Death from old-age code on the ICD 10. On coding the cause of death "Old age. R95 Sudden Death of the Baby

02.10.2020 Insulin

ICD 10. Class XVIII. Symptoms, signs and deviations from the norm identified during clinical and laboratory studies, not classified in other categories (R50-R99)

General symptoms and signs (R50-R69)

R50 fever unclear origin

Excluded: fever of obscure origin (during) (y):
childbirth ( O75.2)
newborn ( P81.9.)
Fever of the postpartum period BDU ( O86.4.)

R50.0. Fever with chills. Fever with stuffing
R50.8. Resistant fever
R50.9. Frequency unstable. Hypertermia BDU. Pyrecia BDA
Excluded: malignant hyperthermia due to anesthesia ( T88.3.)

R51 Headache

Pain pain
Excelves: atypical face pain ( G50.1)
Migraine and other headache syndromes ( G43-G44.)
neuralgia trigeny nerve (G50.0.)

R52 pain not classified in other categories

Included: pain that cannot be attributed to any particular body or body part
Excluded: chronic painful personality syndrome ( F62.8.)
headache (R51)
pain in):
stomach ( R10. -)
back ( M54.9.)
breast ( N64.4.)
chest ( R07.1-R07.4.)
ear ( H92.0.)
areas of the pelvis ( H57.1.)
joint ( M25.5.)
limbs ( M79.6.)
lumbar Department ( M54.5.)
areas of pelvis and crotch ( R10.2.)
psychogenic ( F45.4.)
shoulder ( M75.8)
spine ( M54. -)
throat ( R07.0.)
language ( K14.6.)
dental K08.8.)
renal colic (N23)
R52.0. Acute pain
R52.1. Permanent unknown pain
R52.2. Another constant pain
R52.9. The pain is unspecified. Generalized pain BDA

R53 malaise and fatigue

Asthenium BDA
Weakness:
BDA
chronic
neurotic
General physical exhaustion
Lethargy
Fatigue
Excluded: weakness:
congenital ( P96.9.)
senile ( R54)
Exhaustion and fatigue (due to) (when):
nervous demobilization ( F43.0.)
excessive stress ( T73.3.)
danger ( T73.2.)
thermal impact ( T67.. -)
neurasthenia ( F48.0.)
pregnancy ( O26.8.)
senile asthenia ( R54)
fatigue syndrome ( F48.0.)
after transferred viral disease (G93.3.)

R54 Old age

Old age)
Old age) without mentioning psychosis
Senile:
asthenia
weakness
Excluded: senile psychosis ( F03.)

R55 fainting [syncope] and collapse

Short-term loss of consciousness and vision
Loss of consciousness
Excluded: Neurocirculatory Asthenium ( F45.3.)
Ortostatic hypotension ( I95.1)
neurogenic ( G90.3.)
shock:
BDU ( R57.9.)
cardiogenic ( R57.0.)
complicating or accompanying:
abortion, ectopic or molar pregnancy ( O.00 -O.07 , O.08.3 )
childbirth and delivery ( O75.1.)
postoperative ( T81.1)
Stokes-Adams attack ( I45.9)
fainting:
sylocarrode ( G90.0.)
thermal ( T67.1.)
psychogenic ( F48.8.)
unconscious state BDU ( R40.2.)

R56 cramps not classified in other categories

Excluded: cramps and paroxysmal attacks (when):
dissociative ( F44.5.)
epilepsy ( G40-G41.)
newborn ( P90.)

R56.0. Cramps for fever
R56.8. Other and unspecified cramps. Paroxysmal attack (motor) BDU. Failure (convulsive) BD

R57 shock not classified in other categories

Excluded: Shock (called):
anesthesia ( T88.2.)
anaphylactic (due to):
BDU ( T78.2.)
adverse reaction to food products ( T78.0.)
serum ( T80.5.)
complicating or accompanying abortion, ectopic or molar pregnancy ( O00-O07., O08.3.)
exposure electric current (T75.4.)
as a result of lightning damage ( T75.0.)
obstetric ( O75.1.)
postoperative ( T81.1)
mental ( F43.0.)
septic A41.9.)
traumatic ( T79.4.)
toxic shock syndrome ( A48.3.)

R57.0. Cardiogenic shock
R57.1. Hypovolemic shock
R57.8. Other types of shock. Endotoxic shock
R57.9. Shock uncomfortable. Insufficiency of peripheral blood circulation BDA

R58 Bleeding not classified in other categories

Bleeding BDA

R59 Increased lymph nodes

Included: swollen glands
Excelves: lymphadenitis:
BDU ( I88.9.)
acute L04.. -)
chronic ( I88.1.)
mesenterial (acute) (chronic) ( I88.0.)

R59.0. Localized increase lymph nodes
R59.1. Generalized increase in lymph nodes. Lymphadenopathy BDA

Excluded: a disease caused by a human immunodeficiency virus [HIV], manifested as persistent generalized lymphadenopathy ( B23.1.)
R59.9 Increased lymph nodes uncomputed

R60 swelling not classified in other categories

Excluded: ascites ( R18.)
Wasyka fetal BDU ( P83.2.)
hydrotorax ( J94.8)
edema:
angioedemical ( T78.3.)
cerebral ( G93.6)
connected with generic trauma (P11.0.)
during pregnancy ( O12.0)
hereditary ( Q82.0.)
lantnia ( J38.4.)
in case of malnutrition ( E40-E46)
nasophacks ( J39.2.)
newborn ( P83.3.)
pharynx ( J39.2.)
pulmonary ( J81)

R60.0. Localized edema
R60.1 Generalized edema
R60.9 Sweet uncomfortable. Liquid delay BDA

R61 hyperhidrosis

R61.0. Localized hyperhydrosis
R61.1. Generalized hyperhydrosis
R61.9. Hyperhydrosis is unspecified. Excessive sweating. Night sweats

R62 Lack of expected normal physiological development

Excluded: Patient Delay ( E30.0.)

R62.0. Delay of development stages. Delay of skills corresponding to the stage of physiological development
Delay ability:
speak
go
R62.8. Other types of delay of expected normal physiology
Failure:
body weight gain
heost
Infantilism BDU. Insufficient growth. Delay of physical development
Excelves: Development Delay As a result of the disease caused by HIV ( B22.2.)
delay in physical development due to failure of nutrition ( E45)
R62.9. Lack of expected normal physiological development uncomputed

R63 Symptoms and features related to meals and liquid

Excluded: Bulimia BDU ( F50.2.)
Food disorders of inorganic originity ( F50. -)
Power failure ( E40-E46)

R63.0. Anorexia. Loss of appetite
Excluded: anorexia nervous ( F50.0.)
Psychoic loss of appetite ( F50.8.)
R63.1. Polydipsia. Excessive thirst
R63.2. Polyphagia. Excessive appetite. Overbid
R63.3. Difficulties of feeding and introducing food. Problems of feeding BDA
Excluded: problems of feeding a newborn ( P92. -)
Disorder of food intake in the infant and children of inorganic origin ( F98.2.)
R63.4. Anoral body weight loss
R63.5. Anoral body weight gain
Excelred: excessive body weight gain during the period of rebellion ( O26.0.)
obesity ( E66.. -)
R63.8. Other symptoms and signs related to meals and liquid

R64 Cachexia

Excluded: exhaustion syndrome as a result of the disease, clarifable HIV ( B22.2.)
malignant cachexia ( C80)
Alimentary Maramus ( E41)

R68 Other common symptoms and signs

R68.0. Hypothermia, not associated with low ambient temperature
Excluded: hypothermia (called):
BDA (random) ( T68.)
anesthesia ( T88.5.)
low ambient temperature ( T68.)
newborn ( P80.. -)
R68.1. Non-specific symptoms characteristic of babies. Excessive crying baby. Excitable child
Excluded: neonatal cerebral excitability ( P91.3.)
teething syndrome teeth ( K00.7.)
R68.2. Dry mouth uncomfortable
Excluded: dry mouth caused by:
dehydration organism ( E86)
dryness syndrome [SHEGREEN] ( M35.0.)
reduced secretion of salivary glands ( K11.7.)
R68.3. Fingers in the form of drum sticks. Maison-shaped nails
Excluded: this is a state of congenital character ( Q68.1.)
R68.8. Other updated general symptoms and signs

R69 Unidentified and unspecified causes of the disease

Soreness BDU. Undiagnosed disease without clarification or it's time to fit

Deviations from the norm identified in the study of blood,
In the absence of an established diagnosis (R70-R79)

Excluded: deviations from the norm (when):
O28.. -)
coagulation ( D65.D68.)
lipids ( E78.. -)
platelets ( D69.. -)
leukocytes classified in other categories ( D70-D72.)
Deviations from the norm identified in diagnostic studies of blood, classified in the entries - smalphabetic pointer
Hemorrhagic and hematological disorders in the fetus and newborn ( P50-P61.)

R70 Accelerated settlement of erythrocytes and plasma viscosity anomalies [Blood]

R70.0. Accelerated settlement of red blood cells
R70.1 Anomaly of the viscosity of plasma [blood]

R71 Erythrocyte anomaly

Anomaly of red blood cells:
morphological BDA
volumetric BDA
Anisocytosis. Poikilocytosis
Excluded: anemia ( D50-D64.)
Policytemy:
benign (family) ( D75.0.)
newborn ( P61.1.)
secondary ( D75.1)
true ( D45.)

R72 Anomaly of leukocytes, not classified in other categories

Anomalous leukocyte differentiation of BDU
Excluded: leukocytosis ( D72.8.)

R73 Increased blood glucose content

Excluded: diabetes (E10.-E14)
during pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum
period ( O24.. -)
Neonatal disorders ( P70.0.-P70.2)
Posthurgical hypoinsulamia ( E89.1)

R73.0. Deviation of the results of the test rate for glucose tolerance
Diabetes:
chemical
latent
Violated glucose tolerance. Prediabet
R73.9 Hyperglycemia uncomfortable

R74 deviations from serum enzyme content

R74.0. Non-specific increase in transaminase or hydrogenase of lactic acid
R74.8. Other nonspecific deviations from serum enzymes
Anormal level:
acid phosphatase
alkaline phosphatase
amylase
lipases [Triacyl glycerolllims]
R74.9 Anomalous content of unspecified serum enzymes

R75 Laboratory Detection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus [HIV]

A non-configuration test for HIV detected in children
Excluded: asymptomatic infectious status caused by a virus
Human immunodeficiency [HIV] ( Z21)
The disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] ( B20-B24.)

R76 Other deviations from the norm identified in the immunological examination of serum

R76.0. High titer antibodies
Excluded: Iso immunization during pregnancy ( O36.0.-O36.1.)
Influence on the fruit or newborn ( P55. -)
R76.1. Anomalous reaction to tuberculin sample. Anoral reaction results Mantu
R76.2. False positive serological sample on syphilis. False-positive reaction of Vasserman
R76.8. Other refined deviations from the norm identified in the immunological examination of serum
High level Immunoglobulinov BDA
R76.9 Deviation from the norm, detected in the immunological examination of serum, unspected

R77 Other deviations from plasma proteins

Excluded: changes in the metabolism of plasma proteins ( E88.0.)

R77.0. Albumin deviation
R77.1. Deviation from the norm of globulin. Hyperglobulinemia BDA
R77.2. Deviation from Alpha Fetoprotein
R77.8. Other refined deviations from plasma proteins
R77.9 Deviation from plasma proteins uncomfortable

R78 Detection of medicines and other substances, normal not present in blood

Excelves: mental disorders and disorders of behavior related to the use of psychoactive substances
(F10.-F19)

R78.0. Blood alcohol detection
If necessary, clarify the concentration of alcohol use the additional code external reasons (Y90.. -)
R78.1. Blood opiate detection
R78.2. Cocaine detection in blood
R78.3. Hallucinogens detection in blood
R78.4. Detection of other narcotic substances in the blood
R78.5. Detection of psychotropic substances in the blood
R78.6 Detection of steroid agent in blood
R78.7 Detection of deviations from the norm in the content of heavy metals in the blood
R78.8. Detection of other refined substances, in the norm not present in the blood
Detection of deviations from a lithium lithium content
R78.9 Detection of an unspecified substance, normally not present in the blood

R79 Other deviations from the rate of chemical composition of blood

Excluded: disorders of water-salt or acid alkaline equilibrium ( E86-E87)
Asymptomatic hyperuricemia ( E79.0.)
Hyperglycemia BDU ( R73.9)
Hypoglycemia BDA ( E16.2.)
neonatal ( P70.3.-P70.4.)
Specific indicators indicating violations:
amino acid exchange ( E70.-E72.)
carbohydrate metabolism ( E73.-E74.)
lipid sharing ( E75. -)

R79.0. Deviations from the rate of maintenance of minerals in the blood
Deviations from the norm of content:
cobalt
medical
gland
magnesium
minerals NDCR
zinc
Excluded: deviation from the standard of lithium content ( R78.8.)
Mineral infringement ( E83. -)
Neonatal hypomagnesiamia ( P71.2.)
Mineral failure associated with a pit ( E58.-E61.)
R79.8. Other refined deviations from the norm chemical composition blood. Blood Blood Gas Equilibrium
R79.9 Unspecified blood chemical composition

Deviations from the norm identified in the study of urine
In the absence of an established diagnosis (R80-R82)

O28.. -)
Deviations from the norm identified in diagnostic tests of urine classified in other categories
- Smalphabit pointer
Specific indicators indicating violation:
amino acid exchange ( E70.-E72.)
carbohydrate metabolism ( E73.-E74.)

R80 Isolated Proteinuria

Albuminuria BDA
Proteinuria Bens-Jones
Proteinuria BDA
Excluded: Proteinuria:
during pregnancy ( O12.1.)
isolated with refined morphological staff ( N06.. -)
orthostatic ( N39.2.)
resistant N39.1)

R81 Glycosuria

Excluded: renal glycosuria ( E74.8.)

R82 Other deviations from the norm identified in the study of urine

Excluded: hematuria ( R31)

R82.0. Hiluria
Excluded: Filiarity Hiluria ( B74.. -)
R82.1 Mioglobinuria
R82.2. Bile pigments in the urine
R82.3. Hemoglobinuria
Excluded: Hemoglobinuria:
due to hemolysis from the external causes of the NCDR ( D59.6.)
paroxysmal night [Marciaphali-Mikeli] ( D59.5.)
R82.4. Acetonuria Ketonuria
R82.5. Increased content in the urine medicines, medicine and biological substances
Elevated level In the urine:
catecholamines
indolylKoxic acid
17 ketosteroids
steroids
R82.6. The abnormal content in the urine of substances entered the body mainly with the non-medical target
Aneval content in the urine of heavy metals
R82.7 Deviations from the norm identified in the microbiological examination of urine
Positive research of culture
R82.8. Deviations from the norm identified during the cytological and histological examination of urine
R82.9. Other and unspecified deviations from the norm identified in the study of urine
Cells and cylinders in the urine. Crystalluria. Melanuria

Deviations from the norm identified in the study of other liquids, substances and body tissues, in the absence of an established diagnosis (R83-R89)

Excluded: deviations from the norm identified at:
antenatal examination of the mother ( O28.. -)
research:
blood, in the absence of a set diagnosis ( R70-R79.)
urine, in the absence of a fixed diagnosis ( R80-R82.)
deviations from the norm identified in diagnostic
Research, classified in other categories
- Smalphabit pointer

Below is a classification for the fourth sign used in the headings ( R83-R89):

0 Aneval enzyme content
.1 abnormal hormone content
.2 Anoral content of other medicines, medicines and biological substances
.3 The abnormal content of substances enrolled in the body mainly with the non-medical target
.4 deviations from the norm identified in immunological studies
.5 deviations from the norm identified during microbiological studies
Positive results of culture research
.6 deviations from the norm identified at cytological studies
Deviations from the norm identified in the study of the smear
by papanicolau
.7 deviations from the norm identified in histological studies
.8 other deviations from the norm. Deviations from the norm identified during the studies of chromosomes
.9 Uncomfortable deviations from the norm

R83 deviations from the norm identified in the study of the spinal loop

R84 deviations from the norm identified in the study of preparations from respiratory and chest organs

  • bronchial washings
  • nosa discharge
  • pleural fluid
  • sputum
  • mashers from the throat

Excluded: bloody sputum ( R04.2.)

R85 deviations from the norm identified in the study of drugs from digestive and abdominal organs

Deviations from the norm identified during the study:
peritoneal fluid
saliva
Excluded: Calate changes ( R19.5.)

R86 deviations from the norm identified in the study of drugs from male genital organs

Deviations from the norm identified during the study:
secrets of prostate gland
sperm and seed fluid
Anoral spermatozoa
Excluded: azoospermia ( N46.)
oligospermia ( N46.)

R87 deviations from the norm identified in the study of drugs from female genital organs

Deviations from the norm identified during the study:
Selection and smears from:
cervical cervix
vagina
vulva
Excluded: carcinoma in situ ( D05-D07.3.)
dysplasia:
cervix ( N87. -)
vagina ( N89.0.-N89.3.)
vulva ( N90.0.-N90.3.)

R89 deviations from the norm identified in the study of drugs from other organs, systems and tissues

Deviations from the norm identified during the study:
seals from the nipples
synovivial fluid
wound discharge

Deviations from the norm identified when receiving diagnostic
Images and research, in the absence of a set diagnosis (R90-R94)

Included: nonspecific deviations from the norm identified (when):
computer axial tomography [cat scan]
magnetic resonance study [Mri]
positron emission tomography (PET)
termography
ultrasound [echogram] study
x-ray study
Excelves: deviations from the norm identified with the Antenatal Mother's Dovania ( O28.. -)
Deviations from the norm identified in diagnostic studies classified in other categories
- Smalphabit pointer

R90 deviations from the norm identified when receiving diagnostic images during the study of the central nervous system

R90.0. Intramerican volumetric lesion
R90.8. Other deviations from the norm identified in the receipt of diagnostic images during the study of the Cent nervous system. Changed echohetephalogram

R91 deviations from the norm identified when receiving a diagnostic image during the study of the lungs

Coin-like lesion BDA
Sealing light BDA

R92 deviations from the norm identified when receiving a diagnostic image during the breast study

R93 deviations from the norm identified when receiving a diagnostic image during the study of other bodies and body areas

R93.0. Deviations from the norm identified in obtaining the diagnosis of an image during the study of the skull and head not classified in other categories
Excluded: intracranial voluminous lesion ( R90.0.)
R93.1 Deviations from the norm identified in the preparation of the diagnosis of an image during the study of the heart and coro of the drug circulation
Changed:
echocardiogram BDA
shadow heart
R93.2 Deviations from the norm identified when receiving the diagnosis of an image during the study of the liver and bile ducts. No contrast of gallbladder
R93.3.
digestive tract
R93.4. Deviations from the norm identified when obtaining the diagnosis of an image during the study of urinary authorities
Defect of filling:
bladder
kidney
ureteral
Excluded: Hypertrophy Kidney ( N28.8.)
R93.5. Deviations from the norm identified in obtaining the diagnosis of an image during the study of other abdominal areas, including the retroperitoneal space
R93.6. Deviations from the norm identified when receiving the diagnosis of an image during the study of the limbs
Excluded: changes in the skin and subcutaneous fabric ( R93.8.)
R93.7 Deviations from the norm identified in obtaining the diagnosis of an image during the study of other departments
bone-muscular system
Excluded: Changes identified when receiving a diagnosis of a tight image ( R93.0.)
R93.8. Deviations from the norm identified in the preparation of diagnostic images during the study of other refined body structures. Changes in the skin and subcutaneous fabric, identified during radiolide examination
Displacement of mediastinum

R94 deviations from the norm identified during functional research

Included: ANORMAL RESULTS:
radioisotope studies
scintigraphy

R94.0. Deviations from the norm identified during the functional studies of the central nervous system
Modified electroencephalogram [EEG]
R94.1. Deviations from the norm identified during the functions of the peripheral nervous system and
separate organs feelings
Changed:
electromogram [EMG]
electrojulogram [EOG]
electrology [ERG]
nerva Stimulation Reaction
potential caused by visual stimulus
[CRP]
R94.2. Deviations from the norm identified during the functions of the lungs
Reduced:
light ventilation ability
little Life Capacity
R94.3. Deviations from the norm identified when conducting functional studies of the cardiovascular system
Changed (s):
electrocardiogram (ECG)
indicators of electrophysiological intracardiac research
photocardiogram
vector virtogram
R94.4. Deviations from the norm identified in the study of kidney functions. Aneval renal function test results
R94.5. Deviations from the norm identified in the study of the liver function
R94.6. Deviations from the norm identified in the study of the function of the thyroid gland
R94.7 Deviations from the norm identified in the study of the function of other endocrine glands
Excelves: deviations from the norm of the test results for glucose tolerance ( R73.0.)
R94.8. Deviations from the norm identified in functional studies of other organs and systems
The change:
the indicator of the main exchange
test results on the condition of the bladder function
functions of the test results on the state of the spleen function

Inaccurately designated and unknown causes of death (R95-R99)

Excluded: the death of the fetus for an unknown reason ( P95)
Obstetrician death BDU ( O95)

R95 Sudden Death of the Baby

R96 Other types of sudden death for an unknown reason

Excluded: sudden heart death, as described ( I46.1)
Sudden death of a breast child ( R95)

R96.0. Immediate death
R96.1. Death, which has occurred in less than 24 hours from the moment of symptoms, which does not have another explanation
The death of which it is known that she did not appear viilles or instant, and the reason for which cannot be established
Death without signs of illness

R98 death without witnesses

The detection of the corpse under circumstances that do not allow you to establish the cause of death. Detection of the corpse

Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation: Letter No. 13-2 / 1750 dated 19.12.2014

The Department of Monitoring, Analysis and Strategic Health Development in connection with incoming requests on the procedure for using the term "old age" in mortality statistics clarifies.

"Old age" (Y54) is a condition related to the class of XVIII "Symptoms, signs and deviations from the norm identified during clinical and laboratory studies that are not classified in other categories."

In accordance with the rule of the modification of the chosen cause of death, the term "old age" refers to inaccurately designated states.

This state cannot be selected as the initial cause of death in the presence of any state classified in other categories (ICD-10, Volume 2, p. 46-47).

The criteria for using the ICB-10 i54 code "Old age" as the initial cause of death are: older than 80 years old, the absence of medical documentation Indications for chronic diseases, injuries and their consequences that can cause death, the lack of suspicion of violent death.

How and why the statistics of the Ministry of Health differs from the number of Rosstat, and the mortality rate from the old age is higher than in Europe three times, it was discussed at the current interregional meeting of the Ministry of Health in the Government of the Leningrad Region. Representatives of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, the trade union of health workers of the Russian Federation, as well as representatives of health authorities from various regions of the country arrived at him.

According to the department of the Department of Monitoring, Analysis and Strategic Development of Health of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Galina Aleksandrov, in Russia, the mortality rates on specific diseases differ greatly from European and American. And all because doctors misinterpret the cause of death in the "medical certificate of death" - as a rule, it does not match International Classification Diseases of the 10th revision (ICD-10). Moreover, data on the causes of death at the Ministry of Health and Rosstat are radically diverged.

So, according to Rosstat, an old-age mortality rate (age older than 65 years old, did not have chronic diseases) It is 62.1 per 100 thousand, while in Europe this figure is three times less (21 per 100 thousand), and in the USA - five times (12 per 100 thousand).

In the Tambov region, death "from old age" increased by 12.8 times, - the example of Galina Aleksandrov. - But it does not happen, it should be not more than 10% in people over the age of 65 and 3% - in those who have not reached the 65th anniversary.

The mortality rate from "symptoms, signs and deviations from the norm unclassified in other categories", in more simply, from unidentified reasons in Russia approaches 40%.

It turns out that we spend billions of rubles for diagnostic equipment, and people fall into the hospital, 10-12 days or discharged, or die "from symptoms and signs." But they do not die from the symptoms, "says the official of the Ministry of Health. - There are questions and to such posthumous diagnoses as "pregnancy and childbirth", "states arising in the perinatal period."

It turns out that we do not work at all, and the pathoanatomical service is incomprehensible for what exists. Paradox, but we have no mortality from mental disorders and the diseases of the nervous system, even Alzheimer's disease does not appear in the causes of death.

Galina Alexandrova explains the reason for the current situation by the existing death registration mechanism in the registry office. Doctors often flashed to call the true causes of death (encoding the disease in accordance with the ICD-10) and throw them out in "Other" or write that the registry offices are not doctors, they do not understand what we are talking about. Namely from the registry office data about the dead and causes of their death are sent to Rosstat.

Despite the fact that Galina Alexandrova regulates the ICD-10, as an controversial document, according to the law, we must follow him and she calls for this: "Otherwise, we get distorted statistics, and with it - incorrect management decisions."

Dr. Peter.