The future White General Denikin Anton Ivanovich was born on 12/16/1872 in the village not far from the Polish capital. As a child, Anton dreamed of becoming a military man, so I drew horses together with the Ulann and went with a roth on the shooting range. At the age of 18, he graduated from studies in the real school. After 2 years, he became a graduate of the Infantry Junction School in Kiev. At the age of 27, he graduated from the Academy of General Staff in the capital.

As soon as the military conflict began with Japan, the young officer sent a petition for sending to the warring army, where the Netherlands of the Urals-Trans-Baikal division became. After the end of the war, Denikin was awarded two combat awards and pressed the Colonel Chin. Upon returning home after the war, the path to the capital was blocked by a number of anarchically tuned republics. But Denikin with colleagues formed a detachment of volunteers and with weapons on the railway made his way through the siberia covered by Smutoy.

From 1906 and 1910, Denikin served in the General Staff. From 1910 to 1914, the service as a regiment of infantry regiment, and before World War I, Denikin became Major General.

When the first world conflict began, Anton Ivanovich commanded the brigade, which later reformed into the division. In the autumn of 1916, Denikina appointed the commander of the 8th Army Corps. As a member of Brousilov's breakthrough, General Denikin was presented as a reward for courage and success two orders of St. George and weapons encrusted with precious stones.

In the spring of 1917, Denikin is already spending the Supreme Commander, and in the summer instead of Cornilov received the appointment of the western front chief committee.

Anton Ivanovich very criticized the actions of the Interim Government of Russia, contributing to how he believed, the decomposition of the army. As soon as Denikin found out about the Cornilovsky mistress, he immediately sent a letter to the temporary government, where he agreed with the actions of Cornilov. In the summer, Generally Denikin and Markov with other associates were arrested and planted in the Casemates Berdicheva. In the fall of prisoners were transferred to the prison of Byhov, where the roots with comrades were already languished. In November, General Dukhonin ordered to let go of Cornilov, Denikin and the rest of the arrestants who immediately went to Don.

Upon arrival at the Don Land, the generals, which included Denikin began to form a voluntary army. In positions of the commander, Denikin took part in the "Ice" campaign. After the Kornilov General Denikin died, took the position of Commander-in-law of the Volunteer Army and gave an order to retreat back to Don.

Since the beginning of 1919, Denikin was headed by all the Armed Forces of the South of Russia. Cleaning the entire North Caucasus from the Red Guards, Denikin's army began to occur. After the liberation of Ukraine, the White took Eagle and Voronezh. After the assault, Tsaritsyn Denikin decided to speak at the capital. But in the autumn, the red broke the course of the civil war, and the army of Denikin began to retreat south. The White Guardian army was evacuated from Novorossiysk, and Anton Ivanovich, passing the command of Baron Wrangel and heavily experienced defeat, went to emigration. An interesting fact: White General Denikin never handed his fighters of orders and medals, for he considered a shameful award in the fratricidal war.

Origin

Childhood and youth

Start of military service

Academy of General Staff

In the Russian-Japanese war

Between wars

In the First World War

1916 - early 1917

Head of White Movement

The period of the largest victories

Perverted period

In emigration

Interwar period

The Second World War

Moving to USA

Death and funeral

Transfer of remains to Russia

In Soviet historiography

Russian

Received in peacetime

Foreign

In art

In literature

Main Works

Anton Ivanovich Denikin (December 4, 1872, Suburb of Wloclavek, Kingdom of Polish, Russian Empire - August 7, 1947, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA) - Russian military leader, political and public figure, writer, memoirist, publicist and military documentary.

Participant of the Russian-Japanese war. One of the most effective generals of the Russian Imperial Army during the First World War. The commander of the 4th rifle "iron" brigade (1914-1916, from 1915 - deployed under his command to Division), the 8th Army Corps (1916-1917). Lieutenant General of the General Staff (1916), commander of the Western and South-Western Fronts (1917). Active participant of military congresses of 1917, an opponent of democratization of the army. I expressed support for the Cornilov statement, for which the temporary government was arrested, the participant of the Berdichevsky and Bykhovsky seats of the generals (1917).

One of the main leaders of white traffic during the civil war, its leader in the south of Russia (1918-1920). Provided the largest military and political results among all the leaders of the White Movement. Powder, one of the main organizers, and then commander of the Volunteer Army (1918-1919). Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Russia (1919-1920), Deputy Supreme Ruler and the Supreme Commander of the Russian Army Admiral Kolchak (1919-1920).

From April 1920 - an emigrant, one of the main political figures of Russian emigration. The author of the memoirs of the "Essays of the Russian Unoma" (1921-1926) - a fundamental historical and biographical work of the civil war in Russia, the memories of the "Old Army" (1929-1931), the autobiographical story "The Path of the Russian officer" (published in 1953) and a number other works.

Biography

Anton Ivanovich Denikin was born on 4 (16) December 1872 in the village of Shpetal, the rolling town of Wloclawek, the county city of Warsaw Province of the Russian Empire, in the family of the retired major border guard.

Origin

Father, Ivan Efimovich Denikin (1807-1885), took place from the fortress peasants of the Saratov province. The landowner gave a young Denikin's father to recruits. After 22 years of the soldiership service, he was able to survive into officers, then made a military career and resigned in 1869 in the rank of Major. As a result, he served in the army of 35 years, participated in the Crimean, Hungarian and Polish campaigns (the suppression of the uprising of 1863).

Mother, Elizabeth Fedorovna (Franciskovna) Vrzhesinskaya (1843-1916), by nationality, polka, from the family of impoverished small landowners.

Denikina Dmitry Lehovich's biographer noted that he was as one of the leaders of an anti-communist struggle, no doubt, was more "proletarian origin" than his future opponents - Lenin, Trotsky and many others.

Childhood and youth

December 25, 1872 (January 7, 1873), at a three-week age, was baptized by his father in Orthodoxy. At four years, the gifted boy learned to read fluid; Since childhood, spoke freely in Russian and Polish. Denikin family lived poorly and existed a retirement father in the amount of 36 rubles per month. Denikin was brought up "in Russianness and Orthodoxy." The father was deeply a believer man, was always in church services and took his son with him. Since childhood, Anton began to serve as the altar, sing on the closer, beat the bell, and later read the sixopsalm and the apostle. Sometimes he, together with the mother who confessed Catholicism, went to the church. Lehovich writes that Anton Denikin in a local modest regimental church perceived Orthodox worship as "his own, native, close," and Catholic - as an interesting sight. In 1882, at the age of 9, Denikin passed the entrance exam in the first class of the Wloclaw's real school. After the death of the Father in 1885, the Denikin family was even harder to live, since the pension decreased to 20 rubles a month, and at 13, Anton began to earn money by tutoring, preparing second-graders, for which he had 12 rubles a month. Special successes student Denikin demonstrated in the study of mathematics. In 15 years, he as a diligent student was appointed his own student content in 20 rubles and provided the right to stay on the student apartment from eight students, where he was appointed elders. Later, Denikin lived outside the house and studied in the Liquish real school in the neighboring city.

Start of military service

Since childhood, I dreamed of walking in the footsteps of my father and go to military service. In 1890, after the end of the dealer's real school, he was enrolled by the final in the 1st Rifle Regiment, she lived in the barracks in Plock and in June of the same year adopted at the Kiev Junker School with the Military-School Course. After the end of the biennial course in School 4 (16), August 1892, he was produced in the companions and appointed to the 2nd field artillery brigade, housed in the county town of Bela Sedlegian province, in 159 versts from Warsaw. He was expressed about his stay in Belly as a typical parking lot for most military units abandoned in the silence of Warsaw, Vilensky, partly Kiev military districts.

In 1892, 20-year-old Denikin was invited to hunt for boars. During this hunt, he had a chance to kill an angry boar, who drove into the tree of a certain tax inspector Vasily Chizhi, also participated in the hunt and considered an experienced local hunter. After this, Denikin was invited to the christenings of the daughter of Vasily Chizhi Ksenia, which was born a few weeks ago, and became a friend of this family. Three years later, he presented Ksenia for Christmas doll, which opened and closed eyes. The girl remembered this gift for a long time. Many years later, in 1918, when Denikin was already headed by the Volunteer Army, Ksenia Chizh became his wife.

Academy of General Staff

In the summer of 1895, after several years of preparation, went to St. Petersburg, where she passed a competitive exam at the General Staff Academy. At the end of the first year, the studies were expelled from the Academy for the non-love exam on the history of military art, but after three months he endured the exam and was again credited to the first course of the Academy. The next few years studied in the capital of the Russian Empire. Here he, among the students of the Academy, was invited to receive in the Winter Palace and saw Nicholas II. In the spring of 1899, at the end of the course, it was produced in captains, however, on the eve of his release, the new head of the Academy of the General Staff, General Nikolay Sukhotyn (friend of the Military Minister Alexey Kuropatkina), arbitrarily changed the lists of graduates found to the General Staff, as a result of which the provincial officer Denikin did not fall into their number . It took advantage of the charter: filed a complaint "on the highest name" (emperor's state). Despite the fact that the Academic Conference collected by the Military Minister recognized the actions of the general illegal, the case tried to lean, and Denikin was offered to pick up the complaint and write a presence for the mercy, which they promised to satisfy and rank officer to the General Staff. I answered: "I do not ask mercy. I just seek what it belongs to me. As a result, the complaint was rejected, and Denikin was not counted to the General Staff "for character!".

Showed a tendency to poetry and journalism. In ornament, he sent his poems to the editorial office of the magazine "Niva" and was very stamed, that they were not printed and that he was not answered from the editorial office, as a result of which Denikin concluded that "Poetry is a non-serious business." Later he began writing in prose. In 1898, his story was first published in the journal "Scout", and then Denikin was published in the "Warsaw Diary". Published under the pseudonym Ivan Northy and wrote mainly on the topic of army life.

In 1900 he returned to Bella, where he served again in the 2nd field artillery brigade until 1902. Two years after the completion of the Academy of the General Staff, wrote a letter to Kuropatkin with a request to figure it out in his long-standing situation. Kuropatkin received a letter and during the nearest audience from Nikolai second "expressed regret that he did unfairly, and asked the commands" to enroll Denikin by the officer of the General Staff, which was held in the summer of 1902. After that, before Denikin, according to the historian Ivan Kozlov, the brilliant future was opened. In the first days of January 1902, he left Bella and was adopted at the headquarters of the 2nd Infantry Division, located in Brest Litovsk, where he was instrued to command the 183rd Pultus Regiment in Warsaw for one year, located in Warsaw. Denikin's company from time to time was prescribed to protect the "tenth pavilion" of the Warsaw Fortress, where there were particularly dangerous political criminals, including the future head of the Polish state, Yuzef Pilsudsky. In October 1903, at the end of the centered command, he was transferred to the adjutant located here by the 2nd Cavalry Corps, where he served until 1904.

In the Russian-Japanese war

In January 1904, under Captain Denikin, who served in Warsaw, fell a horse, the leg was stuck in the stirrup, and the fallen horse, rising, dragged him with a hundred meters, and he broke the ligament and dislocated his fingers. The regiment, in which Denikin served, did not advance at the war, but 14 (27) February 1904, the captain achieved a personal permission to be seconded to the current army on February 7 (March 2) of 1904, still lame, he left for the train to Moscow, from where He was coming to Harbin. In the same train, Admiral Stepan Makarov and General Pavel Rennencipf were driving at the same train. 5 (18) March 1904 Denikin went in Harbin.

At the end of February 1904, before arrival, he was appointed head of the headquarters of the 3rd brigade of the Caumur district of a separate building of the border guard that stood in the deep rear and joined the clashes with Chinese robbery squads of Honghuz. In September, he received an officer's post for instructions in the headquarters of the 8th Corps of the Manchurian Army. Then he returned to Harbin and from there on October 28 (November 11), 1904, in the rank of lieutenant colonel, he was sent to Cynhechenin to the Eastern Counted and adopted the post of headquarters of the Trans-Baikal Cossack Division of General Rennenkamp. The first combat experience received during the Zinhechensky fight on November 19 (December 2) of 1904. One of the sobes of the district of the battle entered military history called the Japanese offensive for the bayonets. In December 1904, participated in reinforced exploration. His forces, twice knocking down the advanced parts of the Japanese, went to Jiangchan. At the head of the independent detachment, I dropped the Japanese with Pass Vanzelin. In February - Martha1905 participated in Mukden battle. Shortly before that battle, 18 (31), December 18, 1904, was appointed headquarters of the Ural-Transbaikal division of General Mishchenko, who specialized on horse raids in the opponent's rear. There he manifested himself with an initiative officer, worked with General Mishchenko. A successful raid was carried out in May 1905 during the equestrian raid of General Mishchenko, which was actively involved in Denikin. He himself describes the results of this raid in this way:

On July 26 (August 8), 1905, Denikin received high recognition from the command, and "for the difference in affairs against the Japanese", he was produced into the colonels and was awarded the orders of St. Stanislav 3rd degree with swords and bows and St. Anne 2nd degree With swords.

After the end of the war and the signing of the Portsmouth world, in conditions of confusion and soldiers' unrest, he left in December 1905 from Harban and in January 1906 arrived in St. Petersburg.

Between wars

From January to December 1906, he was temporarily appointed to the lowest post of headquarters for special instructions at the headquarters of his 2nd Cavalry Corps, based in Warsaw, from which he went to the Russian-Japanese war. In May - September 1906, he commanded the battalion of the 228th Infantry Reserve Pharmal Regiment. In 1906, waiting for basic purposes, took abroad holidays and visited in his life in Europe (Austria-Hungary, France, Italy, Germany, Switzerland) as a tourist. Returning, asked to speed up his appointment, and he was offered the position of headquarters of the 8th Siberian Division headquarters. Upon learning of the appointment, I took advantage of the right to refuse this proposal as a senior officer. As a result, he was proposed a more acceptable place in the Kazan Military District. In January 1907, he joined the post of headquarters of the 57th Infantry Reserve Brigade in Saratov, where he served until January 1910. In Saratov, lived on a removable apartment in the house of D. N. Banking at the corner of Nikolskaya and Anichkovskaya streets (now Radishchev and Work).

During this period, I wrote a lot for the journal "Scout", in the heading "Army notes", including by referring to the commander of his brigade, which "launched the brigade and completely departed from the affairs", breaking things in a brigade on Denikin. The most prominent was a humorous-satirical note "Cricket". Criticized the methods of managing the head of the Kazan Military District of General Alexander Sandecksky. Historians Oleg Budnitsky and Oleg Terrabov wrote that Denikin during this period on the press pages opposed the bureaucracy, the suppression of the initiative, rudeness and arbitrariness in relation to soldiers, for improving the system of selection and training team and devoted a number of articles to the analysis of the fighting Russian-Japanese war, He paid attention to the German and Austrian threat, in the world indicated the need for a speedy reform of the army, wrote about the need to develop vehicles and military aviation, and in 1910 he offered to convene the congress of officers of the General Staff to discuss the problems of the army.

On June 29 (July 11), 1910 accepted the command of the 17th Infantry Arkhanghelogorod Region, based in Zhytomyr.1 (14) of September 1911, his regiment took part in the royal maneuvers near Kiev, and the next day, Denikin opened the parade ceremonial march with his regiment On the occasion of honoring the sovereign. Marina Denikina noted that his father was dissatisfied with the fact that the parade was not canceled in view of the injury in the Kiev opera Chairman of the Council of Ministers Peter Stolypin. As Writer Vladimir Cherkasov-Georgievsky notes, 1912-1913 in the border district of Denikin passed in a tense atmosphere, and his regiment received a secret order to send detachments for classes and protecting the most important points of the South-Western Railway in the direction of Lviv, where the Archangelogodens stood for several weeks.

The Arkhanghelogorod Region created the Museum of History of the Regiment, which became one of the first museums of military units in the Imperial Army.

On March 23 (April 5), 1914 was appointed an acting post for instructions with the commander of the Kiev Military District Commander and moved to Kiev. In Kiev, he removed the apartment on the street Big Zhytomyr, 40, where to transport his family (mother and maid). On June 21 (July 3), 1914, on the eve of the beginning of the First World War, he was produced in Chin Major General and was approved as a 19th Army-General General of the 8th Army, who was under the command of General Alexei Brusylov.

Commander of the Russian Imperial Army

In the First World War

1914

The First World War, which began on July 19 (August 1), 1914, for the 8th Army Brusylov, in the headquarters of which Denikin served, initially developed successfully. The army moved to the offensive and already on August 21 (September 3), 1914 took Lviv. On the same day, learning that the previous commander of the 4th Rifle Brigade received a new appointment, and wanting to go with the staffing position, Denikin filed a petition for appointing it to the commander of this brigade, which was immediately satisfied with Brusylov. In his memoirs, published in 1929, Brusilov wrote that Denikin "in the construction of the field began excellent giving the combat general."

Denikin about the 4th rifle brigade

Fate knitted me with an iron brigade. For two years she was going with me in the fields of bloody battles, I did not have little glorious pages into the chronicle of the Great War. Alas, they are not in official history. For the Bolshevik censorship, which gained access to all archival and historical materials, disseminated them in their own way and carefully disassembled all the episodes of the combat activities of the brigade associated with my name ....

"The path of the Russian officer"

Having joined the command of the brigade on August 24 (September 6), 1914, immediately achieved notable success with it. The brigade entered the battle by Grroad, and according to the results of this battle, Denikin was awarded by Georgievsky weapons. In the highest premium diploma, it was stated that the weapon was handed "for the fact that in battles from 8 to 12 seconds. In 1914, the Groudek with outstanding art and courage was charged with desperate attacks of excellent enemy, especially persistent 11 seconds, with the desire of Austrians to break through the center of the corps; And in the morning 12 second. They themselves switched to a brigade in a decisive offensive. "

A month later, when the 8th Army was convincing in a positional war, noting the weakness of the enemy defense, 11 (24) of October 1914 without artillery preparation transferred his brigade to the offensive on the enemy and took the village of Mountain Luzhk, where the headquarters of the Arzgertzog Joseph was headquartered, Where did he hastily evacuated. As a result of the capture of the village, the direction was opened for the offensive on the Highway Sambor Turk. "For the brave maneuvr" Denikin was awarded the Order of St. George 4th degree.

In November 1914, Denikin's brigade, during the fulfillment of combat missions in the Carpathians, captured the city and the Meso Aliabral station, with the composition of the brigade of 4000 bayonets, "taking 3730 prisoners, a lot of weapons and military equipment, a large rolling stock with a valuable cargo at the railway station, 9 guns" , having lost 164 killed and 1332, taking into account the wounded and failed. Since the operation in the Carpathians itself, regardless of the success of Denikin's brigade, was unsuccessful, he himself received only congratulatory telegrams from Nicholas II and Brusylov.

1915

In February 1915, the 4th Infantry Brigade, aimed at helping the consolidated detachment of General Kaltedin, took possession of a number of team heights, the center of the opponent and the village of Lutovisco, seizing over 2000 prisoners and throwing the Austrians behind the San River. For this fight, Denikin was awarded the Order of St. George 3rd degree.

In early 1915, received a proposal to move to the position of chief of division, but refused to part with his brigade of the "iron" shooters. As a result, the command solved this problem in another way, exploring the 4th Rifle Brigade of Denikin in April 1915 to Division. In 1915, the army of the South-Western Front retreated either in defense. In September 1915, in the conditions of retreat, unexpectedly ordered his division to go to the offensive. As a result of the onset of the division, Lutsk was taken, and 158 officers and 9773 soldiers were captured. General Brusilov wrote in his memoirs that Denikin, "Without negating any difficulties," rushed to Lutsk and took it "in one fell", and during the battle hung himself by car to the city and from there sent Brusille to the telegram about the capture of the city of 4th rifle Division.

For the capture of Lutsk during the battle 17 (30) September - September 23 (October 6), 1915. 11 (24) May 1916 was produced in Lieutenant-General with seniority from 10 (23) of September 1915. Later, the command, aligning the front, ordered Lutsk. In October, during a charter operation, Denikin Division, having completed the task of the command, forced the river Stry and took Chartersk, taking on the opposite bank of the river a bridgehead for 18 km wide and 20 km deep, distracted by the significant forces of the enemy. October 22 (November 4), 1915, an order was received to retreat to the initial positions. Later on the front came calm until spring 1916.

1916 - early 1917

March 2 (15) March 1916 during the positional war was injected with a fragment of Shrapnel in the left hand, but remained in the ranks. In May, with his division, as part of the 8th Army, participated in Brusilovsky (Lutsk) of the 1916 breakthrough. Denikin Division broke through 6 lines of enemy positions, and on May 23 (June 5), 1916 re-took the city of Lutsk, for which Denikin was secondary, Georgievskoy weapons were convicted, filled with diamonds, with the inscription: "For the two-time liberation of Lutsk."

On August 27 (September 9), 1916 was appointed commander of the 8th corps and, together with the corps, sent to the Romanian front, where he spent after the onset of the South-Western Front on the side of Russia and Annta, the Romanian army suffered defeat and retreat. Lehovich writes that after several months, Bouzeo, Ramnica and Fokshan Denikin characterized the Romanian army as follows:

He was awarded the Higher Military Order of Romania - the Order of Michase brave 3rd degree.

February Revolution and Political Views of Denikin

February 1917 revolution found Denikin on the Romanian front. The commander of the general met sympathy. As English historian Peter Kenez writes, he unconditionally believed and even repeated false rumors in his memoirs about the royal family and Nikolai II, deftly spreading at the time with the corresponding political views by Russian liberal figures. Denikin's personal views, as the historian writes, were very close to the cadet and they were subsequently based on the army commander.

In March 1917, he was summoned to Petrograd Military Minister of the New Revolutionary Government Alexander Huchkov, from which he received an offer to become the head of the headquarters with just appointed by the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army General Mikhail Alekseyev. Being liberated from the oath. Nikolai II, adopted the proposal of the New Power. 5 (28) April 1917 joined the position in which she worked for more than one and a half months, worked well with Alekseyev. After the displacement of Alekseev from the post and replacing him, General Brusilov refused to be his headquarters head and on May 31 (June 13), 1917 was moved to the position of commander of the Army of the Western Front. In the spring of 1917, at the military congress in Mogilev, the sharp criticism of the policy of Kerensky, aimed at democratizing the army. At the meeting meeting16 (29) of July 1917, made the abolition of committees in the army and withdrawing policies from the army.

As the commander of the Western Front, provided strategic support for the South-Western Front during the June 1917 offensive. In August 1917, the commander of the South-Western Front was appointed. On the way to the place of new appointment, Mogilev met with General Kornilov, during the conversation with whom he expressed his support to the upcoming political actions of Kornilov.

Arrest and conclusion in Berdichevskaya and Byhovo prisons

Being the commander of the South-Western Front, on August 29 (September 11), 1917 was arrested and imprisoned Berdichev for the fact that Solidarity with General Kornilov expressed a sharp telegram to the temporary government. The arrest was produced by the South-West Front Commissioner Nikolai Jordansky. Together with Denikin, almost all of his headquarters were arrested.

The month spent in Berdichev prison, according to Denikin, was difficult for him, every day he expects violence of revolutionary soldiers who could break into the chamber.27 September (October 10) of 1917, it was decided to translate arrested generals from Berdichev to the ordered to the arrested The group of generals led by Cornilov. During transportation to the station, Denikin writes, he, with other generals, almost became a sacrifice of the soldier's crowd, from which, to a large extent, the Officer of the UNECKERSKOGO Bethling of the 2nd Zhytomyr School of Inport, Victor Bethling, who served earlier in the Archangelogo Regiment, who was commanded by Denikin. Subsequently, in 1919, Bethling was adopted in the White Army of Denikin and was appointed by a commander of a special officer company at the head of the Commander-in-Chief of the North.

After the translation, along with Kornilov was kept in Bykhovskaya prison. The investigation into the case of the Cornilov speech was complicated and delayed due to the lack of convincing evidence of treason of generals, the sentence was delayed. In such conditions of Bykhovsky, Denikin and other generals met the Oktyabrsky courtyard coup.

After the fall of the Provisional Government, the new Bolshevik Power temporarily forgot about the prisoners, and on November 19 (December 2), 1917, the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Dukhonin, having learned about the approach to Mogilev Echelons with the Bolshevik troops led by Krylenko's warrior who threatened them with murder, and relying on brought from Petrograd Captain Chunychin order with the seal of the Higher Investigative Commission and forged signatures of the members of the Commission, the military investigators of R. R. von Raveuhai and N. P. Ukrainetva, freedoms from the prison of Bychova.

Flight on Don and participation in the creation of a voluntary army

After liberation, to be unrecognized, shaved the beard and with a certificate addressed the "assistant chief of the dressing room of Alexander Dombrovsky", it snuck into Novocherkassk, where he took part in creating a voluntary army. He was the author of the Constitution of the Supreme Power on the Don stated by him in December 1917 at the General Directory meeting, in which the transfer of civil authorities in the army - Alekseev, Military - Cornilov, and the Office of the Don Region -Cleantine. This proposal was approved, signed by the Don and Voluntary Guidelines and formed the basis for the organization of the management of the Volunteer Army. Based on this, Denikin's biography researcher Doctor of Historical Sciences George Ippolitov concluded that Denikin was involved in the formation of the first anti-Bolshevik government in Russia, which existed for one month before Kaltedin's suicide.

Bounded in Novocherkassk to the formation of parts of the new army, taking on military functions and refusing to economic. Initially, like other generals, worked conspiratically, wearing a civilian dress and, as Roman Gul's port trip wrote, was "more like the leader of the bourgeois party than on the combat general." His disposal was 1,500 people and 200 ammunition per rifle. Ippolitov writes that weapons, the acquisition of which chronically lacked, was often changed from the Cossacks in exchange for alcohol, either abducted from the warehouses of decomposing Cossack parts. Over time, 5 guns appeared in the army. Total by January198, Denikina managed to form an army of 4,000 fighters. The average age of the volunteer was small, and officer young people called 46-year-old Denikin "Deant Anton."

In January 1918, only the emerging parts of Denikin entered the first battles on the Cherkasy front with detachments under the command of Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko sent by the Council to fighting Caledin. Denikin fighters suffered large losses, but reached tactical success and kept the offensive of Soviet troops. In fact, Denikin as one of the main and most active organizers of volunteering parts was often perceived at this stage as the commander of the army. The functions of the commander he also temporarily performed during the absence of Kornilov. Alekseev, speaking before the Cossack Government of Don in January, said that Kornilov and Denikin were commanded by the volunteer army.

In the period of the formation of the army, there were changes in the personal life of the General - December 25, 1917 (January 7, 1918) he married the first marriage. Decayments, for which the general courted in recent years came to him to Don, and they, not attracting big attention, married in one of the churches of Novocherkasska. Eight days launched their honeymoon, which they spent in the village of Slavic. After that, he returned to the army, heading first to Ekaterinodar for General Alexeyev, and then returning to Novocherkassk. All this time, for the outside world, continued to exist conspiratically under someone else's name Dombrovsky.

On January 30 (February 12), 1918 was appointed commander of the 1st Rifle (Voluntary) division. After the suppression of volunteers in Rostov, the army headquarters moved there. Together with the volunteer army on the night of C8 (21), February 9 (22), 1918, spent in the 1st (icy) Kuban campaign, during which he became Deputy Commander of the Volunteer Army of General Kornilov. Denikin himself recalled this:

He was one of those who convinced the Army Council in the village of Olginskaya 12 (25) of February 1918, Cornilov to make a decision to move the army within the Kuban Region. On March 17 (30), he also contributed to the conviction of Alekseevikubanskaya Rada about the need to enter her detachment into the Volunteer Army. The Council, who decided on the storming of Ekaterinodar, Denikin was supposed to take the post of his General Governor.

The assault of Ekaterinodar, who lasted from 28 (10) April to March 31 (April 13), 1918, developed for volunteers unsuccessfully. The army carried heavy losses, the ammunition ended, the defendants had a numerical superiority. In the morning of March 31 (April 13), 1918, as a result of the headquarters of the shell, Kornilov died in the building. According to the continuity of Cornilov and its own agreement, as well as as a result of the order published by Alekseyev, Denikin led the Volunteer Army, after which he was ordered to stop the assault and prepare for retreat.

Head of White Movement

Beginning of the command of the Volunteer Army

Denikin brought the remains of the volunteer army to the village of Zhuravskaya. Having experienced a constant persecution and threat to the environment, the army maneuvered, avoided railways. Next from the village of Zhuravskaya led the troops to the east and went to the village of Uspenskaya. Here was obtained news about the uprising of the Don Cossacks against Soviet power. Gave the disposal of the forced march to move towards Rostov and Novocherkasska. With the fight by his troops, a white clay railway station was taken. 15 (28) May 1918, at the height of the Cossack Anti-Bolshevik uprising, volunteers approached Rostov (occupied by the Germans at the time) and settled in the village of the Swashinskaya and Egorlykskaya for rest and re-formation. The number of the army together with the wounded amounted to about 5,000 people.

The author of the essay about General, Yuri Gordeyev, writes that Denikin at that time was difficult to count on his primacy in the anti-Bolshevik struggle. Cossack parts of General Popov (the main power of the Don uprising) has more than 10 thousand people. In the beginning negotiations, the Cossacks demanded the onset of volunteers to Tsaritsyn while the Cossacks on Voronezh, but Denikin and Alekseev decided that at first they would repeat the campaign to clean the area from the Bolsheviks. Thus, the issue of a single command was excluded, since the armies were diverged in different directions. Denikin at a meeting in the village of Manchskaya demanded the transfer of a 3-thousandthly detachment of Colonel Mikhail Drozdovsky, who came to the Don from the former Romanian front, from Donskoy to the Volunteer Army, and this detachment was transferred.

Organization of the second Kuban campaign

Having received the necessary rest and reproduced, as well as intensifying the Drozdovsky detachment, the volunteer army on the night from 9 (22) 10 (23) June 1918 as part of 8-9 thousand fighters under the command of Denikin began the 2nd Kuban campaign, which ended in the defeat of almost 100 -Tasy Kuban group of red troops and taking 4 (17) August 1918 of the capital of the Kuban Cossacks, Ekaterinodar.

In Ekaterinodar, posted his headquarters, and the Cossack troops of the Kuban entered his submission. The army under his control by that time was 12 thousand people, and it was significantly replenished with a 5-thousand squad of the Kuban Cossacks under the command of General Andrei Shkuro. The main focus of Denikin's policy during his stay in Ekaterinodar was to resolve the issue of creating a unified front of the anti-Bolshevik forces in the south of Russia, and relations with the Don Army were the main problem. As the success of volunteers in the Kuban and the Caucasus, its position in the dialogue with the Donski forces are increasingly strengthened. At the same time, a political game was replaced by the replacement of Don Ataman Peter Krasnova (before November 1918, focused on Germany) on a allied-oriented African of God.

He was negative about the Ukrainian hetman Pavel Scorecadian and created by him with the participation of the Germans of the State -Ukrainian state, which complicated relations with the German command and reduced the influx of volunteers to Denikin with the territories of Ukraine and the Crimea controlled by the Germans.

After the death of General Alekseev on September 25 (October 8), 1918 took the post of commander-in-chief of the Volunteer Army, uniting military and civil authorities in his hands. During the second half of 1918, the Volunteer Army under the General Directorate of Denikin managed to defeat the troops of the North Caucasian Soviet Republic and take the whole western part of the North Caucasus.

In the fall of 1918 - in the winter of 1919, despite opposition from the UK, General Troops Denikina Sochi, Adler, Gagra, all coastal territory, captured in the spring of 1918 Georgia. By February 10, 1919, the Russians were forced to retreat the Georgian army behind the Bzyb River. These battles of Denikintsev during the Sochi conflict allowed de facto to preserve Sochi for Russia.

Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia

On December 22, 1918 (January 4, 1919), the troops of the Southern Front of the Red switched to the offensive, which caused the collapse of the front of the Don Army. In these conditions, Denikin had a convenient opportunity to subjugate the Cossack troops of Don. December 26, 1918 (January 8, 1919) Denikin signed an agreement with Krasnov, according to which the Volunteer Army united with the Don Army. With the participation of the Don Cossacks, Denikin also managed to remove this days from the leadership of General Peter Krasnova and replace him with the African Bogaevsky, and the Don Army headed by the Bogaevsky remained directly Denikin. Such reorganization laid the beginning of the creation of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia (Emergency). The Caucasian (later Kuban) army and the Black Sea Fleet also included in the East.

Denikin led the Ear, by choosing his deputy and head of a long-standing headquarters, with whom Mahodkovsky imprisonment and both Kuban campaigns of the Volunteer Army, Lieutenant-General Ivan Romanovsky, and January 14, 1919 transferred the command of the Volunteer Army, now became one of the units of the NER , Peter Wrangel. Soon he turned his bet of commander in the commander in Taganrog.

The Allies of Russia on Antante By the beginning of 1919, Denikin was perceived as the main head of the anti-Bolshevik forces in the south of Russia. He managed to get through the Black Sea ports from them as military assistance a large number of weapons, ammunition, gear.

Dr. Historical Sciences Vladimir Kulakov shares the activities of Denikin as commander-in-chief of the Emerity for two periods: the period of the largest victories (January - October 1919), the fame of both in Russia and in Europe and the USA, and the period of defeat the day (November 1919 - April 1920), ended with the resignation of Denikin.

The period of the largest victories

According to Gordeyev, Denikin has intended in the spring of 1919 by an army of 85 thousand people; According to Soviet data, the Army of Denikin KO 2 (15) of February 1919 was 113 thousand people. Dr. Historical Sciences Vladimir Fedyuk writes that Denikin has served 25-30 thousand officers during this period.

In the reports of the Antena of March 1919, conclusions were made about the unpopularity and the poor moral and psychological state of Denikin's troops, as well as their own resources to continue the struggle. The situation has complicated the departure of the allies from Odessa and its fall in April 1919 with the retreat of the Timanovsky brigade in Romania and the subsequent crossing of Novorossiysk, as well as the activities of the Bolsheviks on April 6 Sevastopol. At the same time, the Crimean-Azov volunteer army fixed on the coastal of the Kerch peninsula, which partially removed the threat of the invasion of red to Kuban. In a coal region, the main forces of the volunteer army led defensive fights against the superior forces of the Southern Front.

In these conflicting conditions, Denikin has prepared spring-summer offensive operations of the NEW, which have achieved great success. Kulakov writes that, according to the analysis of documents and materials, "the general showed its best military organizational qualities at this time, non-standard strategic and operational-tactical thinking, showed the art of a flexible maneuver and the right choice of the direction of the main strike." The success factors of Denikin are their experience in combat operations of the First World War, as well as an understanding that the civil war strategy differs from the classical war management scheme.

In addition to military operations, much attention paid to propaganda work. They were organized an informative agency, developed and used different extraordinary propaganda methods. For the spread of leaflets above the positions of the red used aircraft. In parallel with this, the Denikin agent spread leaflets in the rear garrisons and places of quartering parts of red with a variety of disinformation in the form of texts of "orders-appeals" of the chairman of the Revivation of the Republic. A successful propaganda movement is considered to spread among the Vyeshensky Cossacks the rebels of leaflets with information that the Sovnarka signed a secret letter about the polls' extermination of the Cossacks, who bowed to the rebels on the side of Denikin. At the same time, Denikin supported the combat spirit of volunteers with his sincere faith in the success of the case and personal proximity to the army.

Although the ratio of forces in the spring of 1919 is estimated as 1: 3.3 in bayonets and sabers not in favor of white with relative equality in artillery, the moral and psychological advantage was on the side of white, which allowed them to host against the superior enemy and minimize the factor of lack Material and human resources.

Over the late spring and early summer of 1919, Denikin's troops managed to intercept the strategic initiative. He focused against the Southern Front, according to the Soviet command, 8-9 infantry and 2 equestrian divisions with a total number of 31-32 thousand people. Defeating in May - June of the Bolsheviks on Don and Manany, Denikin's troops led the successful offensive of the country. His armies were able to master the coal region - the fuel and metallurgical base of the south of Russia, enter the territory of Ukraine, as well as to take the extensive fertile districts of the North Caucasus. The front of his armies is located on the north of the Arc from the Black Sea east of Kherson to the northern part of the Caspian Sea.

Wide fame within Soviet Russia came to Denikin in connection with the onset of his armies in June 1919, when voluntary troops took Kharkov (June 24 (July 7) of 1919), Ekaterinoslav (June 27 (July 7) 1919), Tsaritsyn ( June 30 (July 12) of 1919). The mention of his name in the Soviet press was widespread, and he himself was subjected to a fierce criticism. Denikin in the middle of 1919 inspired a serious fear of the Soviet side. In July 1919, Vladimir Lenin wrote an appeal with the title "All to fight with Denikin!", Which became a letter of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) to the party organizations, in which the offensive of Denikin was called the "most critical moment of the socialist revolution."

At the same time, Denikin, in the midst of his success, 12 (25) of June 1919, officially recognized the power of Admiral Kolchak as the Supreme Ruler of Russia and the Supreme Commander. June 21 (July 7), 1919, the Council of Ministers of the Omsk Government appointed Denikina as Deputy Supreme Commander in order to "ensure Continuity and continuity of the High Command. "

On July 3 (16), 1919 put his troops of the Moscow Directive, providing for the ultimate goal of seizing Moscow - "Hearts of Russia" (and at the same time with the capital of the Bolshevik State). The Russian troops under the general guidance of Denikin began their campaign to Moscow.

In mid-19919, he reached large military successes in Ukraine. At the end of the summer of 1919, his armies were taken by the cities of Poltava (3 (16) of July 1919), Nikolaev, Kherson, Odessa (10 (23) of August 1919), Kiev (18 (31) of August 1919). When taking Kiev, volunteers got in touch with the parts of the UNR and the Galician army. Denikin, who did not recognize the legitimacy of Ukraine and the Ukrainian troops, demanded disarmament of the power of UNR and their return home for subsequent mobilization. The impossibility of finding a compromise led to the beginning of hostilities between the Emerity and Ukrainian forces, which, although they developed successfully for the EMER, but led to the need to fight into two fronts at the same time. In November 1919, Petlyurovskiy and Galicia troops suffered a complete defeat, the UNR army lost a significant part of the controlled territories, and a peace treaty and a military union was concluded with Galicians, as a result of which the Galician army passed into the disposal of Denikin and became part of the Emergency.

September and the first half of October 1919 were the time of the greatest success of Denikin's forces in the central direction. Applying in August - September 1919, in a large-scale oncoming battle near Kharkov and Tsaritsyn, the heavy defeat of the armies of the southern front of the Red Front (commander - Vladimir Yegoriev), Denikintsy, pursuing the broken red parts, began to move rapidly to Moscow. On September 7 (20), 1919, they took Kursk, September 23 (October 6) 1919 - Voronezh, September 27 (October 10), 1919 - Chernigov, September 30 (October 13), 1919 - Eagle and intended to take Tula. The South Front of the Bolsheviks collapsed. The Bolsheviks were close to the catastrophe and prepared for the care of underground. A subtangular Moscow Committee of the Party was created, government agencies began evacuation in Vologda.

If 5 (18) of May 1919, the volunteer army in the coal coronary region numbered 9,600 fighters in its ranks, then after the capture of Kharkov, K20 June (July 3), 1919, it was 26 thousand people, and by July 20 (August 2), 1919 - 40 thousand people. The whole number of the Reds, subordinate to Denikin, from May to October increased gradually from 64 to 150 thousand people. The control of Denikin was the territory of 16-18 provinces and areas with a total area of \u200b\u200b810 thousand square meters. Wools with a population of 42 million.

Perverted period

But from mid-October 1919, the position of the army of the south of Russia worsened noticeably. The rears were destroyed by the raid of the rebel army of Nestor Makhno in Ukraine, broken at the end of September White Front in the Uman area, besides, he had to shoot troops from the front, and the Bolsheviks concluded a tight truce with Poles and Petlisters, freeing the strength to fight Denikin. Due to the transition from a volunteer on the mobilization basis for the recruitment of the army, the quality of the Armed Forces of Denikin fell, mobilization was not given the necessary result, a large number of military-ridicated preferred under different pretexts remain in the rear, and not in the existing parts. Peasant support looked. Having created a quantitative and high-quality superiority over the forces of Denikin on the main, Orlovsk-Kursk, the direction (62 thousand bayonets and a saber against the red against 22 thousand in white), in October the Red Army passed into counteroffensive: wipers who went with varying success, south of the eagle small The parts of the volunteer army by the end of October the troops of the South Front of the Red (from September 28 (October 11), 1919 - the commander Alexander Egorov) defeated, and then began to close them throughout the front line. In the winter of 1919-1920, the troops left Kharkov, Kiev, Donbass, Rostov-on-Don.

On November 24 (December 7), 1919, in a conversation with the brothers, the Supreme Ruler and the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army A. V. Kolchak for the first time declared his renunciation in favor of A. I. Denikin, and in early December 1919 the admiral raised this question to his Government. December 9, 1919, the Council of Ministers of the Russian Government adopted the following decision: "In order to ensure the continuity and succession of the All-Russian government, the Council of Ministers decided: to impose the responsibilities of the Supreme Ruler in case of a grave case or death of the Supreme Ruler, as well as in case of a refusal of it from the title of Supreme The ruler or a long-term lack of his commander-in-chief armed forces in the south of Russia Lieutenant General Denikin ".

December 22, 1919 (January 4, 1920) Kolchak published his last decree in Nizhneudinsk, which, "in view of the predetermined issue of the transfer of the Supreme All-Russian government, the Commander-in-Chief Armed Forces in the south of Russia, Lieutenant-General Denikin, henceforth before receiving his instructions in order to save On our Russian eastern outskirts of the statehood on the principles of inseparable unity with all over Russia, "provided" all the completeness of military and civil power throughout the territory of the Russian eastern outskirts, united by Russian supreme power, "Lieutenant General Grigory Semenov. Despite the fact that the Supreme All-Russian Power was not transferred to Denikin Kolchak, respectively, never the title "Supreme Ruler", Denikin wrote in his memoirs, that in the situation of heavy defeats of the armed forces of the South of Russia and the political crisis, he found Unacceptable "acceptance of appropriate name and functions" and refused to adopt the title of the Supreme Ruler, motivating its decision "the lack of official information about events in the East."

After retreating to the beginning of 1920, the remnants of the volunteer army within the Cossack regions, already possessing the title of the Supreme Ruler received from Kolchak, Denikin tried to form the so-called South Russian statehood model, based on the unification of state principles of volunteer, Don and Kuban manuals. To do this, the Special Meeting has abolished and created the South Russian government instead of him from representatives of all parties, which headed, remaining as commander-in-chief of the Emergency. The question of the need for a wide coalition with representatives of the Cossack leadership was relevant to March 1920, when the army retreated to Novorossiysk, losing control over the Cossack regions.

An attempt attempt to delay the retreat of his troops on the line of the Don and Manch rivers, as well as at the Perekop Isthmus, and ordered in the first days of January 1920 to take defense at these turns. He expected to wait for the spring, to receive new assistance to the entunts and repeat the offensive in Central Russia. Tried in the second half of January, to break through the stabilized front, the Red Equestrian Army suffered large losses under Bataysky and on the Manych and Sal Rivers from the shock group of the Don Army General Vladimir Sidorin. Denikin ordered out of this success, 8 (21), 1920, Denikin ordered his troops to the offensive. On February 20 (March 5), 1920, Volunteer's troops took Rostov-on-Don for several days. But the new onset of the troops of the Caucasian Front of the Reds on February 26 (March 11) of 1920 caused fierce battles from Bataysk and Stavropol, and the village of Egorilykskaya there was a counter-horse battle of the army of Semyon, Alexander Pavlov, as a result of which Pavlov's equestrian group was broken, and troops Denikina began a general retreat across the front of the south to more than 400 km.

On March 4 (17), 1920 issued a directive for the troops to cross the left bank of the Kuban River and take the defense on it, but the decoded troops did not fulfill these orders and began a panic retreat. The Don Army, who was prescribed to take defense at the Taman Peninsula, instead, mixed with volunteers, retreated to Novorossiysk. The Kuban army also went away and rolled back to Tuapse. The disorderly accumulation of troops in Novorossiysk and the delay with the beginning of the evacuation was the cause of Novorossiysk catastrophe, which is often imputed to the guilt of Denikin. Total from the area of \u200b\u200bNovorossiysk by the sea in the Crimea March 26-27 (8) - (9) of April 1920 was able to forward about 35-40 thousand soldiers and officers. Generally, General with his head of the headquarters Romanovsky joined Novorossiysk on board the Ministry of Finance "Captain Saken" by one of the latter.

Salmon from post commander-in-chief

In Crimea, March 27 (April 9), 1920 placed his bet in Feodosia in the building of the Astoria Hotel. During the week, he conducted the reorganization of the army and the measures to restore the combat capability of the troops. At the same time, in the army itself, with the exception of non-ferrous parts and most Kubans, dissatisfied with Denikin. Special discontent expressed opposition general. Under these conditions, the military council in Sevastopol adopted a recommendation decision on the feasibility of transferring to the Denikin command of Wrangel. Feeling responsibility for military failures and following the laws of officer honor, wrote a letter to Chairman of the Military Council to Abrahu Dragomirov, which he said that he was planning to resign and convened a meeting of the Council in order to elect a successor. 4 (17) April 1920 appointed commander-in-chief of Lieutenant General Peter Wrangegel and on the same day in the evening with the former head of the Romanovsky headquarters, who also resigned, left the Crimea in the English Ministry of Finance and left in England with an intermediate stop in Constantinople, who left forever Limits of Russia.

On September 5 (18), 1920 in Constantinople in the immediate vicinity of Denikin, his chief of staff Ivan Romanovsky was killed, which was the hardest blow to Denikin. At the same evening, with her family and children, General Kornilov moved to an English hospital ship, and 6 (19), 1920, at the Dreadnote of Malboro, was serving in England, according to his own words, with a sense of "ineverance of grief."

In the summer of 1920, Alexander Guccov turned to Denikin with a request to "complete a patriotic feat and a special solemn act to clothe Baron Wrangel ... The continuity of the All-Russian government", but he refused to sign such a document.

Denikin's policy in controlled territories

In the territories controlled by the Armed Forces of the South of Russia, the entire fullness of power belonged to Denikin as commander-in-chief. With it, there was a special meeting that fulfilled the functions of the executive and legislative power. In essence, the dictatorial authorities and being a supporter of the constitutional monarchy, Denikin did not consider himself an entitled (before the convening of the Constituent Assembly) to predetermine the future state structure of Russia. He tried to unwind as widely as possible segments of the population around the white movement under the slogans "Fighting Bolshevism to the end", "Great, Unified and Indicative Russia", "Political Freedoms", "Law and Order". Such a position was the object of criticism both to the right, from the side of monarchists and on the left, from the liberal-socialist camp. The call for recreating a single and indivisible Russia met the resistance from the Cossack state formations of Don and Kuban, who achieved autonomy and the federal device of the future Russia, and could not be supported

jean Nationalist Party of Ukraine, Transcaucasia, Baltic States.

The implementation of the Denikin authorities was imperfect. Although formally, the authorities belonged to the military, who, with a support for the army, formed the policy of the White South, but in practice, Denikin failed to establish a solid order or in controlled territories or in the army.

When attempts to solve the working question, progressive working legislation was adopted with an 8-hour working day and labor protection measures, which due to the complete collapse of industrial production and unscrupulous actions of the owners who used their temporary return to power in enterprises as a convenient opportunity to save their property and Translate capital abroad, did not find a practical implementation. At the same time, any working demonstrations and strikes were considered exclusively as political and suppressed by force, and the independence of trade unions was not recognized.

The Denikin government did not fully fully implement the land reform developed by him, which should have been based on the strengthening of small and medium farms at the expense of government and landlords. In modern Russian and Ukrainian historiography, in contrast to the earlier Soviet, it is not customary to be called the agricultural legislation of Denikin oriented to protect the interests of landlords. At the same time, the Government of Denikin failed to completely prevent the elemental return of landowners with all its negative consequences for the implementation of land reforms.

In the national policy, Denikin adhered to the concept of "Unified and Individual Russia", which did not allow the discussion of any autonomy or self-determination of the territories that were part of the former Russian Empire in the pre-war boundaries. The principles of national policies regarding the territory and population of Ukraine were reflected in the "circulation of Denikin to the population of Malorusia" and did not allow the rights of the Ukrainian people to self-determination. The Cossack autonomy was not allowed - Denikin made repressive measures against attempts to create their own federal state by the Kuban, Don and Terek Cossacks: eliminated Kuban Rada and made a permutation in the Government of the Cossack regions. With respect to the Jewish population, a special policy was held. Due to the fact that among the leaders of Bolshevik structures, the Jews were a significant part, in the Wednesday of the Volunteer Army it was customary to be considered any Jews with potential accomplices of the Bolshevik regime. Denikin was forced to publish an order to prohibit Jews to join the volunteer army on officers. Although the Denikin soldier's similar order was not published, but artificially inflated demands for adopted to the army, the Hebrews led to the fact that the issue of participation in the East of Jews "decided by himself." Denikin himself repeatedly appealed with a call to his commanders "Do not configure one nationality against another", but the weakness of his power in the field was such that he could not prevent pogroms, especially under the conditions when the propaganda government agency Denikina Osvag itself was led by anti-Indian agitation - For example, in its propaganda, it put a sign of equality between the Bolshevism and the Jewish population and called for the "Cross Camping" against the Jews.

In its foreign policy, focused on recognizing the state education under him by the countries of the Entente. With the strengthening of his power at the end of 1918 and education, Denikin managed to enlist the support of the Entente and receive its military aid throughout 1919. During his reign, Denikin did not set the tasks of international recognition of his government by the Entente, these issues were already solved by his successor to Wrangel in 1920.

Negatively treated the idea of \u200b\u200bthe formation of the coalition legislative government of anti-Bolshevik forces in the south of Russia, skeptically referred to the state abilities of its Don and Kuban allies, believing that the territory subordinate to him "could give a representative body intellectually not higher than the provincial Zemstvo collection."

From mid-19919, a major conflict between Denikin and Wrangel, one of the war leaders of the Volunteer Army underspended by this time. Contradictions did not carry a political nature: the reasons for the disagreement was the difference in the vision of two generals of the choice of allies and further strategy for the forces of the White Movement in the south of Russia, which quickly passed into the plane of mutual accusations and diametrically opposing estimates of the same events. The initial point of the conflict by researchers is ignoring Denikin in April 1919 of the secret report of Wrangel, in which he proposed to make the Tsaritsyn direction of the onset of the White Army priority. Denikin was later published the Moscow Directive of the Offensive, which after its failure was publicly criticized by Wrangel. By the end of 1919, an open confrontation was broken between the generals, Wrangel probed the soil on the change of General Denikin, but in January 1920 he resigned, left the territory of the whole and left for Constantinople, staying there until spring 1920. The conflict of Denikin and Wrangel contributed to the emergence of a split in a white camp, he continued in emigration.

The repressive policy of the Denikin government is estimated to be similar to the policy of Kolchak and other military dictators, or is called more rigid than other white formations, which is explained by the greatest fierce of red terror in the south in comparison with Siberia or other districts. Denikin himself was responsible for organizing a white terror in the south of Russia to the amateurness of his counterintelligence, arguing that she became "sometimes foci of provocation and organized robbery." In August 1918, he followed his order to betray on the order of the Military Governor of those responsible for the establishment of the Soviet authorities "military-field courts of the military unit of the Volunteer Army." In the middle of 1919, repressive legislation has been tightened by the adoption of the "law on participants in the establishment of Soviet state in the Russian state, and equally consciously contributed to its spread and consolidation," according to which the persons explicitly involved in the establishment of Soviet power were subject to the death penalty compared to "permanent Katorga, "or" Sature work from 4 to 20 years old ", or" correctional artantics branches from 2 to 6 years ", smaller disorders - a prison opinion from month to 1 year 4 months or" Monetary recovery "from 300 to 20 thousand rubles . In addition, the "fear of possible coercion" was excluded by Denikin from the section "Liberation from responsibility", since, according to its resolution, it is "difficult to the court". At the same time, Denikin with its own propaganda goals set the task to learn and document the results of a red terror. On April 4, 1919, on his order, a special investigation commission was created to investigate the atrocities of the Bolsheviks.

In emigration

Interwar period

Care of politics and period of active literary activities

Going to the family from Constantinople to England, Denikin made a stop in Malta and in Gibraltar. In the Atlantic Ocean, the ship fell into a strong storm. Arriving in Southampton, he went to London on April 17, 1920, where he was met by representatives of the British Military Ministry, as well as General Holman and a group of Russian figures, including the former leader of the Cadets Pavel Milyukov and the diplomat Evgeny Sablin, who presented Denikin thankly and welcome Telegram from Paris, sent to the Russian Embassy in London in the name of Denikin with the signatures of Prince George Lviv, Sergei Sazonov, Vasily Maklakova and Boris Savinkov. The London Press (in particular, Times and Dail Herald) noted the arrival of Denikin respectful articles in the address of the general.

He stayed in England for several months, first living in London, and then in Singers and Eastbourne (East Sussex). In the fall of 1920, Lord Kirzon Chicherina telegram was published in England, in which he noted that it was his influence that Denikin was convinced to leave the post of commander-in-chief of the NEW and transfer it to Wrangel. Denikin in Times categorically denied Curbsone's statement about any influence of Lord to leaving the post of commander-in-chief of the Commander-in-Chief of the Emerity, explaining to leaving the reasons for purely personal and moment-demanding, and also refused to offer Lord Kurzone to participate in the conclusion of a truce with the Bolsheviks and said that:

In protest against the desire of the British government, to conclude the world with Soviet Russia in August 1920 left England and moved to Belgium, where she settled with his family in Brussels and began writing his fundamental documentary research on the Civil War - "Essays of the Russian University". On the eve of Christmas in December 1920, General Denikin wrote his colleague, the former head of the English mission in the south of Russia General Briggsu:

Gordeev writes that during this period Denikin decided to abandon the further armed struggle in favor of the struggle with the word and pen. The researcher speaks positively about this choice and notes that thanks to him, the history of Russia of the late XIX - the beginning of the 20th centuries "received a wonderful chronicler."

In June 1922, Belgium moved to Hungary, where he lived and worked until mid-1925. For three years of life in Hungary, he replaced the place of residence three times. At first, the general settled in Soprone, then spent several months in Budapest, and then settled in a provincial place near Lake Balaton. Here, work was completed on the latest volumes "Essays", which were published in Paris and Berlin, as well as with abbreviations were translated and published in English, French and German. The output of this essay several corrected the material situation of Denikin and gave him the opportunity to look for a more convenient place to stay. At this time, Denikin's longtime friend, General Alexey Shapron du Larre married Belgium on the daughter of General Kornilov and the letter invited General to return to Brussels, which was the reason for moving. He stayed in Brussels from mid-1925 to spring 1926.

In the spring of 1926 settled in Paris, which was the center of Russian emigration. It took out not only literary, but also by public activities. In 1928, he wrote an essay of the "officers", the main part of the work on which was held in Kaparretone, where Denikin often communicated with the writer Ivan Smerev. Further, Denikin began work on the autobiographical story "My Life". At the same time, he often went to Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia to read lectures on Russian history. In 1931, she completed the work of the "Old Army", which represented a military historical study of the Russian Imperial Army before and during World War II.

Political activities in emigration

With the arrival in Germany, the Nazis spoke with the condemnation of Hitler's policies. Unlike a number of emigrant figures who planned to participate in hostilities against the Red Army on the side of foreign countries, unfriendly USSR, advocated the need to support the Red Army against any foreign aggressor, followed by the awakening of the Russian spirit in the ranks of this army, which, according to the general purpose, And must overthrow the Bolshevism in Russia and at the same time to preserve the army itself from Russia.

In general, Denikin retained authority in the Russian emigration environment, however, part of the white emigration and the subsequent waves of Russian emigration treated Denikin critical. Among them was the successor as commander-in-chief of St. Peter Wrangel, writer Ivan Solonevich, Philosopher Ivan Ilyin and others. For military-strategic miscalculations during Denikin's civil war, such notable emigration figures were criticized as a military specialist and historian General Nikolai Golovin, Colonel Arseny Zaysov and others. The complex relations associated with the discrepancy in views on the further continuation of the white struggle were Denikin and with the Russian Promotional Union (Ross), the military emigrant organization of former participants in the White Movement.

In September 1932, the Union of Volunteers' Union of Volunteers was created by a group of former military personnel of the Volunteer Army. The newly agreed organization was concerned about the management of the RUSS, who claimed leadership in organizing military unions in an emigrant environment. Denikin supported the creation of the "Union of Volunteers" and believed that the RUSO was in the early 1930s. was in the crisis. According to some reports, headed "Union".

From 1936 to 1938, with the participation of the "Union of Volunteers", Paris published a "volunteer" newspaper, on the pages of which published its articles. There were three numbers in February each year, and they were dedicated to the anniversary of the first Kuban (ice) hike.

At the end of 1938, he witnessed in the case of Hope Pulitskaya about the abduction of the head of the Ross General Yevgeny Miller and the disappearance of General Nikolai Skoblin (Muga Plevitskaya). His appearance at the trial in the French newspaper press December 10, 1938 was considered sensation. Gave testimony in which he expressed the distrust of Skoblin and Pulitskaya, and also expressed confidence in the involvement of both Miller's abduction.

On the eve of World War II, Denikin read the lecture in Paris "World events and the Russian question", which later in 1939 was published a separate brochure.

The Second World War

The beginning of World War II (September 1, 1939) found General Denikin in the south of France in the village of Montai-O-Viscount, where he left Paris to work on his work "The Path of the Russian Officer". According to the copyright, this work was to be at the same time introducing and addition to the "Essays of the Russian University". The invasion of the German troops into the territory of France in May 1940 forced Denikin to make a decision hastily leave Burg-la-Ren (near Paris) and on the car of one of his associate colonel Glot to leave France to the Spanish border. In Mimizan north of the Biarritis, the car with Denikin overtook German motorized parts. He was concluded by the Germans to the concentration camp, where the department of Goebbels offered him assistance in literary work. He refused to cooperate, was released and settled under the control of the German office and the Gestapo at the villa of friends in the village of Mimizan in the vicinity of Bordeaux. Many of the books, brochures and articles written by Denikin in the 1930s were in the list of prohibited literature on the territory controlled by the Third Reich, and were withdrawn.

Refused to register in the German Commander as a stateless person (which were Russian emigrants), motivating this by the fact that he was a citizen of the Russian Empire, and nobody selected citizenship.

In 1942, the German authorities again proposed Denikin's cooperation and moving to Berlin, this time demanding, according to the interpretation of Ippolitov, so that he led the anti-communist forces from among Russian emigrants under the auspices of the Third Reich, but received a decisive refusal of the general.

Gordeev, referring to information received in archive documents, provides information that in 1943 Denikin sent a car with medicines in 1943 to personal funds than Stalin and Soviet leadership. It was decided to accept medications, and the name of the author of their dispatch is not disclosed.

Staying a convinced opponent of the Soviet system, called emigrants not to support Germany in the war from the USSR (the slogan "Protection of Russia and the overthrow of Bolshevism"), repeatedly calling all the representatives of the emigration of "obscurants", "defeats" and "Hitler's fans."

At the same time, when Denikin lived in Mimizan, where Denikin lived, one of the eastern battalions of Wehrmacht, softened his attitude towards ordinary servicemen from former Soviet citizens. He believed that their transition to the side of the enemy was explained by the inhuman conditions of detention in the Nazi concentration camps and the mutilated Bolshevik ideology by the national self-consciousness of the Soviet person. Looks at the Russian liberation movement Denikin expressed in two unpublished essays "General Vlasov and Vlasovsky" and "World War. Russia and abroad. "

In June 1945, after the capitulation of Germany, Denikin returned to Paris.

Moving to USA

Soviet influence increased after World War II in European countries forced General to leave France. In the USSR, it was known about the patriotic position of Denikin during World War II, and Stalin did not put the issue of violent deportation of Denikin to the Soviet state to the governments of the countries of the Anti-Hitler Coalition. But Denikin himself did not have accurate information on this expense and experienced certain discomfort and fear for his life. In addition, Denikin felt that under direct or indirect Soviet control he was limited to the opportunity to express his views.

It was difficult to get an American visa for Russian emigrants, and Denikin and his wife as those born in modern Poland were able to arrange an American emigration visa through the Polish embassy. Leaving the daughter of Marina in Paris, on November 21, 1945, they left for Dieppe, from there they hit London through Newheyen. On December 8, 1945, the Denikin family went down from a pago ship in New York.

In the US, continued work on the book "My Life". In January 1946, he turned to General Duayut Eisenhower with a call to stop the violent issuance of former Soviet citizens in the USSR, who joined the years of war in German military formations. He performed with public reports: In January, he read in New York "World War and Russian Military Emigration" in New York, on February 5 made an audience of 700 people at a conference in the Manhattan Center. In the spring of 1946, the New York Public Library was often visited on the 42nd street.

In the summer of 1946, he made a Memorandum "Russian Question", addressed to the governments of Great Britain and the United States, in which, allowing a military challenge of the leading powers of the West with Soviet Russia in order to overthrow the domination of the Communists, warned them from their intentions in such a case the dismemberment of Russia.

Before his death, at the invitation of acquaintances, he left for his holiday to the farm near Lake Michigan, where on June 20, 1947, he struck his first heart attack, after which he was placed in the hospital of Ann Arbor to the farm.

Death and funeral

He died from a heart attack on August 7, 1947 at the University of Michigan hospital in Ann Arbor and was buried on the cemetery in Detroit. The American authorities buried him as commander-in-chief of the Allied Army with the Military Humans. On December 15, 1952, the United States General Denikin's Orthals on the Orthodox Cossacks of the Holy Vladimir cemetery in the town of Kesville, in the area of \u200b\u200bJackson, was held on the decision of the Belarusian community of the United States to the Orthodox Cossack, in the city of Jackson, in New Jersey.

Transfer of remains to Russia

On October 3, 2005, the ash Anton Ivanovich Denikin and his wife Ksenia Vasilyevna (1892-1973) together with the remains of the Russian philosopher Ivan Alexandrovich Ilina (1883-1954) and his wife Natalia Nikolaevna (1882-1963) was transported to Moscow for burial in Donskoy Monastery. The reburial was carried out in accordance with the instructions of the President of Russia Vladimir Putin and the Government of the Russian Federation with the consent of the daughter of Denikin Marina Antonovna Denikina Gray (1919-2005) and organized by the Russian Foundation of Culture.

Estimates

General

One of the main Soviet and Russian researchers in the biography of Denikin Doctor of Historical Sciences Georgy Ippolitov called Denikina, a bright, dialectically contradictory and tragic figure of Russian history.

Russian Emigrant sociologist, political analyst and historian Nikolay Timashev noted that Denikin entered the story primarily as the head of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia, and his troops from all the forces of the White Motion approached Moscow during the civil war as close as possible. Such estimates are divided by other authors.

Frequent are the estimates of Denikin as a consistent Russian patriot, which retained Russia's loyalty throughout his life. Often, the moral qualities of Denikin are highly evaluated by researchers and biographers. Denikin is represented by many authors an irreconcilable enemy of Soviet power, while his position during World War II, when he supported the Red Army in its confrontation with the Wehrmacht, is called patriotic.

Historian and writer, Researcher of the Military biography of Denikina Vladimir Cherkasov-Georgievsky depicted a psychological portrait of Denikin, where he presented him as a typical liberal military intellectual, a special grade of the Orthodox man with the "republican" emphasis, for which impulsiveness, eclectics, mesheanine, lack of solid monolithic . Such people are "unintentionally" indecisive, and they, according to the author, gave rise to Keren's IFEVRALISM in Russia. In Denikin, "Intelligent, the comma" tried to get along with genuine Orthodox asceticism. "

The American historian Peter Kenez wrote that Denikin had always clearly identified himself with Orthodoxy and belonging to Russian civilization and culture, and during the Civil War was one of the most uncompromising defenders of Russia's unity, struggling with the separation from her national outflows.

Historian Igor Kodakov, arguing about the reasons for the defeat of the White Movement, wrote that the thoughts of Denikin, as a Russian intellectual idealist, were completely incomprehensible to simple workers and peasants, the American historian Peter Kenes was drawn to the similar problem. According to the assessment of the historian Lyudmila Antonova, Denikin is a phenomenon of Russian history and culture, his thoughts and political views are the achievement of Russian civilization and "represent the positive potential for today's Russia."

Doctor of Historical Sciences Vladimir Fedyuk writes that Denikin has never been able to become a charismatic leader in 1918 due to the fact that, unlike the Bolsheviks, creating a new statehood on the principle of real great-holder, continued to remain in the positions of declarative Great-Callery. Ioffe writes that Denikin on political convictions was a representative of Russian liberalism, such convictions remained faithful to the end, and it was they who played with the general civil war "not the best role". Evaluation of the political beliefs of Denikin as liberal is also characteristic of many other modern authors.

The current state of studying Denikin is estimated in Russian historiography as continuing to contain many unsolved discussion issues, as well as, according to Panov, and wear a print of political conjuncture.

In the 1920s, Soviet historians characterized Denikin as a policy that was sought to find a "some average line between extreme reaction and" liberalism "and in its views" approached the right October ", and later the Board of Denikin in Soviet historiography began to be considered as "Unlimited dictatorship." Denis Panov Publicist Researcher, Candidate of Historical Sciences Denis Panov writes that in 1930-1950s in Soviet historiography, there were stamps in the assessment of Denikin (as well as other white movement figures): "Counter-revolutionary Slump", "White Guard Holvity", "Lakes of Imperialism" And others. "In some historical work (A. Kabesheva, F. Kuznetsova), white generals turn" into caricature characters ", are notable" to the role of evil robbers from a children's fairy tale "," Panov writes.

The Soviet historiographic realities in the study of the military and political activities of Denikin during the civil war was the representation of Denikin as the creator of Denikinsk region, characterized as a military dictatorship of the general, a counter-revolutionary, reaction regime. An erroneous statement was characteristic of the monarchy-restoration nature of Denikin's policies, his relationship with the imperialist forces of the Entente, who carried out a campaign against Soviet Russia. Denikin's democratic slogans on the convening of the Constituent Assembly were a cover of monarchical purposes. In general, in Soviet historical science there was an accusatory bias in the coverage of events and phenomena associated with Denikin.

According to Antonova, in modern science, many estimates of Denikin Soviet historiography are predominantly perceived by the binding. Ippoliths writes that in the study of this problem in Soviet science there was no serious success, because "in the absence of creative freedom, it was not possible to investigate the problems of white movement, including the activities of General Denikin." Panov writes about Soviet estimates as "distant from objectivity and impartiality."

In Ukrainian historiography after 1991

Modern Ukrainian historiography studies Denikin mainly in the context of staying armored forces under the territory of Ukraine and presents it by the Creator of the Military Dictatorship regime in Ukraine. His criticism for a pronounced anti-Ukrainian position was spread, which was reflected in the appeal of Denikin "to the population of Malorusia" in the summer of 1919, according to which the name of Ukraine, replaced by the south of Russia, was prohibited by the closure of Ukrainian institutions, the Ukrainian movement was "changed". Also created by the Denikin regime on the territory of Ukraine is incriminated to anti-Semitism, Jewish pogroms and punitive expeditions against the peasantry.

Frequent in Ukrainian historiography are estimates of the reasons for the defeat of the White Movement, headed by Denikin, as the result of a rejection of cooperation with national movements, primarily Ukrainian. Denikin's success in Ukraine in 1919 is explained by the activity of Ukrainian partisan movements, which contributed to the weakening of the Bolsheviks in Ukraine, as the cause of the defeat, considerable attention is paid to the unacceptable local peculiarities and ignoring the rights of the Ukrainian people to self-determination, which pushed the wide peasant masses of Ukraine from Denikin political programs.

Awards

Russian

Received in peacetime

• Medal "In memory of the reign of Emperor Alexander III" (1896, silver on the Alexandrovskaya ribbon)
• Order of St. Stanislav 3rd degree (1902)
• Order of St. Vladimir 4th degree (06.12.1909)
• Medal "In memory of the 100th anniversary of the Patriotic War of 1812" (1910)
• Medal "In memory of the 300th anniversary of the reign of the house of Romanov" (1913)

Combat

• Order of St. Anne 3rd degree with swords and bows (1904)
• Order of St. Stanislav 2nd degree with swords (1904)
• Order of St. Anne 2nd degree with swords (1905)
• Medal "In memory of the Russian-Japanese War 1904-1905" (light bronze)
• Order of St. Vladimir 3rd degree (04/18/1914)
• Swords to the Order of St. Vladimir 3rd degree (11/19/1914)
• Order of St. George 4th degree (04/24/1915)
• Order of St. George 3rd degree (11/03/1915)
• Georgiev weapon (10/10/1915)
• Georgiev weapon decorated with diamonds, with the inscription "For the two-time liberation of Lutsk" (09/22/1916)
• Sign of the 1st Kuban (Ice) Vote № 3 (1918)

Foreign

• Order Michase brave 3rd degree (Romania, 1917)
• Military Cross 1914-1918 (France, 1917)
• Honorary Knight-Commander Order Bani (United Kingdom, 1919)

Memory

• In July 1919, with a petition for Denikin about the "Given" of his named, the regiment was addressed the 83rd infantry Samurian regiment.
• In Saratov in the house where Denikin lived in 1907-1910, there is a store with the name "House of Denikin". In the same time in Saratov, on December 17, 2012, in honor of the 140th anniversary of the Birthday of Denikin, at the initiative of the Director of the Institute and the Former Governor of the Saratov Region, Dmitry Ayatskova, a memorial plaque was installed.
• In March 2006, a commemorative board was established on the wall of the hotel "Astoria", dedicated to the last days of his stay Anton Denikin in Russia.
• In May 2009, at the personal funds of the Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin in the Don Monastery was built by the Memorial of White Wars. On the grave of Denikin, which became part of this memorial, marble gravestone was established, and the territory adjacent to the tombstone was landscaped. In the spring - in the summer of 2009, the name of General Denikin was the focus of the public-political media in connection with the quotation of Putin Memoirov Denikin in terms of its relations to Ukraine.
• According to the approval of some authors, the hump in Manchuria has been preserved, which bears the name of Denikin. Such a Name of the Napka received during the Russian-Japanese war for the merits of Denikin during its take.

In art

To the cinema

• 1967 - "Iron Flow" - Actor Leonid Gallis.
• 1977 - "Walking on the flour" - the actor Yuri Gorobets.
• 2005 - "The Death of the Empire" - Fedor Bondarchuk.
• 2007 - "Nine Liberty of Nestor Makhno" - Alexey Smellless.

In literature

• Tolstoy A. N. "The Road to Calvary".
• Sholokhov M. A. "Quiet Don."
• Solzhenitsyn A. I. "Red Wheel".
• Bondar Alexander "Black Avengers."
• Karpenko Vladimir, Karpenko Sergey. Exodus. - M., 1984.
• Karpenko Vladimir, Karpenko Sergey. Wrangel in the Crimea. - M.: Savior, 1995. - 623 p.

Main Works

• Denikin A. I. Russian-Chinese question: military-political essay. - Warsaw: Type. Warsaw academic district, 1908. - 56 p.
• Denikin A. I. Scout team: manual for conducting activities in infantry. - St. Petersburg: V. Berezovsky, 1909. - 40 s.
• Denikin A. I. Essays of Russian Discharge: - T. I-V .. - Paris; Berlin: ed. Pogolotsky; Word; Copper rider, 1921-1926.; M.: "Science", 1991.; Iris Press, 2006. - (White Russia). - ISBN 5-8112-1890-7.
• General A. I. Denikine. La Décomposition De L'Armée et du Pouvoir, Fevrier-September 1917 .. - Paris: J. Povolozky, 1921. - 342 p.
• General A. I. Denikin. The Russian Turmoil; Memoirs: Military, Social, and Political. - London: Hutchinson & Co, 1922. - 344 s.
• Denikin A. I. Essays of the Russian Discharge. T. 1. Vol. 1 and 2. Tom II. Paris, b / g. 345 p.
• Denikin A.I. The campaign and the death of General Kornilov. M.-L., State. ed., 1928. 106 p. 5,000 copies.
• Denikin A. I. Camping to Moscow. (Essays of Russian Discharge). M., "Federation" ,. 314 p. 10,000 copies.
• Denikin A. I. Officers. Essays. - Paris: Spring, 1928. - 141 p.
• Denikin A. I. Old army. - Paris: Spring, 1929, 1931. - T. I-II.
• Denikin A. I. Russian question in the Far East. - Paris: Imp Basile, 1, Villa Chauvelot, 1932. - 35 p.
• Denikin A. I. Brest Litovsk. - Paris. - 1933: Petropolis. - 52 p.
• Denikin A. I. International Regulation, Russia and Emigration. - Paris, 1934. - 20 s.
• Denikin A. I. Who saved Soviet power from death?. - Paris, 1939. - 18 p.
• Denikin A. I. World events and Russian question. - ed. Union volunteers. - Paris, 1939. - 85 p.
• Denikin A. I. The path of the Russian officer. - New York: ed. them. A. Chekhov, 1953. - 382 p. (the posthumous edition of the unknown autobiographical work of Denikin "My Life"); M.: Contempor, 1991. - 299 p. - ISBN 5-270-01484-x.

Unanounced for 2012 remain manuscripts of the books of Denikin "The Second World War. Russia and emigration "and" bring to the White Movement ", which was the answer to Denikin to the criticism of General N. N. Golovin in the book" Russian counter-revolution. 1917-1920. "

Name: Anton Ivanovich Denikin

State: USSR, USA

Field of activity: Army

The greatest achievement: One of the commanders of the White Army. Attempted to take Moscow

Despite the fact that there had many drawbacks, as a state, the rulers did not care about the well-being of the people (with the exception of the aristocratic top), one can say boldly - we had excellent military.

And it was not only a sense of patriotism (although it was of great importance). Real talents lived in Russia, which were destined to enter their name in the military history of the country. One of these names is Anton Denikin.

The beginning of the way

The future great commander was born in an ordinary family, not possessing neither titles or money. On December 16, 1872, in the Polish province in the family of the former serf peasant Ivan Efimovich Denikin, the Son was born, which was named Anton. Of course, no father nor the mother assumed that their son is waiting for a brilliant military future.

Although, justice it is worth noting that Ivan Denikin, despite his proletarian origin, made an excellent military career - for more than 20 years of service, the Emperor received a rank of officer, he went to resign only in 1869, when his service was 35 years old (subsequently Anton Ivanovich admits that his father was an ideal example for him to imitate).

Parents adhered to different religions - the Father was an Orthodox Christian, a mother - a Catholic (she was Polish by origin). Religion did not become an obstacle to the Baptism of the Son - when Anton was a little less than a month, at the insistence of his father baptized in the Orthodox faith.

Do not think that the mother had no effect on the child - Anton Ros is very intelligent, at a four years of the age read and wrote in Russian and Polish. The knowledge of the latter helped Denikin in the future to enter the Wloclaw's real school.

In 1885, the head of the family dies, and life becomes harder. There is not enough money at all, and Anton decides to take the tutoring to at least somehow help the mother and to survive. Since he was a very diligent and hardworking student, the management of the school begins to pay a scholarship.

Start of military career

As already mentioned, his father served for Anton's ideal. He dreamed of becoming the same successful officer as Ivan Efimovich.

After the end of the Wloclaw School, Anton goes to the Cancel real school, from where it is produced in 1890 and is immediately credited to the rifle regiment. On this young Denikin decided not to stop and entered the Kiev Junker School.

However, this was not enough - soon Anton Ivanovich became a student of the prestigious Imperial Academy of the General Staff. The study was given to young talent, it was even excluded from the institution for an unraded exam. At the end of study, it was produced in captains.

Gradually, his dream to achieve large heights in a military career begins to come true. However, due to the conflict, the New Chief of the Denikin Academy was not credited to the staff of the educational officers. Only a few years later, justice triumphed - Denikin wrote a letter to the military minister with a request to resolve the dispute. According to the command of the emperor, Anton becomes an officer of the Academy.

Soon Anton was granted a chance to show his talents in the conditions of real battle actions - the Russian-Japanese war began. Before this event, Denikin was injured - breaking the ligaments on the leg. Therefore, officially he could not participate in battles. But Anton decided in his own way - he sent the leadership about the direction of him to the army. In March 1904, Anton Ivanovich arrives in Harbin, from where his Japanese campaign began.

Note that Anton Denikin showed himself as a valiant and fearless officer. For participation in battles, intelligence operations, Denikin raids was presented to the rewards - orders, as well as the rank of colonel.

Career after the Russian-Japanese War

In 1906, Anton Denikin returns to St. Petersburg and begins to work as a headquarters in his regiment. Of course, this position is not exactly what Denikin expected. Having enough free time and financial opportunities, he decided to see the world - as a tourist, visited Central and South Europe. Upon his return, he was proposed a vacancy of the headquarters and the translation into Saratov. In this city, Anton Ivanovich lived for three years - until 1910

Oddly enough, Anton Denikin was also a good writer. He tried to engage in this activity in a distant childhood, but then the success and recognition of his creation (poems and prose) did not receive, so he threw this occupation. When he was already a professional military, Denikin began to write notes about the army weekdays in various newspapers and magazines with military topics. His prose was sometimes distinguished by criticism of the authorities, humor and satire.

But, of course, the main goal of his life was a military career. In 1914, Anton Ivanovich moved to Kiev, where he continues his military career. In the world, then the smell of an impending catastrophe was tested, which collapsed on August 1, 1914.

Participation in the First World War

Denikin personally sent the petition about sending it to the front. At first he served in Brousilov Division, which was accompanied by luck on combat fields. Subsequent years, right up to the February Revolution, were noted relative silence. In 1916 he participates in, then frees the city of Lutsk. For courage in battles, he is again submitted to the award.

During the hostilities, Denikin was repeatedly wounded, but he always tried not to linger on the hospital bed, but to take part in battle.

1917 year

Anton Denikin was located in the Romanian front, when information about the coup in Russia reached him. He supported the rebels, even repeated imparting rumors (mostly false) about the emperor and his family. At the same time, the conflict between Generals Brusille and Alekseev, appointed commander of the Russian army, was granted at the same time.

Denikin had a negligence to speak in support of his former chief. For that, he was arrested and transmitted to Berdichev prison, and then transferred to Bykhov, where arrested arrested army generals were already held. Denikin from there managed to escape. From this time he decides that until the end of his days he will fight with the Bolshevik government.

Anton Denikin in the Civil War

As a skillful warlord and strategist, Anton Ivanovich shaped around him a rather professional army. The main territory of his activities was the south of Russia. At first, the military actions were successful, Denikin even thought about what to go and capture Moscow. But the lack of a clear program and plans in the end destroyed his army from the inside. In addition, some soldiers came out from under the Denikin command and went to free swimming in the role of gangsters and thugs. In one of the last fights near Novorossiysk, Denikin realized that for him the struggle was played. In 1920, he resigns and leaves Russia.

Denikin with his family - wife and daughter - lived in different countries, especially loved the capital of France. In Emigration, Anton Ivanovich continues to write army essays. They also met the next world war here. After her graduation, the family is solved for a further move - in the United States. This decision was also due to the fact that he had rumors about the order of Stalin to bring Denikin (forced) in. The daughter of Marina decides to stay in France, parents moved to New York. The former General Denikin died on August 7, 1947 in Ann Arbor.

Anton Ivanovich

Battles and victories

Russian commander, politician, one of the main leaders of the White Movement in Russia during the Civil War.

During the First World War, he commanded the 4th Rifle Brigade (later unfolded to Division), who received the nickname "Iron". During the civilian years, the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia (1918-1920), having achieved the greatest success in the fight against red.

Anton Ivanovich Denikin was born in the village not far from the Polish city of Wloclawek. His father, Ivan Efimovich, took place from the fortress peasants. According to the recruitous service, he was taken to the army, where after 22 years of service he passed the exam for the first officer rank. Resigns came out in 1869 in the rank of Major. Father instilled his son deep religiosity with which Anton Ivanovich passed all his life. His mother, Elizabeth Fedorovna, was a pool, and the childhood of Denikin was held in the city, where the main population was Poles and Jews. He himself was tolerably spoke in Polish and was deprived of any xenophobic sentiment. Since childhood, he observed the powerlessness of the domestic national policy, which was the task of Russify the region. Denikin's family lived enough enough, it is in this that it is worth looking for the reasons for his aggravated sense of social justice (which he sometimes went out by Anton Ivanovich sideways) and commitment to liberal views.

Denikina's father died when he was thirteen years old, which was even larger than the financial situation of the family, and Anton Ivanovich himself made the tutorial forced. After the end of the dealer real school (where he showed good abilities in the field of mathematics), he entered the Kiev Infantry Junction School, which he graduated in 1892 and received a rank of a porquet. Being one of the best in their studies, he chose himself a 2nd field artillery brigade as a place of service, which was located in the zoom town of Bela (Sedletsky province).

Lieutenant Denikin. 1895

The fate of the provincial officer did not care about young Denikin. Soon he entered the elite Nikolaev Academy of General Staff. True, in the first year, he was cut on a military history exam (he was asked about what position it was exactly at 12 o'clock during the Vagram battle), but the next year he again passed the exams and later graduated from the Academy. In the year of release, her head of General Suchkin independent (in violation of the established law) changed the procedure for determining the final score, as a result, Denikin was not counted for the General Staff.

And here the character of a young officer was manifested. He filed a complaint to the minister, the proceedings began. As a result, he was offered a complaint to withdraw and write a foul letter lasting to have mercy. Denikin refused, saying: "I do not ask grace. I just seek what it belongs to me. The petition for the highest name also remains unanswered. And Denikin did not even consider the General Staff, as the then Military Minister of Kuropatkin said in the presence of Emperor Nicholas II, "For Character".

Denikin's camp fell at the headquarters of the Warsaw Military District. Head of the headquarters General Pubyrevsky twice wrote the petition to St. Petersburg about Denikin, having received the next answer for the third time: "The military minister has paid to initiate any petition about Captain Denikin." As a result, I had to return to my brigade. By the way, after a few years, Anton Ivanovich wrote a personal letter to Kurropatkin, where he described the whole story in detail. To the minister's honor, he acknowledged that he did unfairly, and on the very first audience, the emperor achieved Denikin's council to the General Staff.

Already, Anton Ivanovich began to actively publish various fekelons, articles and essays in military press. In them, he cried the stationery, demanded a more humane attitude towards the soldier, and also defended the officer tradition. Denikin believed that in addition to the army and fleet, Russia could not be reliable allies, saw the danger from the UK, Austria-Hungary and Japan. Moreover, as regards the latter, his voice joined the chorus of those who did not consider it a significant military value and predicted a quick victory over her.

In the summer of 1902, Anton Ivanovich became the senior adjutant of the headquarters of the 2nd Infantry Division, and in the fall for the cencing was departed to command the Rota in the 183rd regiment. At the beginning of 1904, the Russian-Japanese war broke out, and Denikin achieved appointment to the front. At first he was appointed head of the headquarters of the 3rd Brigade of the Caumur district of a separate building of the border guard, which was located in the distant rear. In the distance from the main events he did not want to remain, and therefore asked the destination to the front. By the lucky chance, he became the head of the headquarters of the Trans-Baikal Cossack Division, which was commanded by the famous General P.K. Background Rennencupf. It was under the leadership of this, of course, the talented commanders (the level of division and the corps) Anton Ivanovich began to comprehend the real military science in combat conditions.

In the battles at Zinchecheny at the end of November 1904, he commanded the avant-garde (1 battalion, 4 hundred Cossacks and a mountain battery), which for five days the opponent's attacks died. The fence on which there was a fighting, even called "Denikin". In February 1905, he became the head of the headquarters of the Ural-Transbaikal Cossack Division, arriving there along with Rennencipf, who temporarily replaced the wounded General Mishchenko. Here Denikin took part in the unfortunate Mukden battle for us. After the departure of the Russian army, the Connection on the right flange was again headed by General Mishchenko - a person whose name then thundered throughout Russia, and many officers and soldiers specially left their parts to serve under his start. Denikin remained headquarters. We note a very interesting line of his character, namely the ability to converge with the authorities: at first he managed to establish relations with a very difficult Rennencipf, and then with him almost a "deadly enemy" of Mishchenko.

Despite the calm, the equestrian detachment of Mishchenko in the following months spent a series of bold raids on the enemy's reasons, destroying railways, destroying enemy companies, exciting military property and valuable correspondence. For the combat differences, Denikin was produced in colonels. As Mishchenko wrote in the order in his squad: "By justice, I have to recognize the activities of this worthy officer of the General Staff, highly useful both in relation to the domestic household of the division parts and in particular combat service, which was very difficult and responsible."

All this time of combat life and service with division, Colonel Denikin showed outstanding energy, efficiency, diligence, proper understanding and love of the military business.

General P.I. Mishchenko

After the end of the war it was assumed that Anton Ivanovich will receive the post of headquarters of the division, but so far, Siberia has passed a long journey through a revolution (where the officers had to actually capture the train to break through to Central Russia) all vacancies were distributed. After a long clarification, he was offered a temporary post of headquarters in the headquarters of the 2nd Cavalry Corps in the Warsaw Military District familiar. Temporary appointment lasts a whole year. The aggravated sense of justice again recited in Denikin, he wrote not quite a correct petition in the General Staff, from where he received a proposal to become the head of the 8th Siberian Division headquarters. In the telegram it was attributed: "In case of refusal, it will be dealt with from the candidate list." To which Anton Ivanovich sent an even less correct telegram: "I do not wish," after which he was offered the normal position of headquarters of the 57th backup brigade headquarters in Saratov.

Commander of the Arkhanghelogorodsky regiment Denikin A.I. Zhytomyr, 1912

At this time, Denikin continued to actively perform in the military press with journalistic articles. Some of them relate to military life, others described the events of the Russian-Japanese war, the third were devoted to the analysis of the causes of failures in the fields of Manchuria and the insufficiency of the initiated military reforms. Like many Liberal Thinking Military, Anton Ivanovich laid hopes for the update, calling for a bet on officers (improving the selection system and enable the creative initiative), as well as pay attention to the development of aviation and vehicles. On the eve of the First World Denikin, he wrote that Russia is not ready for the future war ("New War would be misfortune for us"), and therefore believed that our poor Dark country now, at the dawn of an updated state system, more than ever need the world And prosperity. " It is worth noting that he focused on politics in the Far East, clearly exaggerating a military threat from China.

In 1910, Denikin received the 17th Infantry Archangelogodarian Regiment in the command, and in early 1914 he became the executing the position of General for instructions at the headquarters of the Kiev Military District. In June 1914, he was assigned the rank of major general.

With the beginning of World War II, Denikin was on the southwestern front, which fought against the Austro-Hungarian troops. Initially, he ranked the post of Land-winning General of the 8th Army General A.A. Brusilova, which was on the left wing and together with the 3rd army N.V. Ruzsky at the beginning of August developed an offensive in East Galicia. Since the Austrians applied the main blow to the north, then there were the main battles, and therefore the promotion of Brusylov's troops in the first days did not meet resistance. In mid-August, the River River Lipa Ruzsky, with the support of Brusylov, broke relatively weak Austrian forces and took Lviv.

Denikin did not like his staff work, he rushed into battle and knocked himself a appointment by the commander of the 4th Rifle Brigade, designed by the Iron: during the Russian-Turkish war, 1877-78. She was part of the detachment of General Gurko, who led fierce battles on the chips. In the hands of Anton Ivanovich, this brigade again won a number of brilliant victories.

The position of the Brigade (Division) in the 8th Army was completely special. Iron shooters almost did not have to take part in the positional standing, at times long and boring. Usually after the brigade bloody battle, Brigade was displayed in the "reserve of the army commander" for only that after two or three days again be abandoned on someone's revenue in the bake of battle, into a breakthrough or chaos of retreating parts. We often carried great losses and changed in such order of fourteen buildings. And I proudly noted that the Iron Division has earned the honorary title of "Firefighter" of the 8th Army.

A.I. Denikin

For a long time, the 4th Rifle Brigade was in cooperation with no less valiant 12th cavalry division A.M. Kaltedina and 48th Infantry Division L.G. Cornilova, and headquarters of the front until March 1915 was General M.V. Alekseev. All of them will later become the head of the white movement in the south of Russia.

A perfectly educated officer who has passed a combat school at Rennenkpfa and Mishchenko, Denikin, at the head of the brigade, was "in his place": he was rightly one of the best brigadiers and divisional commanders of that war. In early September 1914, his parts took part in the battles at Grout, reflecting the Austrian attempt to defeat the 8th Army to win the revenge. For these events, he was awarded by Georgievsky weapons: "For the fact that you are in battles from 8 to 12 seconds. In 1914, the Groudek with outstanding art and courage was charged with desperate attacks of excellent enemy, especially persistent 11 seconds, with the desire of Austrians to break through the center of the corps; And in the morning 12 second. They themselves switched to a brigade in a decisive offensive. "

In September, Denikin's brigade participated in the further persecution of the broken Austrians, who retired for the whole front. San. However, soon the situation has changed dramatically: the Germans with their allies took a throw on Warsaw, while the Austrians began their own offensive in Galicia. So began bloody battles on the river. San and Hydov, who walked all October and ended with the overall bypass of the enemy. In them, "Iron Brigade" showed wonders of courage and courage. So, 11 (24) October without any artillery training, Denikin broke through the defense line of the enemy and, fits the fast telegram "Beam and Geony by Austrians," began persecution, during which he captured with. Mountain meadow. For the enemy, the breakthrough of the Russians was so unexpected, which caused a panic in the rear. Moreover, the headquarters of the Arzgertzoga Franz Joseph, who barely managed to avoid captivity was in the mountain meadow. The success of Denikin's brigade had an important assistance to the overall promotion of the army, and Anton Ivanovich himself was awarded the Order of St. George 4th Art.

At the end of October, the opponent began to move across the front and the 8th Army went to the Carpathians. If in November, the basic operations unfolded in the area of \u200b\u200bLodz (an unsuccessful attempt to invade Germany) and in the direction of Krakow, then Brusille was put in a generally passive task: to act in the Carpathians, providing the left flank of the entire front from possible surprises from Hungary. Brusilov decided to take Carpathian passes. Thus began stubborn battles in the Carpathians, which, with varying success, went down until April 1915, Denikin's brigade was actively transferred from one site to another, providing the promotion of Russian troops. For the battles of January 1915, Denikin was awarded the Order of St. George 3rd degree. As indicated in the order of awarding: "While in the 2nd Cavalry Corps, and personally, leading to the actions of the 4th Rifle Brigade entrusted to him, under strong and real fire, he knocked out the enemy, who manifested a huge persistence, from a number of trenches and threw him for p. San on the section Smolnik - Zhuravin. Mastering the most important in tactically strengthened altitudes 761-703-710 so contributed to the victorious success of the entire Lutovi operation, which, without mastering these heights, the mentioned success would be impossible. Trophies: 8 machine guns and over 2,000 prisoners. "

At the beginning of March, the brigade led the hardest battles near the Mountain Odrin. Here she fell into an almost complete environment, and behind was the full river. San with one bridge for crossing. The arrows were again poured by blood, but did not retreat, so as not to substitute the neighboring 14 infantry division under the strike. Only by order of the bosses of the brigade was then assigned to the San. Note that by the beginning of April 1915, the 8th army was still on the western slope of Karpat.

In April, a month after the fall of the largest Austrian fortress, the emperor Nicholas II arrived at the front. The 1st company of the 16th rifle regiment was set to the honorary guard. As Brusilov wrote: "I reported to the sovereign that the 16th page of the regiment, as well as the entire rifle division, referred to as the Iron, for all the time the campaign was highlighted by its special valor and that, in particular, the 1st company had on These days are a brilliant business, destroying two doings of the enemy. " At about the same, in the spring of 1915, Denikin offered to lead the infantry division, but he refused, stating that he could do more with his "iron arrows". As a result, the brigade was deployed to the division.

During the battles for the Carpathians of the Army of the South-Western Front suffered large losses. The high consumption of ammunition coincided with a military supply crisis. Moreover, in mid-April, the opponent focused a large grouping and broke through the Russian front in the area of \u200b\u200bM. Gorlitsa. So the bloody battles that ended with the great retreat of Russian armies began. Denikin recalled: "The battle of Mamolem in the middle of May. Eleven days of the most severe combat battle of the Iron Division ... Eleven days of the terrible buzz of the German heavy artillery, literally disrupting the whole ranges of the trenches along with their defenders ... and the silence of my batteries ... We could not answer, there was nothing. Even the cartridges on the gun was issued the most limited number. Shelves, exhausted to the last degree, beat off one attack after another ... bayonets or, in extreme cases, shooting up. I saw how the ranks of my shooters have reddished, and experienced despair and consciousness of ridiculous helplessness. "

All summer troops of the southwestern front with battles, sometimes moving to counterattacks, left, maybe avoid full defeat. In mid-August, the 1st Austro-Hungarian army led the offensive bypassing the flank of the 8th Army. The position saved the new 39th building (it consisted of spare parts, and therefore his combat force was minimal) and the 4th Infantry Division.

The position of the division was unusually difficult. Austrians, introducing all new forces into battle, spread to the left, to the coverage of the right flank of the army. According to this, my front lengthened, after reaching 15 kilometers. The enemy forces significantly exceeded us, almost three times, and it was impossible to defend under such conditions. I decided to attack.

A.I. Denikin

Denikin crossed three times in the attack, thereby delaying the enemy bypass wing. In the first half of September, due to the overall position, the 8th army was departed.

However, soon Brusilov managed to win a private victory, and, by developing success, he sent the 4th Rifle Division in Lutsk. Frontal attack failed. Then bypassing was sent to the 30th Corps of General Zayonchkovsky, but he was stopped by the troops of opponents. The situation at the front of Denikin worsened: "Our peak position. Nothing remains for us how to attack, "he said. September 10 (23) During the bold attack Lutsk was taken, and Denikin in the ranks of the first line drove into the city. 128 officers and 6,000 lower ranks were captured, the trophies were 3 guns and 30 machine guns. Soon the parts of Zaisonchkovsky came soon, he sent a report to the headquarters of the army about what entered the city, Brusilov made a comic note on it: "... And he took a captive of General Denikin." For a feat with the capture of Lutsk (who, however, I had to leave) Anton Ivanovich was produced in Lieutenant-General, and in the future he was awarded Georgiev weapon, decorated with diamonds. In fact, in two years of war, Denikin received four of the highest "Georgievsky" awards: the maximum that the chief of the division could count at the time.

In early October, the 4th Infantary Division participated in the capture of Chartersk, when the 1st Grenadier Kronprint of the Regiment was defeated. 138 officers were captured, 6100 lower ranks, as well as 9 guns and 40 machine guns.

The Last glorious page in the history of the "iron shooters" was the Brusilov breakthrough, which began at the end of May 1916. Then Denikin Division was located as part of the 8th Army, which General Kalden commanded. Artillery preparation began at four in the morning on May 22 and was held all day. By the morning of the next day, passes were created for the immediate attack. Then Denikin gave orders number 13: "Today at 9 o'clock I order divisions to attack and God will help us!".

The attack began successfully: in just half an hour, the division took possession of all the three enemy defense lines (the left flank was the only exception, where the battle for the 1st line was dragged out). By the evening, the task was completed. Then the Thanksgiving telegram followed the advocate of the army commander: "Thank you from the bottom of my heart, as well as all the characters of the shooters for their today's nice heroism and impeccable valor."

On May 24, the 4th Infantry Division rushed into persecution. Denikin followed his parts that have been launched forward. Seeing the success of the offensive, he, without holding away, said, referring to the 16th rifle regiment located in the reserve: "I give Lutsk tomorrow." By the evening of the next day, after a stubborn battle, the arrows really broke into the city, capturing 4,500 prisoners. At the same time, the offensive went so rapidly that at the time there was a connection with the headquarters of the case. In total, 243 officers were taken over these days, 9626 lower ranks, more than 500 wounded, 27 guns, 37 machine guns, mortars and bombmers, mass of weapons and shells. The losses were: among officers - 16 killed, 25 wounded and 2 contuge, among the lower ranks - 694 killed, 2867 injured.

Over the next few days, the division remained on positions occupied, mainly conducting intelligence and providing support for the next 2nd Rifle Division. On June 4, an order was ordered to defend the captured frontiers. By the time the Hermanians had already arrived to help the Austrians, and therefore Denikin had to reflect the attacks of a more skilled enemy. The enemy turned. Already by noon, some shelves were charged the 8th attack, but the division was kept, although she lost 13 officers and 890 shooters.

Further days were held in heavy battles, and on June 8, the division was assigned to the prepared position. From June 5 to 10, she lost 9 officers and 781 Nizhnya ranks killed, 33 officers and 3202 lower ranks were injured, 5 officers and 25 of the lower ranks were contusedly, left on the battlefield of 18 officers and 1041 Lower Chin. 8 officers were captured, 611 enemy soldiers, captured 3 machine guns. Denikina Division led defensive battles, passed in private counterattacks. Despite serious efforts, the Austrians did not manage to break through the defense (breakthroughs in individual sites, as a rule, were quickly eliminated). Only June 18, 13 prisoners of enemy officers were held through the department of division, 613 lower ranks. In the order of the commander of the army 2 and 4, the rifle divisions were called the core, pride and glory of the 8th army.

June 21-22 Division led demonstrative battles. The losses were 420 shooters and 351 lower ranks in the 199th shelf. As indicated in the journal of the combat operations of the division: "The demonstration cost too expensive, although, apparently, reached the goal. Cause: One company went ahead and broke into the enemy advanced trenches; Neighboring did not want to lag behind. The irrepressible desire forward created the illusion of low resistance from the enemy; However, a large number of losses do not confirm this. "

In July, Denikin's troops turned three times in the offensive, managed to move ahead a few, but failed to break the line of defense. On August 18, attempts to attack the enemy were repeated again, chemical shells were even applied, but did not manage to achieve significant success, neither Denikin or other commander. After the initial success at the end of May - June, an offensive gusting of the subsidy, and the Brousilovian breakthrough did not achieve a strategic goal: withdrawal from the war of Austria-Hungary.

On September 8, Denikin still went to the rise: he was appointed commander of the 8th Army Corps, at the head of which first took part in unsuccessful battles at the Covel, and then he was transferred to the Romanian front for the purpose of salvation of an ally defeating.

By that time, Denikin acquired quite widely known as one of the most successful nation. Of course, he was a brilliant tactic, he knew how to manage his parts, despite the severity of the battle, he understood the psychology of the soldiers and possessed the "Suvorov" Eyemer. The main thing, Denikin was not afraid of the offensive, having distinguished from many other commanders. Of course, during the gusts, he sometimes fell into Euphoria, which led to the underestimation of the enemy forces and high losses. The successes of the "iron shooters" sometimes caused envy in neighboring parts and complaints that their own merits turned out to be underestimated. So, when translating Denikin to a new position General V.I. Sokolov left the following lines in its notes: "Denikina VIII Corps knew a long time ago as a head of a 3 rifle, so-called iron, first brigade, and then divisions - on combat meetings and joint cases in 1915 and 1916. We knew that this was a person of immense ambition, to the satisfaction of which he walked in all means, to the cheapest advertising inclusive, but at the same time he was certainly brave, not only with the military, but also with civilian courage. " Approximately similar estimate was given and A.A. Brusilov: "Denikin, who played such a big role later, was a good combat general, very smart and decisive, but always tried to force his neighbors to work in his favor, in order to facilitate the task for their division; The neighbors often complained that he wants to attach their fighting differences to himself. I considered it natural that he tries to reduce the number of victims entrusted to him, but, of course, all this should be done with the famous clock and in certain sizes. "

The February revolution Anton Ivanovich met with the hope of positive changes in the country and the army, but the subsequent confusion and the collapse of the Armed Forces hit his illusions. Not without the protection of Military Minister A.I. Guccova, he first became assistants of the head of the headquarters of the Supreme Commander (at the head of the armies then stood General M.V. Alekseev), and then the head of the headquarters. Together with Alekseev, he stood at the sources of the union of officers of the army and the fleet - a professional organization, which was able to rally those who did not accept the collapse of the army and was ready to speak in the name of Russia's salvation.

After the resignation of Alekseev in May 1917, Denikin headed the West Front. In mid-July, during the meeting of the Supreme Chiefs in the presence of Prime Minister A.F. Kerensky, he sharply opposed the murderous policies of the temporary government, calling to disperse military committees, restore the discipline and not interfere with the army into politics. Kerensky thanked him for an honest report. According to information, at that time Anton Ivanovich appeared among those whom they planned to appoint the Supreme Commander instead of A.A. Brusylov, however, in view of Savinkov's support, this post occupied L.G. Cornilov. Denikin soon headed the South West Front.

He supported Cornilov's speech and, together with him and other generals, was arrested. It was possible to run only after the October Revolution. Denikin found himself on Don, where he took part in creating a voluntary army, the main inspiration of which was M.V. Alekseev. At the end of January 1918, Denikina appointed the head of the 1st Volunteer Division, and then - Deputy Commander Cornilov. After his tragic death at the end of March, Denikin became the commander of the volunteer army in the battles for Ekaterinodar Denikin.

It was under his beginning that volunteers managed to achieve the greatest success in the south of Russia. By the end of the year, Kuban and the North Caucasus were released. At the end of December, Denikin signed an agreement with the Don Army. As a result, the combined armed forces of the South of Russia (Emergency) were created, at the head of which he got up.

Spring 1919 brought new successes. In May-June, the Bolsheviks were defeated on Don and Manany, and Denikin mastered the coal region - the fuel and metallurgical base of the south of Russia. At the same time, he received military aid (though, in insufficient volume) from the Allies on Antante, which also contributed to the strengthening of his army. In late June, Kharkov were taken, Ekaterinoslav, and on June 30, Tsaritsyn fell. Here Anton Ivanovich signed the famous "Moscow Directive", which sent the main blow to Moscow. Denikin's headquarters at that time was influenced by Euphoria from success achieved, and therefore spat out forces, and also underestimated the enemy. Another summer, General P.N. Wrangel offered to step on Saratov and connect with the army of Kolchak, however Anton Ivanovich rejected this offer. In his defense, it can be said that at that time the army of Kolchak had already tolerated defeat, retreating to the Urals. Moreover, she herself did not seek to connect with Denikin.

However, the offensive continued. In the summer, Denikin returned Poltava, Odessa and Kiev, in early September, white troops entered Kursk, and on September 30 - to the eagle. At some point, the Bolsheviks almost fell in spirit: the evacuation of government agencies in Vologda has already begun, and in Moscow, a batch committee was created. However, these were the last victories of Denikin. By that time, the rebel army mashed a number of serious blows on the reasons of the North, the red were able to collect a strong fist. It has also affects the fact that despite military tartaries, Denikin turned out to be a weak politician, not sowing (however, like other white generals) neither offer a clear and attractive idea, nor stabilize the political situation in the rear.

At the end of September, the red switched to counteroffensive, applying a number of major lesions white. By the end of the year, those left Kharkov, Kiev and Donbass. At the same time, fermentation in the rear strengthened, Denikina broke out a conflict with General Wrangel, many rumors were crowded, intrigues and conspiracies. He could not hold power in her hands on the background of unexpected defeats. At the end of March 1920, the unsuccessful evacuation of Novorossiysk began, which caused the last blow to Denikin. On April 4 (17), the Military Council appointed commander-in-chief of the St. Baron Wrangel, and Denikin went to England.

Practice farewell with my nearest staff at the bid and officers of the convoy. Then she came down - to the premises of the security officer company, consisting of old volunteers, in most wounded in battles; With many of them, I was associated with the memory of the suffrating days of the first campaigns. They are excited, hears the deaf sobs ... deep excitement covered me; A heavy whom who approached the throat, interfered ...

When we went to the sea, I was already night. Only bright lights that destroyed the darkness of Darkness were launched another shore of the left Russian land. Dull and go out.

Russia, my homeland ...

A.I. Denikin

In the emigration, Denikin lived a short time in England, Belgium and Hungary, while in 1926 he did not settled in France. He wrote memoirs and various historical studies (some have not yet been published), spoke with lectures, participated in the life of our emigrants. With the beginning of World War II tried to flee to the Spanish border, but was captured by the Nazis. Repeatedly rejected cooperation with the Nazis. After the end of World War I, emigrated to the United States (a visa he issued through the Polish embassy as born in the territory of modern Poland). He died in 1947 and was buried with the Military Humans. In 2005, his remains on behalf of V.V. Putin was postponed to their homeland.

Pakhalyuk K.,
Member of the Russian Association of Historians of the First World War,
Head of the Internet Project "Heroes of the First World War"

Sources and literature

RGVIA F. 2498. OP. 2. D. 95 (Magazine Military Action 4th Rifle Division)

Brusilov A.A. My memories. M., 2002.

Terbov O.V. A.I. Denikin against stationery, showing and arbitrariness. Military Historical Journal. 1994. №2.

Ippolites G. Denikin. M., 2006 (ZhZL)

White motion. Historical portraits: L.G. Kornilov, A.I. Denikin, P.N. Wrangel ... Sost. A.C. Crucine. M., 2006.

the Internet

Nevsky, Suvorov

Of course, the holy blessing prince Alexander Nevsky and Generalissimus A.V. Suvorov.

Ladyanin Dmitry Ivanovich

An outstanding commander of the second half of the XVI century. Scrapper.
Rod. OK. 1520, died 7 (17) August 1591 at the Voivodes since 1560. A participant in almost all military enterprises of the Self-Board of Ivan IV and the Board of Fyodor Ioanovich. There are several won field battles (including: Rzgr Tatars near Zaraky (1570), Molatric battle (during the decisive battle, he led Russian detachments in a gulyai city), defeating the Swedes at Lyamitz (1582) and the NPodelka from Narva ( 1590)). He led the suppression of the Cheremis uprising in 1583-1584, for which he received a boyars rank.
By aggregate merit D.I. Twigs stands much higher than the already proposed here. M.I. Vorotnsky. The gallinsky was more significant and therefore he often trusted the overall leadership of the shelves. But, in the commander Talatnam, he was far from his twig.

Kondratenko Roman Isidovich

Warrior of honor without fear and reproach, Soul Defense Port Arthur.

Kotlyarevsky Peter Stepanovich

General Kotlyarevsky, Son of the priest village of Olkhovatki Kharkiv province. Passed the way from ordinary to the general in the royal army. It can be called the great-grandfather of Russian special forces. He spent truly unique operations ... His name is worthy of entering into the list of the greatest commander of Russia

Kalievich Jeronim Petrovich

Soviet warlord, teammaderm 1st rank (1935). Member of the Communist Party from March 1917. Born in the village of APANDRYUS (now the Utensky district of the Lithuanian SSR) in the family of the Lithuanian peasant. He graduated from Konstantinovsky Artillery School (1916). Participant of the 1st World War 1914-18, a podoruk. After the October Revolution, 1917 was one of the organizers of the Red Guard in Bessarabia. In January - February 1918 he commanded a revolutionary detachment in the battles against the Romanian and Austro-German interventory, was injured and captured, from where he ran in August 1918. He was an instructor of artillery, the commander of the Dvinsky Brigade on the North Front, from December 1918, the head of the 18th rifle divisions of the 6th Army. From October 1919 to February 1920, the commander of the 14th Army with the defeat of the troops of General Denikin, in March - April 1920 commanded the 9th Army in the North Caucasus. In May - July and November - December 1920, the commander of the 14th Army in the battles against the troops of Bourgeois Poland and Petlyurovtsev, in July - November 1920 - the 13th Army in the battles against Vrangelev. In 1921, the assistant to the commander of the troops of Ukraine and the Crimea, the deputy commander of the troops of the Tambov province, commander of the forces of the Minsk province, led by combat actions with the defeat of Gang Makhno, Antonova and Bulak Balakhovich. From August 1921, the commander of the 5th Army and the East Siberian Military District. In August - December 1922, the Military Minister of the Far Eastern Republic and the Commander-in-Chief of the People's Revolutionary Army under the liberation of the Far East. He was the commander of the north-caucasian troops (from 1925), Moscow (since 1928) and Belarusian (since 1931) of military districts. From 1926 Member of the USSR RVS, in 1930-31, Deputy Chairman of the USSR RVS and the head of Arms of the Red Army. Since 1934 Member of the NGO Military Council. There was a great contribution to the work of strengthening the defense capability of the USSR, the upbringing and training of team composition and troops. Candidate of the CPS Central Committee (b) in 1930-37. Member of the Central Executive Committee from December 1922. He was awarded 3 orders of the Red Banner and Honorary Revolutionary Weapon.

Fedor Ivanovich Tolbukhin

Major General F.I. Tolbukhin showed himself during the Stalingrad battle, commanding the 57th Army. The second "Stalingrad" for the Germans - the 7th Chisinau operation, in which he commanded the 2nd Ukrainian front.
One of the Pleiads of the commander, who raised and put forward I.V. Stalin.
The big merit of Marshal of the Soviet Union of Tolbukhina - in the liberation of the countries of Southeast Europe.

Kk Rokossovsky

The intelligence of this Marshal tied the Russian army from the Red Army.

Anton Denikin was born in 1872 in the vicinity of the city of Wloclawek on the territory of the current Poland in a poor family of the retired military.

Since childhood, Anton puts himself a goal for military service. In 1890, having received a general education, enters Kiev Military School for biennial training. After the end of study in 1892, Anton Denikin was produced in the companions and appointed to one of the artillery brigades in the territory of Warsaw province.

After three years of service continues to study at the Academy of General Staff. Ends it in 1899, but the appointment to the General Staff receives only two years later for the "complex" character.

In 1904, it seeks appointment to a part that takes participation in the Russian-Japanese war. Participated in hostilities. With his divisions, well showed himself in battles. Awarded by two orders.

After the end of the hostilities occupies consistently the post of head of the headquarters of the Brigade, the regiment commander, and before the very beginning of the First World War, in 1914 he receives the general title and position in the 8th Army under the command of General Bruçilov.

In the first days of the War, it is appointed to the post of commander of the Brigade and very soon seeks noticeable success. 1914 was quite successful for the Russian army. She advanced far forward. Denikina Brigade took an active part in the battles. For several bold operations, Denikin is awarded the Order of St. George. 1915-year of retreats. Denikin's brigade unfold into a division. In 1916, Division participates in the famous Brusilov breakthrough. For excellent actions in the offensive, Denikin receives the next awards and is appointed by the commander of the corps on the Romanian front.

Denikin favorably meets the February Revolution of 1917 and supports the Interim Government. A month later, prescribed by the head of the General Staff. But in this position everything was worked out only a month and a half. After appointing the commander-in-chief of the Russian army, General Brusylov, refuses his post. The subordinate Brusylova Denikin was on the front for two years and, apparently, the number of disagreements between the two outstanding military leaders was considerable.

After the capture of power, the Bolsheviks incognito moves into Novocherkassk. There participates in the formation of a volunteer army. It becomes one of the leaders of white movement. The struggle against the Red Army goes with varying success. Brilliant victories alternate with defeats, uprisings in the rear. Large disunity and lack of clear political abstracts, with which you can seek support to the people, lead to the overall defeat of the White Guards. In April 1920, General Denikin forever leaves Russia.

Replacing several countries, (England, Belgium, Hungary) Denikin is justified in France. He writes a number of works, where he tries to comprehend the events in his life and the country. Looks magazine, reads lectures. During the occupation of France by the Nazis, it receives an offer to lead the anti-Bolshevik forces, which categorically refuses.

In 1945, due to a sufficiently probable opportunity to issue it allies, the Stalinist regime, she moved to the United States. There continues active social activities. He opposes the violent issuance of the USSR of former Soviet citizens from Western occupation zones. Dies in 1947 from a heart attack.

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