Armed Speech of the Czechoslovak Corps in May - August 1918 in the Volga region, in the Urals, in Siberia and the Far East, which created a favorable situation to eliminate the Soviet authorities, the formation of anti-Soviet governments (Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly, Interim Siberian Government, Later - Interim All-Russian Government ) and the start of large-scale armed actions of the White Aviation of Soviet power.

Beginning of the uprising
The Soviet government has become aware of the secret negotiations of the Allies on Japanese intervention in Siberia and the Far East. March 28, in the hope of preventing this, Trotsky agreed to Lock Cart on the Union-Union landing in Vladivostok. However, on April 4, the Japanese Admiral Kato without warning allies landed a small detachment of marines in Vladivostok "to protect the life and property of Japanese citizens." The Soviet government, suspecting annthant in a double game, demanded to begin new negotiations on the change in the direction of the evacuation of Czechoslovakov from Vladivostok to Arkhangelsk and Murmansk.
The German General Staff, for its part, was also afraid of the emergence on the western front of the 40,000th corps, while France had already dried up the last human reserves and hurriedly began to send so-called colonial troops. Under pressure from the German ambassador in Russia, Count Mirbach on April 21, the People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs Chicherin sent a telegram to the Krasnoyarsk Council to suspend the further movement of Czechoslovak echelons to the East.
On May 25-27, at several points of finding Czechoslovak Echelons (Maryanovka Station, Irkutsk, Zlatoust) were shy with red guardians who tried to disarm legionnaires.
On May 27, Vojotoshov took Chelyabinsk.
Czechoslovaki, defeating the hands of the Red Guard abandoned against them, took several more cities, overthrowing the power of the Bolsheviks in them. Czechoslovakov began to occupy the cities lying on their way: Petropavlovsk, Kurgan, and opened their way to Omsk. Other parts entered Novonikolaevsk, Mariinsk, Nizhneudinsk and Kansk (May 29). In early June 1918, Czechoslovaki entered Tomsk.
On May 29, a group of Checheki, after the bloody battle, which lasted almost a day, mastered the Penza.
Not far from Samara, the legionnaires broke the Soviet parts (4-5.06.1918) and punched the possibility of crossing the Volga. On June 4, Anntan declares the Czechoslovak corps part of his armed forces and declares that it will consider his disarmament as an unfriendly act regarding the Entente. The situation is exacerbated by the pressure of Germany, which did not cease to demand from the Bolshevik government disarmament of Czechoslovakov. In the captured Czechoslovaki Samara, on June 8, the first anti-Bolshevik government was organized - the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly (Commuche), June 23 - the temporary Siberian government in Omsk. It marked the beginning of the formation of other anti-Bolshevik governments throughout Russia.
The commander of the First Division, Stanislav Chechek, gave an order in which the following was especially emphasized:
Our detachment is defined as the predecessor of the Allied forces, and the instructions received from the headquarters have the only goal - to build an anti-enec front in Russia in the Union with the whole Russian people and our allies.
Russian Volunteers of the General Staff of Lieutenant Colonel V. O. Kappels take re-syzran (07/10/1918), and Chechek - Kuznetsk (07/15/1918). The next part of the People's Army of Commus V. O. Kappel made his way through Bugulma to Simbirsk (July 22, 1918) and together they went to Saratov and Kazan. In the Urals, Colonel Wojcachovsky took Tyumen, and Evignor Chila - Ekaterinburg (07.25.1918). In the east, General Hyda occupied Irkutsk, (07/11/1918) and later - the cheat.
Under the pressure of the superior forces of the Bolsheviks of the part of the People's Army, Komuk left on September 10 Kazan, September 12 - Simbirsk, in early October - Syzran, Stavropol, Samara. In Czechoslovak Legions, uncertainty grew in the need to fight in the Volga region and in the Urals.
In the fall of 1918, the Czechoslovak parts began to be discharged into the rear and did not participate in the battles in the future, focusing along the Trans-Siberian Highway. To lead to the proclamation of independent Czechoslovakia strengthened the desire of legionnaires to return home. The fall of the combat spirit of legionnaires in Siberia was unable to stop even the Military Minister of the Czechoslovak Republic Milan Styfanic during his inspection check in November-December 1918. He issued an order for which all parts of the Czechoslovak Corps were prescribed to leave the front and transfer positions on the line of the Front by Russian troops.
On January 27, 1919, the commander of the Czechoslovak army in Russia, General Yang Syris, issued an order, announcing a plot of a highway between the Novonikolaevsky and Irkutsk operating plot of Czechoslovak troops. The Siberian Railway Highway was thus under the control of Czech legionnaires, and the actual manager on it was the Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Forces in Siberia and the French General Maurice Jeanne in the Far East. It was he who established the order of movement of the echelons and the evacuation of military units.
During 1919, the combat capability of the corps continued to fall. Its parts still participated in security and punitive operations against red partisans from Novonikolaevsk to Irkutsk, but mostly they were involved in economic work: repair of locomotives, rolling stock, railway tracks.

Retreat.
On February 7, Kolchak and Pepeliaev, according to the decree of the Irkutsk VRK, were shot.
On the same day, at the Kuytun station under Irkutsk, an agreement was signed on the armistice between the command of the Red Army and the Czechoslovak Corps, guaranteeing the parties of the corps to the Far East and evacuation. With respect to the Russian golden stock, it was agreed that he would be transferred to the Soviet side after leaving Irkutsk to the east of the last Czechoslovak Echelon. Before this date was a truce, the prison was exchanged, coal was loaded into locomotives, lists of Russian and Czechoslovak authorized to eschelov were compiled and coordinated. The transfer by the Soviet authorities of the echelon with the gold reserve was held on March 1. On the night of March 1-2, Irkutsk left the last Czech echelons, and regular parts of the Red Army entered the city.
Legionnaires at the funeral of their comrades killed in battle with Bolsheviks near Nikolsk-Usuri. 1918
Already in December 1919, the first ships with legion meters began to be published from Vladivostok. 72,644 people were shipped to Europe to Europe (3004 officers and 53,455 soldiers and ensigns of the Czechoslovak army). More than four thousand people did not return from Russia - the dead and missing.
In November 1920, the last echelon with legionnaires from Russia returned to Czechoslovakia.

Mount of the Czechoslovak Corpus - Armed performance of the Czechoslovak Corps in May - August of the Year in the Volga region, in the Urals, in Siberia and the Far East, which created a favorable situation to eliminate the Soviet authorities, the formation of anti-Soviet governments (Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly, Interim Siberian Government, Later - Interim All-Russian Government ) and the start of large-scale armed actions of white troops against Soviet power.

History

Prehistory

On March 26, 1918, the Soviet Union of the RSFSR concluded the official agreement on which Czechoslovans were given the right to travel through the territory of Russia to Vladivostok in Russia, with the separation of the Czechoslovak National Council. Czechoslovak parts were obliged to pass weapons when driving through Penza. To carry the guard service, they were allowed to leave 168 rifles in each echelon and 1 machine gun. Artillery weapons surrendered completely.

To May 1918, 14 thousand Czechoslovakov arrived in Vladivostok, 4 thousand were in the area of \u200b\u200bNovo-Nikolaevsk (now Novosibirsk), 8 thousand in the Chelyabinsk area and 8 thousand in the Penza area (including Rtishchevo Station).

On May 14, an incident occurred in Chelyabinsk, which created hostile tensions between Czechoslovak Legioneers and Soviets. At the railway station met echelons with Czechoslovaks and with Hungarian and German prisoners of war, released under the conditions of the Brest Treaty. Czech soldiers were seriously injured from Hungarian echelon. In response, Czechoslovaki was the guilty of the guilty, in their opinion, a prisoner of war - Hungarian. He was applied several bayonets in the chest and neck. The next day, the authorities of Chelyabinsk were arrested by ten Czechoslovak legionnaires from the 6th Czechoslovak Rifle Regiment. On 17 May 1918, soldiers of the 3rd and 6th Czechoslovak Rifle regiments and took the railway station in Chelyabinsk, and then the whole city and released prisoners of soldiers. The legionnaires disarmed the Red Guards and captured the urban arsenal - 2,800 rifles and an artillery battery.

On May 23, Czechoslovak Radiers were intercepted by two secret telegrams from Moscow with order to local advice, the beginning of disarmament of Czechoslovak legionnaires and the conclusion of soldiers in the concentration camps. On May 25, the People's Commissar for Military Affairs L. D. Trotsky issued an order in which, in particular, it was said: "All the councils of deputies are obliged to disarm Czechoslovaks under the fear of responsibility. Each Czechoslovak found armed on the railway line should be shot still. Each echelon, which will be at least one armed soldier, must be unloaded from the wagons and is concluded in the concentration camp ... ".

Events on Rtishchevo-Penza

Lieutenant S. Chechek (1918)

Rodion Tuseseev

Banner of the 4th Rifle Regiment

Rtishchevo. Funeral R. Tusseev and Nikolaev who died in Penza in battles with Czechoslovakov (June 2, 1918)

The echelon of the fourth rifle regiment of the first Czechoslovak division arrived in Rtishchevo from the station will know April 19, 1918. On the first way there was a passenger train with command staff; On the third and fourth paths - the commercial wagons in which soldiers were located. On May 27, Czechoslovaki refused to pass the weapon to representatives of the executive committee of the Rtishchevsky Council. The officers at the negotiations announced that when I was trying to disarm their legionnaires, resistance would have resistance.

Apparently, such an attempt was undertaken. By breaking the Rtishchevsky squad of the Red Guards, Czechoslovaki captured the station. In the evening of the same day, the news of the mute received the Saratov province executive committee. A detachment of the 2nd Red Latvian Shelf and the detachment of Red Guards from Atkarsk was sent to his suppression of Saratis in Rtishchevo, who arrived at the station on May 28 in the morning. Latvians opened an artillery fire from Czechoslovakov from the three-yeduli guns deployed on the platforms, in particular shelling was subjected to the Drug Tupika district, where legionnaires were located. Resty Czechoslovakov managed to surround and disarm. In the afternoon from Tambov to the station, a two-year-old squad of legionaries was approached under the command of Lieutenant Stanislav Checheki. The rebels surrounded the village, cut the telegraph wires and began the siege.

On the same day, on May 28, in Balashov, the general meeting of workers and employees of the railway station decided to create a detachment for the fight against a Czechoslovatsky rebellion. To do this, from railway workers from 18 to 50 years, with the exception of employees and workers needed to maintain the small movement of trains, repair of paths and locomotives, the Balashovsky 135th Infantry Regiment was formed (in the future he entered the Chapayev division). In the afternoon, Emergency Echelon, the regiment headed by the Chairman of the Balashovsky Executive Committee of Solonin arrived in Rtishchevo.

Civil War in the territory of the Saratov region and areas adjacent to it (1918)

The peasant disaster was organized on the fight against the insurcession. Some parish gave up to a thousand fighters. For example, the Lopukhov Volos Council brought 1000 people, Baikovsky - 700, Malinovsky - 900, Stretnovsky - 1000.

The joint efforts of the combined units of railway workers, the peasants, the Atkar, Balashov and Saratovsky Red Guard Works, the first Czechoslovak revolutionary regiment on the morning of May 29, legionnaires were knocked out of Rtishchevo and were discarded to the northeast.

Three steam locomotives from the station, Czechoslovak parties headed towards Penza and, apparently, fearing persecution, disassembled part of the railway track near Dubasovsky's road. The Chairman of the Rtishchev Volispolkom V. F. Ryabov contacted the telephone with the military commol I. S. Tuseyev, who, together with M. V. Serezhnikov and G. S. Fomichev, was at this time at the county congress of the Soviets in Serdobsk, and suggested that he organize the forces of Krasnogvardeys For impact from the rear on retreating from Rtishchevo Czechoslovakov. I. S. Tusseev immediately announced the uprising of Czechoslovakov, the work of the congress was interrupted. Participants began to drive around in the villages of the Friend County for the organization at the places of peasant detachments.

Having learned from the duty officer at the station that Czechoslovak Echelon proceeded the Koldobash travel, the delegates of the congress adopted the shipment of Serezhnikov to transfer the unmanaged steam locomotive towards Echelon. 5 wagons were trained to the locomotive, in which the detachment of Cartish and Rtishchevsky Krasnogvardeans was accomplished, led by Serezhnikov, and a platform with a ballast and brought the composition from Serdobsk. Moving the bridge across the River of Serba, the detachment landed and organized an ambush on the Zarechnoyy Ocean of Serdobsk, and the steam locomotive was launched towards the Czechoslovans. The crash of trains, which costs the Czechoslovals of large victims and major material damage, occurred at the excavation between the Serdobsky and the Koldobash. After leaving the loss of burning echelon, the rebels of the loose bundle went to Serdobsk, but were met from ambush with machine-gun and rifle fire. Without taking the battle of Czechoslovaki, the side bypassed the city and headed for the station bike.

On May 29, the detachments of the 1st Rifle Regiment and part of the 4th Rifle Regiment took Penza. Czechoslovakov managed to surround the city from three sides: to close the ring of the environment on the western outskirts of the Red Guard detachment arrived earlier from Rtishchev. On the side of Soviet detachments, 400-450 people of the 1st Czechoslovak Revolutionary Regiment were fought. Fights in Penza were cruel and bloody. On May 30, legionnaires began a retreat with battles from Penza towards Syzran. The newspaper Izvestia Saratov Council dated June 1, 1918 reported: "Penza is engaged in our troops, some of which continues to move towards Syzran. Railway tracks on the Rtishchevo - Penza section are free for the unhindered movement of trains ". In the battles for Penza, the active fighters of the Rtishchevsky detachment Rodion Stepanovich Tuseyev and the sailor of Nikolaev were mortally injured.

On May 31, 1918, the newspaper Izvestia Saratov Council in No. 104 published a resolution of the meeting of the Czechoslovak Military Detachment in Saratov, which said:

see also

Notes

Literature

• Gubneck: Sat. documents and materials from the history of the Saratov provincial emergency commission, 1917-1921 / Sost.: N. I. Shabanov, N. A. Makarov. - Saratov: Volga CN. Publishing House, 1980
• Days unforgettable: from the memories of one of the first Rtishchev Komsomol residents Dmitry Alekseevich Syryapin // The path of Lenin. - February 6, 1971
• Kuvanov A. Sons and daughters of the land of their own: from the cycle of Essays "Rtishchevo" // The path of Lenin. - February 13, 1971
• Kuvanov A. All-Union Starost Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin and Rtishchevo (1. Russia crossroads) // Lenin's path. - November 19, 1975
• So it was ...: Memories of an old driver, pensioner A. I. Zakharova // The path of Lenin. - September 19, 1967

Rtishchevo and Rtishchevsky district in themes
Symbols and awards
People of the city and district
Administrative territorial division

JULY 13TH, 2017

Russian society indifferently reacts to the glorification of the Czechoslovak corps first of all due to ignorance. As it turned out from the survey conducted in 2013, in Chelyabinsk 64% of respondents did not know the history of the Czechoslovak Corps in Russia

The uprising of the Czechoslovak Corps, which occurred during the Civil War, from May 1918 to March 1920, had a huge impact on the political and military situation in Soviet Russia. This uprising touched upon more than half of the country and a number of cities along the Transsiberian highway: Maryinsk, Chelyabinsk, Novo-Nikolaevsk, Penza, Syzran, Tomsk, Omsk, Samara, Zlatoust, Krasnoyarsk, Simbirsk, Irkutsk, Vladivostok, Ekaterinburg, Kazan. At the time of the beginning of the armed speech, the part of the Czechoslovak Corps was stretched along the Trans-Siberian highway from the Rtishchevo station in Penza to Vladivostok, about 7 thousand kilometers away.

In Soviet historical science, the rebellion of the Czechoslovak Corps was interpreted as a planned armed anti-Soviet speech, provoked by counter-revolutionary officers and the countries of the Entente .

In Western literature, on the contrary, an idea of \u200b\u200bthe independence of the Czechoslovak Corps and the emergency fate of his speech was imposed. Czechs were presented as "True Democrats", fought against the "terrible Bolsheviks threatened to the world." The position in which the body was in Russia was depicted as a tragedy. And the gangster actions of Barochov are the steam locomotive hijackers, the plot of the provincial, violence over the population - as forced by circumstances and the desire to reach Vladivostok to France and go to France, and from there to the front, to fight under the top of the French for freedom of Czechoslovakia.

The same ideas are actively broadcast in modern Russian society.
For example, the head of the Belaya Russia Research Center in Yekaterinburg N. I. Dmitriev said that Czechoslovaki, struggling with the Bolsheviks, "Brought the victim in the name of the protection of democracy and freedom of the Russian people".

As a result of Dmitriev's efforts on November 17, 2008 in Yekaterinburg in the cemetery, where the soldiers of the corps were buried, a monument to Czechoslovak Legionera was delivered.

On October 20, 2011, in Chelyabinsk solemnly, with the participation of Czech, Slovak and Russian official representatives, the monument was opened by Czechoslovak Legionera on the Primilar Square, in the city center. The inscription on this monument says: "Czechoslovak soldiers are resting here, brave fighters for the freedom and independence of their Earth, Russia and the whole Slavs. In the fraternal land gave life for the revival of mankind. Bring your heads in front of the grave of heroes ". These lines reflect not someone's private opinion, but a very interesting general policy of recently, according to which Kolchak is depicted as a "simply" polar researcher, Mannerheim - as a "simple" royal general, and the Czechoslovak Corps - as "simply" volunteers and patriots of the Russian Empires who responded to the appeal of Nicholas II on the release of Slavs. What are not heroes worthy of monuments?

Although local officials are not too conceived, they put the monuments worthy. After all, as noted by the Optic Ex-Governor of the Chelyabinsk Region Mikhail Yurevich: "I honestly found out about it on the Internet. Apparently, the municipality gave permission. Here I can not say anything: in the history of the passage of the Czech Legion through our region, I am not strong. When I studied at school, we were explained that the Czechs beat the Red Army, and then other information went: that they were opposed to our soldiers, that something specifically helped Chelyabinsk. In such trifles, believe me, I just do not interfere with the governor. If the municipality decided to establish this monument - yes for God's sake, let him put the monuments at least to anyone. "

And this is just the top of the iceberg. The Czech Ministry of Defense developed the project "Legions 100", which assumes the installation on the territory of Russia 58 monuments to the soldiers of the Czechoslovak Corps. At the moment, the monuments are already installed all over Transsib: besides Yekaterinburg and Chelyabinsk - in Vladivostok, Krasnoyarsk, Buzuluk, Kungur, Nizhny Tagil, Penza, Pugacheva, Syzran, Ulyanovsk, Verkhnaya Ulon's village in Tatarstan and the village of Mikhailovka Irkutsk region.

Obviously, the Russian society is indifferent to the glorification of the Czechoslovak Corps, primarily due to ignorance. As it turned out from the Cultural and Social Research (ACSIO) survey conducted in Chelyabinsk, only 30% of respondents knew about the existence of the monument. At the same time, 64% of respondents did not know the history of the stay of the Czechoslovak Corps in Russia.

What was the Armed Speech of the Czechoslovak Corps really presented?

Turn to the story.

The history of the creation of a Czechoslovak corps

In the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Slavic nations, including the Czechs and Slovaks, were subjected to national and religious persecons. Not food to the empire of the Habsburgs of strong loyal feelings, they dreamed of creating independent states.

In 1914, about 100 thousand Chekhov and Slovaks lived on the territory of Russia. B. about their part of them lived in Ukraine, not far from the border with Austria-Hungary.

At the time of the beginning of World War I, the majority of Czech and Slovak settlers were in Russia in a difficult situation. Most of them were not Russian subjects. As citizens of the country who were in a state of war with Russia, they threatened the placement under strict control of the police, the internal and confiscation of property.

At the same time, the First World War gave Czechs a chance to national liberation.

On July 25, 1914, the Organization of Russian Czech Colonists The Czech National Committee (CHH) took an appeal to Nicholas II.in which it was said "That the Russian Chekhov falls the duty to give their strength to the liberation of our Motherland and be side by side with Russian brothers-herors ..." And on August 20, the Delegation of the Czech diaspora passed Nicholas II letter, in which it was hotly supported by the idea of \u200b\u200bliberation "Total Slavs." Czechs expressed the hope that "In the family of Slavic peoples to pour out our Czechoslovak people in its ethnographic borders, taking into account its historical rights." The letter has ended with the phrase "Yes, the free, independent crown of Saint Waclav in the rays of the Romanovsky Crown!"Having hinting for the opportunity in the event of the victory of Russia and the defeat of the Austria-Hungary joining Czechoslovakia to the Russian Empire.

On July 30, 1914, the Russian Council of Ministers approved the draft formation of the Czech squad from the Volunteers of the Czech and Slovak Nationalities - subjects of Russia.

By mid-September 1914, 903 Czech - Czemen of Austria-Hungary accepted the citizenship of Russia and entered the Czech squad. On September 28, 1914, in Kiev, the Czech squad solemnly handed a battle banner and sent to fight to the front.

However, his hopes for the National Liberation of Czechs were associated not only with Russia. Since 1914, national associations have begun to emerge in Paris who have established the ultimate goal of establishing Czech (later - Czechoslovak) statehood.

Czech and Slovak volunteers walked into the French army, where national formations were also created. As a result, the center of the national liberation struggle of Chekhov and Slovaks was not formed in Russia, but in France. In February 1916, Czechoslovak National Council (PMS) was established in Paris. The SBCs performed as a unifying center of all Czechs and Slovaks fighting for independence, including fighting in the Russian army.

Czechoslovak Corps from Galicia to Chelyabinsk

Gradually, the number of Czech squads in Russia grew, including at the expense of volunteers from the number of prisoners of war. Czechs who did not want to fight for Austria-Hungary, from the very beginning of the war massively surrendered to the Russian captivity.
By the end of March 1916 there was already a Czech brigade of two regiments with a total number of 5750 people.

After the February Revolution, the number of Czech formations began to grow again. The "democratization of the army" by the provisional government led to the loss of the principle of uniqueness in the armed forces, self-sufficient over officers and desertion. Czechoslovak part of this fate has passed.

In May 1917, the Chairman of the CNS Tomas Masarik sent a request to the Military Minister of the Interim Government Alexander Kerensky On the departure of Czechoslovak parts to France. But the path of land was closed. Only later, in the fall, about 2 thousand people were taken out on French ships through Murmansk and Arkhangelsk.

The atmosphere on the front was complicated. Soon the Russian command suspended the sending of combat-ready Czech parts, not wanting to relax the front. On the contrary, they began to actively replenish. Czechs and Slovaks continued to fight, but did not leave intentions at the first time convenient case go to the West Front - to France.

In July, the Second Czech Division was formed, and in September - a separate Czechoslovak corps as part of two divisions and a spare brigade. The corps acted a French charter. In the highest and middle team composition of the corps there were many Russian officers.

By October 1917, the number of personnel of the corps amounted to 45,000 people. Next, in various estimates, it will range from 30,000 to 55,000 people.

Among the soldiers and officers of the corps were the Communists, and monarchists. But most of the Czechoslovaks, especially among the leadership, was close to the views to Esramen, supported the February Revolution and the Provisional Government.

The heads of the CNS concluded an agreement with representatives of the Provisional Government in Kiev. This agreement contained two points, in practice those who configured each other. On the one hand, Masarik said that the corps would adhere to the policy of non-interference in the internal affairs of Russia. On the other hand, it was stipulated the possibility of using the housing to suppress the riots.
Thus, one of the regiments of the building was involved in the Commissioner of the South-Western Front from the Interim Government of N. Grigoriev in the suppression of the Bolshevik uprising in Kiev in October 1917. Having learned about this, the leadership of the Russian branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences stated the protest about the uncoordinated use of the parts of the corps and demanded the termination of the regiment in the suppression of the uprising.

For a while, the body really did not interfere in the internal affairs of Russia. Czechs refused to Ukrainian Rada, and General Alekseev, when those asked military assistance against the red.

Meanwhile, Entente countries are already at the end of November 1917, military Meeting in Issa Began to build plans for the use of Czechs to invade Russia. Representatives of the Entente, the White Guard officers, Romanian command and delegates from the Czechoslovak Corps took part in this meeting. The representative of the Entente raised the question of the readiness of Czechoslovakov to armed according to Soviet power and the possibility of occupying the region between Don and Bessarabia. This region, in accordance with the "Franco-British Agreement of December 23, 1917" concluded in Paris, about the division of Russia on the sphere of influence was determined to the French sphere of influence.

On January 15, 1918, the leadership of the Ukrainian SBNS, by agreement with the French government, officially proclaimed Czechoslovak Armed Forces in Russia "An integral part of the Czechoslovak troops under the jurisdiction of the Supreme Commander of France". In fact, in this way, the Czechoslovak corps became part of the French army.

The situation has developed quite ambiguous. In Russia, at that moment, when the army of the Interim Government broke up, and the Red Army was just beginning to be formed, it turned out to be fully staffed, which has a foreign division of about 50 thousand people, which has a teaching, discipline and combat experience. "It is clear only one thing that we had an army and in Russia we were the only significant military organization", - Will wrote later Masarik.

The French General Staff almost immediately ordered the corpus to serve in France. According to the agreement with the Soviet government achieved in February 1918, the soldiers of the Czechoslovak Corps had to get from Ukraine to Vladivostok and there to transfer to French steamers.

On March 3, the Soviet power concluded the Brest World with Germany. Under the terms of the contract, all foreign troops should have been removed from the Russian territory. It was another argument in favor of the speedy shipment of Czechs outside the country.

But for the transfer to Vladivostok, the many thousands of people were required by trains, cars, food, etc. All this in the right amount of Soviet power in the context of the civil war could not quickly provide. Then the Czechs began to "supply" themselves with their own.

March 13, 1918. The year at the station Bakhmach, Czech troops captured 52 locomotives, 849 wagons in which parts of the 6th and 7th regiments were plunged and went to the east under the guise of echelons. In order to prevent such incidents, in mid-March, in Kursk, with the participation of representatives of the CNS, the Corps and the Soviet command, an agreement was reached on the delivery of weapons with Czechoslovaki. They also promised promotion in the unhindered movement of the corps to Vladivostok, provided that his soldiers will not support counter-revolutionary uprisings in the Far East.

BUT 26 March In Penza, representatives of the SNK and the Czechoslovak Corps signed an agreement that guaranteed the shipment of the building to Vladivostok. At the same time, it was stipulated that the Czechs moved not as members of military formations, but as individuals, but to protect them from counter-revolutionary elements in each echelon, it was allowed to be a promotion of a number of 168 people. Protection companies were supposed to have 300 ammunition for each rifle and 1200 ammunition for a machine gun. The rest of the Weapons Czechs had to pass. In fact, the arms rate agreement was not fully fulfilled.
Trains were still lacking, and no longer waiting for the Czech. The seizures of trains, food and forage began again. Echelons moved slowly, with stops. The corps gradually stretched over the railroad by thousands of kilometers.

April 5, 1918. of the year Japan The intervention in Vladivostok began. Fearing the support of the interventory Czechoslovak Corps, the Soviet government revised its agreement with Czechs. Now we can talk only about full disarmament and evacuation by small groups.

These fears were not read. So, B. april 1918 at a meeting in the French Embassy in Moscow Representatives of the Antanka decided to use the Corps for intervention within Russia. The French representative at Major A. Giene set the Czech command to know that the Allies will begin the offensive at the end of June and consider the Czech army together with the French mission seconded to it as an avant-garde of the Allied Troops ...

And on May 11, 1918, the first Lord of the British Admiralty Ya. SMETS and the head of the Imperial General Staff of the city of Wilson presented a note to the military office, in which the following was said: "It seems unnatural that at the time when great efforts are made to ensure intervention from Japan .., Czechoslovak troops are going to translate from Russia to the West Front". In the note it was proposed that the Czechoslovak troops already located in Vladivostok or on the way to Him were "They are headed, organized there in effective military units ... the French government to ask to In the future, before they are delivered to France, use them as part of the interventionist allies forces...»

May 16, the British Consul in Vladivostok Hodgson received a secret telegram of the Mid of Englandin which it was indicated that the hull "It can be used in Siberia due to the intervention of the allies ..."

May 18. The French ambassador to Russia Nusks directly reported to the military representative at the Major HINE, which " allies decided to start intervention at the end of June and consider the Czech army as an avant-garde of the Union Army».

Czechoslovak Corps as part of the French army was obliged to obey the orders of the command, and he also depended on from France and in general from the countries of the Entente not only formally, but also materially. At the same time, not only representatives of France, but also other countries, for example, are already in the housing, for example, are mentioned by American wagons.

Czechs-the Communists were mainly left the echelons and joined the Red Army. Among the remaining antibolevistic moods prevailed.

Armed rebellion of the Czechoslovak Corps

Throughout the route of movement to Vladivostok between Czechs and prisoners of war, the Austrians and Hungarians who returned home according to the Brest Treaty, which was a clause about the exchange of prisoners, conflicts broke out periodically. During one of the conflicts that occurred May 14, 1918. Year at the station Chelyabinsk, Hungarian prisoners of war was killed by Czechs.

May 17. The investigative commission was arrested by decompositions suspected of murder, and then a delegation that appeared demanding about their release.
Then the Czech parts entered the city, surrounded the station and captured arsenal with a weapon. Chelyabinsk Council, not wanting to heat the situation, freed the detainees.

The day after the incident, the Czechoslovak command assured the Russian authorities in their peacefulness, issuing appeal to the population signed by the commander of the 3rd Czechoslovak Regiment. The appeal claimed that the Czechs "Never go against Soviet power".

May 20 At the meeting of the Corps Command with members of the branch of the Russian Federation, a temporary executive committee (VIC) was established, which included 11 people, including the commander of the case regiments; 3rd - Lieutenant Colonel S. N. Mojtsekhovsky, 4th - Lieutenant S. Chechek and 7th - Captain R. Hyda.

May 21stin Moscow, deputy chairmen of the Russian branch of the Ukrainian SBNS P. Max and B. Chermak were arrested. On the same day, they ordered the corps to disarm.

22nd of Maythe congress of the delegates of the Czechoslovak Corps held in Chelyabinsk expressed to the leadership of the BMS branch and decided to transfer the Office for the Transportation of the Corps in Vladivostok Vika. The general command of the corps was instructed by Lieutenant Colonel Woj Mojkov.

The order of disarmament Congress decided not to fulfill, but to maintain the weapon to Vladivostok himself as a guarantee of its safety. In other words, after the congress, the case was submitted only by the orders of his officers. And those, in turn, performed orders that came from the French command, that is, from the countries of the Entente, whose leaders firmly decided to intervention to Russia.

May 25.the telegram was transferred by the order of Trotsky No. 377, which obliges all local councils " under the fear of gravily responsibility, disarm Czechoslovakov. Each echelon, in which there will be at least one armed must be thrown out of the car and is concluded in the camp for prisoners of war ... with honest czechs that weapons will surrender and subordinate to the Soviet power will be informed as with the brothers ... All railway parts are reported that One car with Czechoslovakov should not move to the east. "

The order of Trotsky is often reasonably criticized for sharpness and hasty. Disarm the Chekhov Bolsheviks, the former at that time weaker than them could not in fact. Several attempts of disarmament taken by local councils ended with shocks and did not lead to the desired result.

However, the responsibility for the rebellion of Czechoslovaks on Trotsky alone, as is sometimes done (see, for example, the book of the American ideologist Richard Pipes), it is very strange, considering that the Czechs in any case in a month, according to the decision of the Entente countries, would raise the uprising, Finding any other reasonable reason for this.

On the same day, when the order of Trotsky came out, May 25. Czech parts captured the Siberian city of Mariinsk, 26th - Novo-Nikolaevsk.

Commander of the 7th Shelf, a member of Vic R. Guy-yes Gave the order to the echelons to capture those stations on which they were at the moment. May 27. He telegraphed over the entire line: « All the echelons of Czechoslovakov. I order, if possible, step on Irkutsk. Soviet power to arrest. Cut off the red army operating against Semenov» .

May 27, 1918. Czechs seized Chelyabinsk, where all members of the local council were arrested and shot. The prison designed for 1 thousand places was crowded with supporters of Soviet power.

May 28. Miass was captured. A resident of Alexander Kuznetsov testified: « Fedor Yakovlevich (17 years old) hanged in captivity (17 years old), he is executed by the platoon of Chekhov for the rudeness of the conversion, threatened to take revenge on the comrades killed in battle».

On the same day, the Corpus captured Kansk and Penza, where the most of the 250 redarmeys-Czechoslovakov fell into captivity were killed.

PMS and the Soviet government made a few steps to reconciliation. Deputy. People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs Chicherin He proposed his assistance in the evacuation of Czechs. May 29, 1918. The year of Max telegraphed in Penza:
"Our comrades made a mistake, performing in Chelyabinsk. We, how honest people should take on the consequences of this error. Once again on behalf of the professor Masarian I urge to stop all the performances and keep full calm. It advises you and the French military mission ...<...> Outless shame will be covered by our name, if we have a drop of fraternal Russian blood, and we will interfere with the Russian people to arrange their affairs at your own desire in the difficult time of the most dressed revolutionary struggle in our homeland ... "

However, reconciliation did not take place. Yes, it could not take place.

May 30 Tomsk is taken, June 8 - Omsk.
By the beginning of June, Zlatoust, Kurgan and Petropavlovsk were captured, which shot 20 members of the local council.
June 8 Samara is taken, where 100 redarmeys shot on the same day. In the first days after taking the city, at least 300 people were killed here. By June 15, the number of prisoners in Samara reached 1,680 people, by the beginning of August - more than 2 thousand.
TO Jun 9.i am the entire Transsiberian highway from Penza to Vladivostok was under the control of Czechs.

After taking Trinity, according to the testimony of S. Moravsky, the following happened:
"At about five o'clock in the morning, on June 18, 1918, the city of Troitsk was in the hands of Czechoslovakov. Immediately, the massacres of the remaining communists, the Red Army and Sympathy Soviet power began. The crowd of merchants, intellectuals and popov went with Czechoslovaki through the streets and pointed out the communists and co-workers, whom the Czechs immediately killed. At about 7 o'clock in the morning on the day of the city's occupation, I was in the city and from the mill to the hotel Bashkirov, no further than in one verst, counted about 50 corpses of tortured, worried and robbed. The murders lasted two days, and according to the Captain Captain Moskvicev, the officer of the garrison, the number of tortured numbered at least thousands of people ».

IN july Tyumen, Ufa, Simbirsk, Yekaterinburg and Shadrinsk were captured.
August 7 Pala Kazan.

It would seem that the Czechs with the whole soul are rushing to Europe, but for some reason they do not go to Vladivostok on the Transsib, but interfere in the internal affairs of Russia. It is easy to see that Kazan, taken on August 7, parts of the corps in cooperation with Cappel's troops, is clearly somewhat apart from Vladivostok.

Not only foreigners took part in the preparation and implementation of the rebellion, but also local anti-Soviet forces.
Thus, Czechoslovak leadership had connections with the party of Socialists (Czechs, among which there were many socialists, they believed their "real democrats"). Ester Klimushkin told that Samara esters "Another week for half and two" I learned that the speech of Chekhov is preparing in Penza. "The Samara Group of Social University, then already definitely prepared an armed uprising, found it necessary to send their representatives to the Czech ..."

According to memoirs of major Ya. Kratakhvila, battalion commander of the 6th Czechoslovak Regiment,
"Russian officers who were overwhelmed by Western Siberia were excited and supported in us distrust of Soviet power. For a long time before the speech, at the stations where we were delayed at a great time .., they persuaded us to a violent performance ... Later, before the speech, they contributed to successful actions, because they delivered the plans of cities, placement of garrisons, etc. . ".

In June, after the first success of the building, US Ambassador to China Rainish He sent to the President of the telegram in which he offered not to remove Czechoslovakov from Russia. Having obtained minimal support, it was said in the Message, "They can master the control over all Siberia. If they were not in Siberia, they would need to send there from the far far. ".

June 23, 1918. US Secretary of State R. Lansing offered to help Czech money and weapons, expressing the hope that those "Perhaps the beginning of the Military Occupation of the Siberian Railway". BUT July 6. President of the U.S.A Wilsonread the Memorandum of Intervention to Russia, in which he expressed hope "To achieve progress, acting in two ways - presenting economic assistance and providing assistance to Czechoslovaks."

British Prime Minister D. Lloyd George June 24, 1918. year told the French about his request for Czechoslovatsky units not to leave Russia, but « form the core of possible counterrevolution in Siberia » .

Finally, in July American leadership sent Admiral to Vladivostok Knight. Instructions for providing military assistance Czechoslovaks.

After capturing the Czechs of large cities on the Transsiber, they had formed about a dozen anti-Bolshevik governments. The most significant of these governments - Committee (Committee of Members of the All-Russian Constituent Assembly), which competed with him the Interim Siberian Government (VSP) and the Czech Puppet Temporary Regional Government of the Urals (VDAP). These governments constantly conflicted among themselves, which did not contribute to the guidance of order. And in September, the United Temporary All-Russian Government (Directory) was created. However, within the directory, conflicts continued, it was also incapacitated.

After the formation of the independent Czechoslovak Republic, most Chekhov, formerly supporting the directory, completely disappeared, for which they are in Russia. There appeared cases of units to go to the front.

For the third day after the proclamation of the Czechoslovak Republic, October 31, 1918, the People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs of Soviet Russia Chicherin He addressed the radio to the temporary government of Czechoslovakia:
"Soviet government, despite the success of his weapons, - said in it - nothing so hotly seeks how to end the useless and regrettable blood shedding for him and declares that it is ready to provide Czechoslovaks with a complete opportunity, after they are built by weapons, proceed through Russia in order to return to their native country, With a complete guarantee of their safety. "

However, even after the creation of the Czechoslovak independent state, the Czechs in no way deviated from the previous course of the CNS to cooperate with the interventionists.

Czechoslovak Corps and Kolchak

In November 1918. years to power in Siberia came Kolchak.
Three days after the establishment of his board, the CNS stated that "The Czechoslovak army fighting for the ideals of freedom and the abuse cannot and will neither contribute to nor sympathize with violent coups going into incision with these principles" So what "The coup in Omsk dated November 18 violated the beginning of the legality". Soon, obeying the orders of the Entente, the Czechi began to cooperate with Kolchak.

However, soldiers of the body were fought for Kolchaka reluctantly, and their position was used for robbery and looting.
Military Minister of the Kolchakov Government General A. P. Budberg. Will wrote later in your memories:
"Now the Czechs are tackled by about 600 loaded cars, very carefully protected ... According to counterintelligence, these wagons are filled with machines, machinery, valuable metals, paintings, various valuable furniture and utensils and other good, collected in the Urals and Siberia..

PMS in Paris handed over the commanding troops of the Entente in Siberia M. Zhanneu Powers to use the Czechoslovak Corps for the purpose of allies. Military Minister of the Czechoslovak Republic of the Republic of M. arrived in Vladivostok R. Styfanik. Stuffan tried to raise the combat spirit of the soldier of the Czechoslovak Corps, but soon he was convinced that they did not want to fight in Russia. Allies and Kolchak gave consent to sending the hull home. Before sending, the Czechs committed the railways.

On the railway soldiers of the body collided with partisans sabotzes. Here the Czechs acted often with the cruelty of real punishers.
« In the event of a crashing of trains and attacks on employees and guard - to be issued punitive detachment and if within three days the perpetrators will not be given and issued, then the hostage is shot through one, the houses of those who have gone with gangs, despite the remaining families, are burned and a second time, the number of hostages to be executed increases several times, suspicious villages are burned entirely » , "Said the order of the commander of the 2nd Czechoslovatsky division of Colonel R. Kreichi.

November 13, 1919. years Czechs tried to distance themselves from politics Kolchak. In the memorandum released by them: "Under the protection of Czechoslovak bayonets, local Russian military bodies allow themselves to be actions that the entire civilized world will be terrified. Burning the villages, beating peaceful Russian citizens with whole hundreds, executions without the court of representatives of democracy on simple suspicion of political unreliability - constitutes a common phenomenon, and the responsibility for everything before the court of the people of the whole world falls on us. Why we, having military power, did not oppose this lawlessness. Such our passivity is a direct consequence of the principle of our neutrality and non-interference in the internal Russians. We ourselves do not see any other exit from this situation, as soon as in immediate return home. ". At the same time, as we have already convinced, the Czechs themselves did not once be seen in the same thing they rightly accused Kolchakov.

Finally, Czechs allowed to go home. However, the path to Vladivostok was blocked by red partisans. Performing the order of General Zhanmen, Commander-in-Chief of the Czechoslovak Corps Jan Cheese Issued Kolchak Irkutsk politicalcenter in exchange for free travel to Vladivostok. Many white historians will then name it "Czech betrayal."
Later, some members of the corps, including the Yang of Cheese, will give no ally, but their own people and the state. As Minister of National Defense and the Chairman of the Government of the Czechoslovak Republic, Jan Cheese, on September 30, 1938, adopted the terms of the Munich Category. Considering the resistance of the fascists "Desperate and unpromising"He gave way to the Sudechka region belonging to Czechs and passed a significant part of the arms of Nazi Germany. Later, in March 1939, during the onset of the Wehrmacht on Czechoslovakia, General of the Cheese, who at that time, the post of Minister of Defense, gave the army an order not to resist the Germans. After that, all army warehouses, technique and armament of the "military forge of Europe" were transferred safely and preservation. Until the autumn of 1939, cheeses worked at the Ministry of Education of the Government of the Tectanor of the Czech Republic and Moravia.

In 1947, for cooperation with German occupiers, Yan Cheese was convicted by a Czechoslovak court for 20 years.
Another famous Czech collaborationist who served as an officer in Czechoslovak Corps, - Emmanuel MOREVET. In 1919, he was an employee of the Political and Information Department of the Military Representation of the CSD in Siberia. Returning from Russia to his homeland, the Moletts held high posts in the Czechoslovak army, was a professor of the Higher Military School, a well-known publicist. After the "Munich Consight", the Moletian wrote the book "In the Mauro role", in which the Chekhov urged not to resist the Germans to keep themselves. The Nazis issued a book with great circulation, and the Moravian appointed the Minister of Schools and People's Enlightenment of the Government of the Imperial Protectorator Bohemia and Moravia. In this post, the Molecan deployed a large-scale propaganda campaign, calling for Chekhov to all-time cooperation with an occupying regime. The Murez was also the initiator of the Czech Republic in 1943, the Czech League against Bolshevism (ČLPB) and the youth fascist organization.

Merevian's sons Igor and Jiri, having received German citizenship, gone to serve in the Wehrmacht. The eldest son Igor served in parts of the SS (in 1947 he was executed), and Jirja was a front artist in the German army.
During Prague Uprising on May 5, 1945, Emmanuel Moletz was shot dead.

This is what " wrestlers for freedom and independence of their land, Russia and the whole Slavs»They put monuments today in Russian cities.

On September 2, 1920, maritime transport was departed from the pier in Vladivostok, on board which the last unit of the Czechoslovak corps was returned. Czechs hung a lot of looted property.
Beloeamigrant A. Kotomkin remembered:
"Newspapers put caricatures - Faken on leaving Chekhov in such a way: caricature. Return of Chekhov in Prague. The legionnaire is driving on a thick rubber bus. On the back huge cargo from sugar, tobacco, coffee, skin, copper, cloth, fur. Manufactory, furniture, tires "Triangle", gold, etc. ".

This return Guide will call "Anabasis", that is, "ascent", by analogy with the historical return of 10,000 Greeks under the command of Xenophon after the battle of Kunakse. However, the Great Czech writer Yaroslav Gashek - an eyewitness and participant of those events - there were every reason to doubt such a interpretation, ironically reflected in one of the chapters of his book called "Budeimitsky Anabasis Schweik".

So, the speech of the Czechoslovak Corps was part of the intervention of holding the Entente to Russia. Russia, as such, interested in Chekhov and Slovaks with a very pragmatic point of view - first as a country capable of fighting with the Austro-German Union and thereby contribute to the liberation of Czechoslovak lands, and then as a robbery object. Relaxing to the Civil War, Czech legionnaires acted on our territory with the rigidity of the occupiers.
And to call them heroes, establishing monuments in Russia, it means to indulge the insolent falsification of history.

Fighters of the 5th regiment of the Czechoslovak Corps on the captured by them station in Penza. May, 1918

In the Big Soviet Encyclopedia it is written that it was "an armed counter-revolutionary speech in Soviet Russia Czechoslovak troops, provoked by representatives of the Entente."

These notorious "representatives of the Entente" are coming in all Soviet sources, although it is not decrypted in a single case - what is this "representatives" such?

It should be noted that in the spring of 1918, the Anthta had enough worries at the front with Germany - as Ludendorf general wrote in his memoirs: "At the turn of 1917-18. The situation due to the exit of the war of Russia was made more profitable for us than a year before ... The ratio of forces was so favorable as never before. " The German forces on the Western Front at the expense of the agreement concluded on December 5, 1917 in the Brest of the Bolsheviks on the termination of hostilities increased by more than a quarter - from 155 divisions until 195. In March 1918, the German army moved there in the offensiveBritish and French troops lost killed and wounded 850 thousand, Germans took 190 thousand prisoners, 2.5 thousand guns, 6 thousand machine guns and 200 tanks (according to BSE) . March 23, 1918 began the shelling of Paris from the superdunnel guns "Colossal" (they are "long berti"). IN may 1918.the Germans reached the Marne River, creating a threat to Paris. Three protrusion of a depth of up to 80 km were formed, the defensive band of the Entente was broken throughout the depth. The protrusions threatened the main highway of Paris-Amiens-Arras-Kale, shone of the freedom to the transformation of the AntsThi troops. It should also be considered that although America declared war in Germany on April 6, 1917, until May 28, 1918, American troops in battles did not participate - the United States accumulated power in Europe, hoping that the war would end at best in 1919 . Finally, we note that the Germans fell in the West to July 18, 1918..

Creating a Czechoslovak corps

Already in August 1914 (in the first month of World War), the formation of Czech parts as part of the Russian army began. In September 1914, a Czech squad was created from the fuses and prisoners, her state was 34 officers (of which 8 Chekhov) and 921 UNTER officers and soldiers. The commander of the squad was Russian Colonel Lototsky. At the end of October 1914, the squad was sent to the South-West Front to the 3rd army, which Bulgarian commanded General Radko Dimitriev. In March 1915, he began to enroll the Slovak-prisoners and Czechs from Russian subjects.

The command of the South-Western Front highly appreciated the Czech squad and recommended to deploy it to the regiment. The staff of the squad was increased to 2.090, and on December 27, 1915, the squad was renamed the 1st Czechoslovak Rifle Regiment. In the summer of 1916, Czechoslovak Rifle Brigade was created in the composition of two regiments, only about 5 thousand officers and the lower ranks, under the command of Colonel Trojanov. In the offensive of the Russian army in July 1917 in Galicia, Czechoslovak Brigade broke through the front in the Zborov region, captured more than 3 thousand, losing up to 200 killed and up to 1000 wounded. For this success, the brigade commander was produced in Majora General.

The brigade was deployed to the division, and in the fall of 1917 the 1st Czechoslovak Corps (two divisions) was created as part of 39 thousand soldiers and officers. It was planned to create the 2nd building - possibly, therefore, many sources indicate that the "rebellious" Czechoslovakov was 60, 70 or even 80 thousand.

(Although after the Bolshevik coup were and passed from the corps to the Red Army - total218 man, that is0,56% . The most famous example is Yaroslav Hashek, the chief editor of the newspaper Czechoslovak Corps. Curiously, in contrast to Gashek,future president of the Communist Czechoslovakia General Ludwick Freedomin 1918, being a suborpecus, not deserted from the Czechoslovak corps.)

However, the 2nd Corps was not created, because the October coup robbed. The Bolsheviks concluded a separate world with Germany, and the Czechoslovak Corps had to go through Siberia to Vladivostok, so that from there through three oceans to get to the European Front, where Czechoslovaki intended to fight for the independence of their homeland.

But before starting his world journey, parts of the body up to mid-March 1918 (even after the conclusion of the separate world between the Bolsheviks and Germany), they still fought with German and Austrian troops in Ukraine. Over the past four days, fights against the Germans in the Bakhmach region, Czechoslovaki lost to 600 man killed and wounded.

"Rebellion"

March 26, 1918.The Sovnarkom of the RSFSR concluded with the department of the Czechoslovak National Council in Russia, the official treaty in which Czechoslovaks were given the right to go to Vladivostok as private citizens. Czechoslovak parts were obliged to pass weapons when driving through Penza. To carry the guard service, they were allowed to leave 168 rifles in each echelon and 1 machine gun. Artillery armament was completely given (mainly it was transferred to the Red Guards in the transition from Ukraine to Russia).

On April 5, 1918, two Japanese were killed in Vladivostok, two Japanese were killed in Vladivostok, and two Japanese companies landed in the city. Lenin, deciding that this is the beginning of a large-scale intervention, ordered to stop trains with Czechoslovakov. On April 10, Vladivostok Sovdem said to Moscow that the increment of the landing was not foreseen, and two days later, the order of Lenin was canceled. However, this week of delay caused strong irritation of Czechoslovakov.

IN may 1918., as written in BSE14 thousand Czechoslovakov arrived in Vladivostok ( that is more than a third of the composition of the case), 4 thousand were in the area of \u200b\u200bNovo-Nikolaevsk (now Novosibirsk), 8 thousand in the Chelyabinsk area, 8 thousand in the Penza area (250 km west of Volga).

About start Czechoslovak "Mondezh" there are two versions (not counting the official Soviet - about the mythical "representatives of the Entente"). Both versions do not contradict each other, but rather complement.

According to the first version, the conflict catalyst has become an incident May 14, 1918. in Chelyabinsk. At the station were next door to Echelon Czechoslovakov and Echelon of the former prisoners of Hungarians released by Bolsheviks under the conditions of the Brest Treaty. As you know, in those days between Czechs and Slovaks on the one hand, and the Hungarians on the other were the strongest national antipathy.

As a result, the Czech soldier of Frantih Dukhachek was seriously injured from Hungarian Echelon. In response, Czechoslovaki linchevali perpetrators. And the Bolshevik authorities of Chelyabinsk, the next day they arrested several Czechoslovakov, not dealing with who is right to blame. Czechoslovaki rushed, and not only by force liberated his comrades, disarming the Red Guards, but also in addition seized the city arsenal (2.800 rifles and artillery battery) to arm well.

However, to large bloodshed between the Bolsheviks and Czechoslovaki, the case was not yet - it was possible to achieve a peace agreement. However, according to this version, the central Bolshevik authorities ordered the immediate disarmament of the Czechoslovak Corps and the shootings of all the Czechoslovaks found with arms. In addition, in case of detection of at least one armed, ordered to arrest all those in the echelon.

(It is curious thatsoviet official sourcesdating precisely on May 14, 1918 Mythical Meeting "Representatives of the Entente, Corps and Social Command" where allegedly decided to raise the rebellion.)

According to another version, german General Staff The appearance on the Western Front of the Czechoslovak Corps on the Western Front. And supposedly under the influence of the German ambassador of the Foreign Affairs of the RSFSR Chicherin still The 21st of April 1918 sent the telegram to the Krasnoyarsk Sovideo, which said:

"Czechoslovak detachments should not move to the East."

In the same version, a telegram is in Penza from the head of the Operational Drug Department for Military Affairs of the RSFSR Aralov from May, 23rd 1918:

"... Immediately take urgent measures to delay, disarmament and disbanding all parts and echelons of the Czechoslovak Corps, as the remainder of the old regular army."

However, this telegram is fully consistent with the first version.

Drug Addict Museum, Trotsky himself. May 25. 1918 to all the Sovpoms from Penza to Omsk:

"I am sending reliable forces to the rear Czechoslovak echelons who are entrusted to learn the rebels. Not a single car with Czechoslovakov should move to the East. "

Interestingly, according to the initial official Soviet version of Czechoslovak "rebellion" began 26 of May 1918. That is Trotskyannounced Czechoslovakov rebel an in advance. Of course, when the "reliable forces" of Trotsky began to attack Czechoslovakov, those became "rebels" so to speak legally, since they didn't just have resisted, but also defeated these the most "reliable forces" and occupied the bunch of cities from Penza to Krasnoyarsk.

And in the last Soviet sources, the start of the "rebellion" was postponed to May 25 - despite the fact that neither Trotsky himself nor his telegram from May 25 was not mentioned at all.

It is noteworthy that in general the Czechoslovak case then nobody commanded. The former commander of the Corps of the Russian General Shocorova has already changed the professor of philosophy Tomash Masikar, who did not serve in the army and who was also in Paris.

(Also, formally, the body was already listed as part of the French army, since no Czechoslovakia, as a state, at that time had not yet existed, and the Russian Empire, which had previously entered the army, ceased to exist.)

There was practically no command and on a divisional and often even regimental level - Russian officers who occupied many teams and staff positions, mostly left the corps (this was the requirement of Bolsheviks), and few of the Chekhov and Slovaks were still a few. The largest chin had Radola Hyda - the only of Czechoslovakov captain. (Therefore, the statement about some "Meeting of representatives of the Entente and command Corps on May 14 " - explicit lies).

Command of the Penza Group of Czechoslovakov (8 thousand) accepted lieutenant Stanislav. ChechekSoon the colonel became a colonel (from July 17, 1918 - commander of the Russian People's Army forces). Chelyabinsk Group (8 thousand) commanded Russian lieutenant Colonel Wojcossovsky (Commander of the 3rd Czechoslovak Regiment). Siberian Group (4 thousand) - captain Gaida, commander of the 7th regiment. The largest, eastern group (14 thousand) commanded the head of the Czechoslovak Corps headquarters general Dietershs..

In addition to these four, from the largest Commanders of the pieces of the Czechoslovak Corps can be mentioned only lieutenant Sweddz (who became a colonel and commander of the 1st Czechoslovak Division soon), Russian captain Stepanova (commander of the 1st Czechoslovak Regiment), lieutenant of Cheese (Soon who became General and the commander of the Czechoslovak Corps), Russian lieutenant Colonel Ushakov (who died in battle near Krasnoyarsk in June 1918).

None of the four largest military managers-Chekhov was a personnel military. 30-year-old cheeses to World War was an official, a 26-year-old Guide - a shopping center, 32-year-old Chechek - representative of the company, 35-year-old Shvets - teacher. However, the first three became in the summer of 1918 by the generals, and the fourth - colonel at the general position.

War against Bolsheviks

It should be immediately noted that contrary to numerous statements as Soviet and even some Western sources, "Rebellious" Czechoslovaki did not want to step in the western direction against the Bolsheviks and especially to seize Moscow (trying to make it forces just two divisions stretched from Penza to VladivostokIt would be completely ridiculous).

Initially, Czechoslovaki overthrew the power of the Bolsheviks in the cities where their echelons were located or nearby - May 26 in Chelyabinsk and Novo-Nikolaevsk, May 27 in Mariinsk, 28 in Nizhneudinsk, 29 in Kansk, Penza, Syzran, 31 in Petropavlovsk and Tomsk, 2 June in Kurgan.

The purpose of Czechoslovakov remained returnto Europe, on the Western Front, through Vladivostok.. However, since Czechoslovaki was forced to be in a state of war with the Bolsheviks, they could not leave their arjergard Penza Group on the mercy of fate, as well as the Chelyabinsk Group.

Therefore, the largest group of Czechoslovakov continued to tighten from Transbaikalia, focusing in Vladivostok, and the Siberian group went on a connection both from Vladivostok and to connect to the Chelyabinsk group. The Chelyabinsk Group should have established contact with both the Penza Group in the West and the Siberian Group in the East - for this purpose she took Omsk on June 7, and on June 10, the guides were connected. The Penza Group began to break into the east, through Samara and Ufa to Chelyabinsk. Siberian and Vladivostok groups have established contact only September 1, 1918.

According to the official Bolshevik version, "Czech Recruitment" "was organized by the Anglo-French imperialists with the active support of Serc and Mensheviks."

But as describes the relationship between Czechoslovakov and Social University, it is not someone, but then the member of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (Mensheviks), then a member of the Committee of the Committee of the Constituent Assembly (Komech), I.M.Mayay (Subsequently - Soviet diplomat, historian, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Ambassador of the USSR in Britain and Deputy People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs of the USSR):

"And now at this moment, Czech Slovaks unexpectedly appeared on the scene. The details of the Czech Slovak intervention of 1918 are still not fully understood, the circumstances that caused the collision between the Bolsheviks and Czech Slovak Echelons in Penza at the end of May of the same year in Penza. Be that as it may, but this collision has happened, and as a result, the city for a short time was captured by Czechs, and the Soviet government turned out to be lowled. At Samara Es-eras, Penza events have affected how a sip of live water. - "A, here he is the external push, which we so passionately expected to start an open speech!" - They said themselves and immediately started action.
Brushvit (Ester, Member of the Committee of the Members of the Constituent Assembly) I went to Penza and began negotiations with Czechs. As he himself later told, the initial reception provided to him in the Czech headquarters was rather unfriendly. Czechs said that they were sent to the Far East to follow the next to France, which they do not want to intervene in the internal affairs of Russia and that in particular they have no confidence in the strength and seriousness of the organization, on behalf of which Brushvit. The latter tried to prove with Czechs that it was possible to deal with ES-Eras, and in these species demanded that the Samara Committee of the Party even before the arrival of Czechs to make a coup and seize power. The requirement of Brushvita set the Committee in an extremely difficult position: the Es-Era themselves had completely insignificant forces, the officer's organization of Colonel Galkin, which did not do anything with them and actually did nothing. The coup was not produced, but Es-Emm managed to still collect information about the location of the Bolshevik troops in Samara. This information was sent by Brusvit to Penza. At the same time, the peasant Es-ehrov squads captured the Timashevsky plant located near Samara and installed the protection of the bridge through the Volga. Both facts that have been raised, raised the prestige of Es-eras and Brousvit in the eyes of Czechs, since after that they became somewhat kindly. But still, the hunt participate in the Russian civil war they did not gain. Czech headquarters definitely stated that he would remain in Samara only a few days for recreation troops and replenish the supplies, and then continue his way to the east. On June 7, Czech battalions came to Samara, and on the 8th after a short fight they broke into the city. "

This is a certificate of perfect inpaces of Serc and Mensheviks to "Organization of inside of Czechoslovakov" It was not published somewhere, but in the USSR in 1923.

And what about the notorious "Anglo-French Imperialists"? And there is a testimony of the same May:

"The first question that had to solve the newborn committee was the question of Czech Slovaks. Above, I have already indicated that the Czech headquarters was not going to linger in Samara for a long time. And since there was no own armed force at the Committee, the question of life and death for him was the consent of Chekhov for a long part in the Volga Front against the Bolsheviks. Es-era put into the move all their diplomatic art to achieve this goal, and also resorted to the assistance of the French consuls that were in Samara. Gin, Joan and Como. Who were these honorable diplomats and in what quality they were in Russia, the case is quite dark. Subsequently, it turned out, for example, that G.G. Joan and Como did not have any powers from the French government, but in the period described, they all called themselves "Consuls", sometimes quarreled among themselves, accusing each other in self-procurement, and everything was increasingly engaged in anti-Bolshevist intrigues. The "French Consuls" willingly accepted the role of mediators between Es-Eras and Czechs, and since the Czechs were fed on French gold, they could not ignore the "friendly" councils of representatives of such a powerful "allied power." These combined ES-Ero-French efforts had a completely definite result: the Czechs agreed to temporarily stay on the Volga in order to give the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly Time and the ability to form their own army, and later they received from their and allied centers already quite definite directives about armed Support for anti-Bolshevik movement in Russia. "

As you can see - and imperialists no participation in "Organization of rebellion of Czechoslovakov" not accepted. Although, as the Maysky, Czechoslovak Corps rightly indicates had Finance France as part of her army.

Red military leaders I.I.Vacelyis and N.E.Kakurin (the first - direct participant in hostilities against Czechoslovakov, until late September 1918 - Commander of the Eastern Front, then the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the RSFSR) in his work "Civil War 1918-1921" rated forces Common forces of the Czechoslovak Corps, from the Volga to Vladivostok, in 30-40 thousand human. According to their description:

"Penza (8,000 fighters) and Chelyabinsk (8750 fighters) groups of Czechs were at their proximity to the vital centers of the revolution. However, both of these groups initially discovered the desire to continue moving to the East. A group of Wojcachovsky on June 7, after a number of clashes with red, occupied Omsk. On June 10, she connected with Hydeh's echelons. The Penza group headed for Samara, which was overlapped on June 8 after a minor battle. "

Curiously, that subsequently Bolshevik historians began to officially argue that Samara 5 thousand red fighters allegedly was stubbornly defended within five days. " These statements in no way converge with the description of the events by direct participants (May and Watietis), which are talking about short or insignificant Boy and only one day.

According to the BSE (first edition, 1934) Red by early July 1918 had on the Eastern Front of five armies:

"The 1st Red Army in the Simbirsk area (com. M.N. Tukhachevsky) was 6.800 bayonets, 700 sabers, 50 guns; 2nd Army in the Orsk area - 2.500 bayonets, 600 saber, 14 guns; 3rd army in the area of \u200b\u200bPerm - 18,000 bayonets, 1.800 saber, 43 guns; 4th Army in the Saratov region and Novosensk - 23.000 bayonets, 3,200 sabel, 200 guns; The 5th Army in the Kazan area of \u200b\u200bthe Volga region - 8,400 bayonets, 540 Sabel, 48 guns. "

That is, the total red was more than 65 thousand fighters and more than 350 gunsvs less than 16 thousand almost disarmed previous Czechoslovakov. True, June 13 vs bolsheviksrebelled workersVerkhne-Nevyansky and Rudyansky factories later, similar successful uprisings occurred at several plants, including Votkin and Izhevsky (in August). In June, the formation of the People's Army began in June socialist-revolutionarygovernment Kuchi. However, by July, all anti-Bolshevik forces on the Volga and Urals, including Czechoslovakov, rebel workers and the People's Army, did not exceed 25 thousand poorly armed fighters.

Thus, the Bolsheviks had an almost threefold vibrant advantage with an overwhelming turn in artillery and armored vehicles. It is curious that the rebels workers and the People's Army fought vs bolsheviksunder your ownredbanners. It is also noteworthy that according to some data,before 80% Live strength redamounted togermans and Hungry, and the basis of the Tukhachevsky army waslatvian, that is, more about10% . Commanded the Red Front also Latvian Wacegetis, former Colonel General Staff. Of the five commander in red armies - three were Latvians.

Watietis and Kakurin: "On July 5, Checheki troops occupy Ufa, and on July 3 at Art. Mintar connects with Chelyabinsk parts of Czech Slovaks. "

To this period, the most severe and longest battle of parts of the Penza Group. In the 20th of June, the 2nd battalion of the 1st Czechoslovakian Shelf named after Jan Gusa ( 300 fighters) For three days they fought in the area of \u200b\u200bBuzuluk with 3 thousandgermans and Hungarians released by the Bolsheviks from the Russian captivity under the terms of the Brest Treaty. The Bolsheviks offered this Germans and the Hungarians who followed the West to continue the war against Britain, France and the Allied countries, along the way to "punish Tagged-Chekhov." For this, the red armed Germans and Hungarians not only rifles and machine guns, but also 20 artillery guns and several armored cars. Czechoslovakov in Buzuluk was not only artillery, but even a single machine gun. Nevertheless, the Czechoslovaki after stubborn battles turned the Germans and Hungarians to flight.

Valentis and Kakurin: "Eastern Czech-Slovak Group at 14,000 people. Under the entry of the gene. Dieterichs first kept passively. All her efforts were aimed at successfully focusing in the Vladivostok district, for which she led negotiations with local [those. red] authorities asking for assistance in promoting echelons. On July 6, she focused in Vladivostok and captured the city. "

Meanwhile, the Penza group of Czechoslovakov moved to the East and was taken by UFU on July 5, and the Chelyabinsk group was discouraged on July 25 from the Red Yekaterinburg, who, as Watsetis and Kakurin point, "for Chekhov, he was important as being on their flank and threatened them."

In the first days of August, the Commander of the Red Front Waqies threw his five armies in the offensive. However, despite the three-time vibrant advantage and the overwhelming superiority in artillery and armored vehicles, the Reds have not reached no success.

Moreover - on August 6, part of the 1st Czechoslovak Regiment under the command of Captain Stepanov (according to Valentis - "2000 people with 4 guns") took Kazan.where was located eastern Front Staff, under the protection of the 5th Latvian regiment and the international Serbian battalion. As a result, the Serbs moved to the side of Chekhov, the Aomanding Front of Watietis, as he himself wrote, "the city left his shooter with a handful of his shooters."

The most important thing - the Bolsheviks lost to those who were in Kazan golden stock of Russia. This stock has moved to the All-Russian Temporary Government (Ufa Directory).

In August 1918 Government of France (in those years - the only thing in the world Government, who wanted the liquidation of the Bolshevik regime) I tried to take control of the action of the Czechoslovak Corps. To do this, General Jeanne was sent to Siberia, with the task to organize the Eastern Front against Germany and the Bolsheviks loyal. However, General Jeann got to Omsk only in December 1918 - when the situation in the world and the mood of the fighters of the Czechoslovak Corps changed dramatically.

In August 1918, Czechoslovaki fought on the Volga and the Urals against the Reds, most of whom were Germans and Hungarians, that is, according to Czechoslovakov, ultimately for the independence of their homeland, though away from it. Such feelings gave them strength. As Vacety's pointed out:

"... Under the Kazan, the enemy was in a very difficult position. Here is his forces not exceeding 2000-2500 people, they occupied the arcamine front with a study of 100-120 km and covered almost insecutter with excellent forces of the 2nd and 5th armies. "

In October 1918, when it became clear that Germany and Austria-Hungary were about to capitulate, the Czechoslovakas became more and more desire to return home rather. Some parts began to leave the front, boot into the echelons and go to the east. Because of such moods of the Corps fighters on October 25, the commander of the 1st Czechoslovak Division Colonel Joseph Shvets was shot dead. On October 28, 1918 Czechoslovakia became independent, and when this news reached the corps, the Czechoslovaki was evacuated from Ufa and Chelyabinsk in early November.

Mission General Jenen

General Jeanne, formally nursed since November 1918 "Commander-in-Chief Allied Forces in Siberia", in fact, was the general without an army. He did not obey neither the British nor American, nor the more Japanese contingents who were in the Far East of Russia. And the actual French contingent was negligible - one company Vietnamese in Vladivostok.

And General Jeanne tried to become at least the Czechoslovak Corps. Janen wanted to raise his authority in the eyes of the Supreme Ruler of Russia Admiral Kolchak - show him that the allies, and first of all France, support his troops (although not actually French).

However, the maximum that Jenen was able to achieve (thanks to the pressure of the French Prime Minister Clelembo for the President of the Czechoslovak National Council of Mazarik) - this is the order (January 27, 1919) of the commander of the Czechoslovak Corps of the Cheese, according to which the Trans-Siberian Highway from Novo-Nikolaevsk (Novosibirsk) was announced to Irkutsk operating Point of hull.

Thus, General Zhanne and the Government of France, led by Clemencess, managed to delay Czechoslovakov in Russia for another year. No matter how they sought to return to their homeland - in June 1919 there was even a riot, depressed by military force - sending Czechoslovakov to ships from Vladivostok to Europe began only in December 1919.

And in January 1920, the "Valiant" French general Zhanmen provided Czechoslovakov his last "service" - ordered to issue the Irkutic Socialists-revolutionary admiral of Kolchak who had been adjusted by the Admiral Kolvkka, who suffered on the side of the Bolsheviks.

Fighters and commanders of the Czechoslovak Corps, once courageous fighting against the Germans and red, having lost the battles for four years more than four thousand of their comrades - fulfilling this vile order, they forever covered themselves with shame.

The uprising of the Czechoslovak Corps in the spring of 1918 near the historians is considered to be the beginning of a fratricidal civil war. In the most difficult political situation in the territory of another state, the leaders of a huge military group were forced to make decisions under the action of a number of influential political forces of that time.

Czechoslovak Corps Education Backgrounds

The history of the formation of the Czechoslovak Corps, the uprising of which in the late spring of 1918 served as a signal to the beginning of the civil war in the territory of the Russian state, so far causes a lot of disputes among historical scientists not only in Russia. Once in difficult political conditions and dreaming to continue the struggle for the liberation of their homeland, they turned out to be a "exchangeless coin" of the political forces not only in Russia, but also of the warring Europe.

What was the prerequisites for creating a case? First of all, the activation of the liberation struggle against Austria-Hungary, in whose authorities were lands of Chekhov and Slovaks, dreaming of creating their own state. Its creation belongs to the beginning of the First World War, when a large number of Czech and Slovak migrants lived on the territory of Russia, who dreamed of creating their state in the original territories belonging to these peoples and under the oppression of Austria-Hungary.

Education of the Czech squad.

Given these patriotic sentiment of the Slavs Brothers, the Russian government, going towards numerous appeals to the name of Emperor Nicholas II, in particular, created in Kiev "Czech National Committee", 07/30/1914 decides on the creation of a Czech squad. She was the predecessor of the Czechoslovak Corps, the uprising of which occurred four years later.

This decision with enthusiasm was accepted by Czech colonists. Already 28.09.1914, a banner was consecrated, and in October, the squad as part of the 3rd Army under the command of General Radko-Dmitriev takes part in the battle for Eastern Galicia. The squad was part of the Russian troops and Russian officers held in her practically all command posts.

Replenishment of the Czech squad at the expense of prisoners of war

In May 1915, the Supreme Commander Great Prince Nikolai gave his consent to the replenishment of a series of Czech squads at the expense of prisoners of war and faders from the number of Czechs and Slovaks, which in a massive manner surrendered to the Russian army. By the end of 1915, the regiment is formed, the name of Jan Gus. He had more than 2,100 servicemen. In 1916, a brigade was already formed, consisting of three regiments, the number of more than 3,500 people.

However, Russia's allies could not accept the fact that her authority in the matter of creating a Czechoslovak state increases. The liberal intelligentsia from the number of Chekhov and Slovaks in Paris creates the Czechoslovak National Council. He was headed by Tomas Masarik, who later became the first president of Czechoslovakia, Edward Benesh, subsequently the second president, Milan Styfanik, an Astronomer's scientist, General of the French Army, and Joseph Dührich.

The purpose of the establishment of the state Czechoslovakia. To do this, they tried to achieve the permission of the Entente to form their own army, formally subordinate to the Council all military formations acting against the powers who fought with the Entente on all fronts. They are formally included in their composition and parties who fought on the side of Russia.

The position of Czechoslovakov after the October coup

After the February Revolution, the temporary government has not changed its attitude towards Czechoslovak soldiers. After the Oktyabrsky uprising, the Czechoslovak corps was in a difficult position. The policy of Bolsheviks, who sought to conclude a world with the powers of the Triple Union, did not suit Czechoslovakov, who sought to continue the war with the aim of liberating the territory of their homeland. They advocate the support of the temporary government to the war to the victorious end.

With the tips, a contract was concluded where the items were included, according to which Czechoslovak parts were obliged to not interfere in the country's internal affairs on the side of any party and continue military actions against Austro-German. A small part of the soldiers of the Czechoslovak Corps uprising in Petrograd supported and moved to the side of the Bolsheviks. The rest were shipped from Poltava to Kiev, where together with Junckers of military schools took part in street fighting against soldiers and workers' councils of the city of Kiev.

But in the future, the leadership of the Czechoslovak Corps did not want to spoil relations with the Soviet government, so the military tried not to enter into internal political conflicts. That is why they did not participate in the protection of the Central Rada from the upcoming countertops of the Soviets. But distrust grew day by day, which eventually led to the uprising of the Czechoslovak Corps in May 1918

Recognition of the corps part of the French army

Seeing the complex position of the Czechoslovak Corps in Russia, ChSNS in Paris spoke to the French government with a request to recognize it by the foreign allied military unit in Russia. President of France Poincare in December 1917 recognizes the Czechoslovak corps part of the French army.

After the Soviet government was established in Kiev, the Czechoslovak Corps received the assurance that the Government of Soviet Russia had no objections to his shipment to their homeland. To get there, there were two ways. The first - through Arkhangelsk and Murmansk, but his Czechoslovaki rejected from fears to be attacked by German submarines.

Second - through the Far East. This is the way it was decided to send foreign legionnaires. This was signed by an agreement between the Government of the Soviets and representatives of the HSNs. The task was not simple - to smuggle through the entire country it was necessary to approximately from 35 to 42 thousand people.

Conflict background

The main prerequisite for the insurgency of the Czechoslovak hull was the tense atmosphere around this Military Division. Finding a huge armed connection in the middle of Russia was beneficial to many. The royal army ceased to exist. On the bottom in full swing was the formation of a white army. Attempts to create the Red Army were taken. The only combat unit was the case of legionnaires, and red, and white, and white were trying to their side.

Not particularly desired by the speedy conclusion of the hull and the countries of the Entente, trying through Czechoslovakov to influence the course of events. They were not particularly interested in the rapid conclusion of the building of the country of the Turkish Union, as they understood that, arriving in Europe, this military connection will oppose them. All this served as a kind of backgrounds of the rebellion of the Czechoslovak corps.

Tense, if not to say hostile, the relationships have developed between the Emergencies Ministry, fully under the authority of the French and the Bolsheviks who did not trust legionnaires, having remembered them to support the temporary government, thereby receiving a slow motion bomb in the rear, in the form of armed legionnaires.

Tension and distrust tightened the disarmament process. The German government has advanced an ultimatum, which demanded the return of all prisoners of war from Siberian to the Western and Central part of Russia. Tips suspend the advancement of legionnaires, this was the cause of the rebellion of the Czechoslovak hull.

Beginning of the uprising

The beginning of the rebellion served as a household case. A quarrel between the prisoners of the Hungarians and Czechoslovakov, who arranged Samaduda over former allies due to a legionnaire injury caused by negligence. The authorities of Chelyabinsk, where it happened, arrested several participants in the massacre. It was perceived as the desire of the authorities to stop the evacuation, as a result - the uprising of the Czechoslovak Corps. On the Czechoslovak Corps held in Chelyabinsk, the decision is made to break with the Bolsheviks and the weapon not to pass.

In turn, the Bolsheviks demanded full weapons. Representatives of the emergency were arrested in Moscow, which turn to compatriots with an order of full disarmament, but it was too late. When you try to disarm legionaries in several stations, they rendered open resistance.

Since the regular army of the Bolsheviks was only created, it was practically no one to defend the Soviet power. Chelyabinsk, Irkutsk, Zlatoust were taken. A tough resistance of the red army parts was rendered throughout the transmission and captured by Petropavlovsk, Kurgan, Omsk, Tomsk, part of the Red Army, not far from Samara, breaks through the Volga.

Throughout the railway in the cities, temporary anti-Bolshevik governments were created, with their armies. In Samara, the host army, in Omsk - the temporary Siberian government, for whose banners all the dissatisfied with the authorities of the Soviets. But suffered a number of crushing defeats from the Red Army and under its pressure, the detachments of the White Army and the Czechoslovak Corps were forced to leave busy cities.

Resolutions of the Czechoslovak Corps

Gradually loading the underwent good echelons, Czechoslovak legionnaires experienced a desire to stop hostilities and to get out of the ravis. By the autumn of 1918, they began to leave further in the rear, not wanting to fight, participating in security and punitive operations. The atrocities of the legionnaires even exceeded the massacres of Kolchakov detachments. This state has strengthened the news of the formation of Czechoslovakia. More than 300 compositions stuffed with a dirty good, slowly moved towards Vladivostok.

The retreating troops of the Kolchak went along the railway, on the mud and snow, since all the echelons, including the echelon with the gold reserve, were captured by whitewash, and they defended them with a weapon in their hands. Of the eight echelons of the Supreme Ruler, he was left by one car, which was sent after the passage of all the compositions and weeks idle on the spare paths. In January 1920, Kolchak was transferred by "brother" by Bolsheviks in exchange for the agreement on the departure of Czech legionnaires.

Sending last almost a year, from December 1918 to November 1919. For this, 42 ships were involved in which 72,600 people were transferred to Europe. More than 4 thousand Czechoslovakov found peace in Russian land.