According to WHO estimates, in the world, more than 9 million people are ill in tuberculosis. The vaccine-philaxis of this disease is widely carried out in all countries of the world. In Russia, the vaccination from tuberculosis is one of the first to which the kids get back in the maternity hospital. At the same time, there are a lot of disputes around the vaccine against this disease, including in purely medical circles. The fact is that the vaccination does not guarantee 100% protection against infection. Moreover, in some countries, the effectiveness of the vaccine and vaccine-philaxics in general is questioned.

Let's deal with the BCG vaccination - what it is when you need to be taken and what the features of this vaccine are.

What is BCG.

Perhaps most citizens of our country are aware that Mantu's sample is somehow connected with tuberculosis. But from what the BCG vaccination, only those who have already spent the vaccination of their children know. In the whole world, including in Russia, there are only two vaccines from tuberculosis that are the same in their essence - this is the BCG and the BCG.

Decoding BCG means - bacilloma-gerin bacillus. In the English abbreviation it looks like Bacillus Calmette-Guérin, or BCG. This name is a microorganism - a tuberculous chopstick, from which the vaccine is made. With its appearance on a medical arena, this type of pathogen of tuberculosis is obliged to microbiologist Calmette and the veterinary doctor Gerne. In 1908, they jointly raised a relaxed version of a bull-type mycobacterium, which was originally highlighted from patients with tuberculosis cows. For a decade, work went to obtain a safe strain and in 1921 a tuberculosis vaccine was first applied in humans.

Today, the BCG vaccine includes all the same strain of Mycobacteria Bovis as at the beginning of the twentieth century. But here there is a small reservation - in different countries For the production of vaccines, various strain subtypes use, so the final preparations are somewhat different in their reactogenicity and protective properties.

IN Russian Federation Two anti-tuberculous vaccinations are allowed for use: BCG and BCG-M. Both of them are made from the BCG-1-bovine tuberculosis stick strain and differ only in the concentration of microbial bodies. The BCZH-M vaccine contains two times less bacteria and is used in some cases when the usual grafting of BCG is contraindicated.

Finding into the body, vaccine bacteria multiply and populate organs and tissues, causing the production of local and humoral immunity. Person's tuberculosis causative agent - Mycobacterium tuberculosis has a similar antigenic structure. Therefore, the introduction of a vaccine strain to some extent protects the body from the disease.

Instructions for the use of BCG

When and who do the BCG vaccination? First of all, newborn children need in vaccinations. In disadvantaged on the tuberculosis of the epidemiological situation (and in Russia it is precisely such) a high risk of infection. In addition, according to WHO, about 2/3 of the population of the globe is the carriers of the tuberculosis stick. Why and how the transition from carriage to the disease today is not sufficiently studied. But it is just known that factors of sanitation and nutrition play a major role.

In young children, tuberculosis occurs in extremely aggressive forms:

• disseminated tuberculosis;
• meningitis;
• bone tissue tuberculosis.

Vaccination significantly reduces the likelihood of developing such forms of the disease and facilitates its current.

In Russia, the magnetic vaccination of newborns has been introduced since 1962. According to the instructions for use, BCG are introduced newborns in the regions with an indicator of the incidence of tuberculosis 80 people per 100 thousand population. Under some conditions for primary vaccination, a softer BCG-M vaccine is used, containing half of the vaccination dose.

How to vaccinate

BCG vaccination is carried out by a newborn for a period of 3-7 days of life. Before this, the child must examine for the identification of contraindications to vaccination. Injection make internally in outdoor surface The shoulder is slightly lower than the upper third. Use a special tuberculin syringe with a capacity of 0.2 ml. The vaccine is injected in an amount of 0.1 ml - one dose of the drug. When compliance with the equipment of the BCG vaccination in newborns at the injection site, a small whitish ball with a diameter of 7-9 mm appears, which disappears after 15-20 minutes.

The reactions to the BCG in newborns can manifest themselves for several months and even years after the injection. We will tell you more about this slightly lower.

Contraindications of vaccinations BCG.

Consider contraindications to BCG vaccination.

For newborn kids contraindications to the grafting of BCZH the following:

Contraindications for vaccination for children during the period of revaccination and for adults:

• mantu reaction is positive or dubious;
• keloid scar, other complications for previous vaccination;
• disease or infection with tuberculosis;
• acute diseases;
• oncology;
• chronic diseases in the stages of exacerbation;
• allergy in the aggravation stage;
• immunosuppressive states;
• pregnancy.

It is believed that the vaccination in the hospital provides long-term immunity. Repeated administration Vaccines are called revaccination and is carried out in different times according to the epidemiological situation. As a rule, in Russia, the revaccination of BCG is carried out in 7 and 14 years.

Before vaccination, be sure to sample Mantu. It shows how active the body reacts to tuberculosis agents. The complete absence of the reaction suggests that the first vaccination did not give the result, and too strong reaction indicates either the body allergization of tuberculin, or on the presence of the pathogen of human tuberculosis (field strain).

What to do after the BCG vaccination

How to handle a child after vaccination? In particular, many parents ask a question - is it possible to wet the BCG vaccination? Yes, the wound on the spot can be wet and bathe the child, but it is impossible to rub with a washcloth and in another way to injure the skin around vaccination.

When can you bathe a baby after the BCG vaccination? You can do it immediately on vaccination day. Since the newborn make vaccinations immediately before discarding from the maternity hospital, you will still bathe the baby after healing the navel.

After vaccination, the child develops a local reaction to the BCG, and this is a normal process. Every parent should know about him.

What is the normal reaction to the BCG vaccination

1-1.5 months after the introduction of the vaccine, the body reacts to infection. This is called the grafting reaction. It manifests itself in different ways - such signs may be at the injection site:

• swelling;
• redness;
• skin coloring in dark color - blue, brown, black;
• bubble with liquid content;
• crust;
• abscess;
• scar.

Healing damage, maybe over a long time - up to 4 months. The norm of the diameter of the scar is from 2 to 10 mm. Normally around the ranks itself should not be swelling and redness, but if there are such complications - it is necessary to refer to the pediatrician, it will prescribe treatment.

If the grafting of the BCG is fastened - what to do in this case? If the pus flows freely simply remove it with a clean bandage or a piece of gauze. It is impossible to smear an uknet with antiseptics and antibiotics, apply other healing means. Also, it is also impossible to squeeze the pus from the wound.

Be careful: if the child has no trace from the BCG, then it may say that vaccination has not done or the absence of immunity. In this case, it is necessary to test the manta. The reaction to the introduction of microbes of tuberculosis according to statistics is absent in 5-10% of children. Also in the population of a person there are 2% of people genetically resistant to tuberculosis - they will not have a reaction to vaccine, and the manta test looks like a trace from the injection.

Temperature immediately after the BCG in children rises very rarely, but it is possible. During the development of the local reaction, the temperature rises in the range of 37.5 ° C. If such a reaction occurs after re-vaccinating the child of the older age, then you need to consult a doctor.

Complications

The consequences of the BCG vaccinations can be very serious and more often developed with the primary administration of the drug. Perhaps the BCG is one of the most "scandalous" vaccines, disputes around it do not subside from the moment of its creation. Unfortunately, nothing more efficient and secure for the prevention and containment of tuberculosis is still not invented.

In Russia, complicated reactions to BCG are more commonly local in nature and not more than 0.06% of vaccinated children. Complications are registered mainly in the first six months after vaccination - up to 70% of the total. On the period from 6 to 12 months, about 10% is found, for the rest of the period - the year and later after vaccination - accounts for 20% of cases.

Cold abscesses and lymphadenites develop more often. They are due to the quality of the vaccine, the technique of its introduction, dose and age of the vaccinated.

Other complications can be:

• keloid scar;
• extensive ulcers at the injection site of the vaccine;
• BCG infection without deadly outcome - osteite, lupus;
• generalized BCG infection;
• post-BCG syndrome: skin rashes, erythema, ring-shaped granule.

Often with complications are diagnosed with BCG IT. What is it and what does he threaten your child? Any disease caused by the BCG strain of mycobacteriums relates to this category. It may also be inflammation of lymph nodes, and osteite, and non-heaven-free yasers on the skin, requiring treatment.

Immunity after vaccination

Immunity arising after vaccination against tuberculosis will not be sterile. This means that despite the generated protection factors, mycobacteria still live and live in the body, mainly in regional lymph nodes. The presence of bacteria stimulates further generation of immunity. It is not lifelong and disappears approximately 5-7 years after the introduction of mycobacteria. The period of active "activities" of microbes falls for a period of 3-11 months after vaccination.

The deadline for the formation of immunity after the BCG vaccination, as indicated in the instructions, is from 8 weeks to two months. During this period, the vaccinated child is sensitive to tuberculosis as well as an undacitated one.

What is a marker of high-quality BCG vaccination? The defining feature can be the reaction at the place of administration. The Rubber is formed about 90% of children. If at the age of 1, the child has a good rutter - therefore, the protection against the disease developed normally. But the main method to identify whether the immunity has a vaccinated - this is a sample. If there is no scooter, and the sample is positive, then the re-vaccination is not required.

More sensitive methods - tuberculin sample with 5 or the definition of blood antibodies to mycobacteriums.

Summing up the foregoing, we note the following. Tuberculosis - darous disease and measure on his warning is universal vaccination in childhood. The BCG vaccine is introduced newborns on the life of 3-7 days, before discarding from the maternity hospital. Evidence of the generating immunity is the skin reaction on the injection site - the formation of a rump. Revacitation is carried out at the age of 7 and 14 years with a preliminary study of children in the manta sample.

Vaccination against tuberculosis in the absence of contraindications is carried out for all newborn children in the first week of life. Immunization provides reliable protection against the causative agent of the disease. Due to the fact that the risk of infection is high for each person, the vaccination is the most effective, affordable and secure preventive measure.

BCG vaccination in newborns - what is it?

BCG vaccine was developed near the century ago. Since then, the composition of the vaccination has undergone changes and modernization several times. Thanks to scientific research and wide experience, the use of BCG managed to obtain effective serum, which, if a person gets into the body, causes a stormy immune response and forms antibodies in relation to the causative agent of the infectious disease. Serum from tuberculosis contains a strain of a weakened causative agent of the disease. He does not cause infection, but makes the immune system work in full force.

Immunization from tuberculosis is carried out in the maternity hospital. Therefore, for some newly minted mothers, this procedure may become unexpected. Before making vaccinations, medical personnel must receive consent from the woman. Therefore, often the new moms are interested, from what the BCG vaccination makes and is it possible to refuse it.

BCG vaccine is introduced by all newborns, except in cases with contraindications. Also, the vaccination does not put if the mother of the newborn baby signs the rejection of immunization.

What is needed by the BCG vaccination

BCG vaccination protects against tuberculosis pathogens. Many parents doubt the need to vaccinate a newborn baby, because in recent decades about outbreaks of tuberculosis is practically not heard.

BCG vaccination should be carried out. In the first 10 years of life, the child may encounter infection pathogens several times. If he is vaccinated, the infection will not happen. If the infection still penetrates the child's body, then the vaccination delivered in infancy will protect it from hazardous complications, disabled and fatal outcome. In such a simple way, parents can protect their baby from the dangers of this disease.

Anti-recreaks agitate not to put BCG children. Some even say that the vaccine infects the child. However, parents who still doubt should get acquainted with the consequences of tuberculosis and soberly assess the risk of child infection.

The vaccination from tuberculosis must be done because:

1. Infection can happen anywhere in store, public transport, kindergarten or school. Externally, carriers of the disease do not differ from healthy people.
2. The main danger comes from people with an open form of tuberculosis. They can be found in polyclinics, hospitals, pharmacies and other institutions.
3. The causative agent affects not only the lower departments of the respiratory system. Tuberculosis is able to settle in the intestines, reproduction organs, bone tissue and other segments of the human body.
4. Diagnostics of tuberculosis today is difficult. It is easy to identify the bronchopile forms of the disease, while others require a large amount of diagnostic measures.
5. Credit with open tuberculosis forms is problematic. The disease seriously violates the work of the organs and systems, and in the launched form makes a child with disabilities.

How many times are the BCG vaccination

The first tuberculosis vaccine is introduced to a child in the maternity hospital. The kid is taken, and after immunization they return to the parent. Therefore, moms have no idea what way serum is injected.

Second and subsequent BCG vaccinations

The BCG revaccination is scheduled for 7 years, provided that the child did not have contraindications and was vaccinated during the neonatal period. By this time, the protective properties of the vaccine decrease. Therefore, if parents doubt, do or not BCG in 7 years, then it is worth learn about the period of serum. Immunity after one-time introduction of the vaccine is preserved for 6-7 years. Before making BCG at 7 years, check the body's response to the manta sample. With a negative result, it is necessary to instill a small patient, since the risk of infection during this period is significantly higher. A seven-year-old child contacts every day with a large number of people and can pick up Koch wand in an unexpected place.

Parents are interested in how long the BCG from tuberculosis after 7 years is protected. Immunity from vaccination persists up to 13-14 years, after which vaccination is recommended to repeat .

Where do BCG vaccination

Vaccine is introduced in the form subcutaneous injection In the shoulder. Newborn children, schoolchildren and adult patients vaccine from tuberculosis are always placed with one place.

What looks like a zone after 2, 3 and 4 months

On the question of how much BCG heals, doctors do not give a unanimous answer. It all depends on the body of a small patient. In some children, the rutter is formed after 2 months, and others only have to complete the 4th month.

Immediately after the serum is administered, the place of the vaccination can redden. This is a skin reaction to the administration of the drug, which is considered normal. Over the next one and a half months, Papula is formed at the injection site. Many parents during this period notice that the baby inflamed the place of injection. Sometimes an ulcer appears on the spot of the injection, and after some time the pus comes out of the vaccination. This sequence of the body reactions on the vaccine is considered the norm.

Parents should not panic or try to cope with the bubble at the injection site. It is necessary to gain patience and wait until the Rubber is formed. BCG vaccination heals for several months. 2-4 months after immunization on the point of the injection, the scar remains. He suggests that the child's immunity responded to the vaccine correctly. If there is no scar on the baby's shoulder after half a year after the administration of serum, then we can talk about incorrectly performed vaccination and the absence of immunity to tuberculosis.

Contraindications

Immunization against tuberculosis Vaccine BCG is not carried out:

• during pregnancy in women of any age and social groups;
• during breastfeeding;
• with the individual susceptibility of the patient to the serum components;
• with acute allergic reactions or severe consequences as a result of a previously introduced BCG vaccine;
• persons with acquired or congenital immunodeficiency that do not receive adequate therapy;
• premature children, the mass of which is less than 2.5 kg;
• during acute diseases or exacerbation of chronic infections.

Complications of BCG.

Often the parents of the kid incorrectly perceive the normal reaction of the body to vaccine. Pope and Moms believe that if the vaccine vaccination got into, then this is a complication. Therefore, medical workers should tell in detail how to behave after immunization and which reactions can flow at the injection site.

Most children have a vaccination against tuberculosis does not cause side Effects. After vaccination, the child can increase drowsiness and worsen appetite. However, within a few days, these signs pass without a trace.

About adverse reactions and complications are spoken in the following situations:

• regional lymph nodes were inflamed;
• persists during the week;
• a rash appeared on the skin;
• "Cold abscess" at the place of administration of serum (frequent result of the drug in the muscle);
• generalized infection.

BCG-M: Difference from BCG

If you contact the instructions for the use of the BCG-M and BCG vaccination, then you can find out the difference between them. Vaccine with the prefix M is a weakened serum. It contains a smaller amount of pathogens of tuberculosis. This type of drug is recommended to be used for revaccination.

BCG vaccine contains 0.05 mg of tuberculosis pathogens. The serum BCG-M contains 0.025 mg of pathogens. Weakened vaccine applies only since 1991 and is appointed to certain groups of patients.

BCG-M put premature or male children in the hospital, it is used with the tendency of the child to allergies. It is recommended to use weakened serum for patients who are prone to cramps have a generic injury or neurological diseases. In each case, the need to replace the standard vaccination from tuberculosis to a lightweight version assessed a pediatrician or immunologist.

Mantu after BCG.

After immunization from tuberculosis, the child annually triggers - its results allow you to judge whether the infection of Koch's stick happened. With a positive reaction, Mantu baby carefully examines.

Make Mantu and without BCG. If the child was not vaccinated from tuberculosis, then the sample for it is carried out more than once a year, and two. Every 6 months must be examined by the baby to eliminate the infection of the koche stick.

For the reason that before the samples for tuberculosis it was impossible to wet, the stereotype was formed that the child could not bathe. Also, parents believe that it is impossible to wet the BCG vaccination to full healing. However, doctors do not give such strict restrictions. . It is not recommended to rub the place of the pool, scratch and open Papula. Baby a child watering the place of administration of serum is not prohibited. After the BCG, you can walk and visit the garden or school. No strict immunization restrictions against tuberculosis introduces.

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Pediatrician, Children's cardiologist

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Tuberculosis is one of the most terrible diseases of our world. Recently, in progressive countries, this problem has moved to the background in comparison with the epidemiological situation of the beginning of the last century, nevertheless it is not solved completely. You can protect against the disease by grafting BCG.. Abbreviated OT Calmete Gena Bacill, French - Bacillus Calmette-Guérin, BCG..

Deciphering Vacation BCG

BCG vaccine was obtained Gernem and Calmetom based on bovine mycobacteria. Scientists 230 times rewn this strain in an uncomfortable for bacteria medium using bile and glycerin. Work on this began in the distant 1908. It turned out that after 4 years, the virulence for livestock disappeared. After 13 years since the beginning of the experiment, it turned out the elimination of virulence for monkeys, rabbits. The individuals participating in the experiment received protection against mycobacteria - they did not have a scary infection in the future.

Alber Calmet (Fr. Leon Charles Albert Calmette) and Jean-Marie Camille Gen (Fr. Jean-Marie Camille Guerin). Photo: estudiossocialesonline.com.

According to the results of many years of work, scientists have created a strain called their names - BCG. In 1921, the child was vaccinated in France for the first time. The drug was administered orally.

Today, the Vaccination and Revaccination of BCG is included in the list of mandatory in 31 Power, in 150 are recommended for the population. It is estimated that the grafted people on the planet are about 2 billion.

In the USSR, the medicine began to use since 1926. In 1941, domestic scientists invented a dry vaccine. It could be stored for more than a year, while the liquid used earlier retained its quality only 2 weeks. This development displaced the old form and applies to doctors to this day.

A vaccine is also developed containing a smaller amount of bacteria in 0.1 ml of the drug (in comparison with the first). Observations showed that it is enough to create a long time. BCG-M (decoding sounds like Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Weakened) applies to first vaccination, and for repeated preventive measures. And in our country, and in a number of powers in the CIS, it is the BCG-M - Vaccine of the first choice for primary immunization. The frequency of the occurrence of side effects for this drug is 5 times less than in comparison with the inherent BCG. However, scientists do not stop in the improvement of the drug. Now there is a task to completely get away from the use of living cultures. Probably, in the future, BCG will replace more efficient and safe toolcreated by methods genetic engineeringBut as long as the best protection against tuberculosis - BCG vaccine.

Vaccine tuberculosis (BCG-M). Photo: old.medach.pro.

It is curious: about the title! BCG is the reading of the foreign name BCG - abbreviations from Bacillus Calmette-Guérin.

History of BCG.

• In the USSR, the mandatory vaccination of infants existed from 1962. Russia adopted this rule. Citizens of our power also laid revaccination. The laws about vaccinations are established when they make BCG.
• In England, the mandatory acquisition of the BCG vaccine was accepted in 1953. Until recently, all children up to 13 years of age, as well as babies from the risk group received vaccinations. Vaccinations were subject to contact with tuberculosis patients. Statistics show that adolescents and young people are the most vulnerable age group, and immunization protection is preserved no more than 15 years. The population of England was massively injected during the peak of the prevalence of the disease. At the age of one hundred and year old, children massively get vaccinated in England. Now the British have vaccination, if there are risk factors. It is recommended to make BCG if a three-month (and longer) visit to the country with an unfavorable epidemiological situation is planned.
• In India, the mass use of the vaccine is made since 1948. This country has become the first non-European, who supported such a practice and rated, how terribly, from which the BCG vaccination takes place.
• In 1967, Brazil also supported immunization of the population. The laws of power oblige medical workers to regularly administer the BCG vaccine.
• In Germany, immediately after the II, the world adopted universal immunization. In those days, all German parents knew from which the newborn grafting of BCG would protect for many years. The practice remained until the 1998, when mandatory vaccination was canceled on the recommendation of the Koch Institute. This largely contributed to this (as in England) a favorable epidemiological situation. It is now practiced by selective immunization according to the testimony, so the parents have the right to choose whether to make a BTZH baby.
• In Malaysia, Singapore earlier vaccine injected babies, then re-12-year-old teenagers. At the beginning of this century, the scheme revised and the drug is administered only once - when a child is born. The next vaccination after the BCG is introduced in a month or later.
• Mass children's vaccination is distributed in Latvia and Lithuania, Estonia babies up to the year. At the same age, the children born in Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania are necessarily obtained. Similar to practice in Slovakia, where parents know exactly whether it is possible to walk after the BCG their children (yes, you can). At the age of one hundred and year old, the children are massively vaccinated in Malta, in Norway. This practice adhere to Greece and France, where the introduction of the BCG vaccine is mandatory.
• Abandoned the mass immunization of children Austrians and Belgians, Danes, Italians and Spaniards. Such a position adhere to doctors of Cyprus and Andorra, Sweden and Slovenia.
• Selective immunization of children is recommended in Switzerland, the Netherlands, the Czech Republic. Such practice is observed in Luxembourg. Although the reaction after the BCG is usually only local, the frequency of occurrence of tuberculosis in these countries is so small as they become a sufficient reason to refuse drug.

From what grafting BCG

BCG (Calmethae Gena Bacillus) - anti-tuberculosis vaccine. The pharmacies are sold in the form of lyophilisate. Immediately before use, the powder is bred, and the medicine is introduced into the skin.

Storage of the BCG vaccine in a divided form is not allowed!

The composition of the BCG vaccine

The composition of the BCG vaccine is 0.05 mg of microbial cells and stabilizer - sodium glutamate. Neither antibiotics, no preservatives in the medicine. A solvent is usually supplied in the kit. This, with which the solution is prepared.

In the instructions, the BCG vaccine is described as a porous mass resembling powder, or compressable in openwork tablet. This is a hygroscopic substance. Many consumers are wondering what the BCG vaccination looks like. In the diluted state, this containing flakes is a light liquid. With the introduction of the drug in the body, the vaccine strain of mycobacteria falls, which begins the reproduction and initiates the formation of prolonged.

BCG vaccine. Photo: Diabet-Control.ru.

Indications for vaccination

• babies born and living in the area with an unfavorable epidemiological situation;
• children, if they refer to a group of special risk, live in low endemic areas;
• persons regularly in contact with sources of mycobacteria.

In the latter case, this is especially true if mycobacterium has resistance to classical drugs. With constant contact with patients, not only one-time introduction of the BCG is shown: repeated is necessary, and the frequency is determined, based on the nuances of the situation.

Active prophylaxis is carried out if the frequency of occurrence of tuberculosis exceeds 80 cases per 100,000 people. If surrounded by a child, there are patients with tuberculosis, it is obligatory to vaccinate the BCG.

Contraindications for grafting BCG

• pronounced impairment impairment;
• congenital immunodeficiency (including suspicion of such);
• leukemia;
• multi-grade oncology;
• reception of the depressing immune system of drugs;
• pregnancy;
• vaccine can not be administered if the child is born prematurely, weighs less than 2.5 kg;
• vaccination is not made due to intrauterine hypotrophy (3-4 steps);
• if there are no analyzes for HIV mother during pregnancy, as well as the presence of a positive result of such an analysis. In this case, only at 18 months of age, accurate HIV status is established, after which they decide on the possibility of immunization. Although the BCG vaccination is postponed normally, it is recommended to change the drug on the BCH-M;
• you can not put a person during the period of acute disease or exacerbation of chronic. In this case, Introduces Introduction, waiting for recovery or achieve remission;
• the cause of the removal is the heavy blood diseases: BCG or prohibit, or transfer to a long time;
• if a person received immunosuppressants, a course of irradiation passed, vaccination is made six months or later.

It is curious: a removal of pregnancy! There is no confirmed information about the danger of immunization during the period of having a child. Vaccination is not carried out by virtue of well-established general practice.

Re-vaccination BCG.

• revaccination can not be carried out during the period of acute disease or exacerbation of the chronicles. This includes cases. BCG is used a month after recovery or remission;
• immunodeficiency;
  treatment with immunosuppressants, irradiation (the entire period and six months after it);
• infection with mycobacterium;
• non-negative result of the Mantu sample;
• severe reactions to the previous vaccination from tuberculosis;
• HIV infection.

If a person got another vaccination, you can enter the BCG a month after it - no earlier. An exception is the Vaccine BCG "IURON-VAK" used in cancer bladder.

IMURON-VAC (BCG vaccine for the treatment of bladder cancer). Photo: poisklekarsstv.com.

Consequences from the BCG vaccination

Many disputes about the need to vaccinate from tuberculosis are due to the fact that the BTZH relatively often causes sideflines. As a rule, these are local reactions - swelling, redness, papula, small ulcer. It is possible to raise the temperature after the BCG. In the primary introduction of the vaccine, the reaction is observed a month later and disappears in 2-3 months, although deviations are possible in timing. If the place of the placement of the BCG vaccination has flushed, there are no reasons for panic. With repeated immunization, the local response is fixed in the first two weeks. The zone must be protected from mechanical exposure. On average, in 95% of cases, vaccination leads to the appearance after the BCG of the scar (up to 1 cm). In rare cases, heavier reactions are observed.

Complications from BCG vaccination

• lymphadenitis;
• ulcer;
• keloid scar;
• abscess;
• lupus;
• osteomyelitis;
• allergic syndrome.

The risk of death is estimated at 0.19 per million vaccinated. Almost always the reason is the unintentional administration of the dose of the BCG vaccine, whose cell immunity is strongly weakened. Regional lymphadenitis is almost always observed on a very weak background immune system. Babies have a higher risk of purulent lymphadenitis. To avoid this, use BCG. BCG premature children do not introduce, always choosing a weakened version of the BCG.

BCG vaccination reaction. Photo: CGB-VUF74.ru.

Do I need to make BCG vaccination

Back in 1935, the test began to confirm the effectiveness of vaccinations. The results of the works that have been discovered up to 1975 are ambiguous. The best results were observed in North America, in the north of Europe. In the tropics fixed low protection or its complete absence. The reasons are called immunogenicity of strains, genetic stability, as well as the specifics of the effect of mycobacteria per person, depending on the climate. Bacillus with which the person meets every day give basic protection against mycobacteria. She, in turn, is strengthened by immunization. We conducted 10 studies that have proven that the average protection of a live bccine vaccine from tuberculosis reaches 86%.

It is curious: age plays a role! The reliability of vaccination is higher for newborns. The man older than the benefit of the vaccination is smaller, since at the age of 10 years and older tuberculosis is more often diagnosed in secondary form.

Many doubt the need for immunization, especially mass. WHO experts released a special document translated into many languages, telling why the BCG vaccination is so significant. Among people aged 15-59 years most of the victims are at tuberculosis. Among potentially lethal cases that manage to prevent, 26% provoked by it. In developing powers, young women most often die because of this disease, and not because of the complications of pregnancy, childbirth. The level of morbidity is regularly growing, especially in countries with a bad standard of living. Recent years are marked by the advent of mycobacteria resistant to drugs. This significantly impairs the prognosis of treatment, at the same time makes the process of therapy much more expensive. Introduction BCG Newborn is the best way to prevent disease.

Doctors beat the alarm: over the years, bacteria will produce resistance to our time, and then to newer and perfect. Of course, improving the economic situation leads to a decrease in the incidence rate, but it requires decades. The only thing you can do right now is to pass immunization. It will not prevent the re-activation of the latent disease, and this condition with a high probability leads to death, but the BCG vaccination warns the infection of children and adolescents and saves thousands of lives throughout the planet.

The BCG vaccine is inexpensive, it is available all over the world. The introduction of the drug may cause unwanted consequencesBut in general it is recognized as safe. Just one injection is enough. Of course, there are deficiencies, but at present, immunization is a life-saving measure in many powers. Every year about 100 million children first get vaccinated tuberculosis. BCG is the oldest vaccine used in the world. It is not necessary to know what denotes the abbreviation of the name (its decoding), but from which the BCG vaccination - should know anyone.

Doubts about the need for vaccination are due to the risk of the emergence of complications (more often - at the injection site of the BCG vaccine), as well as improved epidemiological situation in many countries. Unfortunately, everything is not so positive. Although in the developed powers, the incidence rate is low, the atypical forms of the disease are increasingly detected - the pathogen does not respond to medicines. This forces it to re-raise the question of the need for mass vaccination, and doctors once again explain, from what and when the BCG vaccination is doing. The strains used by doctors occur from isolate created by gerne and calmeth, but they did not stop on this work. Over the years, new strains, featuring a phenotype, genotype invented invented. In many ways, because of this, it is difficult to list which BCG vaccines exist - there are many of them.

From the 1956st WHO kept the sowing series in order to warn new changes. Bacills are extracted from the seed material and are cultivated in specific conditions, then filtered and concentrated, diluted. In the divorced drug there are not only living bacteria, but also dead. None of the famous strains has obvious advantages; Everyone gives immunity after BCG. Scientists did not come to a common opinion regarding the optimal strain, which would follow to all.

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex or Koch sticks. Photo: Sharestory.me.

Expert opinion on the significance of the BCG vaccine

Senkin Tatyana Ivanovna, a candidate of medical sciences, a pulmonologist, a physiara.

Senkin Tatyana Ivanovna, Candidate of Medical Sciences, Pulmonologist, FTICITATR

"In 1921, a BCG vaccine was used in France for the first time to prevent tuberculosis in a child of 6 years. Further observations of this child for 5 years have shown that he did not get sick with tuberculosis.

In the USSR, BCG vaccination began since 1926, first as scientific research.

To the thirties - fortieth year, clinical observations of vaccinated BCG children and a control group of children who did not receive a vaccine were completed. It was established that the incidence of tuberculosis among children who received a vaccine is 7 times less than that of unvaccinated. In addition, if there appeared cases of tuberculosis in graft children, then the forms of tuberculosis were not complicated with a favorable outcome.

Valued various methods of introducing vaccine, including oral. In the course of scientific works, the most optimal method of introducing a vaccine - intradermal. Unfortunately, the duration of the storage of the vaccine was a brief, which made it difficult to transport in the country.

Since 1937, work began on finding methods for elongation of vaccine storage. In 62, WHO approved the requirements for a dry vaccine. Each country produces a BCG vaccine with different content of viable mycobacteria involved in the creation of immunity. In the Russian Vaccine, BCG (Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology. Gamalei N.F.) contains 8 million / mg of living bacteria. In the vaccination dose domestic vaccine There are 500-600 thousand bacteria capable of growth in nutritional environments.

Clinical observations of the body's reaction to the BCG vaccination are confirmed by the data of pathomorphologists. Main changes are developing in the system lymph nodes, Reticulo-endothelial liver, spleen and lungs. Changes in the body with the introduction of the vaccine begin in the first weeks after vaccination and increase in 3-4 months.

After 4-6 weeks after vaccination At the site of intradermal administration of the vaccine, a specific reaction in the form of infiltrate with a diameter of 5-8 mm with a small nodule in the center is developing. The nodule increases in size, turns into a pustul with caseaseous content. Pustula can open up, a drop of thick pus is standing out - caseosa. A hemorrhagic crust is formed over the sprouting Pustula, under which the Kazos is accumulated again. After 2-3 days, the crust is removed, the cyaseosa drop is removed. And so several times. Each time the crust is becoming smaller in diameter, the post is gradually formed by a post.Part of the children (about 16% of all grafted BCGs), the Rubber is not formed, which is due to congenital peculiarities of immunity. But this does not mean that the child received a BCG vaccine, who later did not form the post-specific Rubber, is not protected from tuberculosis. Local vaccination reaction does not require any intervention. In children with a normal immunity, the BCG vaccine does not cause any pathologies.

Currently, in addition to the BCG vaccine since 1986 used bCG-M vaccine For gentle immunization. This vaccine differs from the BCG vaccine in the fact that in the vaccination dose there is a smaller number of dead microbial bodies, which contributes to a decrease in non-specific allergic effects on the human body.

Since 2020 planned cancel the revaccinations of BCG and BCG-M at 7 years and 14 years. That is, the child must be vaccinated from the tuberculosis once, preferably in early childhood. "

When the BCG vaccine

The vaccination from tuberculosis makes 3-7 days after birth. Revaccination is shown at the age of 6-7 years. Sometimes the BCG is introduced per year or at another age, if there were reassessions as standard. The BCG vaccination after a year requires the preliminary sample of Mantu.

BCG Graph vaccines. Photo: Deskgram.cc.

What to do if vaccination timing is violated

The vaccination calendar states that the child should get a vaccine on the 1st week of life. The second grafting of BCG is being done - at 7 years old. Due to different reasons (illness and other), a removal is possible during this period. This does not mean that vaccination is not needed in principle. The doctor will appreciate the patient's condition, analyzes the reason for the removal, will explain how many times the BCH is usually done, and choose a more appropriate time to make an injection if there is no stringent contraindications.

Where do BCG vaccination

The drug is introduced intraderially. Motherwise dose BCG Children - 0.05 mg. To dissolve the powder, 0.1 ml of sodium chloride is used.

Primary vaccination is usually shown on the day of discharge from the maternity hospital. If removal is revealed, vaccination is prescribed immediately after recovery. Usually after the hospital, the BCG does not use, preferring the BCG-M. If the age of the child is two months and older, first it is necessary to test the manta. The personal map indicates the date of the event, the name of the vaccine, the manufacturer, its shelf life and the number of the series. By the way, the opinion that it is impossible to bathe after the BCG is only a common myth. Water is safe, but to rub and scratch the zone is really forbidden.

• The vaccine is posted under vacuum conditions, so you need to first exercise the ampoule, only then break the head. One ampoule contains 10 doses.
• The syringe into the ampoule is transferred 1 ml of liquid and expect a dissolution of one minute. Ready drug - a coarse suspension; Color - white, grayish or light yellow. It must be used immediately. From light protected by a black paper cylinder. For the divorced Vaccine BCG shelf life is an hour.
• Two doses of the vaccine are gaining 2 doses of the vaccine, half the tools produce a needle, squeezing air. Having gained syringe, immediately make an injection.
• BCG vaccine is introduced intraderially. Zone - left shoulder, outdoor, border of the first and second third.
• Pre-disinfection of the plot with alcohol.
• The needle slice is introduced into the stretched skin. At first they put a very little medicine to check the correctness of the needle position, then the rest.
• If the white papule appears after the introduction, it means that the injection is made correctly. After the introduction of the BCG size of the papula - up to 9 mm. The trace is saved about half an hour. This reaction to the BCG in the child is an absolute norm.

The danger of abscess after BCG with proper introduction is minimal.

Where do the vaccination of BCG newborns. Photo: Slide-Share.ru.

Preparation for vaccine BCG

Specific measures are not required. The doctor examines the child, checks the temperature. Parents give official voluntary consent.

In some cases, it is necessary to further examine the child or to show a narrow specialist. The need for such measures will determine the attending physician, assessing the risks of the appearance of complications after the BCG vaccination.

If the child is over 2 months old, first it is necessary to test the manta sample, according to the results of which the possibility of immunization is determined. At the reception, the doctor will explain, after how many days after Mantu BCG can be administered without fears. The period is from 3 to 14 days.

There are no special rules regulating what to do after the BCG vaccination.

The introduction of other vaccines is allowed only after a month or more after the BCG vaccination. If a person gained some vaccinations earlier, before the introduction of BCG should pass at least a month. Exception is primary.

BCG-M - gentle version of the BCG vaccine. In one dose there is 0.025 mg of living bacteria. Abbreviated twice the number of bacteria is the main difference BCG from BCG-M.

Indications for BCG-M

• premature
• weighing less than 2.5 kg babies;
• unmunized for children.

Vaccine BCG-M. Photo: khersonline.net

Contraindications to BCG-M

The BCG-M cannot be used with weight of the child less than 2 kg, in the case of acute disease, primary immunodeficiency, cancer. The drug is contraindicated against the background of treatment with immunosuppressants, irradiation. To the use of BCG-M contraindications are considered:

• the presence in the family of individuals with generalized tuberculosis;
• HIV infection of the mother.

Side effects

After the BCG-M less often observed adverse reactionsBut they are possible. Advantageously, these are local skin manifestations - swelling, redness, superficial scar.

Vaccination scheme

The effect of the vaccine is identical to the BCG: the strain that falls into the body causes a cellular reaction leading to the formation of prolonged immunity. Immunization is shown by the newborn: BCG-M must be administered in the first week of life. Re-administration is shown in 7 years, if the pre-made manta test gave a negative result. If the vaccination did not do in the first week, you can pass immunization in the first 2 months of life without prior diagnosis of tuberculosis. If more than 2 months have passed, first you need to make a manta sample.

Instructions for the BCG-M vaccine indicates the need to introduce into the skin.

• The dose is dissolved in 0.1 ml of sodium chloride immediately before use.
• Two doses are gaining in the syringe, the piston is added to the level of 0.1 ml and introduced the drug in the left shoulder (outer side).
• At first, the skin is disinfected, then stretched, administered the needle, check the correctness of the introduction and produce all the medicine from the syringe. This leads to the emergence of a standard reaction to the BCG-M: white papules about 9 mm diameter. Normally, it disappears in the next half an hour.

Diagram of administration bCG-M vaccines. Photo: Yandex.ru.

Output

Although recently there are many disputes about the need to make vaccinations in general and the prevention of tuberculosis in particular, most doctors believe that vaccination is vital. For and against BCG, many authoritative scientists are expressed. Much depends on the epidemiological situation in the area of \u200b\u200bresidence, but it should be remembered that even in a prosperous area there is a danger of infection. In adverse conditions, it is unacceptable, and the vaccine is the only measure of preventing the hardest disease.

Undoubtedly, the arguments of opponents are no less well: the use of the BCG vaccine provokes adverse reactions. Although those are severe very rarely, the risks remain. If they are comparable or higher than the danger of tuberculosis infection, if the medical policy in the country and the features of the epidemiological situation are allowed, you can abandon vaccination. In some cases, no arguments can outweigh the benefit of long-term protection from tuberculosis.

The purpose of any vaccination is the formation of an uninfected person, artificially created immunity. In the case of anti-tuberculosis immunization, a high resistance to pathogenic mycobacteriums is formed in the body of the intake - koch sticks.

In our country, it is struggling with this disease and its type: BCG vaccine M - anti-tuberculosis remedy, one of the first, which is done by the baby back in the maternity hospital.

Decoding, composition and mechanism of action

All over the world, the PCG strain (or Bacillus Calmette-Guerin) is used to prevent tuberculosis.

The Immunoprophylaxis of BCG M usually takes place on the 3-7 day of the life of crumbs. And the sooner it will be done, the faster the immunity of the newborn will "get acquainted" with a viral agent and can resist him.

Vaccination BCG M is particularly shown in the following situations:

• small weight infants: 2 kg a day before discharge from the maternity hospital. If the body's body is 2.3 kg and higher, vaccination takes place in the medical hospital for premature newborns;
• in the absence of planned tuberculosis vaccination due to;
• with revaccination. It is conducted in healthy children in 7 and 14 years having a negative test manta. A break between the "button" and the re-vaccination of the BCG M is from 3 days to 2 weeks;
• the tendency of the baby to;
• with different neuralgias, generic injury or immaturity infants;
• when the epidemiological threshold is exceeded in the residence region.

Produces a vaccine largest in our country Pharmaceutical Corporation "Microgen".

Technique of introduction and dose for newborns

Before injection, a dry vaccine (for 20 doses) is diluted with 2 ml of the Na Cl solution (included in the kit). Complete dissolution occurs after 1 minute. Then the divorced drug volume 2 ml is gained in 2 ml syringe. This is 2 doses.

Then, a half of the solution (0.1 ml) is released through the needle, blending the air, and tiping the syringe piston to 0.1 ml. This vaccine volume contains 0.025 mg of the drug for gentle injection.

Injection is introduced intradermode into the left shoulder. The needle is carefully pierced the top layer of the skin and injected a small part of the solution, and then the whole dose.

If everything is done correctly at the injection site in 4-6 weeks, it is formed:

• first, the seal with a diameter of 7-10 mm;
• then the suppuration covered with a crust;
• and in the end - the Rubber with Pigmentation. It reaches the size of 0.3-1.0 cm to the 2-4th month (maybe later) in 95% of cases.

Vaccine cannot be used if:

• there is no label on the ampoule or it is a fire;
• the shelf life came out;
• ampoule is damaged;
• the drug itself is modified (flakes are formed in the powder).

One syringe is given only 1 child.

Contraindications to use

Refusal of vaccination for children is possible in the following cases:

• birth weight less than 2.5 kg;
• the aggravation of chronic pathologies. For example: various neuralgias, intrauterine infections, skin disease;
• mother;
• primary immunodeficiency;
• generalized tuberculosis identified in other children in the family;
• radiation therapy.

Revaccination is contraindicated, if:

• the reaction of Mantu turned out to be positive or in doubt;
• vental complications were identified for the previous injection of BCG;
• immunodeficiency and oncology. In this case, the vaccine-philaxis is possible only a year after the end of treatment.

In our country, immunization of newborns from tuberculosis is produced immediately in maternity hospitals specially trained personnel who have certificate access. Parents are informed about the upcoming procedure.

Side reactions and complications after vaccination

The frequency of unwanted manifestations at Vaccination BCG M is very low: 15: 100,000 grafts.

Among the side effects there are such local lesions as:

• increased papule seal;
• ulcers and cold abscesses;
• lymphadenites.

These complications are the result of incorrect injection techniques. In difficult cases, there is a widespread infection (BCG), which manifests itself in the form of a lupus or an acceit.

However, it is well amenable to therapy. In immunokomplete-plated kids, the bartzhit can give it. A very rare complication is a keloid.

More often occurs in adolescents. In this case, the scar tissue is raised, becomes very dense and zudit. Color scar blue brown. The reason is bad heredity in the applied.

It should be noted: complications occur in a gentle vaccine 4 times less frequently (compared to the usual BCG), which makes this drug preferred in the immunoprophylaxis of newborns.

Shelf life and storage conditions

The drug is suitable for 12 months from the date of manufacture. Then the means is subject to disposal. Storage is carried out at a temperature: 2-8 ° C in places inaccessible to children.

Tuberculosis refers to common dangerous infectious diseases that can affect any organ human organism. However, more often infection is developing in the lungs, infection in this case occurs with air-droplet. According to statistics, each patient with an open form of tuberculosis is able to infect about 15 people annually. And in the absence of timely therapy, pathology can lead to the patient's death. Therefore, the BCG vaccination is widely used in Russia, which allows you to protect the child's body from a deadly disease.

What is the BCG?

BCG vaccination is a vaccination against tuberculosis. Immunization is carried out using a special vaccine, which is created on the basis of strains of a live tuberculous stick. The microorganism is not dangerous for humans, because it is pre-inactivated. The main purpose of vaccination is the prevention of tuberculosis.

Important! After the introduction of the vaccine, a person is able to infect tuberculosis. However, immunization prevents the flow of hidden infection in an open disease.

Vaccination allows you to protect the child from severe forms of the disease: tuberculosis meningitis, bone damage, deadly molds of lung infection. Given the importance of vaccination, the BCG vaccination makes newborn children in the maternity hospital in the absence of contraindications. It helps reduce the percentage of morbidity. infectious disease Among children.

Decryption and composition of the vaccine

The BCG abbreviation is the direct read of the BCG Latin symbols, which are decoded as Bacillus Calmette-Guerin. The BCG vaccine was created in 1921 scientists Cathette and Herern. Doctors managed to allocate isolate of various subtypes of the causative agent of the disease - Mycobacteria BOVIS.

The composition of the drug today remains unchanged. BCG vaccine includes various subtypes of tuberculosis pathogen. The World Health Organization stores all series of mycobacteria strains that are used to create a drug. The culture of microorganisms for vaccination is obtained by sowing Bacill to the nutrient medium. During the week, bacillins grow and develop, after which the causative agent is allocated, filtered, concentrated. As a result, the BCG vaccine is obtained, which contains dead and lively weakened cells of mycobacteria.

Important! The number of microorganisms in a single dose of the drug is not the same. This parameter depends on the base of the base of the bacillos, the peculiarities of the production of the vaccine.

Most modern vaccine drugs are based on one of these strains of mycobacteria:

• French subtype "Pasteur" 1173 P2;
• Tokyo strain 172;
• Strain "Glaxo" 1077;
• Danish subtype 1331.

Listed strains are characterized by the same efficiency.

Vaccines

The following types of BCG vaccinations are widely used in Russia:

• Directly BCG. It is intended for vaccination of dead newborn children in the hospital;
• BCG-M. The drug is administered to children who were born ahead of time, newborns when vaccinating in the context of the district polyclinic after discharge of a child from the maternity hospital. The vaccine is characterized by a reduced content of mycobacteria.

When is immunization?

The BCG vaccination is carried out by babies in the hospital in the territory of states with dysfunctional epidemiological situation on tuberculosis. This allows you to minimize the risk of infection. On the territory of Russia, the livestock vaccination of newborns is held since 1962.

According to numerous studies, more than 66% of the inhabitants of the planet are carriers of the pathogen of tuberculosis - Mycobacteria BOVIS. However, doctors failed to establish the reasons for the transition of pathology from carriage to a pronounced infectious process. It is believed that antisanitarying and poor nutrition can be acting provoking factors.

Vaccination schedule

The first grafting of BCG children is held in the hospital for $ 3-5 after the child's appearance. The exception is premature children. This allows you to form a reliable immunity in a child during the year.

However, to maintain antibodies to the BOVIS mycobacteria at the proper level, children need to carry out revaccination during life. Therefore, the next vaccination makes children at 7 years old, and the last one at 14 years old. Conducting more frequent revaccination does not make sense. The introduction of other vaccines is only a few months later.

Between the vaccinations against tuberculosis, the manta sample should be carried out annually, which allows you to determine the body's reaction to a set of mycobacteria. If the reaction is negative, the child needs to conduct revaccination. With a positive reaction, it is necessary to exclude the development of tuberculosis. In such cases, children are sent to the phthisiatra.

Basic contraindications

• The weight of the newborn baby is below 2.5 kg;
• The child was born in a woman infected with HIV;
• Development of intrauterine infections;
• The baby was born in a woman who has an immunodeficiency in the history of primary or secondary origin;
• The presence of severe hemolytic disease in the newborn;
• If during childbirth, the child was injured, which provoked damage to the brain;
• If in the environment of the child there are persons infected with tuberculosis;
• In the presence of a common urgent damage to the skin;
• When detecting genetic pathologies: Down syndrome, enzymeopathy;
• If close relatives of children have different complications after the BCZH vaccination in history;
• Acute infectious diseases;
• In the presence of malignant neoplasms.

From revaccination should be abandoned in such cases:

• Acute course of infectious diseases;
• Allergic reactions;
• Signs of aggravation of chronic pathologies;
• Immunodeficiency states;
• Conducted manta test has a dubious or positive reaction;
• Various oncopathology in history;
• Against the background of the reception of immunosuppressants and radiation therapy;
• The presence of tuberculosis;
• Complicated reaction to the previous BCG vaccination;
• Contact with people infected with tuberculosis.

Before grafting the BCG, the doctor is obliged to ask his parents and inspect the child to make sure there are no contraindications. After all, complications after the administration of the drug occur solely when non-compliance with contraindications.

Features of the vaccination of the child in the hospital

On the territory of Russia, BCG in newborns is carried out after vaccination against hepatitis. This is due to the peculiarities of the vaccine preparation - the body produces immunity against tuberculosis for 2-4 months. Therefore, they do not recommend loading the child in this period of other vaccines.

Usually, the BCG vaccination is carried out before the discharge of newborns from the maternity hospital (3-6 days). Injection is made in the outer part of the left shoulder. The BCG vaccine should be administered intradermally through one puncture or several. During vaccination, a disposable syringe should be used, in which the angle has a short cut.

Important! In case of erroneous introduction of the BCG vaccination under the skin or inside the muscle, complications are inevitably developed.

You need to accurately carry out the existing technique of administration to prevent complications in newborns. Before entering the needle, a slightly stretch the skin area. Next, a little BZTS vaccine is introduced. It helps to assess the correctness of the introduction of the needle. At intradermal arrangement, the injection of the drug continues. After grafting the BCG norm, the occurrence of a flat papule (whiten tuber) is considered, the size of which does not exceed 10 mm. Such education is kept no more than 2 hours, after it disappears on its own.

Normal reaction to BCG

After vaccination in the maternity hospital, a slight increase in body temperature to subfebritery is possible. This reaction is associated with the imperfection of thermoregulation mechanisms in a child, develops quite rarely. At the injection site within a few days after vaccination, there is a small redness, perhaps the suppuration that takes place for 6-8 days.

Normally, the reaction to the BCG vaccine is developing on 28-32 days. At the injection site in newborns, hennament of small size, swelling, sealing and crust crust occurs. And it is also possible to change the color of the skin. Such manifestations are the norm, so they should not scare parents. So the child's body reacts to the flow of pathogenic microorganisms, producing immunity.

Important! Some people have congenital immunity to mycobacteriums. In such cases, there is no local response at the injection site.

Crust Corusts can periodically disappear and occur again, for example, during water procedures. For 2-3 months, the wound heals, leaving on the skin a small scar (no more than 1 cm). The final immunity against the tuberculosis in the child is formed by 1 year. If the medical records are lost, the doctor will be able to appreciate whether the child will be vaccinated against tuberculosis on the presence of a scicure.

Features of a normal reaction

And also normally, newborn children develop such a reaction to the BCG within 1-1.5 months:

• BCG has a child blushed. Redness and slight suppuration - norm. Hyperemia at the injection site can be maintained even after the scar is formed. However, redness should not spread to the surrounding tissues;
• Empty after grafting BCG. The area where the vaccine was introduced should be a small hennament that has a crust in the middle. In this case, the surrounding tissues should not be subject to change. If the child develops red and swelling around the BCG, then you need to consult with your doctor. This may indicate the accession of secondary infection;
• Itching at the site of vaccination in newborns. This symptom is a normal post-specific response after the BCG. Usually develops against the background of the swelling at the injection site. Older children celebrate the appearance of the feeling that something inside the gun is moving. Such reaction is the norm, the degree of its severity is determined by the individual characteristics of the child;
• The BCG vaccine can lead to an increase in temperature in newborn children. However, in the norm, hyperthermia does not exceed subfebrile values. If the temperature rise after the introduction of the BCG vaccine is noted in a patient in 7 or 14 years, then you need to consult with the phthisiaater.

Complications after BCG.

Normal vaccination reaction at the site of vaccination - jacket and scar in the area of \u200b\u200bthe injection. However, if the BCG vaccine was imposed incorrectly, the doctor did not take into account the contraindications, it is possible to develop complications after vaccination.

Important! Complications - heavy conditionswhich lead to a child's health disorder require medical intervention.

In rare cases, the following complications develop after the introduction of the vaccine:

• The development of lymphadenitis is a disease that leads to inflammation of lymph nodes. After vaccination, such a reaction is found only in 1 child from 1 thousand grafted newborn children. In 90% of cases, complications occur in children with severe immunodeficiency. If the size of the lymph node exceeds 1 cm in diameter, then such cases are carried out surgical treatment;
• Osteomyelitis. The reason for the development of complications is the use of a low-quality vaccine;
• The occurrence of cold abscess. The reaction appears after vaccination, which was intraderly. Pathological education is formed up to 1.5 months after the introduction of the vaccine. The treatment of abscess implies its removal by surgical path;
• The development of extensive ulcers in the injection site, the diameter of which can reach 1 cm. This reaction is developing in children with increased sensitivity to vaccine ingredients. In such cases, the child needs local treatment. IN medical documentation It should be asked about the development of complications;
• Keloid scar. Education is a red and sweeping area of \u200b\u200bthe skin on the injection site. In such cases, it should be abandoned from revaccination throughout life;
• The development of generalized BCG infection. This reaction relates to severe pathologies, develops against the background of severe immunodeficiency in the child. Frequency complications - 1 child per 1 million graft children;
• The occurrence of bone tuberculosis. The first signs of the disease are developing 2 years after vaccination. The development of this complication demonstrates serious violations in the child's immunity.

How to prevent the development of complications?

The BCG vaccination is usually moved well, leads to the formation of persistent immunity against tuberculosis. However, if contraindications were not taken into account, the technique of administration of the drug was broken, the conditions for the storage and transportation of the vaccine were not complicated, complications are developing. To avoid the development of hazardous reactions, such recommendations should be followed:

• Prior to vaccination, conduct an allergation for compatibility of vaccine with the body. This will prevent complications in the form of an allergic reaction;
• After vaccination, antiseptic solutions should not be used to treat the skin at the injection site, because they are able to disrupt the normal posting process;
• No need to squeeze the pus, to apply the iodine mesh on the gun. If the vaccine's injection site will appear separately, it is enough to get into its sterile napkin;
• Parents should carefully ensure that the child does not comb on the introduction of the vaccine. This will help prevent the addition of secondary infection;
• A few days before vaccination or revaccination in 7 and 14 years old, new food is not introduced into the diet. New dishes can provoke allergic reactionwhich can be accepted for complicing after BCG.

Do BCG do: pros and cons

Many are interested, whether it is worth making the BCG vaccination. What is more in vaccination against tuberculosis: benefit or harm to the health of the child? The BCG vaccination has the following advantages:

• In rare cases, it causes severe consequences and complications;
• No special care for the area where the vaccine was introduced;
• After vaccination, immunity against tuberculosis occurs, which helps reduce the risk of infection with mycobacterium BOVIS;
• In infecting tuberculosis, the disease occurs in a light form;
• Helps reduce the risk of fatal outcome.

However, the BCG vaccine also has a number of shortcomings:

• In violation of the conditions for the storage and introduction of the vaccine, non-compliance with the existing contraindications is developing hazardous complications;
• Slow formation of a rump, which is noted in rare cases.

Important! Rumors about the presence of hazardous substances vaccine (mercury, formalin, phenol, polysorbate) do not have scientific grounds under them.

Making the BCG vaccination or not to solve parents, weighing the existing advantages and disadvantages of the vaccine. Before conducting revaccination, the child needs a comprehensive examination to determine the presence of contraindications to the introduction of the vaccine drug. And also need a manta test, which makes it possible to exclude infection with tuberculosis. These actions will help reduce the risk of developing severe post-specific reactions.