Optical illusions 3D drawings. Geometric illusions “Don't believe your eyes…. Double pictures optical illusion, what is the secret

09.10.2020 Insulin

State budgetary general education

medium institution comprehensive school № 000

Moskovsky district of St. Petersburg

Research work in mathematics

Geometric illusions "Don't believe your eyes ..."

Nomination: informational - mathematical

Completed:

Kopach Anna

Momzina Valeria

GBOU SOSH № 000

Moskovsky district

Supervisor:

mathematic teacher,

informatics

Saint Petersburg

I. Introduction 3

II. Main part

2.1. Illusions visual perception. 5

2.2. Optical-geometric illusions. 6

2.3. Violation of perspective 7

2.4. The phenomenon of irradiation. 9

2.5. Information processing illusions. 10

2.6. Revaluation of vertical lines. thirteen

2.7. Using visual illusions in human life 14

III. Research part 20

IV. Conclusion. 31

V. List of used literature. 32

Appendix

Introduction.

In geometry lessons, we often face such a problem: considering the properties geometric shapes, some students sometimes rely only on the drawing, on their visual perception. But this approach to solving the problem often leads to erroneous conclusions, and therefore to the wrong solution. We are used to trusting our own vision, but it often deceives us, showing us something that does not really exist. At such moments, we are faced with visual illusions - errors of visual perception. Scientists and artists have created many deceptive pictures that clearly demonstrate how limited the capabilities of the human eye are.

Human vision is complex in nature, and due to its nature it sometimes gives a false idea of what a person actually sees. How often intuitive considerations let us down, we will be convinced today when considering some optical-geometric illusions.

Let's look at a few examples. The first one displays the illusion of volume on flat pavement.

On the second, a picture is presented in which objects located closer to us seem to be smaller than those that are farther from us, but in fact they are exactly the same.

In the third picture, it may easily seem that a spiral is depicted, but this is again just an illusion - circles are depicted! ( see appendix 1)

Why is this happening? Why does the same object, visible to the naked eye, appear larger up close than when we look at it from afar? Why, in order to see the details of the picture hanging on the wall, do we come closer to it? Why do parallel rails "running away" into the distance seem to intersect at an imaginary point? We tried to find answers to these and other "why" in our work. So the object of our research are visual illusions, and subject- study of the causes of illusions.

Objective:

Ø Oexplain the reasons for the appearance of visual illusions from the point of view of geometry

Hypothesis. Visual illusions can be explained using the laws of geometry.

Research objectives:

Ø study theoretical material on this issue;

Ø consider examples of the use of geometric illusions.

Ø Conduct research related to geometric and visual illusions, explain and prove them in terms of geometry.

II... Main part

Looking at the world, one cannot help but be surprised.

K. Prutkov.

2.1. Visual illusions

Word "illusion" comes from the Latin illusere - to deceive. Optical-geometric illusions are visual illusions due to which the spatial relationships of the attributes of perceived objects are distorted.

We take our surroundings for granted: a sunbeam playing with glare on the surface of the water, the overflow of colors of an autumn forest, a smile of a child ... We have no doubt that the real world is exactly the way we see it. But is it really so? Why does our sight sometimes fail us? How does the human brain interpret perceived objects? We will try to reveal the answers to these and many other questions in our work.

Is the visible world illusory? A person perceives most of the information about the world around him thanks to his vision, but few people think about how exactly this happens. Most often, the eye is considered to be like a camera or television camera, projecting external objects onto the retina, which is a light-sensitive surface. The brain "looks" at this picture and "sees" everything that surrounds us. However, not all so simple.

First, the retinal image is inverted.

Secondly, due to imperfect optical properties of the eye, the picture on the retina is defocused or blurred.

Thirdly, the eye makes constant movements, that is, the image is in constant dynamics.

Fourth, the eye blinks about 15 times per minute, which means that the image stops being projected onto the retina every 5-6 seconds.

So what does the brain "see"?

Since a person has binocular vision, he actually sees two blurry, twitching and periodically disappearing images, which means that there is a problem of combining information coming through the right and left eyes.

One more paradox of our vision should be noted. Imagine an engineer tasked with creating a device that displays light information about the outside world. How would he arrange the light-sensitive elements? Most likely, they would be oriented towards the incident light. An engineer named "Nature" oriented our light-sensitive elements - the rods and cones of the retina - not "face", but "back" to the incident light. What for? Quite a lot of such questions arise when analyzing studies of visual perception. There are many scientific directions that, using various experimental techniques, try to understand how we perceive the world around us. One of the most interesting ways to learn is through the study of visual illusions.

2.2. Optical-geometric illusions.

Many researchers have studied the causes of illusion. The main question , interesting not only for psychologists, but also for artists - how, on the basis of a two-dimensional image, a three-dimensional visible world is recreated on the retina.

Perhaps the visual system uses certain signs of depth and distance, for example, the principle of perspective, which assumes that all parallel lines converge at the level of the horizon, and the size of an object proportionally decreases as it moves away from the observer.

Illusions of distortion of the perception of size.

One of the most famous optical-geometric illusions - Mueller-Lyer illusion.

The Mueller-Lyer illusion in everyday life

We are surrounded by many rectangular objects: rooms, windows, houses, the typical outlines of which can be seen in the picture. Therefore, an image in which the lines diverge can be perceived as a corner of a building located farther from the observer, while a drawing in which the lines converge can be perceived as a corner of a building located closer.

2.3. Violation of perspective

We often see parallel lines converging in the distance (railway bed, highway, etc.). This phenomenon is called perspective. In order to depict in a drawing a certain part of the space filled with objects, so that the drawing gives the impression of reality, it is necessary to be able to use the laws of perspective. All lines in this figure that are actually parallel to the surface should be shown converging at some point on the horizon called the “vanishing point”. Lines going at different angles should converge on one or the other side of the “vanishing point” the farther from it, the more they pass at a greater angle to the line of direct sight. Of these points, the most remarkable is the point where the lines converge at an angle of 45 degrees to the line of sight; this point is called the “distancing point”. It is remarkable in that if you place the eye opposite it at a distance equal to the distance from the “vanishing point” to the “point of distance”, then the drawing gives the impression of three-dimensionality. The perspective perception of space, developed by the centuries-old evolution of vision, is transferred by a person to the paintings and photographs he is considering, which depict equidistant objects. In the figure, the corridor seems to be voluminous precisely because of the perspective: the corridor on it goes deeper, and the floor consists of rectangles.

Illusion of perspective. Many theories have been proposed to explain these distortions. One of the more interesting hypotheses suggests that a person interprets both pictures as flat images in perspective. The convergence of oblique rays at one point creates signs of perspective, and it seems to a person that the segments are located at different depths relative to the observer.

Given these signs, as well as the same projection of the segments on the retina, the visual system is forced to conclude that they different sizes... Those fragments of the picture that seem more distant are perceived as larger in size.

An example of how you can destroy a holistic image of an object are the so-called "impossible", contradictory figures, paintings with a disturbed perspective.

"Impossible Penrose Ladder... Look at the picture and answer the question: Does the person move up?

Each separate flight of the stairs tells us that a person is climbing up, however, after passing four flights, he finds himself in the same place from which he began his journey. The "impossible" staircase is not perceived as a whole, since there is no consistency between its individual fragments. Time after time we follow the steps leading upward, trying to find a solution to this problem, and we do not find it.

https://pandia.ru/text/78/016/images/image006_116.gif "align =" left "width =" 367 "height =" 140 src = "> An example of this is the following figure: the cube seems to be visible from above, now from the side, the open book now seems to be depicted with a spine towards us, now a spine away from us.This happens both at our will, and involuntarily, and sometimes even contrary to our desire.

2.4 The phenomenon of irradiation

Which inner square is the largest? Black or white?

The phenomenon of irradiation consists in the fact that light objects against a dark background seem to be more enlarged against their actual sizes and, as it were, capture part of the dark background. When we consider a light surface against a dark background, due to the imperfection of the lens, the boundaries of this surface seem to move apart, and this surface seems to us to be larger than its true geometric dimensions. In the figure, due to the brightness of the colors, the white square appears to be significantly larger relative to the black square on a white background.

It is curious to note that knowing about this property of black to conceal size, duelists in the 19th century preferred to shoot in black suits in the hope that the enemy would miss when shooting.

The next example: let's look at the picture from a distance and answer, how many black circles could fit in the free space between the lower circle and one of the upper circles - four or five? Most likely, you will answer that four circles will fit freely, but for the fifth, perhaps, there will be no more space.

In fact, exactly three circles fit in between. However, if you take paper, compasses or a ruler, you can be sure that this is so.

This strange illusion, due to which the black areas seem smaller to our eye than the whites of this size, are called "irradiation". It depends on the imperfection of our eyes, which, as an optical apparatus, does not fully meet the strict requirements of optics. Its refractive media do not give on the retina those sharp contours that are obtained on the frosted glass of a well-trained photographic apparatus: due to the so-called spherical aberration, each light contour is surrounded by a light border, which increases its size by mesh shell eyes. As a result, light areas always seem to us more than their equal black ones.

2.5 The illusion of information processing

Some illusions arise in connection with the processing of incoming information. A person sometimes sees the world not as it really is, but as he would like to see it, succumbing to formed habits, secret dreams or passionate desires. He is looking for the desired shape, color or other distinctive quality of the object among those presented in the outside world. This property of selectivity is called the phenomenon of perceptual readiness.

Take a look at the picture. Is the symbol in the center a letter or a number? If we consider a horizontal visual row, consisting of letters, there will be "B" in the center - for this the observer is prepared by the letter row. If you look at the vertical row, it turns out that this is not a letter at all, but the number 13 - the numbers prompted this decision.

Such illusions are due to more high level information processing, when the nature of the problem being solved determines what a person perceives in the world around him. The peculiarities of the selectivity of perception are interesting. If you tell a person: this book contains your surname, then he will be able, very quickly flipping through the pages, to find a mention of himself. Moreover, there is no question of any reading of the text.

Such skills are possessed by proofreaders, who in an incomprehensible way isolate errors in the text that are invisible to the ordinary reader. In this case, we are talking about professional skills acquired in the process of activity.

Very many erroneous visual impressions are due to the fact that we perceived by us figures and their parts not separately, but always in some relation to the other figures surrounding them, some background or setting. This is associated with the largest number of visual illusions encountered in practice. They can all be divided into five groups.

Firstly, comparing two figures, of which one is actually smaller than the other, we mistakenly perceive all parts of a smaller figure as smaller, and all parts of a large figure as large (“the whole is larger - more and its parts”). This is due to the psychological aspect of perception.

In the other two figures, the right figures are larger than the left ones (figures in general), but the marked parts of these figures are equal to the marked parts of the left figures, although they appear to be much larger. This happens because we mistakenly transfer the properties of the figure to its parts.

https://pandia.ru/text/78/016/images/image011_75.gif "width =" 564 "height =" 128 src = ">

Thirdly, there are known illusions, the reason for which lies in the assimilation (assimilation) of one part of the figure to another. In the figure, a straight line tangent to all circles of different radii seems to be a curve, since we involuntarily liken it to the upper curvilinear boundary. (Thompson).

https://pandia.ru/text/78/016/images/image013_37.jpg "alt =" (! LANG: parall3.gif" align="left" width="280" height="131 src=">Аксиома" href="/text/category/aksioma/" rel="bookmark">аксиомами , теоремами, доказывать! Большая часть обманов зрения зависит исключительно от того, что мы не только видим, но и бессознательно рассуждаем, причём невольно вводим себя в заблуждение. Это – обманы суждения, а не чувств.!}

2.7. Using visual illusions in human life

Ø Optical illusions on the road.

https://pandia.ru/text/78/016/images/image016_30.jpg "align =" left "width =" 136 "height =" 160 src = ">

The woman on the right seems slimmer.

Sometimes it happens that the space of a suit filled with decor and details seems to be larger than its equal empty space.

https://pandia.ru/text/78/016/images/image018_53.gif "align =" left "width =" 311 "height =" 208 "> Methods for optical changes in the space of a room.

Vertical stripes: lengthen the wall, making the room appear taller. The wider the stripes, the stronger the effect.

Cross stripes move the walls apart, and the room is made lower.

non-existent. "A visually contradictory configuration creates an insoluble conflict between the actual form and the visible form.

If in nature we see beauty even where chaos reigns and there is no rhythm, then op-art, like a person striving to transform nature, seeks beauty and expressiveness in a clear, but difficult for our perception, geometric pattern, introducing chaos into our sense of form and space and thus achieving a certain effect. Our perception seeks to organize the image of chaotically scattered colored spots visible to the eye into a simple system, op-art, on the contrary, using strict geometric constructions, destroys the integrity of perception (see Appendix 4).

Ø 3D drawings on the asphalt. Street art on the pavement.

Imagine: you are walking through the city, and suddenly a crevice appears in front of your eyes, from which the fiends of hell are trying to escape! Or suddenly, on the asphalt, you notice a completely ordinary apple, but you can't touch it - it's drawn! When you first look at three-dimensional pictures on the asphalt, you cannot believe that this is really just a drawing. This type of street art is called Street Painting (in English), or Madonnari (in Italian). In fact, the modern art of Street Painting (or Madonnari) originated in the 16th century, when street artists painted biblical paintings on religious holidays near churches and temples. Among the images, the image with the Virgin (Madonna) most often dominated.

To create a three-dimensional image on asphalt, artists use a special distortion, while the drawing looks three-dimensional when viewed from a certain point. One painting takes about three days.

Art actively uses the ability of sight to self-deception for its own purposes. The techniques of perspective or reproduction of the effect of volume on a flat drawing have already been named. Using newfangled terms, this effect can be called the “virtual volume effect”. It turns out that our vision is able to perceive three-dimensional pictures and perceive them as real, when in fact it is just an illusion. (see Appendix 5).

Picture - illusion "Seething waterfall" on the asphalt helps to mentally transfer from the blazing heat, to where there is water and coolness. The main secret of the image of volumetric pictures, they need to be "stretched". This is the skill of the performer. If applied in normal proportions, this effect will not work. And you have to create for several hours.

III... Research part

Research work to identify and explain illusions and their evidence.

On the right, many of you have a question: why waste time proving what is already clear?

Indeed, why prove that the angles at the base of an isosceles triangle are equal to each other? Or that the sum of even numbers is required to be even?

After all, the equality of the angles can be seen from the drawing, and no matter how many times you add even numbers, you always get an even sum ... Maybe it's true that only mathematics teachers need proofs?

However, over many centuries of the development of science and art, many examples have accumulated that show that you should not always trust what you see, especially from the first impression. What seems to be the same may turn out to be different, but what at first seemed different will turn out to be the same.

1. Let's compare the sizes.

1.1 Consider Baldwin's illusion of size distortion

In the examples given, the segments are also equal to each other.

1.2 We asked students in the school to draw vertical and horizontal lines of equal length, and in most cases, the vertical lines drawn were shorter than the horizontal ones.

Vertical parallel lines, with their considerable length, usually appear slightly diverging in the upper part, and horizontal ones - converging.

2. Understanding the size of figures (revaluation of vertical lines)

https://pandia.ru/text/78/016/images/image024_46.gif "alt =" (! LANG: D: \ Svetlana \ Illusion \ New" align="left" width="212" height="137 src=">!} 2.2 Cafe illusion

The lines in this figure are also parallel.

2.3. The Wertheimer-Koffka illusion. https://pandia.ru/text/78/016/images/image026_14.jpg "alt =" (! LANG: circlet.gif (826 bytes)" align="left hspace=12" width="272" height="163">!} 2.4 The Ebbinghaus Illusion (1902).

Which circle is bigger? The one surrounded by small circles
or the one surrounded by large ones?

https://pandia.ru/text/78/016/images/image028_11.jpg "alt =" (! LANG: Description:" align="left" width="164" height="163">!} 2.6 Consider a shape made up of rhombuses and triangles. Is it true that width is less than height?

Conclusion: However, they are the same, and if we connect the vertices of the sharp corners, we get a square.

2.7 Let's compare the relative sizes of several objects in the field of view.

If objects are at the same distance from the eyes and are located close enough to each other, it is easy to compare them. In this case, we are rarely mistaken in our assessment: a taller object is seen at a greater angle, and therefore it seems higher.

Let's complicate the task. Place objects at different distances from the eye, including objects of different sizes. Then their apparent dimensions appear to be the same.

https://pandia.ru/text/78/016/images/image031_10.jpg "width =" 293 "height =" 144 ">. jpg" align = "left" width = "276 height = 141" height = " 141 ">

3. Illusion of perspective

This is a way of depicting objects in space, consistent with the peculiarities of human vision.

3.1 Ponzo illusion- also illustrates distortions in the perception of size. Which - blue or red line - is longer?

In 1913, Mario PONZO showed that sometimes our brains determine the size of an object based on the background behind it.

The lines in the following photographs are the same length, parallel and equidistant from each other.

However, the lines closest to us seem to be shorter than the distant ones.

3.2 Consider two parallel lines "running away" from us (tram or rail). They appear to converge at some point on the horizon. At the same time, the point itself seems to us to be infinitely remote and inaccessible. The sight seems to be trying to convince us that, contrary to the laws of geometry, parallel lines intersect.

Proof: this illusion is explained by the feature of visual perception discussed above. An object (sleeper) located at different distances from the observer is visible from different angles of view, and as it moves away along parallel straight lines (rails), its angular size decreases, which leads to a visible decrease in the distance between the lines (in this case, it is determined by the size of the sleeper). Obviously, when the angle of view reaches a certain "critical" value, the eye ceases to distinguish the receding object as a body with dimensions, and the straight lines "merge" for it into one point.

Conclusion: there is a limit value for the angle of view - smallest value in which the eye is able to see two points separately .

3.3 Look at the cars. Which one is bigger?

https://pandia.ru/text/78/016/images/image040_26.gif "align =" left hspace = 12 "width =" 217 "height =" 227 ">

The most interesting thing is that both the parallelepipeds and these three cars are the same !!!

Due to the perspective features, the right box appears to be more distant than the others. Since the sign of remoteness "triggers the mechanism" of the constancy of the perception of the value, it seems to the observer that the right parallelepiped is larger than the others, although they are identical.

Conclusion: if two objects, whose images on the retina are equal in size, seem to the observer to be located at different distances from him, the one that seems more distant will always seem to be larger in size. This relationship is called the apparent remoteness hypothesis.

4. Deceptive volumes.

Flat images of spatial bodies, of course, always contain some convention: they are just some flat figures that help us to imagine the position of the body in space.

Moreover, it sometimes turns out that different bodies can have the same flat image. And then we cannot decide in any way: what do we see in front of us?

4.1 The simplest image consists of a rhombus with a short diagonal drawn in it. If we shade one half of it, then we can see either the image of the pyramid, or the image of a rectangular hole in the floor.

4.2. Consider the drawing from top to bottom, we can see a cube in which two adjacent faces are extended downward, and if the eye moves from bottom to top, we can see the same cube, in which two faces are extended upward.

4.3 Consider a cube. It seems to us that the blue edge of the cube is

in front or behind? And this is how you look.

Sometimes it seems that in front, and sometimes - behind.

https://pandia.ru/text/78/016/images/image045_8.jpg "alt =" (! LANG: Description:" align="left" width="171" height="171 src=">На левом мы можем видеть большой куб, из которого в углу вырезан маленький кубик, помещенный в углу то ли комнаты, то ли коробки. А теперь сосчитайте кубики на правом рисунке. Иногда у вас получиться 7 (с черными гранями, обращенными к нам), а иногда – 6 (с черными гранями сверху).!}

5. "Impossible objects"

Probably, when you met such words. What do they mean? The word itself an object means some subject that can be considered, touched, studied. How can he not exist?

Drawing "href =" / text / category / cherchenie / "rel =" bookmark "> drawing the correct elements were not connected correctly .

All three figures below are made up of very simple, well-established pieces. But these parts are connected to each other in some plausible, but completely impossible way.

https://pandia.ru/text/78/016/images/image050_2.jpg "alt =" (! LANG: Description:" align="left" width="200" height="102 src=">С этой фигурой мы входим с самую сердцевину и суть «невозможного». Может быть, это самый многочисленный класс невозможных объектов.!}

This notorious impossible object with three (or two?) Prongs became popular with engineers and puzzle enthusiasts in 1964. The first publication dedicated to the unusual figure appeared in December 1964. The author called it "The Brace Consisting of Three Elements". Perceiving and resolving (if possible) inconsistencies in this new type of ambiguous figure requires a real shift in visual fixation. From a practical point of view, this strange trident or mechanism in the form of a bracket is absolutely inapplicable. Some people just call it "annoying mistake". One of the representatives of the aerospace industry suggested using its properties in the design of an interdimensional space tuning fork.

6. Trust, but verify!

All of the examples above have convinced you that the first impression of an image can be deceiving. And therefore do not rush to say: "Well, this is clearly seen from the picture!"

And it happens that what is drawn does not exist at all!

So, before drawing conclusions from the picture, it is useful to think about it.

https://pandia.ru/text/78/016/images/image052_25.gif "alt =" (! LANG: Description:" align="left hspace=12 alt="width ="290" height="147">Отношения длин соответствующих сторон синего и красного треугольников не равны друг другу (2/3 и 5/8), поэтому эти треугольники не являются подобными, а значит, имеют разные углы при соответствующих вершинах. Назовём первую фигуру, являющуюся вогнутым четырёхугольником, и вторую фигуру, являющуюся вогнутым восьмиугольником, псевдотреугольниками. Если нижние стороны этих псевдотреугольников параллельны, то гипотенузы в обоих псевдотреугольниках 13×5 на самом деле являются ломаными линиями (на верхнем рисунке создаётся излом внутрь, а на нижнем - наружу). Если наложить верхнюю и нижнюю фигуры 13×5 друг на друга, то между их «гипотенузами» образуется параллелограмм, в котором и содержится «лишняя» площадь. На рисунке этот параллелограмм приведён в верных пропорциях. «Гипотенуза» на самом деле является ломаной линией.!}

Conclusion.

The material presented in the work broadens the horizons of students, replenishes theoretical knowledge and explains many optical illusions. Geometric illusions create rich opportunities for artists, photographers, and fashion designers. However, engineers and mathematicians have to be careful with drawings and back up the “obvious” with accurate calculations.

We have shown that our eye estimates of geometrical real values are highly dependent on the nature and background of the image. Errors resulting from optical illusions can be very large.

Thus, our research has shown how broad and multifaceted human activity is, so different are the requirements for the form and content of images. Some of them should make the same impression on the human eye as the depicted object itself produces, in other words, the image should have sufficient clarity. In another case, the image must be, first of all, geometrically equivalent to the original, it must give a complete geometric and dimensional characteristics of the depicted object.

In the process of working on the theme "Do not believe your eyes ..." - geometric illusions, we:

Ø studied the theoretical material on this issue;

Ø examined examples of the use of geometric illusions.

Ø conducted research related to optical-geometric and visual illusions, explained and proved them in terms of geometry.

And they came to the conclusion: in mathematics, when solving problems, you cannot rely only on a drawing, you need to confirm all your statements with properties, axioms, theorems.

Thus, the hypothesis of our study is confirmed.

Bibliography

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5., "Illusions of sight", ed. 3 - M., Science, 1969

6., "Entertaining physics". - M., AST, 2010

7. O. Ruthersward, "Impossible Figures". - M., Stroyizdat, 1990.

8., "Descriptive Geometry", Moscow, 1963

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10., "Living Mathematics", Moscow 2006

11. R. L Gregory, "Intelligent Eyes", M. 2003

12., "Geometry and Marseillaise", M. 1986

13. Big electronic encyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius Kagirov

14. N. M Karpunina, "Unexpected Mathematics", M.2003

15. E. Rubin, "Objects and Images", encyclopedia for children 2000

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Internet resources.

http: // www. illusion. / main / index / index. php - Visual illusions and phenomena

http: // www. ***** / 2004/6 / ochevidnoe. shtml - Visual perception illusions. The obvious is the incredible. Journal "In the world of science", June 2004 No. 6

http: // www. ***** / book / gregory. htm - "Intelligent Eye"

A selection of optical illusions and double-digit pictures.

The eyes are complex mechanism, which helps a person to perceive the world around him correctly. But as practice shows, even such a seemingly perfect mechanism can be easily deceived.

This can be done using color contrasts, dramatically changing proportions and all sorts of small details. Thanks to all this, the human eye will see an optical illusion that changes depending on what angle you look at it from.

What is visual illusion, optical illusion, surrealism?

Optical illusion

Optical illusion (visual illusion)- this is the wrong perception of certain pictures or surrounding objects by the eyes. In this case, the eyes see the image a little differently than the brain tells them. The correct background, depth and geometric shapes arranged in a certain sequence help to achieve a similar effect in the picture.

All these little tricks make it difficult for the eyes to properly scan the image in front of them, and as a result, the brain makes the person see a distorted picture. Surrealist artists make full use of this feature of the human eye and try to surprise people with paintings that have a special meaning. That is why surrealism can also be attributed to optical illusions that can provoke a person to vivid emotions.

Pictures are illusions for the eyes, optical illusion, and their secrets

Pictures-illusions for the eyes

As you probably already understood, illusion pictures make our brains perceive images not quite the way they look. This happens because the brain also has templates and if it realizes that the eyes do not perceive the picture quite correctly, then it begins to send impulses that make it completely different.

Also, the brain can be tricked with bright colors. If one and the same picture is superimposed on a different background, then the eyes will perceive its individual details in a different color.

The pictures, which depict geometric shapes contrasting in color, are even more confusing to a person. At first glance, it may seem to a person that they are parallel to each other. But in fact, if you take a closer look at them, you can understand that they are looking in opposite directions.

And, of course, do not forget that loving the picture from different angles looks different. In view of this, if you make it contrasting, then you will see different depths in it. This can be seen in the contrasting cube example.

Complex 3D stereo images for eye training with explanations

Stereo picture to improve vision

3D stereo picture

3D picture

3D stereo pictures- this is nothing more than the same optical illusions, simply created by alternating dots and textures. The main principle of such pictures is based on the ability of the brain to compare different data and to estimate the distances to objects, figures and points as accurately as possible.

Such images are very often used to train the eyes in the treatment of ophthalmic pathologies. According to experts, if a person looks at such pictures for at least a few minutes a day, then his eyes will relax properly.

In order to correctly see the stereo image, you will first need to move away from it at arm's length and try to completely relax your eyes. You should try to see through the image. If you do everything correctly, then after a while you will see the most realistic volumetric picture.

Pictures-illusions black and white, optical illusion with explanations

3D picture in black and white

Black and white flat

If you read our article carefully, you probably realized that illusion pictures work best on color contrast. This is why black and white images can easily fool our eyes. If you just look at the simplest picture in this color scheme, you will notice that your eyes jump from one element to another, not knowing where to stop.

That is why, when looking at such an optical illusion, it seems to a person that the figures in the image are constantly moving, floating and moving. If, for example, a portrait of a person is depicted in such a color scheme, then, depending on the color, he will change both his contour and his shape.

Moving pictures optical illusion with explanation: photo with explanations

The eyes see movement due to the correct color scheme

Moving pictures are great because they create a realistic effect. When a person looks at them, it seems to him that he really sees a waterfall or a sea that sways. The best part in this case is that in order to see everything correctly, a person does not need to take absolutely no action. As a rule, at the first glance at such a visual deception, the eyes immediately catch the movement of some individual details.

Geometric moving picture

If it is a geometric picture, then it will be created using contrasting shades and identical geometric shapes. In this case, the eyes will perceive it in almost the same way as a black and white image, making it seem to a person that the drawing is in motion all the time.

GIFs - optical illusion

The square can only be seen when turning

The picture shows how you can visually enlarge the subject.

GIFs, like any other illusion pictures, deceive the human eye and he perceives them not quite the way he did it initially. In this case, everything is built on movement. It is from the speed and in which direction the elements are moving that a person can see different images.

Also, gifs allow you to visually reduce large objects quite well and increase very small ones. It does this by moving closer or further away from the subject you will be looking at.

Pictures-illusions of vision hypnosis: photo with explanations

Optical illusion with depth effect

Hypnosis picture concentrating attention on the central point

Pictures-hypnosis- these are images that are able to enter a person into a state of light trance, contributing to relaxation nervous system... Most often, this effect is achieved with the same contrast and the same type of lines or shapes, placed from the largest to the smallest. Looking at the image, a person is trying to understand the secret of the continuous movement of objects in his field of vision.

And the more he tries to solve the riddle of the hypnosis picture, the more he plunges into a kind of trance. If you try to stare into the center of such an optical illusion for a long time, then you will inevitably start to think that you are moving along some corridor or simply sinking somewhere. This state will lead to the fact that you will relax and forget about everyday problems and obstacles for a while.

Double pictures of illusion of vision: photo with explanations

The double meaning of minimalism

Specular optical illusion

The main secret of double optical illusions is the almost complete repetition of all, even the smallest, lines. This creates a mirror effect that allows you to create an image that looks different from different angles. In this case, you can combine completely two different patterns in the picture, the main thing is that they ideally match each other in shape and color.

Also, a double picture can consist of two completely different images, just when you look at it you will see the outlines of the same figure.

Pictures for optical illusion for children: photo with explanations

Pictures on optical illusion for children

In principle, visual illusion pictures for children are also based on color contrast, line depth and the right background. It's just that, unlike images for adults, in this case, upside-down drawings are most often used.

By looking at them, the baby tries to recognize what his eyes actually see, thereby contributing to the development of logical thinking in him. And in order to make it easier for small children to perceive what they see, as a rule, they depict animals or plants that are familiar to them in the drawings.

For example, it could be a drawing that shows a cat transforming into an angry dog when it rolls over.

In addition, children very well perceive pictures in which the same object has different lengths. In this case, the illusion effect is achieved by the correct background and different colors of two figures of exactly the same shape.

Pictures for optical illusion, geometric, triangle with explanations

Geometric illusion

Geometric illusions- this is nothing more than an image of objects of various shapes, which the eye perceives not quite the way it is accepted in geometry. In this case, the ability of the human eye to determine the color, direction and size of objects is used.

But if in geometry they are arranged according to certain rules, then in this case, for example, a rectangle can be composed of several triangles of different sizes. Such an illusion is calculated on the fact that a person, instead of seeing triangles, will consider parallel lines and try to understand how much they are the same.

Also in geometric illusions, contrast in size is very often used. Looking at such an image, a person does not see that the two central circles are the same size. Even with close scrutiny, he thinks that the circle surrounded by smaller objects is larger than the one surrounded by larger ones.

Pictures for optical illusion with a dress: photo with explanations

Pictures on optical illusion with a dress

If you spend a lot of time on the Internet, then you probably already came across a picture with a question about the color of the dress. As a rule, people cannot give an unambiguous answer to this question as they see different shades of outfit at different times of the day. What is the reason for this? As mentioned at the very beginning of our article, the human eye is a rather complex mechanism, the main one in which is the retina (responsible for the correct perception of color).

The retina itself consists of rods and cones, the number of which depends on how brightly a person perceives a particular color. For this reason, for some people, the dress may seem soft blue, while for others it is saturated with blue. When it comes to optical illusion, lighting plays a huge role. In daylight, it will appear lighter, and in artificial light, it will be much brighter and darker.

Picture for optical illusion - "A girl or an old woman": photo with explanations

Picture for optical illusion - "A girl or an old woman"

Each of us at least once in our life singled out the optical illusion "A girl or an old woman." But, having looked at it, we simply forget about it and do not even think about why our eyes see such a dual picture. In fact, in this case, completely two different images are skillfully interconnected in one drawing.

If you pay closer attention, you will realize that one drawing flows smoothly into another. For example, the oval of a young girl's face serves at the same time as an old woman's nose, and her ear as an old woman's eye.

Surrealism tattoo for optical illusion: photos, explanations

Butterfly tattoo

Surreal tattoo

3D effect tattoo

As you probably already understood, an optical illusion is nothing more than a correctly drawn picture. Therefore, if you wish, you can easily make yourself a tattoo in the style of surrealism.

All you have to do is apply it using contrasting colors, correct directions and background. All this will help you create voluminous and even visually moving images on your skin. You can see an example of a surrealist tattoo a little higher.

Optical illusions of perception in the interior: photo with explanations

Mirror surfaces in the interior

The good thing about optical illusions is that with their help you can radically change any room. Mirror surfaces are considered to be the simplest visual trick. With their help, even the smallest room will seem huge and light.

Horizontal lines on the walls

Different textures change the space well. If you want to easily stretch the room, then trim the walls with horizontal lines. If, on the contrary, you need to reduce something, then frame it with vertical lines.

Floating table in the interior

If you wish, you can decorate your kitchen with so-called floating furniture. To do this, you only need to buy a table, the legs of which will be made of either transparent plastic or glass.

Hidden doors

Also, if you wish, you can decorate your house with an invisible door. To achieve this effect, you have to install a door with hidden hinges, and then decorate it in the same color as the walls.

Optical illusion: dress uniform

Optical illusion: color

As you probably already understood, visual deception can help a person make the world around him more organic, and this applies not only to the interior. If you need to correct the figure, then you can try to do it using optical illusions. All that will be required of you is to choose the right color and shape of your outfits.

Surrealism in painting: photos, paintings, explanations

Surrealism in painting

Two-faced picture

Artists love optical illusions. They help them make pictures deeper and more interesting not only in visual perception, but also in meaning. As a rule, for this they use the so-called two-faced pictures.

Most often, in this way, they try to disguise the caricature drawing. Surrealist artists in a similar technique create drawings with a triple image, thereby trying to give their masterpiece a deeper meaning. You can see examples of such pictures a little higher.

Surrealism paintings by Salvador Dali

Tenderness and strength in one picture

The most famous surrealist in the world is Salvador Dali. He always painted in his paintings, images that forced a person far from art to think. Perhaps that is why even now people look at his masterpieces with great pleasure and try to understand what the great artist was thinking when he painted them.

Video: 3D drawings incredible optical illusions, optical illusion

We are used to taking the world around us for granted, so we do not notice how our brain deceives its own masters.

Imperfection of our binocular vision, unconscious false judgments, psychological stereotypes and other distortions of the worldview are the reason for the emergence of optical illusions. There are a lot of them, but we have tried to collect for you the most interesting, crazy and incredible ones.

Impossible figures

At one time, this genre of graphics was so widespread that it even received its own name - Impossibilism. Each of these figures seems quite real on paper, but simply cannot exist in the physical world.

Impossible trident

Classic blight is perhaps the brightest representative of optical drawings from the category of "impossible figures". No matter how hard you try, you will not be able to determine where the middle tooth originates.

Another striking example is the impossible Penrose triangle.

It is in the form of the so-called "endless staircase".

And also the "impossible elephant" by Roger Shepard.

Ames room

Adelbert Ames, Jr. was interested in optical illusions from early childhood. After becoming an ophthalmologist, he did not stop his studies of depth perception, which resulted in the famous Ames room.

How Ames' room works

In a nutshell, the effect of Ames' room can be conveyed as follows: it seems that two people are standing in the left and right corners of its back wall - a dwarf and a giant. Of course, this is an optical trick, and in fact these people are of quite normal height. In reality, the room has an elongated trapezoidal shape, but due to the false perspective it appears to us rectangular. The left corner is farther away from the gaze of visitors than the right one, and therefore the person standing there seems so small.

Illusions of movement

This category of optical tricks is of most interest to psychologists. Most of them are based on the subtleties of color combinations, object brightness and their repetition. All these tricks mislead our peripheral vision, as a result of which the perception mechanism gets confused, the retina captures the image intermittently, in leaps and bounds, and the brain activates the areas of the cortex that are responsible for recognizing movement.

Floating star

It's hard to believe that this picture is not an animated gif format, but an ordinary optical illusion. The drawing was created by Japanese artist Kaya Nao in 2012. A pronounced illusion of movement is achieved due to the opposite direction of the patterns in the center and along the edges.

There are quite a few such illusions of motion, that is, static images that appear to be moving. For example, the famous revolving circle.

Or yellow arrows on a pink background: upon closer look, it seems that they are swaying back and forth.

Caution, this image may cause pain in the eyes or dizziness in people with weak vestibular apparatus.

Honestly, this is an ordinary picture, not a gif! Psychedelic spirals seem to drag you somewhere into a universe full of oddities and wonders.

Reverse illusions

The most numerous and funniest genre of illusion drawings is based on changing the direction of looking at a graphic object. The simplest flip-flops simply need to be rotated 180 or 90 degrees.

Two classic shape-shifting illusions: nurse / old woman and beauty / ugly.

A more highly artistic picture with a trick - when turned 90 degrees, the frog turns into a horse.

Other "double illusions" have a more subtle background.

Girl / old woman

One of the most popular dual images was published in 1915 in the cartoon magazine Puck. The caption to the picture read: "My wife and mother-in-law."

Old people / Mexicans

An elderly couple or singing Mexicans? Most of them first see old people, and only then their eyebrows turn into sombreros, and their eyes turn into faces. The authorship belongs to the Mexican artist Octavio Ocampo, who created many pictures of illusions of a similar nature.

Lovers / dolphins

Surprisingly, the interpretation of this psychological illusion depends on the person's age. As a rule, children see dolphins frolicking in the water - their brain, not yet familiar with sexual relationships and their symbols, simply does not isolate two lovers in this composition. Older people, on the other hand, first see a couple, and only then dolphins.

The list of such dual pictures is endless:

In the picture above, most people first see the face of an Indian, and only then move their gaze to the left and distinguish a silhouette in a fur coat. The image below is usually interpreted by everyone as a black cat, and only then a mouse appears in its contours.

A very simple flip-flop picture - something like this can be easily done with your own hands.

Illusions of color and contrast

Alas, the human eye is imperfect, and in our assessments of what we see (without noticing it ourselves) we often rely on the color environment and the brightness of the background of the object. This leads to very interesting optical illusions.

Gray squares

Optical illusions of colors are one of the most popular types of optical illusion. Yes, squares A and B are painted the same color.

This trick is possible due to the peculiarities of our brain. A shadow without sharp boundaries falls on square B. The darker "environment" and the smooth gradient of the shadow make it appear to be significantly lighter than square A.

Green spiral

There are only three colors in this photo: pink, orange and green. Don't believe me? Here's what you get when you replace pink and orange with black.

Is the dress white and gold or blue and black?

However, color-based illusions are not uncommon. Take, for example, the white and gold or black and blue dress that conquered the Internet in 2015. What color was this mysterious dress actually, and why did different people perceive it differently?

The explanation of the dress phenomenon is very simple: as in the case of gray squares, it all depends on the imperfect chromatic adaptation of our organs of vision. As you know, the human retina consists of two types of receptors: rods and cones. The rods fix the light better, and the cones fix the color better. Each person has a different ratio of cones and rods, so the definition of the color and shape of an object is slightly different depending on the dominance of one or another type of receptor.

Those who saw the dress in white and gold, paid attention to the brightly lit background and decided that the dress was in the shade, which means that the white should be darker than usual. If the dress seemed blue and black to you, then your eye first of all drew attention to the main color of the dress, which in this photo really has a blue tint. Then your brain judged that the golden hue was black, lightened by the sun's rays directed at the dress and the poor photo quality.

In reality, the dress was blue with black lace.

And here is another photo that baffled millions of users who could not decide in any way whether the wall in front of them or the lake.

Optical illusions on video

Ballerina

This crazy optical illusion is misleading: it is difficult to determine which leg of the figure is the supporting one and, as a result, to understand in which direction the ballerina is turning. Even if you succeeded, while watching the video, the supporting leg may "change" and the girl seems to begin to rotate in the other direction.

The most popular optical illusion "Ballerina"

If you could easily fix the direction of movement of the ballerina, this indicates a rational, practical mindset. If the ballerina rotates in different directions, it means that you have a stormy, not always consistent imagination. Contrary to popular belief, this does not affect the dominance of the right or left hemisphere.

Monster faces

Of interest to lovers of unusual things is a chair designed by Chris Duffy. It seems to rest solely on the front legs. But taking the risk of sitting on it, you will understand that the shadow cast by the chair is its main support.

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Slide captions:

Why are mistakes made in assessing and comparing the lengths of the segment, the magnitudes of the angles, in the perception of the shape of objects, etc. committed by the observer under certain conditions. Relevance

Explain visual illusion in terms of geometry and conduct social research. Target

1 Study theoretical material on this topic. 2 show the application of the use of illusions in art, in mathematics, in real life. 3 Conduct research showing the limitations of our eyes Objectives

Illusions Drawings Subject of study Object of study Hypothesis If our perception is deceiving, then the simplest things, if you look at them closely, conceal the most unexpected discoveries. Visual illusions can be explained using the laws of geometry.

1 Study 3 analysis, generalization Research methods 2 search 4 synthesis, classification

Types of illusions

Optical illusions Optical illusions are, simply put, an optical illusion of our brain. When our eye receives a picture, a huge number of processes in our brain are turned on.

Optical illusions

Consider a shape made up of rhombuses and triangles. Is it true that width is less than height? Conclusion: However, they are the same, and if we connect the vertices of the sharp corners, we get a square.

Illusion of movement The perception of movement is very difficult process, the nature of which has not yet been fully elucidated. If an object objectively moves in space, then we perceive its movement due to the fact that it leaves the area of the best vision and thus forces us to move our eyes or head in order to fix our gaze on it again.

illusions of movement, on the use of which the principle of cinematography is based. Look at the center of the picture (right). A shimmer of purple and blue rings will appear. Some people also notice circular rotation. And in the picture on the left, gaze intently at the ball in the center. It seems that the pattern on it moves from side to side. Without taking your eyes off the center of the circle, move your head. There is an illusion that the pattern around the ball is shifting.

Vertical-horizontal illusion. The vertical line is perceived to be longer. If the drawing is with one eye, then the effect is slightly reduced. Feeling vertical and horizontal directions depends not only on visual impressions, legs and on stereotypes formed in the human brain

Vertical-horizontal illusion. Students were asked to determine "by eye" which of the lines is longer: vertical or horizontal. Vertical length Same length I know this effect Total 18 (75%) 4 (18%) 2 (7%) 24 (100%)

The Franz Müller-Lyer illusion. Arrows at the ends of the segments create the illusion of length distortion, therefore, the same segments are perceived as unequal. But in reality, the segments are equal.

Children (20) Adults (10) Total (30) The legs are 4 (20%) 4 (40%) 8 (27%) The blue section is greater than 16 (80%) 6 (60%) 22 (73%) Muller's illusion - Lyer Verno was identified by 20% of children and 40% of adults.

The Poggendorf illusion. An amazing impression is produced by a picture with two parallel crossed oblique lines. If the right line is continued, then it will intersect with the left at its upper end. The apparent intersection point is slightly to the right.

Continuation of straight line A Continuation of straight line B Between straight lines A and B Total 3 (17%) 4 (23%) 10 (60%) 17 (100%) Poggendorf illusion The students were asked the question: "Which straight line is the continuation of line C?"

The illusion of parallelograms. The dull and sharp angles create a striking illusion; the diagonals AB and AC of the two parallelograms are equal, although the diagonal AC seems much shorter.

The parallelogram illusion

Impossible tiles. How many tiles are shown in the picture below? Seen from the left, there are four. When viewed from the right, there are three.

Area of two triangles In the picture below, you can see 2 triangles. Triangles are made up of four shapes. The area of the figures that make up the triangles is the same. What's on the top, what's on the bottom (you can cut out of paper and check). What happens if the shapes are mixed a little?

The illusion of rickety squares. Very interesting optical focus. Looking at this picture, our brain assures us that the blue squares in the center of this picture are skewed a little, and every now and then they tend to sideways. But having defocused my gaze or just moving a little away from the computer picture, I understand that these are regular quadrangles, and that this is just an illusion.

The effect of perceptive readiness If you look at the picture below, it is not immediately clear which symbol is depicted in the center. This example clearly demonstrates the so-called perceptual readiness effect. Its essence is that depending on where you started reading from, you are ready to see different characters. If from top to bottom, then the number 13. If from left to right, then the letter "B".

Embossed image. The brain, perceiving an object, distorts the relief image we see. An example of this is the given figure: the cube seems to be seen from above, then from the side; the open book now seems to be depicted with a spine to us, then a spine from us. This happens both at our desire and involuntarily and sometimes even contrary to our desire. The point is that any image can be interpreted. different ways, however, the human visual system gives preference to the most familiar and probable interpretation.

Impossible figures. Figures that do not exist in nature, but exist in our imagination.Analysis of the proposed explanation of optical-geometric illusions shows that, firstly, all the parameters of the visual image are interconnected, due to which a holistic perception arises, an adequate picture of the external world is recreated. Second, perception is influenced by stereotypes formed by everyday experience. The so-called "impossible" contradictory figures, for example, the impossible Norman Mingo's trident and the impossible Penrose staircase, serve as an example of how one can destroy the integral image of an object.

Illusion through the Eyes of Artists Some artists change the logic of images of space, obtaining various illusions. By the "logic" of space, we mean those relations between physical objects that are common in the real world, and when violated, visual paradoxes, also called optical illusions, arise. Most artists experimenting with the logic of space alter these relationships between objects based on their intuition, such as Picasso. Wonderful mountain landscape. Turn the picture to the right: now you have a praying mother and son. Changeling "Kid and Grandpa"

Tasks. Selfridge's illusion. If you are even a little familiar with English language, then it will not be difficult for you to read the name of the pet in the picture below. As the name implies, the first to describe this optical illusion was Selfridge (1955). Its essence lies in the fact that, depending on the context, the same symbol is perceived as "H" or as "A"? Answer: look carefully, because the picture shows the gibberish THE CHT, not THE CAT.

The bucket illusion. Are the inner circle on the top of the bucket and the circle that forms the bottom of the bucket equal? Answer: The inner circle on the lid of the bucket appears to be smaller than the circle that forms the bottom of the bucket. However, these circles are equal, while it is difficult to get rid of the idea that the lower one is larger than the upper one. The presence of the outer bordering oval creates the illusion that the enclosed oval is smaller than the lower one. Which segment is larger: AB or CD? Answer: they are equal.

Illusion in real life. Optical illusions on the road. Visual illusions in clothes. The woman on the right seems slimmer. Vertical stripes lengthen the walls of the room and it seems higher. The driver sees the painted objects and thinks that there is a barrier on the road, he slows down to cross it, although in fact it is a completely flat surface.

Consider the problem of constructing a perspective image of a figure. The figure shows how an image of an arbitrary point M of the plane α is obtained (numbers 1-4 indicate the order of drawing lines). If point K does not lie in the object plane, then first a perpendicular is lowered from it to α (in the figure this is a segment KM), then constructions 1-3 are performed for its base (point M). Finally, a straight line KO is drawn, the intersection of which with the plane π is the image of the point K.

Let's compare the relative sizes of several objects in the field of view. If objects are at the same distance from the eyes and are located close enough to each other, it is easy to compare them. In this case, we are rarely mistaken in our assessment: a taller object is seen at a greater angle, and therefore it seems higher. Let's complicate the task. Place objects at different distances from the eye, including objects of different sizes. Then their apparent dimensions appear to be the same.

Conclusion. This means that regardless of the shape of objects, the observed phenomenon should be described "in the language of mathematics" by the same law, in which the key role is probably played by such parameters as the linear size and distance to the object.

Determine the height of the pillar (tower, tree, etc.) Let's move away from the pillar at a distance at which thumb arms outstretched will close it completely (that is, their apparent dimensions will become the same), while counting the number of steps taken. For an adult, the average distance from the eye to thumb the outstretched arm is 60 cm, the length of the finger itself is 7 cm, and the stride length is 65 cm. From these data, it is easy to calculate the approximate height of the pillar. Similarly, the distance to an inaccessible object is determined by its known height. Note that the described method is reliable for estimating relatively close distances up to several hundred meters; the smaller the object and the further away it is, the higher the measurement error.

Conclusion: From the point of view of geometry, in all the examples given, we are dealing with similar figures or corresponding segments, namely, heights, figures of different shapes; moreover, in each case we are faced with a transformation of homothety, the center of which coincides with the eye of the observer. Therefore, it can be argued that if two objects are visible from the same angle of view, then their linear dimensions differ as much as the distance to the object differs):

Consider two parallel lines "running away" from us (tram or rail). They appear to converge at some point on the horizon. At the same time, the point itself seems to us to be infinitely remote and inaccessible. The sight seems to be trying to convince us that, contrary to the laws of geometry, parallel lines intersect. Proof: This illusion is explained by the feature of visual perception discussed above. There is a limit value for the angle of view - the smallest value at which the eye is able to see two points separately.

Conclusion: There is a limit value for the angle of view - the smallest value at which the eye is able to see two points separately.

Social studies. Experiment No. 2 When perceiving a figure and a background, we tend to see, first of all, spots of a smaller area, as well as more bright “protruding” spots, and more often the background seems to us to lie farther from us, behind the figure. The higher the brightness contrast, the better the object is visible and the more clearly its outline and shape are. We decided to conduct an experiment and test this conclusion. We showed the respondents the following picture and asked them to say what they see. In the drawing, most were supposed to see first a vase, and then two silhouettes, according to theory. Rubin's vase During the experiment, our assumption was not justified, as can be seen from the table: Perception of the figure and the background

Children (20) Adults (10) Total (30) Saw a vase 10 (50%) 2 (20%) 12 (40%) Saw faces 8 (40%) 4 (40%) 12 (40%) Saw a vase and faces 2 (10%) 4 (40%) 6 (20%) Perception of the figure and background If we consider children separately from adults, we get the following picture that 8 people (40%) students and 4 people (40%) adults did not see the vase ...

Experiment # 4. "Impossible" Penrose Ladder. Children (20) Adults (10) Total (30) Moving 11 (55%) 8 (80%) 19 (63%) Standing - 7 (35%) 2 (10%) 1 (10%) 1 (10%) 8 (27%) 3 (10%) stereotypes formed by everyday experience influence the perception of adults to a greater extent than on children

Conclusion Starting to study the geometric illusion, I asked myself this question: can we always trust our eyesight? It turns out not! Scientists have come up with and built many deceptive pictures that clearly demonstrate how limited the capabilities of our eyes are. In the course of my work, I realized that Geometric Illusions create rich opportunities for artists, photographers, and fashion designers. However, engineers and mathematicians have to be careful with drawings and back up the “obvious” with accurate calculations.

11/15/2016 11/19/2019 by Vlad

Optical illusion - an impression of a visible object or phenomenon that does not correspond to reality, i.e. optical illusion. Translated from Latin, the word "illusion" means "error, delusion." This suggests that illusions have long been interpreted as some kind of malfunction of the visual system. Many researchers have studied the causes of their occurrence. Some visual deceptions have a scientific explanation for a long time, others have not yet been explained.

Do not take optical illusions seriously when trying to understand and unravel them, this is just how our vision works. So human brain processes visible light reflected from pictures.
Unusual shapes and combinations of these pictures make it possible to achieve a deceptive perception, as a result of which it seems that the object is moving, changing color, or an additional picture appears.

There are a lot of optical illusions, but we have tried to collect for you the most interesting, crazy and incredible ones. Be careful, some of them can cause watery eyes, nausea and disorientation in space.

12 black dots

For starters, one of the most talked about illusions on the web is the 12 black dots. The trick is, you can't see them at the same time. A scientific explanation for this phenomenon was discovered by the German physiologist Ludimar Hermann in 1870. The human eye ceases to see the full picture due to lateral inhibition in the retina.

Impossible figures

Impossible trident

Classic blight- perhaps the brightest representative of optical drawings from the category of "impossible figures". No matter how hard you try, you will not be able to determine where the middle tooth originates.

Another prime example is the impossible Penrose triangle.

He is in the form of the so-called "Endless staircase".

As well as "Impossible elephant" Roger Shepard.

Ames room

How Ames' room works

Illusions of movement

Floating star

There are quite a few such illusions of motion, that is, static images that appear to be moving. For example, the famous revolving circle.

Moving arrows

Rays from the center

Striped spirals

Moving figures

These figures move at the same speed, but our vision tells us otherwise. On the first GIF, four figures move simultaneously while they are adjacent to each other. After disconnection, the illusion arises that they move along black and white stripes independently of each other.

After the zebra has disappeared in the second picture, you can make sure that the movement of the yellow and blue rectangles is synchronous.

Reverse illusions

The most numerous and funniest genre of illusion drawings is based on changing the direction of looking at a graphic object. The simplest flip-flops simply need to be rotated 180 or 90 degrees.

Horse or frog

Nurse or old woman

Beauty or ugly

Pretty girls?

Flip the image

Girl / old woman

One of the most popular dual images was published in 1915 in the cartoon magazine Puck. The caption to the picture read: "My wife and mother-in-law."

The most famous optical illusions: the old woman and the vase profiles

Old people / Mexicans

Lovers / dolphins

The list of such dual pictures is endless:

Is this cat going down or up the stairs?

Which way is the window open?

You can change direction just by thinking about it.

Illusions of color and contrast

Unfortunately, the human eye is imperfect, and in our assessments of what we see, we (without noticing it ourselves) often rely on the color environment and the brightness of the background of the object. This leads to very interesting optical illusions.

Gray squares

Optical illusions of colors are one of the most popular types of optical illusion. Yes, squares A and B are painted the same color.

Green spiral

There are only three colors in this photo: pink, orange and green.

The blue color is just an optical illusion.

Don't believe me? Here's what you get when you replace pink and orange with black.

With no distracting background, the spiral is completely green.

Is the dress white and gold or blue and black?

In reality, the dress was blue with black lace.

And here is another photo that baffled millions of users who could not decide in any way whether the wall in front of them or the lake.

Wall or Lake? (the correct answer is a wall)

Optical illusions on video

Ballerina

Monster faces

If you look at the cross in the center for a long time, then peripheral vision will frighteningly distort the faces of celebrities.

Optical illusions in design

Optical illusion can be an effective help for those who want to add flavor to their home. Very often "impossible figures" are used in design.

It seemed that the impossible triangle was doomed to remain just an illusion on paper. But no - a design studio in Valencia has immortalized it in the form of a striking minimalist vase.

Bookshelf inspired by the impossible trident. The author is the Norwegian designer Bjorn Blikstad.

And here is a shelving unit inspired by one of the most famous optical illusions - Johann Zellner's parallel lines. All shelves are parallel to each other - otherwise what would be the point of such a cabinet - but even for those who have purchased such a rack long ago, it is difficult to get rid of the impression of slanted lines.