2. Under the damage to the potent substances of the agricultural action (sinyl acid, carbon monoxide, arsenic hydrogen)

3. Under the damage to the potent poisonous substances of the suffocating and general action (concentrated acids (nitric, acetic, sulfur, etc.), nitrogen oxides, sulfurous anhydride. Hydrogen sulfide)

4. in case of poisoning with potent poisonous substances of neurotropic action (thiophos, carbofos, metaphos, chlorofos serougerod)

5. in case of damage to the suffocating and neurotropic potent poisonous substances (ammonia)

6. When poisoning with heavy metals and arsenic salts (copper, mercury, bismuth)

7.

8. (chlorofos, dichlofoS, carbofos Acetic Essence, Inorganic kisa Lots, Byiiyatar alcohol, Hydrogen peroxide, perhydro).

9. for poisoning with mineral fertilizers

First aid

Powerful toxic substances with preferably suffocating action include those who act mainly on the respiratory organs.

The development of the defeat is conditionally divided into four periods:

the first is a period of contact with a poisonous substance, the second is hidden, the third is a period of toxic edema of the lungs and the last - the period of complications. With the action of steams of some substances in high concentrations It is possible a rapid fatal outcome from shock caused by a chemical burn of the skin, mucous upper respiratory tract and lungs.

When exposed chlorine, phosphorus three chloride, phosphorus oxyl chloride And other poisonous substances of suffocating and pronounced moxifying actions in minor concentrations are observed redness of the conjunctiva, mucous meal and pharynx, bronchitis, hoarseness, lightness, feeling of compression in the chest.

If small and medium-sized concentrations have been affected, zealous pains, burning and rubber, tearing, dry cough, the shortness of breath is increased, the pulse is increased, the separation of yellow or reddish sputum with mucus begins. It is possible heavy bronchopneumonia with an increase in temperature and the development of the toxic edema of the lungs. The most pronounced symptom of pulmonary edema is shortness of breath with the respiratory rate of ZOO-35 and more than a minute, turning into a chop. In the most severe cases, the edema of the lungs is accompanied by arterial hypotension, intensity of consciousness and other signs of shock.

In case of inhalation of vapors phosgenand other suffocating poisonous substances with a weak migrational action of expressed symptoms of damage for a certain period of time may be absent. The period of hidden action depending on the received dose may continue from 1 hour to 2 days. The shorter the hidden period is, the less favorable forecast. Physical exercise lead to a reduction in the hidden period.

First aid. First of all, you need to wear on the affected gas mask (industrial, with a box of the brand "in" yellow color; You can also use civilian GP-5, GP-5M, GP-7, GP-7B) and withdraw (out) it from the danger zone.

In the case of a reflex stop of breathing, you need to test artificial ventilation lungs.

After the evacuation of the victim from the zone of infection, wash his eyes with water or 2% solution of sodium bicarbonate and drip in them 1-2 drops of vaseline oil. In case of emergency evacuation, the victim should be in the position lying with a raised head. In the following way, it is necessary to continue to assist him, prevent its supercooling or overheating.

First aid

Substances preferably a shaded action are able to cause acute violations of energy exchange. In severe cases, they may cause the death of victims. According to the mechanism of impact on the body, these substances are divided into tissue poisons and poisons of blood.

With poisoning Sinyl Acid Fabric breathing is oppressed almost completely. First of all it happens in cells nervous systemWhat leads to the initiation and death of neurons. The defeat often develops lightningry. The victim falls, loses consciousness and in a few minutes dies. When the delayed form of defeat, the symptoms of poisoning develop slower.

There are light, medium and severe degree of lesion.

With a light degree of defeat, the victim feels the smell of bitter almond, a metal taste in the mouth. Then dizziness arise, headache, nausea and violation of coordination of movements (drunk gait)

For middle degree The severity of the defeat symptoms are growing. Pains in the abdomen, pronounced shortness of breath, heartbeat, expansion of pupils, psychomotor excitement appear. The victim falls, his consciousness is darkened, the skin of bright pink color.

In the case of a severe degree of lesion, convulsions appear with a loss of consciousness, acute cardiovascular insufficiency, breathing becomes superficial. Possible involuntary urination and defecation. In the future, breathing and cardiac activity occurs.

First aid. Wear on the affected gas mask (industrial with a yellow yellow brand box; you can use civilian GP-5, GP-5M, GP-7, GP-7B) and output (render) it from the affected area. In the event of a respiratory stop to carry out artificial ventilation of the lungs and indirect heart massage.

The immediate evacuation of the victim in the medical institution must be made (in the position lying) accompanied by medical staff.

POISONING Carbon oxide It happens unnoticed, as it does not have a smell or color. The person begins to hurt and spin the head, sheeps in the ears, it darkens in the eyes, hearing worsens, he feels nauseous, sometimes vomiting arises. Muscle weakness comes. The concentration of carbon oxide in the inhaled air is more than 0.4% fatal.

First aid. Immediately endure the victim to fresh air. Warm it up. When stopping the breath, perform artificial ventilation of the lungs and urgently send to the medical institution.

With poisoning Arsenic hydrogen In minor doses, the development of symptoms of poisoning is preceded by a hidden period of up to 6 hours. With severe poisoning, the hidden period is less than 3 hours.

After the hidden period develops total weakness, chills appear, vomiting, anxiety, headache, choking. After 8-12 hours, the urine acquires red or brown, cramps, disturbances of consciousness are possible.

First aid. Wear on the affected gas mask (industrial, with a box of type E or e-black) and urgently withdraw (out) it in a safe place. Ensure complete peace and evacuation into a medical institution.

First aid

under the defeat by the potent poisonous substances of the suffocating and general action

To substances with a suffocating and shared action include concentrated acids (nitrogen, acetic, sulfur, etc.), nitrogen oxides, sulfur anhydride. They are able to cause toxic swelling of the lungs and disrupt the energy exchange. Many compounds of this group have the strongest ignition effect, which makes it difficult for diagnosis and rendering medical care victim.

When inhaling the vapors of these substances, eye irritation occurs and the upper respiratory tract (tearing, runny nose, cough, breathing difficulty). A reflex stop of breathing is possible. After the hidden period (from 2 to 24 hours), toxic pneumonia or toxic lung edema develops. If you get into the eyes, chemical burns arise on the skin.

First aid. Wear on the affected gas mask (industrial, with a box of the brand "in" yellow color) and output (extend) it from the danger zone. In the case of stopping the breath to carry out artificial ventilation of the lungs. Posted by a victim half-sideway. Rinse his eyes and skin with water, rinse the mouth.

Washing the stomach and artificial calling of vomiting is dangerous due to the possibilities of the re-burning of the esophagus. Do not give the victim to drink laxative and alkaline solutions!

If the poison appears on the skin and mucous membranes, it is necessary to conduct sanitary processing (flushing) of affected places and move the victim. In the oppression of respiration, the oxygen inhalation is necessary, artificial ventilation of the lungs. Emergency evacuation of the victim in the medical institution is necessary.

For Poisoning hydrogen sulfide There are irritation of the eyes and upper respiratory tract, excitement, headache, nausea, vomiting. In severe cases - coma, cramps, toxic swelling of the lungs.

First aid. Wear on the affected gas mask (industrial, with a box of brand "in yellow; you can use civilian GP-5, GP-5M, GP-7, GP-7B) and export (out) it from a danger zone. In the case of stopping the breath to carry out artificial ventilation of the lungs. Rinse eyes and skin with water, rinse your mouth.

First aid

in case of poisoning with potent substances of neurotropic effects

These substances violate the mechanism of peripheral nervous regulation and act on generation, conducting and transmission nervous impulse. Poisoning them develops when they get into the body through airways, stomach and skin cover.

With damage to phosphorganic poisonous substances (thiophos, carbofos, metaphos, chlorophos, etc.) The symptoms of poisoning appear in 2-4 hours after the receipt of poisonous substances into the body and are expressed in a narrowing of the pupils, the separation of saliva, the difficulty of breathing, vomiting, the coordination disorder, the loss of consciousness. After that, strong convulsions, paralysis and death are possible.

First aid. In the inhalation arrival of a potent poisonous substance, it is necessary to wear on the affected gas mask (industrial, with a yellow-colored brand box; you can use civilian GP-5, GP-5M, GP-7, GP-7B) and export (you carry) it from Hazardous zone. Especially evacuating into a medical institution.

With poisoning Serougolandirritation of the mucous membranes of the eyes and the upper respiratory tract, nausea, vomiting, headache, inhibition of breathing,

clear, coma, the development of toxic edema of the lungs is possible.

First aid. In the inhalation arrival of a potent poisonous substance, it is necessary to wear on the affected gas mask (civilian GP-5, GP-5M, GP-7 or GP-7B), to take out (render) it from a dangerous zone and send to the medical institution.

In the case of the receipt of neurotropic poisons inside and while maintaining the affected consciousness, it is necessary to make it washing the stomach. If there was a contact of the poison with the skin, it is necessary to wash the affected water. After that, urgently evacuate the victim to the medical institution.

First aid

To substances with suffering and neurotropic effectThese are toxic compounds that cause pulmonary edema, against which heavier damage to the nervous system is developing.

At the heart of these substances, there is a violation of the generation gene, conducting and transmitting the nervous impulse, which is aggravated by a respiratory disorder.

With poisoning Ammonia Watch tearing, cough, difficulty breathing (a reflex stop of breathing), voice hoarseness, phenomena of the growing edema of the lungs, vomiting, excitement, cramps, eye damage (light-free, conjunctivitis) and chemical skin burns.

First aid. To put on the affected gas mask (industrial, with a box of the brand "CD of gray; You can use any civil, but necessarily with an additional DPG-Z or DPG-1 cartridge) and remove (out) it from the danger zone to ensure peace, heat, half-sidier . In the case of stopping the breath to carry out artificial ventilation of the lungs. Rinse your eyes with water.

Emergency evacuation in the medical institution must be carried out in the position of the victim lying with a raised head. In the following way, it is necessary to continue to assist him, prevent its supercooling or overheating.

First aid

Organic and inorganic compounds of heavy metals and arsenic use in many industries as raw materials or by-products. Apply them and in agriculture. Arsenic and some heavy metals (copper, mercury, bismuth) Particulated in various dosage forms. Use them and as antiseptics.

Connections of heavy metals and arsenic can enter the body through the mouth, respiratory organs, skin and mucous membranes.

For sharp poisoning with salts of heavy metals and arsenic characteristic defeat gastrointestinal tract, nervous system, kidneys, respiratory, blood, and toxic shock.

In gastrointestinal lesions, the victim feels the metallic taste in the mouth, nausea, pain when swallowing, in the course of the esophagus and in the abdomen, vomiting. It also occurs redness of the groove and pharynx, in severe cases - diarrhea, gastric and intestinal bleeding. In case of poisoning, mercury and lead compounds occur the characteristic dark border on the gums, the bleeding and the ulceration of the gums, the teeth are loosened.

The burning of the gastrointestinal mucous membranes is most often noted in poisoning with mercury and copper compounds. Nausea and vomiting arise in poisoning with all compounds of heavy metals and arsenic. Massives with copper poisoning have a blue or bluish-greenish color, with arsenic poisoning - green.

In case of poisoning, the mysteries are likely to defeat the nervous system. The confidence of consciousness, excitement, are possible to convulse upper and lower extremities.

for inhalation poisoning, mercury couples and organic compounds of heavy metals are characteristic the following signs: chills, shortness of breath, runny nose, bronchitis, sharp dry cough. After a few hours, severe toxic inflammation of the lungs and toxic lung swells are developing. At the same time, signs of damage to the gastrointestinal tract (diarrhea, nausea), as well as the nervous system ( elevated excitability, breaking sleep, irritability, bias in the eyes, difficulty swallowing, cramps).

Heavy metals and arsenic can accumulate in almost all organs for several months. Their separation of the body occurs through the kidneys, the liver (with bile), the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines, sweat and salivary glands, which is accompanied, as a rule, by the damage to the organs of the excretory apparatus.

When providing first aid, it is necessary to bring victims of fresh air, rinse contaminated areas of the skin and mucous membranes with water with soap. To wash the stomach and then give the injured 30-50 g of activated carbon. The washing is carried out by means of intake of 5-b water glasses, followed by a challenge of vomiting by mechanical irritation of the language. This procedure is repeated 3-4 times. It is necessary to take measures for the urgent delivery of the victim to the medical institution, where he will be treated with the use of special antidces.

First aid

Chemical burns arise as a result of exposure to the skin and mucous membranes of concentrated organic and inorganic acids, alkalis, phosphorus. Some chemical compounds in air, with contact with moisture or other chemicals, easily flammable or explode, causing thermochemical burns (phosphorus).

Chemical burns can be caused by some plants (buttercups, suites, dope, snowdrop, etc.) used as compresses for treatment.

First aid. The cloth of the victim is necessary, cutting, quickly remove at the scene. The chemical on the skin on the skin is to rinse with plenty of water before the disappearance of its specific smell.

It is impossible to flush chemical compounds that ignite or explode in contact with water, as well as process the damaged by the skin with moistened water with tampons, napkins: at the same time poisonous substance Even more rubbing into the skin.

Then it is necessary to impose a clean bandage to damaged skin, which can be soaked with a neutralizing or disinfecting agent. Mases (vaseline, fat, oily) bandages are contraindicated, as they accelerate the penetration into the body of fatty chemicals (for example, phosphorus). After overlaying the dressing, you need to give a victim an anesthetic agent.

Burns with acids are usually deep. In the place of the burn is formed dry stamp. If an acid hit on the skin, it is necessary to rush the affected areas under the jet of water, then wash them with 2% solution of drinking soda or soapy water. After that, impose a dry clean bandage.

When skin damaged by phosphorus and its compounds, it needs to be treated with 5% copper sulfate solution, and then 5-10% solution of drinking soda.

First aid with alkalis burns is the same as with acid burns, but their neutralization is on to produce 2% mortar. boric acid or citric acid solution (cutlery).

First aid

Many funds household chemicals Present a danger to a person. In order not to be poisoned by them, it is necessary to strictly follow the rules for their storage and application.

Household insecticides - These are substances intended for the destruction of harmful insects. Among them are the most common phosphorodorganic compounds ( chlorofos, dichlorofos, carbofos). These drugs may cause severe poisoning in humans when entering its body through the respiratory tract or digestive tract.

for inhalation poisoning, dizziness, nausea, vision disorder, increased sweating, mental excitement is characteristic. If phosphorodorganic compounds get into the stomach, vomiting appears, the separation of mucus of the mouth and nose, a liquid chair, head and stolen pain, abundant sweating.

For heavy poisoning, the narrowing of pupils, slowing the heart rate, the development of muscle weakness, decreased blood pressure, loss of consciousness. A person appears convulsions, breathing is disturbed and its stop can come.

When signs of poisoning, you urgently need to call " ambulance" Before the arrival, the doctor should be removed on the fresh air, rinse the open areas of its body with water, and the eyes, mouth and nose - 2% solution of drinking rod of soda (soda tablespoon per 1 liter of water). To wash the stomach, give it a drink 2 l lifelization and cause vomiting by pressing a spoon to the root of the tongue. It is also desirable to give the victim 4-5 tablets of activated carbon and put it without a pillow, turning the head of the side. With a sharp difficulty breathing start to do artificial respiration, After first cleaning the upper respiratory tract from saliva and mucus. If the victim is unconscious, it is not recommended to make a stomach rinsing without a doctor.

Acetic Essence When using inside, it causes a burn of the lip mucosa, language, groove, esophagus, and in severe cases - also the stomach and even the intestines.

With an extensive burning of the digestive tract can develop shock. Initially, the patient is excited, he rises arterial pressure. Then this state is replaced by injecting, blood pressure drops, breathing is readily, becomes weak and frequent, the cold sweat is. You can begin vomiting with an admixture of blood, which indicates esophageal and gastric bleeding.

Sometimes acetic essence can get into the respiratory tract and cause their burns. In such cases, the voice becomes sipla, breathing makes it difficult, cough, lips and skin of the face, neck, fingers shine. Maybe even defeat, as the victim is not able to breathe well.

Particularly severe poisoning with acetic essence (their sign - urine dyeing in red) can lead to disability or even a deadly outcome.

Table vinegar Also can cause the burn of the digestive tract, but less pronounced than acetic essence.

Often in everyday life Inorganic acids.Switched mistaken, they can cause severe damage to the esophagus and stomach, which is often accompanied by a shock and esophageal and gastric bleeding.

Byiiyatar alcohol, Finding inside, causes a strong oral burn, pharynx, esophagus and stomach. At the same time, the swelling of the lips, the language, the difficulty of swallowing and respiration is characteristic.

Hydrogen peroxide, perhydro Also capable, hitting inside, cause a burning of the digestive tract.

If the poisoning of any of the listed migratory fluids occurred, immediately contact the doctor. Deletion threatens with severe consequences, even if a person swallowed a small amount of fluid. If the victim is able to drink, then when poisoning with acid poisons (for example, acetic acid) Prior to the arrival of the doctor, give him 2 glasses of cold milk, and with alkaline poisoning poisoning (ammonia, bleach) - more lemon or orange juice. In no case, do not rinse him on your own stomach and do not cause vomiting from him, since the reverse current of the migratory fluid from the stomach on the esophagus can aggravate its burn. When visiting the voice, difficulty breathing, make inhalation of soda (teaspoon of soda on a glass of warm water) and olive or peach oil using a standard inhaler. The patient must be put in bed, lifting with the help of pillows his head and the upper part of the body.

To avoid poisoning, do not leave household chemicals in ordinary dishes, keep them only in a container with an appropriate label and in places inaccessible to children!

First aid

Poisoning with mineral fertilizers and other chemicals usually occur during agricultural work. When preparing chemicals to use the air of the working area, their dust and pairs are contaminated, which adversely affect the human body. Fluoride hydrogen and its compound are most dangerous, especially under high ambient temperature or indoors.

Heavy poisoning occurs when accidentally entering mineral fertilizers in the body through the mouth. There are pain in the abdomen, nausea, dizziness, weakness, or, on the contrary, an excited state, sometimes vomiting, nose. In some cases, there is a disorder of respiration and cardiac activity.

At the very first signs of poisoning, you need to call "ambulance A, before it arrives to take measures to purify the stomach. The victim should be given to drink two or three glasses of the solution of drinking soda (half of the teaspoon on a glass of water) and, pressing a finger or a handle of a spoon on the root of the tongue, call him vomiting. This procedure must be repeated three or four times.

In cases where harmful substances Enrolled in the body through the respiratory tract, the victim feels burning and sore throat, he appears cough, nausea, threw in his eyes. It must be brought to the fresh air spirit or translate into a warm, ventilated room and move into another clothing. If necessary, it is necessary to hide it and warm. Be sure to call "ambulance".

When irritating the skin, it is necessary to rush to rinse the affected areas with warm water with soap, change underwear and upper clothes.

When chemicals getting into the eyes, a thread appear, tearing. In this case, it is necessary to rinse the eyes immediately with a solution of soda (an incomplete teaspoon on a glass of water): a cotton swab, moistened with this solution, treat the eyes towards the outer angle to the internal.

First medical care for household chemicals poisoning

Many household chemicals are dangerous to humans. In order not to be poisoned by them, it is necessary to strictly follow the rules for their storage and application.

Household insecticides are substances intended for the destruction of harmful insects. Among them are the most common phosphauses (chlorophos, dichlofos, carbofos). These drugs may cause severe poisoning in humans when entering its body through the respiratory tract or digestive tract.

For inhalation poisoning, dizziness, nausea, vision disorder, increased sweating, mental excitement is characteristic. If phosphorodorganic compounds enter the stomach, vomiting appears, the discharge of mucus of the mouth and nose, the liquid chair, head and stubble pain, abundant sweating.

For heavy poisoning, the narrowing of pupils, slowing the heart rate, the development of muscle weakness, decreased blood pressure, loss of consciousness. A person appears for convulsions, breathing is disturbed, it may stop his stop.

When signs of poisoning, it is necessary to urgently call "ambulance". Before the arrival of the doctor, it is necessary to bring the victim to fresh air, rinse the open areas of its body with water, and the eyes, mouth and nose - 2% solution of drinking soda (a tablespoon of soda on 1 liter of water).

To wash the stomach, give it a drink 2-3 l of this solution and cause vomiting by pressing a spoon to the root of the tongue. It is also desirable to give the victim 4-5 tablets of activated carbon and put it without a pillow, turning the head of the side. With a sharp difficulty of breathing, begin to make an artificial respiration, first cleaning the upper respiratory tract from saliva and mucus. If the victim is unconscious, it is not recommended to make a stomach rinsing without a doctor.

Acetic Essence When using inside, it causes a burn of the lip mucosa, language, groove, esophagus, and in severe cases - also the stomach and even the intestines.

With an extensive burning of the digestive tract can develop shock. Initially, the patient is excited, it increases blood pressure. Then this state is replaced by injecting, blood pressure drops, breathing is readily, becomes weak and frequent, the cold sweat is. You can begin vomiting with an admixture of blood, which indicates esophageal and gastric bleeding.

Sometimes acetic essence can get into the respiratory tract and cause their burns. In such cases, the voice becomes sipla, breathing makes it difficult, cough, lips and skin of the face, neck, fingers shine. Maybe even defeat, as the victim is not able to breathe well.

Particularly severe poisoning with acetic essence (their sign - urine dyeing in red) can lead to disability or even a deadly outcome.

Table vinegar Also can cause the burn of the digestive tract, but less pronounced than acetic essence.

Inorganic acids are often used in everyday life. Switched mistaken, they can cause severe damage to the esophagus and stomach, which is often accompanied by a shock and esophageal and gastric bleeding.

AMMONIA, falling inside, causes a strong oral burn, pharynx, esophagus and stomach. At the same time, the swelling of the lips, the language, the difficulty of swallowing and respiration is characteristic.

Hydrogen peroxide, perhydro Also capable, hitting inside, cause a burning of the digestive tract.

If the poisoning of any of the listed migratory fluids occurred, immediately contact the doctor. Deletion threatens with severe consequences, even if a person swallowed a small amount of fluid. If the victim is able to drink, then with acid poisoning (for example, acetic acid) before the doctor's arrival, give it 2-3 cups of cold milk, and with alkaline poisoning poisoning (ammonic alcohol, bleach) - more lemon or orange juice. In no case, do not rinse him on your own stomach and do not cause vomiting from him, since the reverse current of the migratory fluid from the stomach on the esophagus can aggravate its burn. When visiting the voice, difficulty breathing, make inhalation of soda (teaspoon of soda on a glass of warm water) and olive or peach oil using a standard inhaler. The patient must be put in bed, lifting with the help of pillows his head and the upper part of the body.

First Medical Assistance in Poisoning Mineral Fertilizers

Poisoning with mineral fertilizers and other chemicals usually occur during agricultural work. When preparing chemicals to use the air of the working area, their dust and pairs are contaminated, which adversely affect the human body. Fluoride hydrogen and its compound are most dangerous, especially under high ambient temperature or indoors.

Heavy poisoning occurs when accidentally entering mineral fertilizers in the body through the mouth. There are pain in the abdomen, nausea, dizziness, weakness, or, on the contrary, an excited state, sometimes vomiting, diarrhea. In some cases, there is a disorder of respiration and cardiac activity.

At the very first signs of poisoning, it is necessary to call "ambulance", and before it comes to take measures to purify the stomach. The victim should be given to drink two or three glasses of the solution of drinking soda (half of the teaspoon on a glass of water) and, pressing a finger or a handle of a spoon on the root of the tongue, call him vomiting. This procedure must be repeated three or four times.

In cases where harmful substances were enrolled in the body through the respiratory tract, the victim feels burning and sore throat, he appears cough, nausea, rubbed in the eyes. It must be removed on fresh air or translate into a warm, ventilated room and move into another clothing. If necessary, it is necessary to hide it and warm. Be sure to call "ambulance)).

When irritating the skin, it is necessary to rush to rinse the affected areas with warm water with soap, change underwear and upper clothes.

When chemicals getting into the eyes, a thread appear, tearing. In this case, it is necessary to rinse the eyes immediately with a solution of soda (an incomplete teaspoon on a glass of water): a cotton swab, moistened with this solution, treat the eyes towards the outer angle to the internal.

Questions and tasks

1. What insecticides are used in everyday life? Name characteristic signs poisoning them and the procedure for providing first medical care.

2. What is dangerous acetic essence, dining vinegar, ammonia, hydrogen peroxide? What are the signs of poisoning with these substances and the rules for the first medical care?

3. What is dangerous mineral fertilizers? Name signs of poisoning them and the procedure for providing first aid.

Material prepared: Yuri Zelikovich, teacher of the Department of Geoecology and Natural Management

© When using the materials of the site (quotation, tables, images), the source indication is necessary.

The use of ammonic alcohol for plants is based on a high content of nitrogen in it (82%) and the complete absence of ballast substances. In the surrounding plant, the nitrogen medium may be present in ammonium NH3, amide NH2 +, ammonium NH4 +, nitrite NO2- and nitrate NO3-chemical forms. In a natural biocycle, the base of nitrogen nutrition of plants is nitrate, on the left in Fig. A more clearly important part of the nitrogen cycle is given to the right.

Note: Summer alcohol - water solution ammonia, or ammonia water. It is often called the ammonia or ammonia. In order to avoid confusion, we remember that the chemical is ammonia is ammonium nitrate NH4Cl. The use of ammonium nitrate in large agricultural engineering is very limited, and in private farms it is not used.

Features of application

Nitrogen for plants is approximately the same as bread. Plants greedily, with an excess, absorb nitrates and, partly, so to speak, without a special appetite - ammonia. This is the first important for not very experienced crop, moment: Fucking the ammonia alcohol will not cause accumulation of nitrogen compounds in plants, because Ammonia depot in them is not. Simply - Ammonia Plants can not be reconculable.

Second important moment Already a general value - ammonia is a mandatory intermediate product of the natural nitrogen cycle, and in ammonium form partially passes simply in the air in the presence of moisture vapor, without the participation of destructors' microorganisms. Therefore, the use of ammonic alcohol in the garden may turn out to be more effective than limitedly affordable organic fertilizers, because For the formation of nitrates, active soil biocenosis is needed.

On small intensively used and insufficiently well-kept plot, for example. At the cottage, the community of soil microorganisms is usually weakened. Reculpted the soil can be different ways, for example We run down, but it will take several years and may require certain costs. Supporting the ammonia will allow, in general, not at risk due to the intensification of the culture of chemistry to obtain a flash of reproduction of pests, survive the recovery period, receiving sufficient crops during it.

Note: Water ammonia and ammonium in the form of ions (pure, metallic ammonium does not exist) - alkali of the average power. Therefore, feeding the ammonia alcohol together with the introduction of organic fertilizers makes it possible to avoid the acidification of the soil, and its lime is carried out only when an acidic reaction appears.

Not only fertilizer

Ammonia, as is known - bat, caustic, unbearable stinking and toxic substance. As a result, feeding the ammonia alcohol is at the same time a measure of pest control. The formation of ammonia alcohol is possible and as a separate specific procedure against some malicious species, see below, but before you mention the use of ammonia alcohol in the garden from damage to the fruits of ants and axes.

To protect the harvest of fruit and berry crops, the smell of ammonia is used; His ants and wasps do not endure concentrations in completely insensitive. To fix ammonia on the treated surfaces, which are used in the composition of soap fatty acid. In order to generally useful, but in this case, unwanted roads did not cocked the harvest, the fruits spray a solution with a solution. Composition:

• 100-200 g of soap are rubbed on the grater without flavors, economic or children's. The best will be 72% economic soap.
• The soap crumb is dissolved in a litter of hot distilled water.
• The soap solution of a thin jet is poured when stirring in a bucket of tap water until the loss of gray flakes stops and rainbow bubbles will not appear.
• The remainder of the soap solution is poured into the water without precaution.
• A pharmacy bubble (50 ml) of a 25% solution of ammonic alcohol is poured into a bucket of a soap solution. With a different concentration, the dose of acc. adjust.
• The finished working solution is used immediately.

The advantage of the ammonic alcohol as a biocide against united is that it does not penetrate the vegetable tissue. However, the fruit processed in this way before use must be washed; Buyers - warn about it. However, no sensible person will not have unwashed purchased fruits.

Precautions

Ammonia strong poison and for humans. In the body, it penetrates the respiratory tract, through the mucous membranes and directly through the skin. Ammonia poisoning due to exceeding traffic rules begins suddenly and requires serious treatment. Those., When working with the ammonic alcohol, you need to use a complete set of SIZ: latex gloves, plastic apron, respirator, glasses, plastic capeset. If there are signs of poisoning (nausea, vomiting, burning), you need to drink warm milk and immediately call a doctor.

Ammonia couples also damage decorative coatings; They can cause cracking and painting the insulation of the wires. Therefore, the use of ammonic alcohol for indoor plants It is necessary to produce on an open balcony or veranda. While working, you need to stand from the wallpapers from the table (rack) with processed plants.

Note: It is possible to use the ammonia alcohol in the greenhouse only during the warm season, opening the frame or raising a canopy to air.

Ammonia as fertilizer

Naming alcohol as fertilizer is used by spraying or watering with a working solution. Acc. Dosages differ:

• 1 tbsp. l. 25% of the solution on 1 liters of water - the maximum dose for emergency irrigation when signs of nitrogen starvation appear;
• 3 tbsp. l. the same solution on 10 liters of water - for watering under the roots of fruits and vegetables;
• 25 ml on 10 liters of water - for watering floral crops and bulbous vegetables;
• 50 ml on 10 liters of water - for spraying garden crops;
• 1 tsp. On 1 liter of water - for seedlings and extraxanle fake flowers.

How to spray and water

Due to the volatility of ammonia, spraying plants by the ammonia alcohol is better to spend from the watering can be carried out, giving trickles with visible splashes (left in Fig.) According to the general rules: at sunset after watering or, in cloudy weather, in the morning immediately after dawn. For processing fruit or large areas, the sprayer must be switched from the fog to the spray. If you use the "steep" watering, giving moro (right in Fig.), Most of active substance Will lost already in the air.

Proper and improper spraying of plants by ammonic alcohol

Watering seedlings and room colors should be made from the watering can without sprinkler, see the next. Fig. below. Watering a weak jet with a low height of exactly the roots, not allowing the solution to the green parts of the plants. For prophylaxis chemical burns It is useful after watering the ammonic alcohol to spray plants with a foggy stream of pure water.

Who will go to

By the ability to absorb ammonia nitrogen plants differ significantly regardless of their common need for it. Ammonia is good "eats" any seedlings, and from adult plants - onions, garlic, cucumbers, tomatoes, vegetable (sweet) pepper. Forming flowers by ammonic alcohol is effective for any bulbous, dahlias, clematis, natives, peonies, roses, garden violets (pansies), zinni. A strawberry stands a mansion, her ammonia alcohol is needed more as a safety remedy for ants and slugs; The ammonia nitrogen strawberries is absorbed.

Seedling

Tar for seedlings is washed with a solution of ammonic alcohol from ants and an OS for prevention from diseases and fungi. Water with ammonia solution No. 5 (see above) once, 2 weeks after diving or unfolding the 4th present.

Onion and garlic

Fucking onion and garlic by the ammonia alcohol is performed first with a solution of No. 2 once when disembarking, 0.5 liters in the well. A week after the plants are allowed arrows, begin a weekly spraying solution No. 4. Suddenly there will be signs of nitrogen overeating (dark green glossy foliage), spraying is stopped. If the bow is not on the pen, but on the head, after 2-3 spraying, they stop and begin a weekly watering solution No. 3.

Cucumbers and Parenic

Solution No. 2 is watered 3-4 days after disembarkation. At the beginning of the bootonization and flowering, they are twisted along the leaves of solution No. 4.

Flowers

The ammonia alcohol for flowers is used in the form of solutions No. 1, 3 and 5. The first flowers are watered after the dissolution of the leaves (perennials) or the landing of 0.5 liters in the well (annual). Then before the start of the bootonization, once every 2 weeks spray with a solution No. 5. If the molding of buds is weak, watered once or, a week, another, solution No. 3. When the signs of nitrogen fasting appeared during flowering, the signs of No. 1 are watered in a well-spilled in advance with pure water.

Strawberry

The ammonia alcohol for strawberries is used once, after the dissolution of the leaves, in the form of a solution number 2, and then, with a periodicity of 2 weeks - a solution number 3. Those and others watered aisle under the evening.

From pest

In conclusion, we will give well-known recipes for the use of ammonic alcohol from pest insects:

• Weevil - 50 ml of 25% solution on water bucket. Watering under the root weekly to the disappearance of the pest.
• Drozofila (fruit fly, often starts on indoor colors) - single watering solution No. 5.
• Medveda - Preventive watering Cabbage seedlings with a solution of 10 ml of ammonic alcohol on the water bucket. Watered 0.5 liters in the well when disembarking.
• Long and carrot fly - 5 ml of 25% ammonia solution on the water bucket. Overproof watering into aisle.
• Wire on pasty - 10 ml of 25% ammonia solution on water bucket. Watering at 0.5 liters per bush when disembarking.
• History on Luke is a pharmacy bubble (25 ml) on the bucket. First watering - as the plants will be allowed arrows; after 2 weeks one more.
• TLL - a single spraying with a solution from OS and ants with soap. If necessary, - repeated 2 weeks later.

Video: The use of ammonia alcohol in the country and in the garden

Curriculum.

1. First medical care in the poisoning of household chemicals.

2. First Medical Assistance in Poisoning Mineral Fertilizers.

Purpose. At the end of the study, students should have an idea of \u200b\u200bthe rules for the provision of first aid for household poisoning.

The main content of the lesson.

Household insecticides, their danger, signs of poisoning and the provision of first aid. Acetic essence, its danger and signs of poisoning. Inorganic acids, their danger and signs of poisoning. Summer alcohol, its danger and signs of poisoning. Hydrogen peroxide and pergerol, their danger and signs of poisoning.

Rules for the provision of first medical care in poisoning with acetic acid, table vinegar, inorganic acids, ammonic alcohol, hydrogen peroxide and perhydro.

Features of poisoning with mineral fertilizers and other chemicals during agricultural work. Providing first aid before the arrival of ambulance: when chemicals getting into the respiratory tract; when irritating the skin; If chemicals get into the eyes.

Conclusion.

1. What insecticides are applied in everyday life? Name the characteristic signs of poisoning them and the procedure for providing first aid.

2. What is dangerous acetic essence, a table vinegar, ammonia alcohol, hydrogen peroxide? What are the signs of poisoning with these substances and the rules for the provision of first aid?

3. What is dangerous mineral fertilizers? Name signs of poisoning with mineral fertilizers and the procedure for providing first aid.

Homework. Section 2, Chapter 2, Topic 2.1-2.2.

Lessons 23-24. Physical culture and hardening.

Curriculum.

1. Physical education and sports.

2. Hardening the body.

3. Terms of use of environmental factors for hardening the body.

Purpose. At the end of the study, students should have an idea of \u200b\u200bphysical culture and hardening, as positive factors healthy image Life.

The main content of the lesson.

Classes physical culture And sports is a prerequisite for a healthy lifestyle. Influence exercise and sports on the development of a growing organism. Assessment of its physical fitness. The development of high-speed and powerful qualities, endurance and flexibility. Influence of sports on physical qualities.

The concept of hardening the body. Positive effect of hardening on human health. The principles of hardening. The concept of general and local hardening. The role of hardening in the prevention of colds.

Hardening air. Air baths: thermal, indifferent, cool, moderately cold, cold, very cold. Air hardening mode.

Sunbath. The effectiveness of solar exposure. Sunbathing mode.

Water hardening: hardening hardening; pouring stop; foot baths; contrasting foot baths; barefoot; wiping; water dumping;

shower; swimming in open water bodies; using increased temperature Bath.

Conclusion. Repeat the main provisions and check how the topic is understood.

Questions to check the knowledge gained.

1. What physical qualities need to have a good level of health and what are the ways to form them?

2. Tell me how they affect different kinds Sports on the formation of physical qualities.

3. Give the definition of hardening and tell me what it provides.

4. What is the principle of hardening?

5. What types of hardening do you know?

6. Tell us how you take air and sunbathing, and what your technique does not match the recommended.

7. Do you spend daily hardening, and if you spend, then in what order?

8. When and where did you last go barefoot?

9. Tell us about conducting hardening by wiping and pouring.

10. Do you regularly visit the bath? If you visit, then in what sequence do the procedure there? Tell us about the benefits of the bath.

It is a popular balcony and indoor flower in many apartments: it is unpretentious in leaving, growing rapidly and pleases with plentiful lush flowering for a long time. To maintain a plant during a heyday, it should be carefully related to the care and give it the necessary fertilizers.

General rules for the care of geranium and making feeding

To ensure a comfortable existence for geranium, it is important to choose suitable home conditions:

• a small pot (a highly crushed root system will lead to a large mass of green leaves and a decrease in flowering);
• fertile soil;
• good drainage, since geranium is very sensitive to the stagnation of water;
• well lit sunny place;
• regular feeding.

When applying fertilizers, the season takes into account: in the spring and summer, the feeders are carried out 1 time in 2 weeks, in the winter, feeding are cleaned. It is permissible to make half the usual dose of stimulants in the middle of the winter months. It should be carefully related to the choice of preparations for fertilizer, since geranium does not need organic feeding. For her flowering at home, mineral fertilizers are required, the main of which are potassium, phosphorus and nitrogen. Usually they are brought in equal proportions, but by the beginning of flowering dose of nitrogen reduce and increase the volume of potassium introduced.

If separate fertilizer application is impossible, you should use ready-made mineral complexes that contain additional minerals. Special attention should be paid to the content of iodine, which geranium responds to the strengthening of flowering. Cannot be submitted liquid fertilizers, without the preliminary watering of the Earth, it will lead to burns and forth the roots. Geranium feed in an hour after the main irrigation.

Additional minerals for geranium

In order for geranium abundantly, in addition to the three main mineral components, the Magnesium sulfate is additionally introduced. The combination of sulfur with magnesium actively stimulates the formation of inflorescences, making flowering constant.

To prepare an aqueous solution for feeding, 15 grams of the drug are bred in 5 liters of water and watered them in a pot in a pot. Water used to prepare a solution at home should be no colder than 20 ° C - this will allow crystals to dissolve completely and seek the plant in a larger volume.

The combination of magnesium with the rest of minerals is as ambiguous, it should be borne in mind that it helps in the assimilation of nitrogen and phosphorus, but at the same time reduces calcium suction rate.

In order for the plant to retain healthy growth, additional calcium feeding should be carried out, or to divide the contribution.

An equally important mineral element for abundant flowering is iodine. It accelerates the formation of inflorescences and increases the number of buds. To prepare a solution at home, it is sufficient to dissolve 1 drop of iodine in a liter of warm water. It is enough to make 50 ml of the cooked solution of iodine to one geranium bush. When watering, the liquid should not fall on the barrel of the plant, the pot is made along the walls.

Geranian care and fertilizer features

Start laying the desired nutritional elements from the moment of transplantation. Geranium negatively refers to this procedure, so they usually do this in the form of transshipment in a bit of a bit of large. If the fit is used for the landing, it is possible to add magnesium sulfate and nitrogen to the soil. If the composition is prepared independently, then lay a full range of mineral fertilizers to provide a plant with a proper start for healthy growth and abundant flowering. For the main fertilizer, granulated feeding of prolonged action will be suitable. They mix with the ground in the transplant process, and then slowly dissolve, giving nutrients over several months.

In order to safely grow a flower from cuttings, a solution of glucose or heteroacexin is recommended for stimulation. Caution is consumed to root some varieties of royal geranium. In this case, it is possible to replace on a different stimulator, yeast or nettle solution. A yeast solution at home is easy to prepare from 100 grams of raw materials and 1 liter of warm water.

Applying fertilizer, it is important to comply with the dose: if the leaves are wishes and become chahla, it says that an excessive amount was made nitrogen fertilizersand makes sense to reduce the dosage.

Nitrogen is good in the first stages when the plant has undergone spring trimming and needs intensive nutrition to build the green mass of the leaves.

At home, geranium can be filtered by the milk mixture, dissolving 100 ml of milk in a liter of water. Used, alternating with ordinary irrigation. Fill potassium reserves will help the ash mixed in dry form with the soil; or an ral solution is added as auxiliary feeding.

For abundant flowering, the plant does not require complex means and feeding systems. It is enough to provide a flower with a nutrient soil, and in the spring-summer period to give a full range of mineral fertilizers, paying close attention to watering with iodine. Reasonably dosed feeding, including in addition to three main components, also magnesium, calcium, sulfur, zinc, iron, iodine, will provide Geranian Owner with plentiful blossoms at home, throughout the year.