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Abstract on the topic:

Biological emergencies

Introduction

The problem of protecting a person from dangers in various conditions of his habitation arose simultaneously with the appearance on Earth of our distant ancestors. At the dawn of mankind, people were threatened by dangerous natural phenomena, representatives of the biological world. Over time, dangers began to appear, the creator of which was the man himself.

High industrial development of modern society, natural hazards and natural disasters and, as a consequence, negative phenomena associated with industrial accidents, an increase in the number of major industrial accidents with severe consequences, changes in the environmental situation as a result of human economic activity, military conflicts of various scales continue to cause huge damage to all countries of the planet, and events arising under the influence of such phenomena and their consequences.

We live in a world that is unfortunately replete with manifestations of the destructive forces of nature. The increase in the frequency of their manifestation has greatly exacerbated the problems associated with ensuring the safety of the population, its protection from emergencies.

The rapid development of productive forces, the development, often uncontrolled, of areas with difficult climatic conditions, where there is a constant danger of natural disasters, increases the degree of risk and scale of losses and damage to the population and the economy.

Recently, there has been a dangerous tendency towards an increase in the number of natural disasters. Now they happen 5 times more often than 30 years ago, and the economic damage caused by them has increased 8 times. The number of casualties from the consequences of emergencies is growing from year to year.

Experts believe that the main reason for such disappointing statistics is the growing concentration of the population in large cities located in high-risk zones.

Study of the most probable emergencies, their features and possible consequences, teaching the rules of behavior in such conditions is designed to prepare a person for choosing the right solution for getting out of an emergency with the least losses.

Natural emergencies biological origin: epidemics, epizootics, epiphytotics

The massive spread of infectious diseases among people, farm animals and plants often leads to emergencies.

Epidemic is a massive spread of an infectious disease of people, progressing in time and space within a certain region, significantly exceeding the level of morbidity usually registered in this territory.

Epidemic (Greek epidemña, from epn - on, among and dimos - people), the spread of any infectious human disease, significantly exceeding the level of usual (sporadic) morbidity in a given territory. Due to social and biological factors. E. is based on the epidemic process, that is, the continuous process of transmission of the causative agent of the infection and the continuous chain of successively developing and interrelated infectious conditions (disease, carrier of bacteria) in the collective. Sometimes the spread of the disease is in the nature of a pandemic; under certain natural or socio-hygienic conditions, a relatively high incidence rate can be recorded in a given area for a long period. The emergence and course of E. is influenced both by the processes occurring in natural conditions (natural foci, epizootics, etc.) and mainly by social factors(public amenities, living conditions, health care, etc.). Depending on the nature of the disease, the main ways of spreading infection during E. can be water and food, for example, with dysentery and typhoid fever; airborne droplets, for example, with the flu; transmissible - with malaria and typhus; often several routes of transmission of the infectious agent play a role. Epidemiology studies the epidemic and measures to combat them.

An epidemic is possible in the presence and interaction of three elements: the causative agent of an infectious disease, the ways of its transmission and people, animals and plants susceptible to this pathogen. In case of mass infectious diseases, there is always an epidemic focus. In this focus, a set of measures is carried out aimed at localizing and eliminating the disease.

The main of these activities in epidemic and epizootic foci are:

Identification of patients and suspicious for the disease; enhanced medical and veterinary monitoring of the infected, their isolation, hospitalization and treatment;

Sanitary treatment of people (animals);

Disinfection of clothes, shoes, care items;

Disinfection of the territory, structures, transport, residential and public premises;

Establishment of an anti-epidemic regime for the operation of treatment-and-prophylactic and other medical institutions;

Disinfection of food waste, sewage and waste products of sick and healthy people;

Sanitary supervision over the operating mode of life support enterprises, industry and transport;

Strict adherence to sanitary and hygienic norms and rules, including thorough washing of hands with soap and disinfectants, use only boiled water, eating in certain places, using protective clothing (personal protective equipment);

Conducting sanitary and educational work. Regime measures are carried out in the form of observation or quarantine, depending on the type of pathogen.

Epizootic is a simultaneous spread of an infectious disease among a large number of one or many animal species, progressing in time and space within a certain region, significantly exceeding the level of morbidity usually recorded in a given territory.

Epizootic (from epi ... and greek zyon - animal), widespread contagious (infectious or invasive) animal disease, significantly exceeding the level of usual (sporadic) morbidity characteristic of a given territory. The study of E. is part of the task of epizootology. E. characterizes the degree of intensity of the epizootic process, that is, the continuous process of the spread of infectious diseases and micro-carriers among animals. The emergence of E. is possible only in the presence of a complex of interrelated elements, which are the so-called. epizootic chain: the source of the infectious agent (sick animal or microbearer), factors of transmission of the infectious agent (objects of inanimate nature) or living vectors; susceptible animals. The emergence and development of ecology is influenced by environmental conditions — natural (geographical, climatic, soil) and economic (economic, etc.), as well as social upheavals (wars, economic crises). The nature of E., the duration of its course depends on the transmission mechanism of the causative agent of the infection, the duration incubation period, the ratio of sick and susceptible animals, the conditions of keeping animals and the effectiveness of antiepizootic measures. E. In certain diseases, periodicity of manifestation (after several years), seasonality, and staging of development are characteristic, which are especially pronounced in the spontaneous course of E. Active human intervention, in particular, the implementation of planned antiepizootic measures, as is the case in the USSR, largely prevents development of epizootics.

Specific antiepizootic measures include the forced slaughter of animals and the disposal of their corpses. The main measures to protect plants from epiphytoties are: breeding and growing disease-resistant crops, adherence to agricultural practices, destruction of foci of infection, chemical treatment of crops, seed and planting material, quarantine measures.

Epiphytotia is a massive, progressive in time and space infectious disease of agricultural plants and (or) a sharp increase in the number of plant pests, accompanied by mass death of agricultural crops and a decrease in their effectiveness.

Epiphytotia (from epi ... and Greek phytуn - plant), the spread of an infectious plant disease to large territories (farm, district, region) for a certain time. In the form of E., rust and smut of cereals, late blight of potatoes, apple scab, wilting of cotton, snow and common and other infectious diseases are usually manifested.

In the past, epiphytotics caused great damage. There are known significant losses in potato yield from late blight in the 40s. 19th century in Ireland, sunflower - from rust in the 60s. 19th century in Russia, wheat - from stem rust in the Amur region in 1923. With the increase in the culture of agriculture, with the development of methods for predicting mass plant diseases, the use of effective measures to combat them, E. became more rare.

Usually, epiphytotics arise from separate foci of the disease under favorable conditions (accumulation and the ability to rapidly spread the infectious agent, weather factors that contribute to the reproduction of the pathogen and the development of the disease, a sufficient number of susceptible plants). Phytopathogenic microorganisms spread from the reservation and infect a large number of plants. As a result of the formation of several generations of the pathogen, new enlarged foci of the disease are created, the area (zone) of the lesion expands, and E. Depending on the type of disease, the characteristics of the pathogen, the host plant, and external factors, they develop rapidly or slowly, with periodic outbreaks under favorable conditions. The study of various aspects of the epiphytotic process is engaged in a relatively young field of science - epiphytothiology. Establishing a connection between the development of epiphytoties. with certain factors allows you to weaken their influence. For example, changes in the population of the causative agent of the disease and the host plant, which cause the occurrence of epiphytoty, are taken into account when substantiating disease prognosis and breeding varieties of agricultural crops resistant to infectious diseases. crops and their placement in crop rotations.

Outbreaks of the spread of biological pests occur constantly. The Siberian silkworm causes great harm to forest plantations. It killed hundreds of thousands of hectares of coniferous taiga, primarily cedar, in Eastern Siberia. In 1835, the caterpillars of the oak swamp killed 30 thousand oak trees in the Bezhen forest in Germany. Termites are extremely harmful to buildings, vegetation and food. There is a known case of the destruction of Johnstown by termites on St. Helena.

The main actions aimed at preventing plant diseases are pest control, disinfestation, biological, chemical and mechanical pest control in agriculture and forestry (spraying, pollination, ditching of pest spreading centers).

epidemic epizootic epiphytotia biosphere

References

1. Fundamentals of life safety Dar'in P.V. 2008 r.

2. Big encyclopedic dictionary. Agriculture - letter E - EPIPHYTOTIA

3. Big encyclopedic dictionary. Agriculture "EPIZOOTIA"

4. Great Soviet Encyclopedia: In 30 volumes - M .: " Soviet encyclopedia", 1969-1978.

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Abstract on the topic:

Biological emergencies

Group student 3672

Popovich A.V.

Introduction

1.The concept of biological emergencies

2. Types of biological emergencies

2.1. Epidemic and Pandemic

2.2. Epizootic and panzootic.

2.3. Epiphytotia and panphytotia

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

The largest Russian scientist, academician V.I. More than half a century ago, Vernadsky noted that the power of human activity can be compared with the geological power of the Earth, lifting mountain ranges, lowering continents, moving continents. Since that time, humanity has gone far ahead, and therefore the power of man has increased thousands of times.
Now one enterprise - the Chernobyl nuclear power plant - has caused irreparable harm to a huge region, which is linked by inextricable ecological ties not only with a separate continent, but also has great importance for life on Earth, changes in planetary processes.
Since the attitude of people to nature exists only through production relations, environmental management is associated in each country with the socio-economic relations existing in it. The difference in socio-economic systems, which also determine the difference in environmental and legal regulation of different countries, requires a careful analysis of law enforcement practice.
The growing threat of an environmental catastrophe on a global scale raises awareness of the urgent need to rationalize environmental management and coordinate efforts in environmental protection within the entire international community.
The purpose of this work is to consider emergencies of a biological nature and propose measures to prevent them.

1. The concept of biological emergencies

Emergency situation (ES) - a situation in a certain territory resulting from an accident, a dangerous natural phenomenon, catastrophe, natural or other disaster that may or did entail human casualties, damage to human health or the environment, significant material losses and disruption living conditions of people.

Emergency situations of any type go through four typical stages (phases) in their development.

1. The stage of accumulation of deviations from the normal state or process. In other words, this is the stage of emergence of an emergency situation, which can last a day, months, sometimes years and decades.

2. Initiation of an extraordinary event underlying the emergency.

3. The process of an extraordinary event, during which there is a release of risk factors (energy or substance) that have an adverse effect on the population, objects and the natural environment.

4. The stage of attenuation (by the action of residual factors and the prevailing emergency conditions), which chronologically covers the period from overlapping (limiting) the source of danger - localization of an emergency situation, to the complete elimination of its direct and indirect consequences, including the entire chain of secondary, tertiary, etc. consequences. In some emergencies, this phase may begin in time even before the end of the third phase. The duration of this stage can be years or even decades.

A biological emergency is a condition in which, as a result of the emergence of a source in a certain area, the normal living conditions and activities of people, the existence of farm animals and the growth of plants are disrupted, there is a threat to the life and health of people, the danger of a wide spread of infectious diseases, the loss of farm animals and plants.

2. Types of biological emergencies

A dangerous or widespread infectious disease of people (epidemic, pandemic) can serve as a source of biological emergency situations. animals (epizootic, panzootic): infectious plant disease (epiphytotia, panphytotia) or their pest.

2.1. Epidemic and Pandemic.

An epidemic is a massive spread of an infectious disease in humans, progressing in time and space within a certain region, significantly exceeding the incidence rate usually recorded in a given territory. An epidemic, like an emergency, has a focus of infection and stay of people with an infectious disease, or a territory within which, within certain time limits, it is possible for people and farm animals to become infected with pathogens of an infectious disease.
The epidemic caused by social and biological factors is based on the epidemic process, that is, the continuous process of transmission of the causative agent of the infection and the continuous chain of successively developing and interconnected infectious conditions (disease, carrier of bacteria).

Sometimes the spread of the disease is in the nature of a pandemic, that is, it covers the territories of several countries or continents under certain natural or socio-hygienic conditions. A relatively high incidence rate can be recorded in a certain area for a long period. The emergence and course of the epidemic is influenced by both processes occurring in natural conditions (natural focus, epizootics, etc.). so and. mainly social factors (public amenities, living conditions, health care, etc.). Depending on the nature of the disease, the main ways of spreading infection during an epidemic can be:
- water and food, for example, with dysentery and typhoid fever;
- airborne droplets (with flu);
- transmissible - with malaria and typhus;
- often several ways of transmission of the pathogen of the infection play a role.

Epidemics are one of the most destructive natural hazards for humans. Statistics show that infectious diseases have claimed more lives than wars. Chronicles and chronicles have brought to our times descriptions of monstrous pandemics that devastated vast territories and destroyed millions of people. Some infectious diseases are peculiar only to humans: Asian cholera, natural smallpox, typhoid fever, typhus, etc.
There are also common diseases for humans and animals: anthrax, glanders, foot and mouth disease, psitacosis, tularemia, etc.

Traces of some diseases are found in ancient burials. For example, traces of tuberculosis and leprosy were found on Egyptian mummies (2-3 thousand years BC). The symptoms of many diseases are described in the oldest manuscripts of the civilizations of Egypt, India, Sumer, etc. Thus, the first mention of the plague is found in an ancient Egyptian manuscript and dates back to the 4th century. BC.
The causes of epidemics are limited. For example, the dependence of the spread of cholera on solar activity was found; of its six pandemics, four are associated with the peak of the active sun. Epidemics also occur in cases of natural disasters that kill large numbers of people in famine-stricken countries and during major droughts that spread over large areas.
Here are some examples of major epidemics of various diseases. - The sixth century - the first pandemic - the "Justinian plague" - originated in the Eastern Roman Empire, and in 50 years around 100 million people died in several countries.
- 1347-1351 - the second plague pandemic in Eurasia. Killed 25 million people in Europe and 50 million people in Asia.
- 1380 - 25 million people died from the plague in Europe.
- 1665 - only in one city of London about 70 thousand people died from the plague.
- 1816-1926 - 6 cholera pandemics sequentially swept across the countries of Europe, India and America.
- 1831 - 900 thousand people died from cholera in Europe.
- 1848 - in Russia over 1.7 million people fell ill with cholera, of which about 700 thousand people died.
- 1876 - in Germany, every eighth inhabitant of the country died of tuberculosis
- The end of the 19th century - the third plague pandemic spread by rats from sea vessels, spread to more than 100 ports in many countries of the world.
-1913 - 152 thousand people died from smallpox in Russia.
- 1918-1919 - the influenza pandemic in Europe killed more than 21 million people.
- 1921 - 33 thousand people died from typhus in Russia, and 3 thousand people died from relapsing fever.
- 1961 - the seventh cholera pandemic began.
- 1967 - in the world about 10 million people fell ill with smallpox, 2 million of whom died. The World Health Organization launches a large-scale vaccination campaign.
- 1980 - vaccination against smallpox was discontinued in the USSR. It is believed that smallpox has been eradicated in the world.
- 1981 - the discovery of the AIDS disease.
- 1991 - about 500 thousand people with AIDS were found in the world.
- 1990-1995 - Every year in the world 1-2 million people die from malaria.
- 1990-1995 - in the world, 2-3 million people fall ill with tuberculosis every year, of which 1-2 million people die.
- 1995 - out of 35 million infected people in Russia, 6 million people fell ill with the flu.
- In 1996, the incidence of AIDS in Russia, in comparison with 1995, doubled. Every day 6,500 adults and 1,000 children worldwide are infected with the AIDS virus. By 2000, 30-40 million people are expected to be infected with this terrible disease.
- In 1996, tick-borne encephalitis showed unexpected activity in Russia. Their incidence increased by 62%, 9436 people fell ill in 35 constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

If a focus of infectious infection occurs in the affected area, quarantine or observation is introduced. Permanent quarantine measures are also carried out by customs at state borders.
Quarantine is a system of anti-epidemic and regime measures aimed at completely isolating the focus of infection from the surrounding population and eliminating infectious diseases in it. Armed guards are established around the outbreak, entry and exit are prohibited, as well as the export of property. The supply is made through special points under strict medical supervision.
Observation is a system of isolation and restrictive measures aimed at limiting the entry, exit and communication of people in the territory declared dangerous, strengthening medical supervision, preventing the spread and elimination infectious diseases... Observation is introduced when pathogens that do not belong to the group of especially dangerous ones are identified, as well as in areas directly adjacent to the border of the quarantine zone.
Even the medicine of the Ancient World knew such methods of dealing with epidemics as removing the sick from the city, burning the belongings of the sick and the dead (for example, in Assyria, Babylon), attracting the sick to caring for the sick (in Ancient Greece), prohibiting the sick from visiting and performing with them rituals (in Russia). Only in the thirteenth century did quarantine begin to be applied in Europe. To isolate lepers, 19 thousand leper colony were created. The sick were forbidden to visit churches, bakeries, and use wells. This helped to limit the spread of leprosy throughout Europe.
At the moment, quarantine and observation are the most reliable ways to fight epidemics. Brief information about the main infectious diseases, terms of quarantine and observation are given in the table.

Usually, the terms of quarantine and observation are set based on the duration of the maximum incubation period of the disease. It is calculated from the moment of hospitalization of the last patient and the end of disinfection.

To prevent epidemics, it is necessary to improve the cleaning of the territory, water supply and sewerage system, to increase the sanitary culture of the population, to observe the rules of personal hygiene, to properly handle and store food products, to limit the social activity of bacilli carriers, their communication with healthy people.

2.2. Epizootic and panzootic.

An epizootic is a simultaneous spread of an infectious disease in a large number of one or many species of farm animals, progressing in time and space within a certain region, significantly exceeding the level of morbidity usually recorded in a given territory.
The following types of epizootics are distinguished:
- by the scale of distribution - private, facility, local and regional;
- according to the degree of danger - light, moderate, heavy and extremely heavy;
- in terms of economic damage - insignificant, medium and large.
Epizootics, like epidemics, can be in the nature of real natural disasters. So, in 1996 in Great Britain over 500 thousand heads of farm animals became infected with rinderpest. This necessitated the destruction and disposal of the remains of sick animals. The export of meat products from the country ceased, which put its animal husbandry on the brink of ruin. In addition, the consumption of meat in Europe has significantly decreased and, as a result, there has been a destabilization of the European market for meat products.

Panzooty is a massive simultaneous spread of an infectious disease of farm animals with high level morbidity over a vast territory covering entire regions, several countries and continents.

As soon as man began to domesticate wild animals, the problem arose of protecting them from infectious diseases. Since ancient times, medicine has accumulated knowledge about the treatment of animals. At the moment, veterinary medicine knows methods of prevention and methods of curing many infectious diseases of animals. Despite this, millions of people die from infections in the world every year.

The most dangerous and common types of infectious diseases include African glanders, encephalitis, foot and mouth disease, plague, tuberculosis, influenza, anthrax, and rabies.

The emergence of an epizootic is possible only in the presence of a complex of interrelated elements that represent the so-called epizootic chain: the source of the causative agent of infection (a sick animal or a microbial animal), factors of transmission of the causative agent of infection (objects of inanimate nature) or living vectors (animals susceptible to the disease). The nature of the epizootic, the duration of its course depends on the mechanism of transmission of the causative agent of the infection, the timing of the incubation period, the ratio of sick and susceptible animals, the conditions of keeping animals and the effectiveness of antiepizootic measures. Carrying out the latter, aimed at protecting farm animals, largely prevents the development of epizootics.

Some of these diseases are transmitted by animals without or with little treatment. The mortality rate from them is low. For other diseases, for example, rabies, treatment of animals is prohibited, they are immediately destroyed. It is categorically unacceptable to autopsy animals that have died from anthrax, since they are the main source of infection with this disease for humans. Most of the most dangerous diseases require serious medical attention. When an epizootic occurs, a number of quarantine measures are carried out: it is necessary to prevent the spread of the disease from sick to healthy animals, for which it is necessary to move livestock (distill, transport, transfer), create fences, and disinfect. Sick animals should be treated and, if necessary, destroyed.

2.3. Epiphytotia and panphytotia

Epiphytotics is a mass, progressive in time and space infectious disease of agricultural plants and (or) a sharp increase in the number of plant pests, accompanied by mass death of agricultural crops and a decrease in their productivity.
Panfitotia is a massive plant disease and a sharp increase in the number of plant pests in several countries or continents.

Biological emergencies include epidemics, epizootics and epiphytotics.
Epidemic is a wide spread of an infectious disease among people, significantly exceeding the level of morbidity usually registered in a given territory.
A pandemic is an unusually high incidence rate, both in level and in scale of spread, covering a number of countries, entire continents and even the entire globe.
Among many epidemiological classifications, a classification based on the mechanism of transmission of the pathogen is widely used.
In addition, all infectious diseases are classified into four groups:
intestinal infections;
infections respiratory tract(aerosol);
blood (transmissible);
infections of the outer covers (contact).
The general biological classification of infectious diseases is based on their subdivision, first of all, in accordance with the characteristics of the reservoir of the pathogen - anthroponosis, zoonoses, as well as the division of infectious diseases into transmissible and non-transmissible.
Infectious diseases are classified by the type of pathogen - viral diseases, rickettsioses, bacterial infections, protozoal diseases, helminthiases, tropical mycoses, diseases of the blood system.
Epizootics - infectious diseases of animals - a group of diseases that have such common features as the presence of a specific pathogen, cyclical development, the ability to be transmitted from an infected animal to a healthy one and to take on an epizootic spread.
An epizootic focus is the location of a source of an infectious agent in a certain area of ​​the area, where, in this situation, transmission of the pathogen to susceptible animals is possible. An epizootic focus can be premises and territories with animals located there, in which this infection is found.
In terms of the breadth of distribution, the epizootic process occurs in three forms: sporadic morbidity, epizootic, panzootic.
Sporadic - these are isolated or infrequent cases of manifestation of an infectious disease, usually not related to each other by a single source of the causative agent of infections, the lowest degree of intensity of the epizootic process.
Epizootic - medium degree intensity (tension) of the epizootic process. It is characterized by a wide spread of infectious diseases in the economy, district, region, country. Epizootics are characterized by mass character, common source of the causative agent of infection, simultaneity of lesions, periodicity and seasonality.
Panzooty - highest degree the development of epizootics is characterized by an unusually wide spread of an infectious disease, covering one state, several countries, the mainland.

According to the epizootological classification, all infectious diseases of animals are divided into 5 groups.
The first group - alimentary infections, are transmitted through infected feed, soil, manure and water. Mostly organs are affected digestive system... Such infections include anthrax, foot and mouth disease, glanders, brucellosis.
The second group - respiratory infections(aerogenic) - damage to the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and lungs. The main transmission route is airborne. These include: parainfluenza, exootic pneumonia, sheep and goat pox, carnivore plague.
The third group is vector-borne infections, infection is carried out with the help of blood-sucking arthropods. Pathogens are constantly or in certain periods in the blood. These include: encephalomyelitis, tularemia, equine infectious anemia.
The fourth group - infections, the causative agents of which are transmitted through the outer covers without the participation of vectors. This group is quite diverse in terms of the characteristics of the transmission mechanism of the pathogen. These include tetanus, rabies, cowpox.
The fifth group - infections with unexplained routes of infection, that is, an unclassified group.
Epiphytoties are infectious plant diseases. To assess the scale of plant disease, concepts such as epiphytotia and panphytotia are used.
Epiphytotia is the spread of infectious diseases over large areas over a period of time.
Panfitotia is a massive disease that affects several countries or continents.
The susceptibility of plants to a phytopathogen is the inability to resist infection and the spread of a phyto-pathogen in tissues, which depends on the resistance of the zoned varieties, the time of infection and the weather. Depending on the resistance of the varieties, the ability of the pathogen to cause infection, the fertility of the fungus, the rate of development of the pathogen and, accordingly, the danger of the disease, change.
The earlier the crops become infected, the higher the degree of damage to plants, the greater the loss of yield.
The most dangerous diseases are stem (linear) rust of wheat, rye, yellow rust of wheat and potato late blight.
Plant diseases are classified by following signs:
place or phase of plant development (diseases of seeds, seedlings, seedlings, adult plants);
place of manifestation (local, local, general);
course (acute, chronic);
affected culture;
cause of occurrence (infectious, non-infectious).
All pathological changes in plants are manifested in various forms and are subdivided into rot, mummification, wilting, necrosis, plaque, growth.

Emergencies of biological origin are infectious diseases of humans and farm animals, damage by diseases of agricultural plants.

Epidemic is a wide spread of an infectious disease, progressing in time and space, significantly exceeding the usual incidence rate for a given territory. An epidemic, like an emergency, has a focus of infection and stay of people with an infectious disease, or a territory within which, within certain time limits, it is possible for people and farm animals to become infected with pathogens of an infectious disease. Sometimes the spread of the disease is in the nature of a pandemic, that is, it covers the territories of several countries or continents under certain natural or socio-hygienic conditions.

Depending on the nature of the disease, the main ways of spreading infection during an epidemic can be:

Water and food, for example, with dysentery and typhoid fever;

Airborne droplets (for flu);

Transmissible - for malaria and typhus;

Often, several routes of transmission of the infectious agent play a role.

Epidemics are one of the most destructive natural hazards for humans. Statistics show that infectious diseases have claimed more lives than wars. Chronicles and chronicles have brought to our times descriptions of monstrous pandemics that devastated vast territories and destroyed millions of people. Some infectious diseases are peculiar only to humans: Asian cholera, natural smallpox, typhoid fever, typhus, etc.

There are also common diseases for humans and animals: anthrax, glanders, foot and mouth disease, tularemia, etc.

The causes of epidemics are limited. For example, the dependence of the spread of cholera on solar activity was found; of its six pandemics, four are associated with the peak of the active sun. Epidemics also occur when natural disasters kill large numbers of people in famine-stricken countries and major droughts that spread over large areas.

So, for example, the sixth century - the first pandemic - the "Justinian plague" - arose in the Eastern Roman Empire. For 50 years, about 100 million people have died in several countries. Plague is an acute infectious disease of humans and animals.

1347-1351 - the second plague pandemic in Eurasia. Killed 25 million people in Europe and 50 million people in Asia. (Every fifth) "Black Death"

1380 - 25 million people died from the plague in Europe.

1665 - only in one city of London about 70 thousand people died from the plague.

The end of the 19th century - the third plague pandemic, spread by rats from sea vessels, covered more than 100 ports in many countries of the world.

There are still pandemics in the world various diseases... So in the period from 1816-1926. - 6 cholera pandemics sequentially swept across the countries of Europe, India and America.

1831 - 900 thousand people died from cholera in Europe.

1848 - in Russia over 1.7 million people fell ill with cholera, of which about 700 thousand people died.

In 1967 in the world about 10 million people fell ill with smallpox, 2 million of whom died. The World Health Organization launches a large-scale vaccination campaign.

In the USSR, since 1980, vaccination against smallpox has been discontinued. It is believed that smallpox has been eradicated in the world.

1981 - the discovery of the AIDS disease. Currently, about 6,500 people in the world are infected with AIDS every day, of which about 1,000 are children.

Almost all over the world, there is an increase in the number of cases of tuberculosis (2 - 3 million people fall ill every year, of which 1-2 million die).

If a focus of infectious infection occurs in the affected area, quarantine or observation is introduced. Permanent quarantine measures are also carried out by customs at state borders.

Quarantine is a system of anti-epidemic and regime measures aimed at completely isolating the focus of infection from the surrounding population and eliminating infectious diseases in it. Armed guards are established around the outbreak, entry and exit are prohibited, as well as the export of property. The supply is made through special points under strict medical supervision.

Observation is a system of isolation and restrictive measures aimed at limiting the entry, exit and communication of people in the territory declared dangerous, strengthening medical supervision, preventing the spread and elimination of infectious diseases. Observation is introduced when pathogens that do not belong to the group of especially dangerous ones are identified, as well as in areas directly adjacent to the border of the quarantine zone.

At the moment, quarantine and observation are the most reliable ways to fight.

In recent years, the world is concerned about the wide spread of the so-called "Avian influenza" - an infectious disease of birds caused by one of the strains of the influenza virus. Originating in the countries of Southeast Asia, "bird flu" spreads to the north and east. In 2005, foci of this disease were already registered in countries in southern Europe (Turkey, Romania, Ukraine), as well as in some regions of Russia. It is believed that migratory waterfowl (most often wild ducks) are the spreading agents of the disease. Poultry, including chickens and turkeys, are particularly susceptible to the rapidly spreading, fatal flu epidemic. Its variety, the H5N1 virus, is especially dangerous, since cases of its defeat of a person after contact with a sick bird have been registered. So far, fortunately, this virus is not transmitted from person to person. But according to experts of epidemiologists, it is only a matter of time.

In many countries, including Russia, by the beginning of 2006, vaccines were developed to prevent avian influenza.

It is assumed that, starting from spring 2006, vaccination of poultry will be carried out in potentially dangerous regions lying on the path of bird migration, as well as a number of sanitary and preventive measures.

Currently, the World Health Organization has not recommended imposing any restrictions on travel to countries in which outbreaks of avian influenza have been reported, however, when visiting these countries, you should refrain from visiting places where contact with infected poultry may occur, primarily markets where live poultry is sold or slaughtered.

If over time, everything more people become infected, then the likelihood that these people, if they are simultaneously infected with human and avian influenza strains, will become a "mixing vessel" and a new subtype of virus will appear with enough human genes to be easily transmitted from person to person. If such an event occurs, a pandemic could occur.

Based on historical examples, influenza pandemics can occur on average three to four times every century when a new subtype of virus emerges and spreads rapidly from person to person. However, the emergence of a flu pandemic is unpredictable. In the 20th century, the great influenza pandemic in 1918-1919, which killed 40-50 million people worldwide, was followed by pandemics in 1957-1958 and 1968-1969.

Epizootic is a widespread infectious disease of animals, which significantly exceeds the level of the usual morbidity in a given territory.

Epizootics, like epidemics, can be in the nature of real natural disasters. The emergence of an epizootic is possible only in the presence of a complex of interrelated elements that represent the so-called epizootic chain: the source of the causative agent of infection (a sick animal or a microbial animal), factors of transmission of the causative agent of infection (objects of inanimate nature) or living vectors (animals susceptible to the disease).

The most dangerous and common types of infectious diseases include: African glanders, encephalitis, foot and mouth disease, plague, tuberculosis, influenza, anthrax, rabies.

In 1996 in Great Britain, more than 500 thousand heads of farm animals were infected with the plague of large cattle... This necessitated the destruction and disposal of the remains of sick animals.

Epiphytotia is a widespread infectious plant disease that covers an area, region or country.

In the form of epiphytotics, for example, rust and smut of cereals are manifested in the defeat of which the yield losses are 40-70%; rice pyroculariosis - the disease is caused by a fungus, yield losses can reach 90%; late blight of potatoes, apple scab and many other infectious diseases.

Panfitotia is a mass disease of plants and a sharp increase in the number of plant pests in countries or continents.

Locusts inflict incomparable damage agriculture in many countries in Africa, Asia and the Middle East. Almost 20% of the earth's surface is exposed to its raids. Locusts, moving at a speed of 0.5-1.5 km / h, literally destroy all vegetation on their way. So, in 1958, a flock alone destroyed 400 thousand tons of grain in Somalia per day. Trees and bushes break under the weight of the settling swarms of locusts. Locust larvae feed 20-30 times a day

Natural fires

The concept of natural fires includes forest fires, fires of steppe and green areas, peat and underground fires of fossil fuels.

Most typical cases of forest fire:

1) a burning match, a cigarette butt is thrown;

2) careless handling of weapons;

3) non-compliance with safety rules;

4) making fires in places with dried grass, in a felling area, under tree crowns, etc .;

5) burning of grass in forest glades, glades, or a forest felling;

6) a shard of glass thrown in a sunny place focused the sun's rays like an incendiary lens;

7) chores in the forest (uprooting, blasting, burning garbage, building roads, power lines, pipelines, etc.).

Forest fires are classified by:

1) the nature of the fire;

2) the speed of propagation;

3) the size of the area covered by the fire.

If you find yourself in the forest during a fire, then the direction opposite to the fire can be suggested by birds and animals that run from the fire in the opposite direction.

Peat fires move slowly, several meters a day. Οʜᴎ are especially dangerous by unexpected bursts of fire from an underground hearth and by the fact that its edge is not always noticeable and one can fall into burnt peat. For this reason, in the event of a fire, peat bogs should be avoided, and if it is extremely important, move through the peat field only in a group, and the first in the group should check the sixth soil, as when moving along thin ice... Sign of an underground fire - the ground is hot, smoke is coming out of the ground.

A small fire (the width of the edge is up to 1 km) can be stopped in half an hour or an hour by a group of 3-5 people, even without special means. For example, with a broom made of green branches, a sapling (1.5–2 m), burlap, tarpaulin or clothing, knocking down the flame. The fire must be overwhelmed, swept away towards the hearth of the fire, and small tongues of flame must be trampled underfoot.

Another common technique is to throw dirt at the edge of the fire.

Fighting forest fires is primarily concerned with the public service, which has its own airbases, fire-chemical stations, patrol service, etc. Large forces and equipment used by professionals can be concentrated in one place in the region.

A biological contamination zone is a territory within which contamination is possible. Biological emergencies include epidemics, epizootics and epiphytotics. The causative agents of infectious diseases are pathogenic (pathogenic) microorganisms (or their toxins - poisons).

Epidemic- the wide spread of an infectious disease among people, significantly exceeding the level of morbidity usually registered in a given territory.

Pandemic- an unusually high incidence rate, both in level and in scale of distribution, covering a number of countries, entire continents and even the entire globe.

Among many epidemiological classifications, a classification based on the mechanism of transmission of the pathogen is widely used.

Infectious diseases are classified according to the type of pathogen - viral diseases, rickettsioses, bacterial infections, protozoal diseases, helominthosis, tropical mycoses, diseases of the blood system.

Epizootics. Infectious diseases of animals are a group of diseases that have such common features as the presence of a specific pathogen, cyclical development, the ability to be transmitted from an infected animal to a healthy one and to take on an epizootic spread.

Epiphytotia. To assess the scale of plant diseases, concepts such as epiphytotia and panphytotia are used.

Epiphytotia- the spread of infectious diseases over large areas within a certain period of time.

Panfitotia is a massive disease that affects several countries or continents.

Preventive measures against the spread of infectious diseases are a set of anti-epidemic and sanitary-hygienic measures, early identification of sick and suspected cases by walking around houses, strengthening medical supervision of infected people, isolating or hospitalizing them, sanitizing people and disinfecting premises, terrain, transport disinfection of food waste, waste water, sanitary supervision over the operating mode of life support enterprises, sanitary and educational work. Epidemiological well-being is ensured by joint efforts of health authorities, sanitary and epidemiological services and the population.

Biological emergency situations - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Biological Emergencies" 2017, 2018.