The federal territory of India, which is located in the seventh place in the world in the area, and the second largest population is held by the considerable territory of South Asia.

This is a country that is distinguished by a large variety of nationalities, as well as the rapid growth and development of industry.

Population

India can rightly be considered a favorable shelter for representatives of all sorts of nationalities. In confirmation, this can be clarified that in despite the fact that Hindi is considered to be a state language, another 14 constitutional languages \u200b\u200bwere approved in the country, including English, Sanskrit, Marathi, Assami and others.

Eighty years ago, during the colonies, mortality exceeded the birth rate, and medium duration Life barely reached up to 30 years. Two dozen years, the demographic situation of the country has improved dramatically, since it began to actively develop health care, and each family was promoted to produce at least two children. Today, the population growth is so rapid that 5 years in the number of residents of India will surpass China. That is why in the country the last decade of one of the significant problems is unemployment - more than 20% of workable inhabitants have no permanent job or are partially engaged.

Although India cannot be called an urbanized state, still the urban population exceeds rural several times. For this indicator, India also ranks second in the world. The main part of the citizens works in trade and service sector. It is worth indicating that the largest cities of India do not differ sufficient comfort, even on the contrary - a plurality of "bastic" slums, lack of water supply and sewerage, problems with transportation, regular traffic jams per hour of peak, poor conditions for the urban population. A life rural population You can call more comfortable.

India industry

The sphere of services occupies the main part of the internal gross product of India. The most developed industries include energy, ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical and light industry, since it is these spheres that are state property And make a huge contribution to the GDP of India.

Energy

(Thermal power station North Chennai, India)

Despite the fact that energy in the country at the stage of rapid development, the main part of the population satisfies its household fuel needs through waste of agricultural activities and firewood. Stone coal is mined mainly in the northeast, and the cost of its transportation is quite high and economically unjustified. The treatment of oil deposits is practically underdeveloped, therefore, it is mainly processed by imported raw materials. Therefore, the center of the energy industry is HPP and NPPs. Nevertheless, the Nuclear Energy Program received a rapid development in India.

Metallurgy

(Metallurgical plant in Bhilai, India)

Black metallurgy is one of the main industries of India, because the country has a large number of ore and coal deposits. The richest sources are the city of Calcutta. The focus of the largest plants of the metallurgical industry is located in the eastern part of the country. Basically, the work of the factories is aimed at providing state needs. Nevertheless, India exports some minerals, among which mica, manganese and iron ore. It should be noted that the metallurgical industry is characterized by smelting aluminum, as the country has its own large stocks of the necessary raw materials. All other non-ferrous metals India receives through imports.

Mechanical engineering

(Convery assembly of car manual labor)

Over the past decade, the machine-building industry in India has reached its apogee. Aviation, SPEY, Card and Automotive, Releasing almost all types of necessary transport equipment began to develop rapidly. About forty-diverse enterprises that are mainly in large cities are the grounds of mechanical engineering and produce necessary details due to their own machine-building complex.

Textile and chemical industry

(Textile industry)

About two tens of millions of inhabitants of India work in the textile industry. Today, it is investing many foreign representatives of textile business. Due to this industry, the state economy has greatly strengthened. Huge profits (more than 30 billion dollars) The country's treasury receives from the sale of products of the chemical industry: mineral fertilizers, plastics, chemical fibers, rubber. Now most factories have sent their efforts on organic synthesis.

India agriculture

(Collection of traditional Indian tea)

India's agriculture is mainly aimed at agriculture and growing a variety of food crops (rice, wheat). In the world, tea, cotton and tobacco exported from India is appreciated. The climate of the country allows you to grow these cultures and distribute the quality product far abroad. Estimated with animal husbandry hinders the Hinduism common in the state, which promotes vegetarianism and even processing the skins considers low and sinful craft. But agriculture does not suffer from this, since the inhabitants of India can do rabbishodium all year, which gives them a constant stable income.

First you need to remember which climate prevails in India. It is in the subequatorial belt, it means that there is a fairly warm winter and a hot summer. In the winter months, the thermometer column holds at the marks from +19 to +24, and in the summer the temperature may rise to + 40ºС. The amount of precipitation in the West and the East of the country is very different. While the East receives a lot of precipitation, the western part of India suffers from drought.

The presence of all these factors explains the presence of a variety of soil. In India, you can meet with yellow, urinous, alluvial soils, as well as tropical black soils. Each of these soils is characterized by fertility and combined with a mild climate contributes to the development of agriculture. This industry is not new for India, she took its beginning in antiquity. To appear as many squares as possible for sowing and growing plants, many forests were cut down, the dams were built and many irrigation canals were built. Now in India, farmers can collect during the year not one, but as 4 yields.

What distinguishes India's agriculture from other regions

Although agriculture has great potential as the developed industry and at almost ideal conditions for its even better development, almost 30% of peasants remain very poor. Huge areas belong to rich landowners who hire residents at favorable conditions for themselves. Peasants who do not have their own land plots are forced to agree on these conditions in order to somehow feed themselves. In addition to major landowners, small agricultural farms are found, which have bad productivity. In general, the country is the world leader in the number of people engaged in this industry. For state and small private enterprises, the so-called "Green Revolution", which helped to make changes in the work and methods of sowing and leaving plants.

Agriculture structure

The main direction of agriculture in India is crust. This is due to several factors. First, as the developing country India focuses on crop production, because this industry is quick-reaching and requires less material costs. Secondly, the development of animal husbandry is hampered by the local traditions of the population of India (for the cow Hindus is considered to be sacred animals and these animals cannot be killed). Although the number of large and small cattle in India occupies the first places in the world, mostly these animals are not eaten as food, but as a political force.

Livestock breeding

Despite the huge livestock population, its productivity is not big and as a branch, animal husbandry in India is not well developed. However, fishing is developed in the country, in particular India is a major exporter of shrimp and frogs. Poultry farming, as the breeding of other animals is not developed very well. This can also be explained by the fact that the Hindus is predominantly vegetarians. The country has developed skin production and in the world market India ranks first in this industry.

Breeding of plant cultures

The main culture in India is rice. It is mostly grown in the southeastern part of Indo-Ganga lowland. Also large crop gives wheat and millet. These cultures are growing mainly in the northwestern part of the country. Among cultural plants suitable in food in the country are grown by corn, various vegetables, fruits, legumes. Among the fruit crops are great demand bananas, papaya and mango. India occupies a leading place in the world to export tea and sugar cane. The main source of fats in the country are oilseeds, such as peanuts, sesame and cashew nuts. In addition to these plants, rubber, cotton, flax and rapeseed are grown here. And of course India is known for its spices. It is here that they grow and supply Cardamom, carnation, turmeric, ginger and black pepper around the world.

The agricultural sector, which was so long the stronghold of the Indian economy, is now only approximately 20% of the gross national product, however, employs 60% of the population. For several years after independence, India depended on foreign assistance in the satisfaction of its food needs. In the past 50 years, the food industry is steadily growing mainly due to the increase in the number of irrigated land and the widespread use of highly productive seeds, fertilizers and pesticides. The country has large grain reserves (about 45 million tons) and is the global grain exporter.

Commodity crops, especially tea and coffee bring the main export income. India is the world's largest tea producer, annually producing about 470 thousand tons, of which 200 thousand tons are exported. India also takes about 30% of the global spice market, the export of which is about 120,000 tons per year.

In agriculture of India, large contrasts still remain - large plantations are adjacent to small peasant farms. Many peasants have little land or do not have it at all. In most villages there are no electricity at all. On the area of \u200b\u200birrigated land (54.8 million hectares), India ranks first in the world. The share of agricultural products in the export of India is 15%.

The main consumer cultures of India are rice and wheat. Modern India mainly provides its food needs, although at a very low level of about 250 kg per capita. In the southeastern part of Indo-Gangskaya lowland, the main risodic zone of India is located, where rice is cultivated in the Harif season (May-September) for monsoon rains, and in the season of Rabi (October-April) artificial irrigation is used.

Livestock plays an important role in India's agriculture. By the number of large livestock cattle (221.9 million tons) India ranks first in the world, but for meat consumption - one of the last in the world, which is explained by the religious views of the Indians - in Hinduism of the cow is a sacred animal. There are 58.8 million sheep, 18 million pigs, 9 million camels.

India ranks second in the world in terms of agricultural production. Agriculture and sectors with which it is connected, such as forestry and fisheries, amounted to 15.7% of GDP in 2009-10 Fin. G., used 52.1% of the entire labor force, and despite the steady decline in the share in GDP, are still the largest sector of the economy and the essential component of the socio-economic development of India. The crops of all grain crops have grown since 1950, due to special attention to agriculture in five-year plans and sustainable improvement of technologies, the use of modern agricultural methods and the provision of agricultural loan and subsidies.

However, comparisons with other countries of the world show that the average harvest in India is only a 30% -50% of the highest medium crop among the countries of the world. Indian states of Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Madia Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal and Maharashtra - key agricultural regions of India.

In India, 546,820 square kilometers of land square are irrigated, or approximately 39% of all arable land. India's internal water resources including rivers, channels, water bodies and lakes and marine resources, including the eastern and west coasts of the Indian Ocean and other bays, provide employment for almost six million people in the fish industry. In 2008, India had a third largest fish industry in the world.

India is the largest producer in the world of milk, jute and pulse, and also has a second largest cattle population in the world - 175 million animals in 2008. India is the second largest rice manufacturer, wheat, sugarcane, cotton and peanuts, as well as the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables (10.9% and 8.6% of world fruit and vegetable production, respectively). India is also the second largest manufacturer and the largest consumer of silk in the world (77 million tons in 2005).

Agriculture based on textile raw materials, roots and tubers cultures, impulses grown fish, eggs, coconut, sugar cane and numerous vegetables. India is part of the top five largest producers in the world over 80% of agricultural points produce, including many commercial crops, such as coffee and cotton, in 2010, India is one of the five largest livestock manufacturers and poultry meat, with one of the fastest Growth rates, as of 2011.

One report since 2008 argued, the population of India grows faster than its ability to produce rice and wheat. Other recent studies argue that India can easily feed the growing population, plus wheat and rice production for global exports, if it can reduce food paper clips, improve infrastructure and increase its farm performance to achievable other developing countries, such as Brazil and China.

In the fiscal year ended in June 2011, with a normal monsoon season, Indian agriculture performing a record production of the total time of 85.9 million tons of wheat, 6.4% more compared to a year earlier. Rice production in India is a new record of 95.3 million tons, which is 7% compared with a year earlier. Lentils and production of many other food clips also increased over the year. Indian farmers thus produced about 71 kg of wheat and 80 kg of rice for each member of the Indian population in 2011, the soul of rice supplies in India annually is currently higher than rice per capita every year in Japan.

India exported $ 39 billion agricultural products in 2013, which makes it the seventh largest exporter of agricultural products all over the world, and the sixth largest net exporter. This means explosive growth, as in 2004, net exports were about $ 5 billion. India is the fastest growing exporter of agricultural products for 10 years, its $ 39 billion is more than two times the combined export of the European Union (EC-28). He became one of the world's largest rice, cotton, sugar and wheat producers. India exported about 2 million metric tons of wheat and 2.1 million tons of rice in 2011 in Africa, Nepal, Bangladesh and other regions around the world.

Some argue that Indian agriculture began with 9000 BC. As a result of early growing plants and domestication of crops and animals. Seeded soon followed the guns and methods that are developed for agriculture. Double monsoons led to two harvests reap in one year. Indian products soon reached trading networks and foreign cultures were introduced. Plants and animals are considered necessary for the survival of the Indians, began to worship and read.

In 2013, the fiscal year India exported gardening products worth ₹ 14,365 rupees (US $ 2.0 billion), almost twice the cost of its exports 2010. Along with this increase at the farm level, the loss between the farm and the consumer increased and is estimated in the range between 51 and 82 million metric tons per year.

Organic agriculture

Organic agriculture fed India over the centuries, and this is a growing sector again in India. Organic production offers clean and green production methods without using synthetic fertilizers and pesticides and reaches a high price in the market. India has 6.50,000 organic manufacturers, which is more, in any other country. India also has 4 million hectares of land certified as organic wildculture, which is the third place in the world (after Finland and Zambia). What is not the presence of edible biomass prevents the growth of animal husbandry in India, organic production of rich cattle, fish and bird food using biogas / methane / natural gas by cultivating Methylococcus Capsulatus bacteria tiny land and water fingerprint is a solution to ensuring adequate protein-rich foods For the population.

Problems

Rural Market in India - Farmers, Options Limited Marketing Sell Surgery Products

India lacks cold storage, food packaging, as well as a safe and efficient system of rural transport. This causes one of the highest indicators of damage to food products, especially during monsoons and other adverse weather conditions. Food takes place in the Indian consumer through slow and inefficient chains of traders. Consumers buy agricultural products in suburban markets, known as "Sabzi Mandi", such as shown or from roadside vendors.

Indian agriculture includes a combination of traditional agriculture for modern methods. In some parts of India, the traditional use of livestock plow remains in use. Traditional farms have some of the lowest productivity and revenues of farmers.

"The slow growth of agriculture is a problem for politicians, as about two thirds of the population of India depends on employment in rural areas for life. Modern methods of agriculture are neither economically nor environmentally sustainable and gives India for many agricultural goods are low. Irrigation systems are poorly supported and almost universal lack of good consulting services are one of the factors that determine. The access of farmers to the markets is hampered by poor roads, the incharpasal market infrastructure, as well as excessive regulation. "

World Bank: "India Country 2008 Review"

"With a population of just over 1.2 billion, India is the largest democracy in the world. Over the past decade, there has been an accelerated economic growth in the country, arose as a global player with the fourth largest economy in the world for purchasing power parity, and progress towards achieving most Millennium Development Goals. India's integration into the world economy is accompanied by an impressive economic growth, which has brought significant economic and social benefits for the country. Nevertheless, the inequality in the income and the development of human are on the rise. According to preliminary estimates that in 2009-10 combined all India, the poverty level was 32% compared with 37% in 2004-05. In the future, it will be important for India to build productive, competitive and diversified agriculture and rural areas, assistance in non-agricultural entrepreneurship and employment. Encouraging a policy that promotes competition in agricultural marketing will ensure that farmers get more like a c. "

World Bank: "India Review of the country 2011"

In 2003, an analysis of the growth of agricultural production in India from 1970 to 2001 in the Food and Agricultural Organization identifies systemic problems in India's agriculture. To obtain basic food products, the annual growth rate of production in segments is six years 1970-76, 1976-82, 1982-88, 1988-1994, 1994-2000, turned out to be 2.5, 2.5, 3.0, 2, 2, 2, 6 and 1.8% annually. The appropriate analyzes for the general volume of agricultural production index show a similar picture, with a growth rate for 1994-2000, reaching only 1.5% per year.

SAMI a big problem Farmers is a low price for their agricultural products. A recent study showed that proper pricing based on production energy and equivalent agriculture of salaries industrial wages May be useful for farmers.

infrastructure

India has very bad rural roads that affect the timely supply of materials and the timely transmission of results from Indian farms. Watering systems are not enough, which leads to cut off failures in some parts of the country due to lack of water. In other districts, regional floods, poor quality of seeds and inefficient methods of agriculture, lack of cold storage and harvesting damage cause more than 30% of the farmer's products will spend, lack of organized retailers and competing buyers, thereby limiting the ability of Indian farmers to sell surplus and Commercial cultures.

The Indian farmer receives only 10% to 23% of the value of the Indian consumer pays for exactly the same products, the difference will be loss, inefficiency and intermediaries. Farmers in developed countries of Europe and the United States receive 64% to 81%.

performance

Although India has achieved self-sufficiency in the main food, the productivity of its farms is lower, Brazil, USA, France and other countries. Indian wheat farms, for example, produce about a third of wheat per hectare per year compared to farms in France. Rice performance in India was less than half of China. Performance Other main products in India as low. Indian overall productivity of growth factors remains below 2% per annum; In contrast to this, the total productivity of China's factor growth is about 6% per year, although China also has a nauded farmer. Some studies show India could destroy it hunger and malnutrition and be the main source of food for the world by achieving performance comparable to other countries.

Unlike Indian farms in some regions, we will publish the best crops for sugar cane, maniacs and tea cultures.

The yield differs significantly between the Indian states. In some states produce two or three times more grain per acre than others.

As the map shows traditional areas of high productivity in India in Northwest (Pudjab, Haryana and West Uttar Pradesh), coastal areas on both coasts, West Bengal and Tamil Nad. In recent years, Madhya Pradesh, Dzharkhand, Chhattisgarh in Central India and Gujarat in the West have shown rapid growth in agriculture.

The table compares nationwide medium yields for several basic crops in India, for 2001-2002.

Yields for some farms in India are within 90% of the best yield achieved in farms in developed countries, such as the United States and in the European Union. No State of India is the best in every culture. Tamil owes have achieved high rice and sugar cane yields, Haryana Wheat and Fed Grain, Carton Carton, Bihar in impulses, while other states are good in gardening, aquaculture, flower and fruit plantations. These differences in agricultural productivity are the function of local infrastructure, the quality of the soil, microclimate, local resources, farm knowledge and innovation.

Indian food distribution system is extremely ineffective. The movement of agricultural products is largely regulated, with interstate and even restriction of inter-district marketing and the movement of agricultural goods.

One study shows Indian agricultural policies should best focus on improving infrastructure in rural areas, first of all, in the form of irrigation and combating infrastructure floods, transmitting knowledge of more crops and more resistant to the diseases of seeds. In addition, cold storage, hygienic packaging for food and efficient modern retail to reduce the amount of waste can increase productivity and revenues of the rural population.

Low labor productivity in India is the result of the following factors:

• The average land size is very small (less than 2 hectares) and is subject to fragmentation due to land ceiling acts, and in some cases, family disputes. Such small reserves are often excessively manned, as a result of hidden unemployment and low productivity. Some reports claim that small farms cannot be the cause of low productivity, as the performance is higher in China, and many developing countries, although China small farmers account for more than 97% of the rural population. Chinese farmer petty opportunity to rent a land to larger farmers, organized retail and wider Chinese highway can provide incentives and infrastructure necessary for its farmers for a sharp increase in farm performance.
• The introduction of modern methods of agriculture and the use of technology is insufficient, prevents ignorance of such practices, high costs and impracticality in the event of small land plots.
• According to the World Bank, the Indian branch Priorities of agriculture and the development of rural areas , Large India Agricultural subsidies impede on increasing investment performance. The regulation of agriculture increased costs, price risks and uncertainties. The government interferes in labor, land and credit markets. India has inadequate infrastructure and services. The World Bank also suggests that the distribution of water is inefficient, unstable and uneven. Irrigation infrastructure worsens. Excessive use of water is covered by excessive pumping of aquifer, but as they fall on one leg groundwater Every year, this is a limited resource. An intergovernmental group of climate change experts published a report that food security can be a big problem in the field of post until 2030.
• Illiteracy, general socio-economic backwardness, slow progress in the implementation of land reform and inadequate or ineffective financial and marketing services for agricultural products.
• Inconsistency of government policies. Agricultural subsidies and taxes are often changed without prior notice for short-term political goals.
• Irrigation facilities are insufficient, since it is evidenced by the fact that only 52.6% of the lands were irrigated in 2003-04, which lead to farmers still dependent on precipitation, namely the monsoon season. Good monsoon results in a steady growth for the economy, while poor monsoons lead to sluggish growth. Farm Credit is regulated by Nabard, which is the Agex Agent Agent for the development of rural areas in the subcontinent. At the same time, excessive pumping became possible due to subsidized electricity leads to anxious drop in the level of aquifer.
• A third of all foods that are produced by the rot is due to ineffective supply chains and the use of the Walmart model to improve efficiency are blocked by laws against foreign investment in the retail sector.

Farmer suicides

In 2012, the National Crime Bureau of India reports reported 13.754 Suicide farmers. Farmer suicides make up 11.2% of all suicides in India. Activists and scientists offered a number of contradictory causes of suicide farmers, such as monsoon refusal, high debt load, genetically modified agricultural crops, government policies, public mental health, personal problems and family problems.

marketing

Agromarketing is poorly developed in India.

Agricultural land allocation for non-agricultural purposes

Indian National Policy for Farmers 2007 stated that "Premier Agriculturals should be preserved for agriculture, except for exceptional circumstances, provided that institutions that are provided with agricultural land for non-agricultural projects should compensate for treatment and full development equivalently degrades or empty in More place. " Politicians suggested that, as far as possible, the land with a low yield of agricultural or that not Farmable should be intended for non-agricultural purposes, such as construction, industrial parks and other types of commercial development.

Amaruta Sen proposed a counterpoint view, stating that "prohibiting the use of agricultural land for commercial and industrial development, ultimately doomed to failure." He stated that agricultural land could be better suited for the purposes of non-agricultural, if industrial production can generate many times more than the cost of the product produced in agriculture. SEN suggested India. It is necessary to bring productive industry everywhere where there are advantages of products, the market needs and territorial is the preference of managers, engineers, technical experts, as well as unqualified work due to education, health care and other infrastructure facilities. He stated that instead of the government to control the distribution of the Earth, based on the characteristics of the soil, the market economy should determine the productive distribution of the Earth.

initiatives

The required amount of investment for the development of marketing, storage and cold storage infrastructure is assessed by huge. The government is not able to implement schemes to attract investment in marketing infrastructure. Among these schemes "Construction of rural godowns", "Market research and information network" and "Development / strengthening of agricultural marketing infrastructure, evaluation and standardization".

The Indian Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR), established in 1905, was responsible for the search leading to the "Indian Green Revolution" of the 1970s. ICAR is the highest body in the field of agriculture and related adjacent areas, including research and education. Union Minister of Agriculture is President of Icar. Develops new methods for developing agricultural experiments, analyzing data in the field of agriculture, and also specializes in statistical methods for animals and plant breeding.

Recently (May 2016) The Government of India has created the Farmers Commission to fully assess the agricultural program. His recommendations had a mixed reception.

In November 2011, India announced major reforms in organized retail. These reforms will include logistics and retail sales of agricultural products. The announcement led to a major political controversy. Reforms were placed on the retention of the government in December 2011.

In the summer of 2012, electricity is subsidized for pumping, which caused the decline in the level of aquifers, put an additional burden on the country's power grid due to falling in monsoon rains of 19% and may have contributed to the brine in most of the country. In response to this condition, Bihar suggested farmers more than $ 100 million in subsidized diesel fuel to operate its pumps.

In 2015, Narendra Modi announced the income of the double farmer 2022.

Startups with niche technology and new business models work to solve problems in agriculture of India and its marketing. Kandawale is one of the e-commerce web site, which sells the Red Indian bulb of the wholesale consumers directly from farmers, a reduction in unnecessary cost escalation.

Cards

See also . USA Library Congress. Agriculture Commodity Market News - Agri Commodity News, Prices, Daily Trade Prices, Shopping Agency NNS - Daily Rain Prices for Agricultural and Agri based on various Indian markets. Indian Agriculture Business Industry Business (B2B) News and Catalog. Online.wsj.com. . Source 2013-10-30 .

Introduction

1. General characteristic of agriculture

2. Relief of agriculture of India and their solutions

A) Factors affecting negative agriculture

B) relief measures

Bibliography

Introduction

Agriculture in India has a long history, leaving in ten thousand years.

Today, India ranks second in the world of agricultural products. Agriculture and related sectors, such as forestry and logging in GDP amounted to 16.6% in 2007, employed 52% of the total labor force, and, despite the steady reduction in its share in GDP, is still the largest sector of the economy And plays a significant role in the socio-economic development of India.

India is the world's largest milk producer, cashew nuts, nuts, tea, ginger, turmeric, black pepper. She also possesses the world's largest livestock population (281 million). This is the second largest manufacturer of wheat, rice, sugar, peanuts and fish. It is the third largest tobacco manufacturer. India accounts for 10% of world fruit production from the first rank to the production of bananas.

In India, the population grows faster than its ability to produce rice and wheat. Agriculture is 25% of the country's GDP and is the key sector of the Indian economy, which provides food security, the possibility of employment of the rural population and, therefore, a large domestic market for industrial products. This sector also accounts for 13% of Indian exports. Initially, production was limited in agricultural activities. food grain and several commodity crops, such as cotton, sugar cane, jute. In recent years, significant changes in the agricultural scene have occurred, including the growth of diversity in product range and greater complexity in creating critical infrastructure objects, such as refrigeration warehouses, refrigeration transport, packaging, quality control, etc. This sector is now ready to jump with the introduction of new technologies, like biotechnology. India ranks second in the world of agricultural products. In agriculture and adjacent sectors, such as forestry, logging and fishing in 2005 amounted to 18.6% in 2005, the employment of the population is 60% of the workforce and, despite the sustainable reduction in its share in GDP, is still The largest sector of the economy plays a significant role in the socio-economic development of India. The yield per unit area of \u200b\u200ball crops has grown, since 1950, thanks to special emphasis on agriculture within five-year plans and continuous improvement of irrigation, technology, the use of modern methods of agriculture and the provision of agricultural loans and subsidies.

1. Total agricultural characteristics

For 2010, FAO World Agriculture Statistical Data, India - the world's largest producer of fresh fruits and vegetables, milk, main spices, fresh meat, fibrous grain crops, such as jute, and several important products, such as millet and seed of Kleschin. India is the second largest manufacturer of wheat and rice, the main food products in the world. India is also the second or third largest producer in the world of several types of dry fruits based on agriculture textile raw materials, crop of tuber, legume, treated fish, eggs, coconut, sugarcane and numerous vegetables. India ranked among the five largest agricultural producers in the world, more than 80% of the types of agricultural products, including many product crops, such as coffee and cotton, in 2010. India is also one of the five largest manufacturers in the world of livestock and poultry meat, with one of the fastest growth rates since 2011.

One report since 2008 argued that the population of India grows faster than their ability to produce rice and wheat. Other recent studies argue that India can easily feed its population plus wheat and rice for global exports, if it can reduce the food damage of the main product, improve its infrastructure and raise its farm productivity to the level achieved by other developing countries, such as Brazil and China.

The yield in some farms of India is 90% better than the yield of farms in developed countries, such as the United States, and in the European Union. No state has excellent results for each culture. India is the best in every culture. In such Indian states as Tamil Nadu, achieve the maximum yield of rice and sugar cane, Haryana has the highest harvest of wheat and feed grain, carnatake produces cotton well, Bihar - millet, at the same time India also succeeds in gardening, aquaculture, flower and fruit plantation. The differences in the performance of agriculture in India are the functions of local infrastructure: the quality of the soil, micro-climate, local resources, knowledge of the farmer and innovation. However, one of the serious problems in India is the lack of a network of rural roads, storing agricultural products and an effective retail resolution of the free stream of agricultural products from the most productive, but distant Indian farms for Indian consumers. Indian trading system is extremely ineffective. The movement of agricultural products in India is too much regulated, interstate, inter-district restrictions on marketing and the movement of agricultural goods. Talented and efficient farms are currently unable to focus on farm cultures that they can produce with high yield at low prices.

One study shows that the Indian agricultural policy is better focused on improving rural infrastructure, mainly in the form of irrigation and flooding infrastructure, the transfer of knowledge about more proclaimed and more resistant seed diseases for sustainable production. In addition, cold storage, hygienic packaging of food and efficiency of modern trade in order to reduce waste can also significantly improve India of agricultural products, availability of places and income in rural areas.

In the fiscal year ended in June 2011, with the normal season of monsoons, Indian agriculture fulfilled the record of all times - 85.9 million tons of wheat, it is 6.3% more than a year earlier. Rice production in India also reached a new record - 95.3 million tons, which is 7% more compared to a year earlier. Production of lentils and many other foods increased over the year. Indian farmers are thus produced about 71 kilograms of wheat and 80 kilograms of rice for each member of the Indian population in 2011. On per capita supplies of rice every year in India, currently higher than per capita consumption of rice every year in Japan.

2. Reliable agriculture in India and their solutions

"Agriculture is the basis of the Indian economy," said Mahatma Gandhi five decades ago. Even today, when India enters the new millennium, the situation is still the same, almost the entire economy is stable in agriculture, which is the basis of the villages.

The Government of India gives high priority in reducing poverty by increasing the level of productivity of agriculture. However, from bold and decisive action of politicians, it is necessary to move from the existing subsidization mode, which is no longer sustainable to create a solid basis for highly productive, competitive manufacturers at the international level, and the diversification of the agricultural sector.

It is here that the problem arises with the introduction of technologies at various levels within the world community. In India, the practice of agriculture is too hasty and not scientific, and, therefore, need prudency before the introduction of any new technology.

The main problems facing the Indian agriculture of the population and small farms, exhausted soils, the absence of modern technologies and the presence of outdated facilities for storing products. Six basic problems faced by Indian agriculture.

1. Demographic pressure:

India has a huge population over one billion, and it grows in a very rapid pace. According to the 2001 census, the population density is concluding-324 people per square meter. km. The number is likely to continue to grow in the future. It caused great demand for the land. Each block of land was taken under a plow. Even the hill slopes were cut on the terrace for agriculture.

2. Fragmentation of land possessions:

The pressure from the growth of the population and the practice of dividing land equally between the heirs caused an excessive separation of agricultural farms. The small amount of farms produces agricultural activities to unprofitability and leads to social tensions, violence and discontent.

3. Lack of irrigation facilities:

By and large, irrigation facilities available in India are not enough for half the area for food crops. The remaining half was taken under irrigation and the remaining half, but it remains for the mercy of monsoon rains, which are unstable in time and space.

4. Soil depletion:

Indian soils were used for the cultivation of crops, for thousands of years, which led to the depletion of soil fertility, with cutting out forests - sources of maintaining natural soil fertility. The lack of material resources and ignorance of scientific knowledge additionally exhausted soils with natural fertility. Previously, only animal waste was enough to maintain soil fertility.

5. Storage of grain:

Grain storage is a big problem. The lack of proper storage of objects leads to the fact that about 10% of the crop goes to the departure annually. These colossal losses can be avoided by developing scientific and housing objects. The government has taken a number of measures to ensure the storage of objects.

6. Agricultural inventory:

In some parts of this country, agricultural mechanization has some place, but most farmers are poor and do not have enough funds to acquire modern agricultural tools and tools. It slows down the development of agriculture.

Thus, information on spatial variability in soil fertility and crop is a prerequisite for the adoption of accurate agriculture. Space technologies, including global positioning systems (GPS) and GIS, give a promising perspective to obtain information about soil and crop, and allow monitoring of the seasonal changeability of the soil and the characteristic of the crop, namely: the humidity of the soil, the crop of crops-phenologists, the growth of nutrient deficit Substances, a list of diseases and weeds and insect pests. These data, in turn, will help in optimizing and obtaining maximum yields and income. However, widespread in developed countries, accurate farming in India still has to take a solid soil, first of all, thanks to its unique patterns from land, weak infrastructure, the reluctance of farmers to risk, socio-economic and demographic conditions.

A) Factors affecting negative agriculture

Some of the factors that impede the revival of growth are:

In order to regulate internal trade in agricultural products. While economic and trade reforms in the 1990s contributed to the improvement of the incentive system, the state overly regulated the internal trade, because of this, costs, price risks and uncertainties increased, undermining the competitiveness sectors.

State intervention in labor, land, and credit markets. The faster growth of the rural and non-agricultural sector is constrained by state intervention in factors, labor markets, land and loan, and products markets.

Inadequate infrastructures and services in rural areas. The infrastructure is also a significant factor in the development process, but the country as rural India has no infrastructure, such as roads, electricity, fertilizers and pesticides, which would help the development of agriculture.

Unjust water distribution: many states lack incentives, policies, legal and institutional framework for an effective, sustainable and fair distribution of water.

Deterioration of irrigation infrastructure. Government spending on irrigation is carried out throughout many unfinished projects. In addition, existing infrastructures deteriorate rapidly.

Strict land use rules impede rural investments: when the land distribution has become less overcast, land policies and rules for improving the safety of ownership (including restrictions or prohibitions for land rental or transforming it into other uses), have unpredictable consequences of reducing the access of landless and preventing rural access investment.

Computerization of land metering has highlighted the problem of weakness of institutions:

Government initiative for computerization of land metering, reduced operational costs and increasing transparency, also shed light to institutional disadvantages.

Rural poor have limited access to loans: while India has a wide network of rural financial institutions, many rural poor remain excluded due to shortcomings in formal financial institutions, a weak legislative base, high transaction costs, risks associated with agricultural lending .

Weak Natural Resources Management: A quarter of the population of India depends on the forest, at least this is part of their livelihoods.

Purely conservation, the approach to the forests is ineffective: India's experience shows that purely conservation, the approach to natural resource management works not effectively and does little to reduce poverty. Weak Materials for Forest Communities: The forest sector has faced weak resource rights, lack of economic incentives for communities, inefficient legal framework and participation in management, and poor access to markets.

Low bureaucratic accountability and ineffective use of public funds: despite large investments in the development of rural areas, highly centralized bureaucracy with low accountability and inefficient use of public funds, limit their impact on poverty. In 1992, India made amendments to its Constitution to create three levels of democratically elected local rural governments to attract to management, right up to the village. However, the transfer of power, funds to officials of these local authorities moves slowly, in part due to political interests. Poor is not authorized representatives of the country who cannot contribute to the formation of government programs or carry out local authorities.

B) measures to solve problems

1. The extension of agricultural productivity, competitiveness and development of rural areas.

Improving labor productivity: the creation of a more productive, competitive internationally and to diversify the agricultural sector, will require a transition from subsidies to public spending on the way to improving productivity, investment. Secondly, it will require the removal of restrictions on the internal private trading, improving the investment climate and the expansion of market opportunities. Third, agricultural research and system expansion should be strengthened to improve access to improving productivity, technology. Diverse conditions in India showed the importance of regionally differentiated strategies, with a strong emphasis on the lagging states.

Improvements water resources and irrigation: an increase in the diversified water contest is emphasized by the need to develop water policies and the division of water resources and irrigation services. Other key priorities include: a) modernization of irrigation and drainage departments to integrate the participation of farmers and other departments in irrigation management; b) improving cost recovery; c) the rationalization of public spending, primarily on the completion of high-return schemes; d) allocate sufficient resources for operation and maintenance To ensure sustainability of investments.

Strengthening the growth of the rural sector: the growth of income of the population stimulates the demand for a higher cost of fresh and recycled agricultural products in the domestic market and worldwide, which open up new opportunities for diversifying agriculture to higher product costs (for example, gardening, animal husbandry), agricultural processing products and related services. The government needs to shift its role from direct interference and regulation on the creation of favorable conditions for the participation of the private sector and competition in the agro-industrial complex and in wider than the rural non-agricultural growth of the sector. Improving the rural investment climate includes the removal of trade restrictions, the rationalization of labor legislation and the tax regime (that is, the adoption of the tax on the value added system), and improve access to credit and key infrastructure facilities (for example, roads, power supply, accession, markets).

2. Improving access to assets and sustainable use of natural resources.

Balancing of poverty reduction and preservation of priorities: Search for winning combinations to preserve and reduce poverty will be crucial to ensure sustainable natural resource management. It will include decisions of legal, political and institutional obstacles to transfer rights to natural resources, and the transfer of responsibility to local communities.

Improving land access: states that do not have lease restrictions can provide useful experience in this area. In a longer term, a more holistic approach to the management of land resources, rules and institutions necessary to provide housing for security, reduce costs and ensure the equity and sustainability of the system.

Improving access to finance in rural areas: This will require an increase in the efficiency of regional rural banks and rural credit cooperatives, by strengthening regulatory control, the elimination of state control and property, and strengthening the legal basis for returning loans and use the land as collateral. This should also include the creation of favorable conditions for the development of microfinance organizations in rural areas.

3. Framing institutions for poor and promotion.

Stimulating the community development of rural areas: the efforts of the government in expanding the livelihoods and the development of community approaches will be crucial in creating social capital in poor areas, as well as to expand the mobilization of savings, the area of \u200b\u200bstimulating production investments, the possibility of obtaining income and ensure sustainable management of natural Resources. Direct support for self-help groups, rural committees, users, associations, savings, and group loans, etc. can provide the initial "push" to move the organization to a higher level and access to new economic opportunities. In addition, social mobilization and, in particular, the empowerment of women's groups, by expanding the possibility for collective action will ensure the population with a large number of "votes" and in collective bargaining, in working with the private sector, markets and financial services. Strengthening accountability for the provision of services: decentralized efforts are pursued by local authorities, given greater importance in basic services, the creation of accountability mechanisms becomes critical. The potential of the local government is to identify local priorities in co-planning, budgeting must be strengthened. This, in turn, will improve the rural investment climate, facilitating the participation of the private sector, creating opportunities for employment and the relationship between the agricultural and form of sectors.

Since 2011, India is a large and diverse agricultural sector, accounting, on average, about 16% of GDP and 10% of export revenues. India has 159.7 million hectares (394.6 million acres) of arable land - the second largest in the world, after the United States. Her gross irrigated areas of 82.6 million hectares (215.6 million acres) is the largest in the world. India has grown to become one of the three leading manufacturers wide spectrum farm crops, including wheat, rice, legumes, cotton, peanuts, fruits, and vegetables. Worldwide, starting in 2011, India, has the largest herds of bison and cattle, is the largest producer of milk, and has one of the largest and rapidly growing poultry farms.

In 2009, India was the third largest producer of eggs, oranges, coconuts, tomatoes, peas, beans, beans.

In addition to the increase in total production, agriculture in India showed an increase in agricultural products on average per 1 hectare in the last 60 years. Improving road and electricity, infrastructure, profits and reforms allowed India to increase agricultural performance from 40% to 500% over 40 years. In addition, despite these advantages in agricultural productivity, after the loss of harvest due to the underdeveloped infrastructure and inorganized retailers led India to one of the highest food losses in the world.

Improve the productivity of agriculture provides for the implementation of three basic conditions. Economically viable technologies should be easily accessible, so farmers can do without outdated agricultural instruments. Next, they have to find an easy approach and an effective network within the cheapest credit resources so that they can use technologies available to them. Finally, the Land reform program must be implemented more sincerely, so the benefits of easily available technologies can really leak for small farmers. There may be almost any significant growth, if not technology, a cheap loan and land reforms coincide.

Public organizations should be created to combat pests of the epidemic. Larger attention should be paid to the public storage system so that Indian agricultural products are satisfactorily preserved and qualitatively, and quantitatively. If you need effective technologies to promote growth, farmers must have the same efficient harvest technologies to preserve what they have created. Finally, if agricultural products are fairly distributed, it will ensure optimal use of products.

Indian farmers lack initiative. They require instructions, mechanization, best seeds and fertilizers, technical training for farmers, sufficient irrigation tools, equal to the distribution of land and the introduction of scientific methods will certainly be revolutionized by Indian agriculture. The government should try to make agriculture attractive and profitable for modern youth. This is to ensure that Indian agriculture is improved.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

1. Full encyclopedia of farmer: - Moscow, Ripol Classic, 2010, 480 p.

2. Yatsenko B.P. "Geography of the world." Tutorial for 10 cl. High School - K., 1998

3. Maksakovsky V.P. " Geographic map in the world, "1995

4. Economics and foreign trade, M., 1959

5. State Finance of India, M., 1961;

6. Agriculture of India and the position of the peasantry, M.,