cerebral shell sinus Sagittalis Superior.located in the upper edge falx Cerebri.attached to the Skull Skoresone Soviet Soviet, and extends from crista Galli. before protuberantia Occipitalis Interna. In the front sections of this sinus there are anastomoses with veins of the nasal cavity. Through the dark emissary veins, it is associated with diploic veins and surface veins of the skull. The rear end of the sine falls in sinusale Stocks Herophilus [nerophilus], confluens Sinuum.

Lower sagittal sinus, sinus Sagittalis Inferior., is located in the lower edge falx Cerebri. And goes into a straight sinus.

Direct sinus, sinus Rectus.located on the junction falx Cerebri. And the cerebellummy and goes in the sagittal direction. Large vein brain also flows into it, v. Magna Cerebri Blowing blood from a large brain substance. The straight sine, like the upper sagittal, flows into the sine.

Baseline sinus, sinus Occipitalis, passes at the base of the cerebellum sickle, falx Cerebelli.. Its upper end flows into the sine flow, and the lower end in a large occipital opening is divided into two branches, enveling the edges of the hole and flowing into the left and right sigmoid sines. The occipital sinus through emissary veins is associated with the surface veins of the skull vein.

In this way, in sineu stock, Confluens Sinuum, Venous blood gets from the upper sagittal sinus, direct (and through it from the lower sagittal sinus) and the occipital sinus. Of confluens Sinuum Blood reaches B. cross sinuses.

Transverse sine, sINUS TRANSVERSUS., pair, lies at the bottom of the mouse of the cerebellum. On the inner surface of the scales of the occipital bone, it corresponds to a wide and well-visible furrowing of the transverse sine. On the right and on the left, the transverse sinus continues to the sigmoid sinus of the corresponding side.

Sigmid sinus, sinus Sigmoideus., it takes venous blood from the transverse and heads to the front of the jugular opening, where it goes into the upper bulb of the inner jugular vein, bulbus Superior V. Jugularis Internae.. The course of sinus corresponds to the same-named furrow on the inner surface of the base of the depository process of temporal and occipital bones. Through the deputyid emissary veins, the sigmoid sinus is also associated with the surface veins of the skull of the skull.

In a pair come sinus, sinus CavernosusLocated on the sides of the Turkish saddle, the blood flows out of small sines of the front cranial fossa and the veins of the orcass (Fig. 4.16).

Fig. 4. 16.. Sinuses of a solid cerebral shell on the inner base of the skull.

1 – sinus Sagittalis Superior.; 2 - Falx Cerebri; 3 - V. Ophthalmica Superior; four - sinus Intercavernosus.; 5 - v. Media Superficialis Cerebri; 6 - sinus Cavernosus; 7 - Plexus Venosus Basilaris; eight - sinus Petrosus Superior.; 9 - sinus Petrosus Inferior.; 10 - Ramus Tentorius a. CAROTIS INTERNAE; 11 - Tentorium Cerebelli; 12 - v. Inferior Cerebri; 13 - sINUS TRANSVERSUS.; 14 - sinus Sagittalis Inferior.; 15 - sinus Rectus.; 16 - Falx Cerebri; 17 - confluens Sinuum; 18 - sinus Sagittalis Superior.; 19 - v. Cerebri Magna (Galen); 20 --n. Hypoglossus (XII); 21 --n. Accessorius (XI); 22 - sINUS TRANSVERSUS.; 23 - sinus Sigmoideus.; 24 - Foramen Jugulare; 25 - n. Glossopharyngeus (IX), N. Vagus (x); 26 - N. Facialis (VII), N. Vestibulocochlearis (VIII); 27 - v. Petrosa; 28 - n. abducens (vi); 29 - a., V. Meningea Media; 30 - n. MandiBularis (V 3); 31 - Ganglion Trigeminale (Gasser); 32 --n. MaxillaRis (V 2); 33 - N. Ophthalmicus (V 1); 34 - n. Trochlearis (IV); 35 - sinus sphenoparietalis; 36 - N. Oculomotorius (III); 37 - a. CAROTIS INTERNA; 38 - N. Opticus (II); 39 - Hypophysis.

Eye Vienna fall into it, vv. Ophthalmicae.Anastomosing with the veins of the face and with deep wonderful venous plexus of the face, plexus Pterygoideus.. The latter is connected with the cavernous sinus also through emissary. Right and left sinuses are related to interpoctic sinus - sinus Intercavernosus ANTERIOR ET POSTERIOR. From the cavernous sinus, blood flows through the upper and lower stony sinuses ( sinus Petrosus Superior Et Inferior) to a sigmoid sinus and further into the inner jugular vein.

The connection of the caverning sine with surface and deep veins and with a solid cerebral shell is of great importance in the spread of inflammatory processes and explains the development of such severe complications as meningitis.

Through the cavernous sinus pass internal carotid artery, a. CAROTIS INTERNA., and leaving nerve, n. abdunces. (VI pair of chmn); Through its outer wall - the glasses of the nerve, n. Oculomotorius. (III pair of chmn), block nerve, n. Trochlearis. (IV pair of chmn), as well as the branch of a trigeminal nerve - eye nerve, n. Ophthalmicus. (Fig. 4.17).

Fig. 4.17. Cave sinus (front cut):

1 - a. COMMUNICANS POSTERIOR; 2 - n. Oculomotorius (III Couple CHMN); 3 - n. Trochlearis (IV pair of chmn); 4 - Sinus Cavernosus; 5 - n. Ophthalmicus (I branch of a trigeminal nerve); b - n. Maxillaris (II branch of a trigeminal nerve); 7 - N. abdunces (VI pair of chmn); 8 - hypophysis; 9 - PARS NASALIS PHARYNGIS; 10 - Sinus sphenoidalis; 11 - a. CAROTIS INTERNA; 12 - Chiasma Opticum.

With some fractures of the base of the skull, the internal carotid artery may be damaged within the cavernous sinus, as a result of which arteriovenous fistula is formed. Blood arterial under high pressure It falls into veins flowing into sinus, especially eyeballs. As a result, the eye protrusion (Exophthalm) and redness of conjunctiva arise. In this case, the eye pulsates synchronously with the pulsation of the arteries - there is a symptom of "pulsating exophthalm". The nerves listed above can be damaged, adjacent to sinus, with the corresponding neurological symptoms.

Hasters of a trigeminal nerve unit arrive at the back of the cavernous sinus - ganglion Trigeminale . Sometimes fatty fiber of a wonderful sinus, which is a continuation of the fat body of the cheek sometimes suitable for the front selection of the caverning sine.

Thus, venous blood from all parts of the brain through brain veins falls into a particular sinus of a solid cerebral shell and further into the inner jugular vein. With an increase in intracranial pressure, blood from the skull cavity may additionally be reset to the system of surface veins through emissary veins. The reverse of blood flow is possible only as a result of developing for one or another cause of the thrombosis of the surface vein associated with emissary.

Facial head of the head

On the surface of the front head of the head, the fields of the eyes are highlighted, regio orbitalis, nose, regio Nasalis, mouth, regio Oralisadjacent to her chore region regio Mentalis.. On the sides are subject to supporting. regio infraorbitalis, brush, rEGIO BUCCALIS., and the eye-chewing, regio parotideomasseterica., area. In the latter, the surface and deep parts are distinguished.

Blood supply face carried out mainly outdoor carotid artery, a. Carotis Externa., through its branches: a. Facialis, a. Temporalis superficialis and a. Maxillaris.(Fig. 4.18).

Fig. 4.18. Arteries and veins of persons.

1 - a. zygomaticoorbitalis; 2 - a., V. TRANSVERSA FACIEI; 3 - a., V. supraorbitalis; 4 - a., V. Supratrochlearis; 5 - v. Nasofrontalis; 6 - a., V. Dorsalis NASI; 7 - a., V. zygomaticotemporalis; 8 - a., V. angularis; 9 - a., V. zygomaticofacialis; 10 - a., V. infraorbitalis; 11 - v. PROFUNDA FACIEI; 12 - a., V. Facialis; 13 - a., V. lingualis; 14 - a. CAROTIS Communis; 15 - a. Carotis Externa; 16 - a. CAROTIS INTERNA; 17 - v. Jugularis Interna; 18 - v. RetromandiBularis; 19 - v. jugularis externa; 20 - a., V. Temporaalis superficialis.

In addition, in the blood supply to the face takes part and a. Ophthalmica. of a. CAROTIS INTERNA.. There are anastomoses between the arteries of the systems of internal and outer sleepy arteries.

The vessels of the face form an abundant network with well-developed anastomoses, as a result of which the injury wounds are very bleeding. At the same time, thanks to good blood supply to soft tissues, injury wounds, as a rule, heal quickly, and plastic operations The face end favorably. As well as on the skull, the arteries of the face are located in the subcutaneous fatty tissue, unlike other areas.

Veins faces, like arteries, widely anatomize among themselves. From the surface layers, venous blood is subject to facial vein, v. Facialis., and partly by the guardianship, v. RetromandiBularis., from deep - on the maxillary vein, v. Maxillaris.. Ultimately, for all these veins, blood flows into the inner jugular vein.

It is important to note that the veins of persons also anastomize with the veins falling into the cven sinus of a solid cerebral shell (through v. Ophthalmica, as well as via emissary veins on the outer base of the skull), as a result of which purulent processes on the face (furuncula) in the course of the veins may apply to Brain shells with the development of severe complications (meningitis, sinus phleets, etc.).

Sensitive innervation On the face is provided branches of triple nerve (n. Trigeminus., V pair of chmn): n. Ophthalmicus. (I branch), n. Maxillaris. (II branch), n. mandibularis (III branch). The branches of the trigeminal nerve for the skin of the face are out of bone channels, the holes of which are located on one vertical line: foramen. (or incisura.) supraorBitale for n. SupraorBitalis from I branches of triple nerve, foraMen InfraorBitale for n. infraorBitalis from the II branches of a trigeminal nerve and formen Mentale for n. Mentalis Of the III branch of the trigeminal nerve (Fig. 4.19).

Fig. 4.19.. True nerve branches innervating skin:

1 - N. supraorbitalis (branch n. Ophthalmicus (from a trigeminal nerve - V 1)); 2 - n. SUPRATROCHLEARIS (from V 1); 3 - n. lacrimalis (from V 1); 4 - n. infratrochlearis (from V 1); 5 - n. Ethmoidalis Anterior (from V 1); 6 - n. infraorBitalis (from N. Maxillaris - V 2); 7 - r. ZygomaticOFACIALIS (V 2); 8 - r. ZYGOMATICOTEMPORALIS (V 2); 9 - n. Mentalis (from N. MandiBularis - V 3); 10 --n. Buccalis (V 3); 11 - N. Auriculotemporaalis (V 3)

The neuralgia of a trigeminal nerve is characterized by sudden attacks of painful pain, not removing painkillers. Most often affected n. Maxillaris, less often n. MandiBularis and even less often - n. Ophthalmicus. The exact cause of the development of neuralgia of a trigeminal nerve is unknown, but in some cases it is established that it arises due to the compression of a trigeminal nerve in the cavity of the skull of an abnormally-coming blood vessel. Its dissection led to the disappearance of pain.

Mimic musculature innervate branches facial nerve, n. Facialis. (VII Couple CHMN), chewing - III branch of a trigeminal nerve, n. mandibularis.

The area of \u200b\u200bthe orders Regio orbitalis

Eyeless orbita.- paired symmetric recess in the skull, in which the eyeball is located with its auxiliary apparatus.

Persons in person have the form of four-headed pyramids, the truncated vertices of which are drawn back to the Turkish saddle in the skull cavity, and the wide bases are the kleon, to its face surface. The axis of the heads of the pyramids converge (converge) by the stop and diverge (diverge) the kleon. Medium Size of the Elets: The depth of an adult fluctuates from 4 to 5 cm; The width at the entrance to it is about 4 cm, and the height usually does not exceed 3.5-3.75 cm.

The walls are formed differently in the thickness of bone plates and separate the wrist: upper - from the front cranial fossa and the frontal sinus; nizhny - from the maxillary separation sinus, sinus Maxillaris (gaimor sinus); medial - from the nasal cavity and lateral - From the temporal fossa.

Almost at the very top of the eyelid, there is a rounded hole with a hole of about 4 mm in the diameter - the beginning of the bone visual channel, canalis Opticus., 5-6 mm long, serving to pass the visual nerve, n. Opticus., and eye artery, a. Ophthalmica., in the skull cavity (Fig. 4.20)

Fig. 4.20. Rear wall of the orbit. Summary channel:

1 - Fissura Orbitalis Superior; 2 - n. lacrimalis; 3 - n. Frontalis; 4 - n. Trochlearis (IV); 5 - v. Ophthalmica Superior; 6 - m. Rectus Lateralis; 7 - N. Oculomotorius (III), Ramus Superior; 8 - Fissura Orbitalis Inferior; 9 - n. abducens (vi); 10 --n. Nasociliaris; 11 - N. Oculomotorius (III), Ramus Inferior; 12 - m. Rectus Inferior; Pars Medialis Orbitae; 13 - a. Ophthalmica (in Canalis Opticus); 14 --n. Opticus (in Canalis Opticus); 15 - m. Rectus Medialis; 16 - m. Rectus Superior; 17 - m. Obliquus Superior; 18 - m. Levator Palpebrae Superior.

In the depths of the eye, on the border between the upper and the outer walls, next to canalis Opticus., there is big upper basic gap, fissura Orbitalis Superior.connecting the cavity of the socket with the cavity of the skull (medium cranial pocket). It takes:

1) eye nerve, n. Ophthalmicus.,

2) Overall nerve, n. Oculomotorius.;

3) Valid nerve, n. abdunces.;

4) block nerve, n. Trochlearis.;

5) upper and lower eye veins, .

On the border between the outer and lower walls of the orcass bottom Fine Charm, fissura Orbitalis Inferior., leading from the cavity of the orcuit in the walled and niche and the Nizhnevochnya. Through the bottom of the basic gap pass:

1) Nizhneglasnichnaya nerve, n. infraorBitalis, together with the same artery and vein;

2) Bottle nerve, n. zygomaticotemporalis;

3) Sculolina nerve, n. zygomaticofacialis.;

4) venous anastomoses between the emissions of the wrist and venous plexus of the wonderland yam.

On the inner wall of the eyelid, the front and rear lattice holes are located, which serve to pass the epidias of the nerves, arteries and veins from the eye to the labyrinths of the lattice bone and the nasal cavity.

In the thicker of the lower wall of the eye, the Nizhneglaznichnaya Garrot is running, sulcus infraorbitalis, turning the kleon to the same channel, opening on the front surface with the corresponding hole, foraMen InfraorBitale. This channel serves to pass the lower-flame nerve with the artery and vein.

Entrance to the eye aditus Orbitae.limited bone edges and closed with a basic partition, septum orbitalewhich separates the region of the eyelids and the earthen eye.

Eyelids palpebrae.

These are curved skin-cartilating plates, protecting the surface of the eye on the shape of the front segment of the eye apple.

Layers

Leather Thin, movable.

Subcutaneous tissue Loose, it is the anastomosis of the vessels of the eyeball with the vessels of the face.

As a result, it easily arises in it, eagerly arises, both under local inflammatory processes (for example, barley) and with common (angioedema, kinkie, kidney disease, etc.).

Thin subcutaneous muscle is part of the Mimic Muscle Eyes, m. Orbicularis Oculi.And, like the rest of the facial muscles of the face, is innervated by the face nerve.

Under the muscle is a layer consisting of a cartilage of the age and attached to it to it, which is fixed by other edges to the above and under-judicial edges.

The rear surface of the cartilage and the ordown partition is lined with a mucous membrane - conjunctive, conjunctiva Palpebarummoving on the eyeline of the eyeball conjunctiva Bulbi.. The places of transition of conjunctiva with a century on the scler form the upper and lower arches of conjunctivations - fornix Conjunctivae Superior Et Inferior. The lower arch can be viewed by pulling the eyelid book. To inspect the top arch of the conjunctiva, you need to turn the top eyelid.

The front edge of the eyelids has eyelashes, at the base of which are located sebaceous glands. Purulent inflammation of these glands is known as Barley - Chalazion. Closer to the rear edge of the eyelid, the openings of peculiar coarse, or meibomy glasses laid in the thicker of the cartilage (Fig. 4.21) are visible.

Fig. 4.21. Eyelid and conjunctiva:

1 - Tunica Conjunctiva Palpebrae; Glandulae Tarsales (Meibomi) is seen through the conjunctiva; 2 - Pupilla (visible through the cornea - Cornea); 3 - Iris (visible through the cornea - Cornea); 4 - Limbus Corneae; 5 - Tunica Conjunctiva Bulbi; 6 - FORNIX CONJUNCTIVAE INFERIOR; 7 - Tunica Conjunctiva Palpebrae; Glandulae Tarsales (Meibomi) is seen through the conjunctiva; 8 - Papilla Lacrimalis Inferior et Punctum Lacrimale; 9 - Caruncula Lacrimalis, Lacus Lacrimalis; 10 - Plaica Semilunaris Conjunctivae; 11 - Papilla Lacrimalis Superior Et Punctum Lacrimale.

The free edges of the eyelid in the lateral and medial angles of the eye crack form the corners fixed to the kites of the socket with ligaments.

Tear gland glandula Lacrimalis.

Teleberry gland is located in a tears in the upper bearer of the socket (Fig. 4.22)

Fig. 4.22. Tears apparatus.

1 - OS FRONTALE; 2 - Glandula Lacrimalis, Pars Orbitalis; 3 - Glandula Lacrimalis, Pars Palpebralis; 4 - Ductuli Excretorii Glandulae Lacrimalis; 5 - Plica Semilunaris Conjunctive; 6 - Caruncula Lacrimalis; 7 - Papilla Lacrimalis Inferior et Punctum Lacrimale; 8 - mouth of Ductus Nasolacrimalis; 9 - MEATUS NASI INFERIOR; 10 - Conca Nasalis Inferior; 11 - Cavitas NASI; 12 - Conca Nasalis Media; 13 - DUCTUS NASOLACRIMALIS; 14 - Saccus Lacrimalis; 15 - Canaliculi Lacrimales; 16 - Papilla Lacrimalis Superior Et Punctum Lacrimale.

Medical parts of the eyelid, devoid of eyelashes, limit the tears lake, lacus Lacrimalis. In this place, the tears of the canals fall into the telescope, saccus Lacrimalis.. The contents of the peeling bag are assigned to the rosal duct, ductus Nasolacrimalis., in the bottom nasal stroke.

Eyeball, bulbus Oculi.

The eyeball is placed in the cavity of the orcuit, occupying it only partially. It is surrounded by fascia, the vagina of the eyeball, vagina Bulbi., or a tonon capsule, a Tenon Capsule, Dressing the Eye Apple almost all over its length, except for the area corresponding to the cornea (front) and the place of departure from the eye of the optic nerve (back), as if hangs the eyeball in the eyeball among the fatty fiber, being fixed itself Fascial heavyweights, going to the walls of the eye and her edge. The walls of the capsule are trying the tendons of the muscles of the eyeball. Tenonova Capsule does not grow firmly with an eyeball: Between her and the surface of the eyes there is a gap, spatium Episclerale., What allow eyeball move in this space (Fig. 4.23).

Fig. 4.23. Elets on a horizontal cut:

1 - Lig. Palpebre Mediale; 2 - Cavitas NASI; 3 - Retinaculum Mediale; 4 - Cellulae Ethmoidales; 5 - periorbita; 6 - m. Rectus Medialis et Fascia Muscularis; 7 - Vagina Bulbi (Tenoni); 8 - SCLERA; 9 - Spatium Episclerale; 10 --n. Opticus (II); 11 - Sinus sphenoidalis; 12 - Anulus Tendineus Communis (Zinn); 13 - Corpus Adiposum ORBITAE; 14 - m. RECTUS LATERALIS ET FASCIA MUSCULARIS; 15 - Spatium Episclerale; 16 - Vagina Bulbi (Tenoni); 17 - SCLERA; 18 - periorbita; 19 - Retinaculum Laterale; 20 - Lig. Palpebreland Laterale; 21 - Cornea; 22 - Tunica Conjunctiva Bulbi; 23 - Tunica Conjunctiva Palpebrae; 24 - Tarsus.

Behind the Tenon Capsule is a retrobulber department.

Retrobulberry department Busy fatty tissue, ligament apparatus, muscles, vessels, nerves.

The muscular apparatus of the eyeball includes 6 muscles of the eyeball (4 straight muscles and 2 oblique) and the muscle lifting the upper eyelid ( m. Levator Palpebrae Superior.). Outdoor straight muscle innervates n. abdunces., upper oblique - n. Trochlearis., the rest, including the muscle, raising the upper eyelid, - n. Oculomotorius..

Optic nerve n. Opticus. (II pairs), covered on to it (up to a sclera) solid, paustoic and soft shells. In fatty tissue surrounding speed \u200b\u200bnerve With its shells, eye artery and vascular-nerve bundles of the muscles of the eyeball.

All fabrics of the soccer, including the eyeball, receive food from the main arterial barrel - the eye artery, a. Ophthalmica.. It is a branch of the inner carotid artery, from which hesitates in the cavity of the skull; Through the auditorium, this vessel penetrates the eyeboard, gives the branches to the muscles and the eyeball and, divided by the final branches: a. SupraorBitalis, a. Supratrochlearis and a. Dorsalis Nasi., comes out of the eye on the facial surface (Fig. 4.24).

Fig. 4.24. The arteries of the soccer.

1 - a. Supratrochlearis; 2 - a. Dorsalis NASI; 3 - a. Meningea Anterior; 4 - a. ethmoidalis anterior; 5 - a. Ethmoidalis Posterior; 6 - a. Ophthalmica; 7 - r. Muscularis to m. Obliquus Superior; 8 - a. Ophthalmica; 9 - a. CAROTIS INTERNA; 10 - a. Centralis Retinae; 11 - a. lacrimalis; 12 - r. Muscularis to m. Rectus Lateralis; 13 - aa. CiliaRes Posteriores; 14 - RR. zygomatici; 15 - a. supraorbitalis; 16 - Glandula Lacrimalis; 17 - a. Palpebralis Lateralis Superior; 18 - a. Palpebralis Medialis Superior.

The anastomoses of the surface branches of the eye artery with the branches of the outer carotid artery provide the possibility of collateral blood flow when decreasing the blood flow of the Willisian circle (atherosclerotic plaques in the inner carotid artery). In this case, retrograde blood flow is observed in the eye artery.

According to the results of ultrasound Doppler studies of the alternate artery, one can judge the state of intracranial blood flow.

Eye veins vv. Ophthalmicae Superior Et Inferior, go from the upper and lower walls of the orbit; At the rear wall, the bottom flows into the upper, which through the upper basic slit enters the skull's cavity and flows into the cavernous sinus. The eye veins are anastomosed with the veins of the face and the nasal cavity, as well as with the venous plexus of the walled-nicheme (Fig. 4.25). In the veins of the eye there are no valves.

Fig. 4.25. Veins of the orbit.

1 - v. Supratrochlearis; 2 - v. supraorbitalis; 3 - V. Ophthalmica Superior; 4 - Sinus Cavernosus; 5 - v. Ophthalmica Inferior; 6 - Plexus Pterygoideus; 7 - v. Maxillaris; 8 - v. RetromandiBularis; 9 - v. PROFUNDA FACIEI; 10 - v. Facialis; 11 - VV. Vorticosae; 12 - v. angularis; 13 - v. Nasofrontalis.

Nose region, Regio Nasalis

The upper boundary of the area corresponds to a horizontal line connecting the medial ends of the eyebrows (nose root), the lower line, carried out through the attachment of the nasal partition, and the side boundaries are determined by appliant and nasolabial folds. The area of \u200b\u200bthe nose is divided into the outer nose and the cavity of the nose.

Outdoor nose, nasus Externus., at the top is formed by the nose bone, on the side of the top-like overhead jaws and cartilage. The upper narrow end of the back of the nose in the forehead is called the root, radix Nasi.; Above it is a somewhat in-depth area between the abrasion arcs - the protrusion, glabella. The side surfaces of the nose of the book convexs are excluded clearly pronounced nasolabial grooves, sulcus Nasolabialis., moving and make up the wings of the nose, alae Nasi.. Between the lower free edges of the wing of the nose formed the movable part of the nasal partition, pars Mobilis Septi NASI.

Leather The root of the nose is thin and movable. At the tip of the nose and on the wings, the skin is thick, rich in large-sized glands and firmly fascinated with cartilage outdoor nose. In the nasal holes, it proceeds to the inner surface of the cartilage, forming the anticipation of the nasal cavity. The skin here has sebaceous glands and thick hairs ( vibrisae.); They can achieve considerable length. Next, the skin goes into the mucous membrane of the nose.

Blood supply Outdoor nose is carried out a. Dorsalis Nasi. (ultimate branch a. Ophthalmica) and branches of the face artery. Veins are associated with facial veins and with the sources of eye veins.

Sensitive innervation It is carried out by the branch of a trigeminal nerve.

Nose cavity, cavum Nasi., It is the initial respiratory tract and contains the sense of smell. In front of it leads apertura Piriformis Nasi.Behind the paired holes, choans, report it with the nasophal. Through the nasal bone partition, septum Nasi OsseumThe nasal cavity is divided into two non-completely symmetrical halves. Each half of the nasal cavity has five walls: upper, lower, rear, medial and lateral.

Top Wall formed a small part of the frontal bone, lamina Cribrosa. lattice bone and partly by wedge-shaped bone.

Part bottom wall, or the bottom, includes a chicken outflow of the upper jaw and a horizontal plate of the roasting bone, which make up a solid panel, palatum Osseum. The bottom of the nasal cavity is the "roof" of the oral cavity.

Medial wall Makes the nasal partition.

Back wall It is only available at a short distance in the upper part, since the joans are below. It is formed by the nasal surface of the body of a wedge-shaped bone with the paired hole available on it - apertura Sinus Sphenoidalis.

In education lateral wall The nasal cavity is involved in a peeling bone, oS LaCrimale, I. lamina Orbitalis. The lattice bone separating the nasal cavity from the soccer, the nasal surface of the frontal top of the upper jaw and its thin bone plate, the excavating cavity of the nose from the topless sinus, sinus Maxillaris.

The lateral wall of the nasal cavity is hanging inside the three nasal sinks, which are separated from each other three nasal strokes: upper, middle and lower (Fig. 4.26).

Fig. 4.26. Nasal moves:

1 - Sinus Frontalis; 2 - Conca Nasalis Superior; 3 - MEATUS NASI Superior; 4 - Conca Nasalis Media; 5 - Agger NASI; 6 - atrium Meatus Medius; Vestibulum NASI; 7 - MEATUS NASI Medius; 8 - Concha Nasalis Inferior; 9 - Limen NASI; 10 - Vestibulum NASI; 11 - MEATUS NASI INFERIOR; 12 - Processus Palatines Maxillae; 13 - Canalis Incisivus; 14 - Palatum Molle; 15 - Lamina Horizontal Ossis Palatine; 16 - PARS NASALIS PHARYNGIS; 17 - Ostium Pharyngeum Tubae Auditivae; 18 - Torus Tubarius; 19 - MEATUS NASOPHARYNGEUS; 20 - Fascia Pharyngobasilaris; 21 - Pars Basilaris Ossis Occipitalis; 22 - TonSilla Pharyngealis; 23 - Sinus sphenoidalis; 24 - hypophysis; 25 - Apertura Sinus Sphenoidalis; 26 - Recessus sphenoethmoidalis.

Top nose, meatus Nasi Superior., is located between the upper and medium sinks of the lattice bone; It is twice the midst of the middle course and is located only in the back of the nasal cavity; communicate with him sinus Sphenoidalis, Foramen SphenopalatinumIt opens the rear cells of the lattice bone.

Middle nose, meatus Nasi Medius., comes between the middle and lower shells. It is opened in it cellulae Ethmoidales Anteriores et Mediae and sinus Maxillaris.

Lower nose, mEATUS NASI INFERIOR., runs between the bottom shell and the bottom of the nasal cavity. A rose canal opens in his front department.

The space between the nasal sinks and the nasal partition is indicated as a common nose.

On the side wall of the nasophacks sipbinding the cavity of the pharynx with the cavity of the middle ear (drum cavity). It is located at the level of the rear end of the lower shell at a distance of about 1 cm to it.

The vessels of the nose cavity form anastomotic networks arising from several systems. Arteries belong to branches a. Ophthalmica (AA. Ethmoidales Anterior and posterior), a. MaxillaRis (a. Sphenopalatina) and a. Facialis (RR. Septi NASI). Vienna form networks located more superficially.

Especially thick venous plexus, having a type of cavernous formations, are concentrated in the submissible tissue of the lower and middle nasal shells. Of these plexes, most nasal bleeding occurs. Veins of the nasal cavity are anastomosed with the veins of the nasopharynx, the sockets and the brain shells.

Sensitive innervation The mucous membrane of the nose is carried out by I and II branches of a trigeminal nerve, that is, eye and upper-eyed nerves. Specific innervation is carried out by an olfactory nerve.

Occondition sinuses, sinus Paranasales.

On each side, the topless and frontal sinus, lattice labyrinth and partly wedge-shaped sinus are adjacent to the nose cavity.

Toppers, or Gaimore, sinuses, sinus MaxillarisLocated in the thickness of the maxillary bone (Fig. 4.27).

Fig. 4.27. Topper daze:

1 - Sinus Frontalis; 2 - orbita; 3 - Radix dentis; 4 - SINUS MAXILLARIS; 5 - Fossa Pterygopalatina; 6 - HIATUS MAXILLARIS

This is the largest of all the incomplete sinuses; Its capacity in an adult is an average of 10-12 cm 3. In the form of the Gaimores, the sinus resembles a four-headed pyramid, the foundation of which is located on the side wall of the nasal cavity, and the top of the outer jaw at the zhilagogo. Facial wall adds kpeeda upper, or the orphanage, the wall separates the gaymorov sinus from the eye, rear It is facing a shaking and wonderful-sideline pits.

Bald wall The maxillary sinus forms an alveolar extension of the upper jaw, separating the sinus from the oral cavity.

Internal, or nasal, the wall of the gaimore sinus from a clinical point of view is most important; It corresponds to most of the lower and middle nasal moves. This wall, with the exception of its lower part, rather fine, and gradually thinning upwards. A hole, by which the Gaimorest sinus is reported to the cavity of the nose, hiaTus Maxillaris., is highly under the bottom of the eyeball, which contributes to the stagnation of the inflammatory secret in the sulk. To the front of the inner wall sinus Maxillaris A rosal channel is departed, and to the reckless part - lattice cells.

Upper, or the ordown, the wall of the gaimor sinus is the finest, especially in the rear section.

When inflammation of the maxillary sinus (sinusitis), the process can spread to the eye.

In the thickness of the orchard wall, the canal of the porcier nerve passes, sometimes the nerve and blood vessels will be directly adjacent to the sinus mucosa.

Front, or facial, the wall is formed by the top of the upper jaw between the porznichny edge and the alveolar process. It is the most thick of all the walls of the gaimor sinus; It is covered with soft cheek tissues, accessible to feeling. Flat recess in the center of the front surface of the front wall, called the "fanging fossa" corresponds to the most thin part of this wall. At the top edge of the fanging fossa there is a hole for the outdoor nerve outlet, formen infraorbitalis. Through the wall pass rR. Alveolares Superiores Anteriores et Medius (branches n. infraorBitalis from the II branches of the trigeminal nerve) forming plexus Dentalis Superior., as well as aa. Alveolares Superiores Anteriores. from the under-judicial artery (from a. Maxillaris.).

Nizhny The wall, or bottom of the gaimor sinus, is located near the rear of the alveolar outflow of the upper jaw and usually corresponds to the lunas of the four rear upper teeth. With the average sizes of the gaimore sinus, its bottom is at about the bottom of the nasal cavity level, but is often located below.

When the lower wall of the sinuse is very thin, when the tooth is removed, infection may be penetrating into the cavity of the Gaimore sinus. On the other hand, the inflammation of the sinus mucosa (sinusitis) due to the total sensitive branches of the maxillary nerve (see Fig. 4.27) can lead to a sensation of dental pain. If necessary, you can open the maxillary sinus through the corresponding tooth hole.

Frontal sickness, sinus Frontalis., It is located between the plates of the iconic part and the scales of the frontal bone. Its dimensions vary significantly. It distinguishes the bottom, or a backbone, front, or facial, rear, or brain, and middle walls.

There are the following sines of solid cerebral shell.

Solid sheath head
brain, DURA MATER ENCEPHALI;

1. Upper Sagittal Sinus, Sinus Sagittalis Superior It is located on the convex side of the top edge of the cinema sickle.

It begins on the cock ridge, heading along the midline of the Zada, gradually increasing in the amount, and in the internal occipital protrusion in the field of cruciform elevation flows into the transverse sine.

On the sides of the top sagittal sinus between the sheets of a solid shell of the brain there are various magnitudes of the numerous slots - side lacuna, LacUnae Laterales, in which granulation are picked up.

2. Lower Sagittal Sine, Sinus Sagittalis Inferior , Surrive on the lower edge of the cinema sickle and flows into a straight sinus.

3. Cross Sine, Sinus Transversus It is located in the stunning bone of the same name.

It is the largest of all sines. Ohibyaya Dumpan Bone Angle, it continues to a sigmoid sinus, Sinus Sigmoideus. The latter in the same name is descended to the jugular hole and goes into the upper bulb of the inner jugular vein.

Two emissary veins are opened in sinus, which are associated with extra charge veins. One of them is located in the holes of the mastoid proof, the other - at the bottom of the sochochochny hole of the occipital bone, in a non-permanent, more often asymmetric, micro channel.

4. Straight Sinus, Sinus Rectus It is located along a large brain sickle connection line with a cerebellum. Together with the upper sagittal sinus, they pour into the transverse sinus.

5. Cave Sinus, Sinus Cavernosus, Received its name due to numerous partitions that give sinus a type of cavernous structure.

Sine is located on the sides of the Turkish saddle. On the cross section, it has a view of a triangle, there are three walls in it: the upper, outdoor and inner.

The upper wall will break the glasses. Somewhat lower, in the thickness of the outer wall of the sinus, the block nerve and the first branch of the trigeminal nerve are the eye nerve. Between the block and eye nerves there is a discrepancing nerve.

Inside sinus passes internal carotid artery with its sympathetic nervous plexus. The sinus cavity flows the top eye vein.

The right and left caverning sines communicate among themselves in the front and rear sections of the saddle's diaphragm by means of inter-expert sinuses, Sinus Intercavernosi. A large sinus formed by this path surrounds from all sides lying in the Turkish Hypophysian saddle.

6. Wedge-shaped Dark Sinus, Sinus Sphenoparietalis , pair, follows in the medial direction along the rear edge of the small wing of a wedge-shaped bone and flows into the cavernous sinus.

7. Upper rocky sinus, Sinus Petrosus Superior Also is the influx of cavernous sinus. It is located on the upper edge of the pyramid of the temporal bone and connects the cavernous sine with a transverse sine.

8. Lower rocky sinus, Sinus Petrosus Inferior, It comes out of the cavernous sinus, it runs between the slope of the occipital bone and the pyramid of the temporal bone in the furrow of the lower stony sine. It flows into the upper bulb of the inner jugular vein. The veins of the labyrinth are suitable for it.

9. Basilar plexus, Plexus Basilaris, Located on the basilar part of the body of the occipital bone. It is formed by fusion of several connecting venous branches between both lower stony sinus.

10. Baseline sinus, Sinus Occipitalis, Locals along the inner occipital crest. It comes out of the transverse sinus, divided into two branches, which cover the side edges of a large occipital opening and poured into a sigmoid sine.

The occipital sinus anastomoses with internal spinal venous plexuses. In the place where transverse, upper sagittal, straight and occipital sinuses are connected, a venous expansion is formed, called sinus drain, confluens Sinuum. This expansion corresponds to the occipital bone with a cross-shaped elevation.

Vienna Bolshoi Brain, VV. Cerebri.

The solid sheath of the brain is separated from the subdural space under it under it, spatium Subdurale.representing capillary gaps in which there is a small amount of spinal fluid.

In this article about venous sinuses and blood flow on them. I will try to reproduce an explanation, after which I myself began to understand them a little, being a listener.

Fig. The volume reconstruction of venous sinuses of a solid cerebral shell.

The volumetric course of these venous channels is difficult to proper on some one plane. Let's come to sinus from several projections. Let's start with the base of the skull from the cavernous sines.

The main tributaries of the cavernous sinus:

1. veins of the orphanage,
2. wedge-shaped dark sinus,
3. surface medium veins of the brain.

The outflow of venous blood from the cavernous sinus:

1. top rocky sinus,
2. nizhny rocky sinus,
3. wildlife plexus.

Sine is a pair and is located on the base of the skull on the sides of the Turkish saddle. Sinus contains many connective tissue partitions separating the sine cavity into a number of separately communicating cavities, like a cavernous body.

Fig. View from above. The cavernous sine is marked with blue dots.

Fig.Side view.The cavernous sine on the lower picture is marked in blue. Fr - Round hole, CC - torn hole, SE - Turkish saddle, Sof - upper torn hole, ICA - Sleepy artery (its cavernous segment).

Fig. Front view. In the picture, the frontal cut through the cavernous sine (blue). Through sinus, the cavernie part of the inner carotid artery, or Arte Ria Carotis Interna (red) and the surrounding sympathetic fibers. In addition, in the walls of the sinus pass the brain-brain nerves (yellow colors): a glazing nerve, a block nerve, an ice-eyed nerve (the first branch of the trigeminal nerve), the maxillary nerve (the second branch of the trigeminal nerve), a nerve.

Fig. In the frontal plane, the cavernous sine is projected into the area between orbits.

The main tributaries of the cavernous sinus.

Rivers for which venous blood fills the lake of the cavernous sine ..

Upper and lower or

Foundations Two: upper and lower. Upper eye Vienna, v. Ophthalmica Superior comes out of the orbit through upper basic gap In the cavity of the skull, where it flows into the cavernous sine. The lower eye vane anastomoses with the top eye veloya, is divided into two branches. The upper branch passes through the top basic slit into the skull cavity and flows into the cavernous sine.

Fig. Foundation of the veins fall into the cavernous sinus.

The lower branch comes out of the orbit through the bottom of the orphanage and flows into deep vein faces, v. Faciei Profunda.

Fig. The upper and lower ficked veins fall into the cavernous sinus.

Sinus descends along the tile along the cornese seam, passes under the wedge-shaped packen seam. Further, the sinus moves from the skull's arch on the free edge of the small wings of a wedge-shaped bone, followed by them in the medial direction before the imposition in the cavernous sinus.

Fig. Wedge-shaped dark sinuses are shown by arrows.

Surface medium veins of the brain.

The average (Silviev) veins fall into cavernous and sphenoParital sinuses. Middle veins provide an outflow from the front-upper departments of the temporal fractions and the rear departments of the lower frontal souls.

Fig. In the diagram, the surface venous system of hemispheres of the brain (by Bailey). The average brain vein flowing into the cavernous sinus is shown in blue.
1 - Vienna Trolda; 2 - Vienna Roland Srozdy; 3 - Vienna Labbe; 4 - medium brain vein; 5 - anastomosis between the branches of the frontal veins and the branches of the middle cerebral vein.

Wildlid plexus

Venous wonder plexus is located between the walled muscles.
Cave sinus is associated with a number of anastomoses with venous walled plexus. The outflow of venous blood from the skull cavity in the walled plexus occurs through the anastomoses of graduates passing through the torn, oval and mesalievo (with its own) holes of the base of the skull.

Fig. In the center of the drawing at the top is a cavernous sine. Cleaning his relationship with walled plexus.

The average meningeal veins are such anastomoses carrying venous blood from the cavity of the skull outside. So, VV. Meningeae Mediae accompany the artery of the same name, connected along the path with a wedge-shaped sinus and, coming out of the skull cavity through an oestoid hole, fall into the wonderland (venous) plexus.

Fig. Wildorded plexus - venous network in the center of the drawing. The plexus is associated with a deep vein of the face (FAC) and the maxillary vein (MAX), which in turn fall into the inner jugular vein.

In addition to the bonds with a cavity of the skull, blood outflows from a nasal cavity along a wedge-shaped vein, from the temporal fossa on deep temporal veins, from chewing muscles on chewing veins.

Interco -mern sinus

The right and left cavernous sines are connected together with two transverse anastomoses: front and rear inter-expert, or interco -mern sines, or Sinus Intercavernosi.

Fig. Front and rear inter-expert, or intercouper sines, orsinus Intercavernosi is located between cavernous sines.

Due to this, a closed ring of venous cavities is formed around the Turkish seat.

Fig. The photographs of the drug show the front (SICS) and rear (IICS) intercouper-blood sinuses, on the sides of which sleepy arteries are visible.

Blood outflow from cavernous sinuses occurs in the dorsal direction on the upper and lower stony sinuses.

The top stony sinuses originate in the backyard of the cavernous sinus, pass along the top edge of the pyramid of the temporal bone and fall into the sigmid sinus.

Fig. Top stony sinuses are marked with arrows. They start from the cavernous sinus (marked by blue dots), pass through the upper edge of the pyramid of the temporal bone and fall into the sigmid sinus.

Fig. The lower stony sines, go on the scat back and down (marked by arrows), fall into internal yarem Vienna (marked with circles) of the corresponding side.

In the rear cranial fossa, the occipital hole is surrounded by a venous ring, like the venous rings of the spinal canal. This unpaired plexus, carrying the name of the main one, is connected in front with the cavernous, and on sides with lower stony sinus. In addition to the links described, the main plexus also communicates with the venous plexuses of the spine and through the occipital sinus with the transverse sinus.

On this we will finish the first part about the sinuses.

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