Agriculture Japan is part of the joint department - the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan and plays an important role in the development of the country's economy. Despite the fact that in 2007 the share of agriculture, forestry and fisheries in the country's gross domestic product was only 1.5%; this industry creates the necessary raw material base for the food and processing industry of the country. It is economically necessary for those who supply machinery and equipment, fertilizers and pesticides, hormones and vaccines, fuel and electricity, for those who transport, process and sell agricultural products. Therefore, the state has paid and continues to exert a great influence on the development of the industry.

The beginning of the rapid development of agriculture in Japan falls on the second half of the XX century. The impetus for this was the defeat of Japan in World War II. So, before the start of World War II, Japan occupied a dominant position in the Pacific coast of Southeast Asia and had colonies there, this gave it the opportunity to import a large amount of raw materials, resources, including food. However, after the defeat in the war, the country found itself in a difficult economic situation. In this regard, it became necessary to reform the economy in general and agriculture in particular. A land reform was carried out (1946-1949), the essence of which was to create a "state land fund" by buying out agricultural land from large landowners and transferring these lands for long-term use to everyone for the purpose of farming. This land reform contributed to the maximum provision of the country's population with food of its own production, primarily rice. On the part of new land users, there is an interest in developing production and increasing investment in agriculture.

The technical equipment of the industry began, the arrangement of the production infrastructure, the use of mineral fertilizers and chemicals to control plant diseases and pests. Also, an important factor in the development of agricultural production was the improvement of the variety of cultivated crops, the improvement of agrotechnical methods. Cars appeared in the fields. Thus, in 2-3 decades, agriculture in Japan has turned from a backward industry based on manual labor into a modern area of ​​the economy, using progressive technologies and advanced production methods. All this led to an increase in crop yields and livestock productivity. Thanks to this rapid development of agriculture, Japan's food self-sufficiency rate in 1960 was 93%. However, in the post-war period, not only the agriculture of Japan, but the entire economy as a whole, developed intensively. In this regard, the economic situation of the country's population improved from year to year, incomes, population grew, and the nutrition of the Japanese improved.

The demand for food products increased, and there was also a demand for all kinds of delicacies not produced in the country. As a result, food production has not kept pace with population growth and increased needs. External support was required in the person of food exporting countries. Japan starts importing again. This policy has significantly reduced the level of self-sufficiency in food, due to the high costs of its own production and, as a result, the high cost relative to similar products of the exporting countries, and hence the price lack of competitiveness. Thus, the level of food self-sufficiency in Japan has been steadily declining and, according to the results for 2007, amounted to only 39%.

Rice. 1. The level of self-sufficiency of Japan in some types of agricultural products in 2007

The problem of food security became urgent for Japan in 1973. In connection with a sharp rise in prices for agricultural products due to poor harvests, exporting countries imposed a ban on the export of certain types of agricultural products. Thus, the countries of the European Community and Thailand stopped exporting rice, Canada and Argentina - rapeseed, the United States - soybeans and products from them. At the same time, it was from the USA that Japan then imported more than 90% of the consumed soybeans.

The concept of food security was formulated in 1980 in the general context of the country's integrated security. She assumed:

Availability of the necessary food reserves;

In a critical situation, increasing the production of basic food products in a short time;

Strong long-term agreements with food exporters.

Thus, at present, Japan is in a twofold situation, in which, on the one hand, it seeks to protect domestic production of agricultural products, to increase the level of food self-sufficiency to 45-50% in order to weaken dependence on exporters, to avoid a repetition of the 1973 situation. avoidance of other possible unfavorable situations in conditions of external dependence. On the other hand, Japan is obliged, in accordance with the terms of its membership in the WTO (GATT), to remove quantitative restrictions on food imports, reduce import duties, etc.

The current situation is aggravated by a number of difficulties and problems that the agriculture of Japan is experiencing today. The most significant of them:

Reduction of labor force in agriculture, which is explained by low level agricultural income. According to the results for 2005, the incomes of people employed in agriculture were approximately 2 times lower than in small non-agricultural enterprises. So, for the period from 1960 to 2007. the number of people employed in the industry decreased 4.7 times, amounting to 2550 thousand people. In this regard, in the agriculture of Japan, the popularity of double employment is high, in which people have the opportunity to combine employment in agriculture with activities in non-agricultural areas.

Growth of elderly people (65 years and older) among those employed in agriculture. This is due to the fact that only a small percentage of young people who graduated from certain educational institutions go to permanent work in agriculture. In 2007, the share of elderly people employed in agriculture was 60%.

Reduction of cultivated and sown areas. The main reasons for this were the lack of workers, the seizure of land for the construction of roads, industrial facilities, etc. From 6.1 million hectares in 1960, the area of ​​cultivated land decreased to 4.7 million by the beginning. XXI century

What is Japan doing, what steps is it taking when it finds itself in such a difficult situation?

Serious reforms in agriculture have begun only recently. To get out of this situation, special attention is paid, first of all, to improving the quality of products manufactured in Japan in order to increase non-price competitiveness. Nowadays "organic" agriculture is gaining widespread development. creation of so-called eco-farms, the activities of which are primarily aimed at reducing the chemicalization of agricultural production, obtaining an ecologically clean agricultural product. So, for the period 2002-2007. the number of such farms increased from 26 thousand to 155 thousand.

To improve food self-sufficiency, Japan is conducting campaigns based on the promotion of the "Japanese type of diet" with the aim of increasing the consumption of domestic products. Japan is actively involved in promoting its agricultural products to the world market. Japan can rightfully be proud of the high quality of exported products, because, despite the high prices compared to similar offers from other countries, the level of exports to countries such as the USA, Taiwan, China is constantly increasing.

With regard to imports of agricultural products, Japan continues to defend the interests of its producers. High import duties are imposed on the most important products for the Japanese economy. So, for rice, legumes, oil, import duties range from 300-500% (for rice-490%), for wheat, milk powder and starch - from 200-300%, for peanuts - more than 500%, for edible root konnyaku - 990%.

Japan is taking serious measures to prevent damage from foreign substandard products. Sanitary standards are being tightened. So, according to the amendments to the Law on Sanitary Standards for Food (2000), it became possible to prohibit the import of products, in case of repeated discoveries in it of a residual amount of chemicals exceeding the norm.

To ensure stable imports of agricultural products, Japan is diversifying its sources of production by weakening its dependence on imports from the United States and attracting such food partners as the EU countries and China. There are prerequisites for the import of Russian wheat. It is assumed that Russia will be able to export 1.5 million tons of wheat to Japan. Also, to ensure stable imports, Japan is investing in agriculture overseas. In 2005, 43.3% of the products of Japanese foreign agricultural enterprises were imported to Japan. Such enterprises are a reliable source of imported products for their country.

So, in the current situation, the weakest point of Japanese agriculture today is low production efficiency, because agricultural products in Japan are not competitive in terms of price in the foreign market due to high production costs and high cost relative to similar products of exporting countries. It is precisely because of the low price competitiveness that Japan is forced to defend the domestic market for agricultural products. And reducing costs, increasing production and quality of agricultural products are among the main tasks of the agricultural policy of the Japanese government today, primarily in order to exclude dependence on external suppliers of agricultural products and ensure the country's food security.

The economy of Japan is one of the most, it is among the five countries in terms of GDP growth, industry and the automotive industry are the leading industries in its structure.

The structure of the economy

The automotive industry has become one of the main sectors of the economy, which has increased the pace economic development Japan at the end of the 20th century. The country is currently actively exporting cars. The largest suppliers of automotive products that have earned worldwide recognition are Toyota, Nissan, Suzuki, Honda, Mazda and Mitsubishi.

Robotics is developing rapidly. Japan is the leading exporter of industrial robots. Japan's industry has long depended on scientific and technological advances in other countries. At the state level, it was decided to train its own personnel and develop a scientific strategy for the country's development. The newest research centers, fundamental changes have been made in the training and education of personnel. This led to the emergence of unique developments in the field of physics, nuclear energy and robotics.

In agriculture in Japan, rice growing is considered the main direction. Almost half of the country's arable land is devoted to rice cultivation.

Fishing is a traditional industry for the land of the rising sun. Until 1995, Japan was the undisputed leader in the export of fish and seafood. Due to the division into economic zones and territorial restrictions, the Japanese were unable to fish far from the country. As a result, the growth of imports of fishing products.

Import and export

In Japan, there are practically no reserves of natural resources, so most of the raw materials are imported from other countries. The main supplier of oil is Saudi Arabia... Coal for the industry is supplied from Australia, Indonesia and China.

Japan is the world's largest consumer of liquefied natural gas. It is used in thermal power plants and in cars. This allows you to protect the ecology of the country from emission harmful substances... Gas is imported mainly from Malaysia.

Automobiles and components are the basis of Japan's exports. The quality of automotive products has received worldwide recognition. A large amount of high-tech equipment, household appliances, office equipment is supplied by Japan to other countries.

The Japanese economy is dependent on imported raw materials, so the production of food has a high cost. This is reflected in the price of final products supplied to other countries.

Features of the Japanese economy

There are positive and negative aspects to Japan's economic model.

Of the positive, one can single out

• the rapid level of development of scientific technologies, which makes it possible to create modern and competitive equipment for export in the automotive and industrial sectors;
• high quality of life;
• infrastructure development;
• government regulation of the country's debt. A feature of the country's economy is the distribution of loans among citizens. This allows the government to manage it depending on the economic situation;
• low unemployment rate.

Negative aspects

• the high cost of exported products leads to a decrease in price competitiveness in the world market;
• dependence on raw materials supplied from regions with an unstable military situation;
• high life expectancy. And this, indeed, is a problem in the land of the rising sun. The number of elderly people exceeds the able-bodied citizens, which affects the development of the country;
• domestic debt exceeds the country's GDP by several times;
• high wages and government support for large enterprises reduce competition. This gradually leads the state to financial stagnation.

The Japanese economy was actively developing until 2000. The economic crisis and devastating tsunami contributed to the decline in GDP. Despite the negative factors, the Japanese economy is currently one of the most developed among the world powers.

It should be classified as a diversified type. It is based on agriculture, mainly the cultivation of rice and other grain crops, industrial crops and tea. Gardening, horticulture, sericulture and animal husbandry play a significant role. This also includes forestry, fishing and marine fishing.

The cultivated area of ​​the country is 5.4 million hectares, and the sown area exceeds it due to the fact that in a number of regions they harvest 2-3 crops per year.

More than half of the sown area is occupied by cereals, about 25% by vegetables, the rest is occupied by forage grasses, industrial crops and mulberry trees.

The dominant position in is occupied by rice. At the same time, there is a decrease in harvests of wheat and barley (low profitability and competition with imported ones).

Vegetable growing mainly develops in the suburbs. As a rule, all year round in greenhouse soil.
Sugar beet is cultivated in Hokkaido, sugar cane in the south. Tea, citrus fruits, apples, pears, plums, peaches, persimmons (endemic to Japan), grapes, chestnuts, watermelons, melons, pineapples in greenhouses are also grown. In the southwest of Honshu, large areas are devoted to strawberries.

Animal husbandry began to develop actively only after World War II.

Herd of large cattle reaches 5 million heads (half are dairy cows). Pig breeding is developing in the southern regions (about 7 million heads). The center is the north of the country - the island of Hokkaido, where special farms and cooperatives are created.

Fishing is characterized by the dominance of large monopoly companies. The main objects of fishing are herring, cod, salmon, flounder, tuna, halibut, shark, saury, sardine, etc.

Seaweed and shellfish are also mined. The fishing fleet of Japan numbers several hundred thousand vessels (mostly small ones). About 1/3 of the catch comes from the waters in the Hokkaido area. An important fishing area is the northeastern coast of Honshu.

Aquaculture is widespread: artificial fish farming in lagoons, mountain and rice fields, and pearl mussel farming.

Territory- 377.8 thousand km 2

Population- 125.2 million people (1995).

Capital- Tokyo.

Geographical location, general information

Japan- an archipelago country, located on four large and almost four thousand small islands, stretching for 3.5 thousand km from northeast to southwest along the eastern coast of Asia. The largest islands are Honshu, Hokaido, Kyushu and Shikoku. The shores of the archipelago are heavily indented and form many bays and coves. The seas and ocean washing Japan are of exceptional importance for the country as a source of biological, mineral and energy resources.

The economic and geographical position of Japan is determined primarily by the fact that it is located in the center of the Asia-Pacific region, which contributes to the country's active participation in the international geographical division of labor.

For a long period, Japan was isolated from other countries. After the unfinished bourgeois revolution of 1867-1868. she embarked on the path of rapid capitalist development. At the turn of the XIX - XX centuries. became one of the imperialist states.

Japan is a country with a constitutional monarchy. The highest body of state power and the only legislative body is parliament.

Natural conditions and resources of Japan

The geological basis of the archipelago is underwater mountain ranges. About 80% of the territory is occupied by mountains and hills with a highly dissected relief of an average height of 1600 - 1700 m. There are about 200 volcanoes, 90 are active, including the highest peak - Mount Fuji (3776 m). Frequent earthquakes and tsunami.

The country is poor in minerals, but coal, lead and zinc ores, oil, sulfur and limestone are mined. The resources of its own deposits are small, so Japan is the largest importer of raw materials.

Despite the small area, the length of the country led to the existence of a unique complex of natural conditions on its territory: the island of Hokkaido and northern Honshu are located in a zone of temperate maritime climate, the rest of Honshu, the islands of Shikoku and Yushu are in a humid subtropical, and Ryukyu Island is in a tropical climate. Japan is in the active monsoon zone. The average annual precipitation ranges from 2 to 4 thousand mm.

About 2/3 of the territory is mainly mountainous areas covered with forests (more than half of the forests are artificial plantations). Coniferous forests dominate in northern Hokkaido, mixed forests in central Honshu and southern Hokkaido, and subtropical forests in the south.

There are many rivers in Japan, full-flowing, fast, of little use for navigation, but providing a source for hydropower and irrigation.

The abundance of rivers, lakes and groundwater has a beneficial effect on the development of industry and agriculture.

In the post-war period, the ecological problems... The adoption and implementation of a number of environmental laws reduces the country's pollution level.

Population of Japan

Japan is among the top ten countries in the world in terms of population. Japan became the first Asian country to switch from the second to the first type of population reproduction. Now the birth rate is 12%, the death rate is 8%. Life expectancy in the country is the highest in the world (76 years for men and 82 years for women).

The population is nationally homogeneous, about 99% are Japanese. Among other nationalities, the number of Koreans and Chinese is significant. The most common religions are Shinto and Buddhism. The population is unevenly distributed over the area. The average density is 330 people per m2, but the coastal areas of the Pacific Ocean are among the most densely populated in the world.

About 80% of the population lives in cities. 11 cities are millionaires.

Economy of Japan

The growth rates of the Japanese economy were among the highest in the second half of the 20th century. The country has largely undergone a qualitative restructuring of the economy. Japan is at a post-industrial stage of development, which is characterized by a highly developed industry, but the leading sphere is the non-manufacturing sector (services, finance).

Although Japan is poor in natural resources and imports raw materials for most industries, it ranks 1-2 in the world in terms of the output of many industries. Industry is mainly concentrated within the Pacific industrial belt.

Power engineering mainly uses imported raw materials. In the structure of the raw material base, oil is in the lead, the share of natural gas, hydropower and nuclear energy is growing, and the share of coal is decreasing.

In the electric power industry, 60% of the capacity comes from thermal power plants and 28% from nuclear power plants.

Hydroelectric power plants are located in cascades on mountain rivers. In terms of hydropower generation, Japan ranks 5th in the world. Japan, poor in resources, is actively developing alternative sources energy.

Ferrous metallurgy. In terms of steel production, the country ranks first in the world. The share of Japan in the world market of ferrous metallurgy is 23%.

The largest centers, now operating almost entirely on imported raw materials and fuel, are located near Osaka, Tokyo, in Fujiyama.

Non-ferrous metallurgy. Due to the harmful effect on the environment, the primary smelting of non-ferrous metals is reduced, but the factories are located in all large industrial centers.

Mechanical engineering. Provides 40% of industrial production. The main sub-sectors among the many developed in Japan are electronics and electrical engineering, radio industry and transport engineering.

Japan firmly occupies the 1st place in the world in shipbuilding, specializing in the construction of large-capacity tankers and bulk carriers. The main centers of shipbuilding and ship repair are located in the largest ports (Yokohana, Nagosaki, Kobe).

In terms of car production (13 million units per year), Japan also ranks first in the world. The main centers are Toyota, Yokohama, Hiroshima.

The main enterprises of general mechanical engineering are located within the Pacific industrial belt - complex machine tool construction and industrial robots in the Tokyo region, metal-intensive equipment in Osaka, and machine tool construction in the Nagai region.

Exceptionally large specific gravity countries in the world output of the radio-electronic and electrical industries.

By the level of development chemical industry in Japan is one of the first places in the world.

Pulp and paper, light and food industries are also developed in Japan.

Agriculture Japan remains an important industry, contributing about 2% of GNP; the industry employs 6.5% of the population. Agricultural production is focused on food production (the country provides 70% of its own needs in it).

13% of the territory is cultivated, in the structure of crop production (it gives 70% of agricultural production) the cultivation of rice and vegetables plays a leading role, horticulture is developed. Livestock raising is intensively developing (cattle breeding, pig breeding, poultry farming).

Due to its exceptional location, there is an abundance of fish and seafood in the diet of the Japanese, the country fishes in all regions of the World Ocean, has more than three thousand fishing ports and has the largest fishing fleet (over 400 thousand vessels).

Japan transport

All types of transport are developed in Japan, with the exception of river and pipeline transport. In terms of the volume of cargo transportation, the first place belongs to road transport(60%), second place - marine. The role of rail transport is declining, while the role of air transportation is growing. Due to very active foreign economic relations, Japan has the largest merchant fleet in the world.

For territorial structure economy is characterized by a combination of two different parts: the Pacific belt, which is the socio-economic core of the country, because here are the main industrial areas, ports, transport routes and developed agriculture, and the peripheral zone, which includes areas where the most developed timber harvesting, livestock, mining, hydropower and tourism. Despite the implementation of the regional policy, the smoothing of territorial disparities is proceeding rather slowly.

External economic relations of Japan

Japan actively participates in the MGRT, foreign trade takes the leading place, capital export, production, scientific and technical and other ties are also developed.

The share of Japan in world imports is about 1/10. Mainly raw materials and fuel are imported.

The country's share in world exports is also more than 1/10. Manufactured goods account for 98% of exports.

Japan is one of the world's major agricultural importers. Japanese farms are usually small but highly automated and productive. New intensive farming methods are being applied.

Of the branches of agriculture in the country, crop production predominates. Japan provides a significant portion of the food consumed. But the rest has to be imported.

Various crops are grown in the country, as well as livestock and poultry. Grain crops include rice and wheat. And vegetables prevail: potatoes, radish and cabbage, from fruits - tangerines, oranges, melons and pears. The main livestock products are: beef, poultry, pork, milk and eggs.

Most of the non-arable land in the country is forested. The Japanese are actively involved in forestry.

Fishing in the country is also a traditional occupation of the population. In terms of fish catch, Japan is the world leader.

In its structure, Japanese agriculture should be defined as a multisectoral type. It is based on agriculture, in particular the cultivation of rice and other crops, industrial enterprises and tea. Horticulture, horticulture, silkworms and livestock play an important role. In Japan, agriculture also includes forestry, fishing and fishing.

The growing area of ​​the country is 5.4 million hectares and exceeds the collection due to the fact that in some regions it is collected 2-3 years a year.

Using more than half of the surface of crops, about 25% lower than vegetables, the rest consists of grass, industrial plants and mulberries.

The dominant position in agriculture is rice.

At the same time, the harvest of wheat and barley decreased (low yields and competition for imports).

Crop production is mainly developed in the suburbs. Usually throughout the year in a greenhouse.
Hokkaido is grown with sugar beets, in southern sugar cane. They grow tea, citrus fruits, apples, pears, plums, peaches, cocoa (endemic Japan), grapes, chestnuts, watermelons, melons, greenhouse pineapples. In the southwest of Honshu, large areas are allocated for strawberries.

Livestock farming began to develop actively only after the Second World War.

The herd of cattle reaches 5 million.

heads (dairy cows). In the southern regions, pigs develop (about 7 million heads). The livestock center is located to the north of the country - the island of Hokkaido, where special farms and cooperatives have been created.

A characteristic feature of Japanese animal husbandry is that it is based on imported feed (a lot of corn is imported). Own production does not provide more than 1/3 of the feed.

The forest area is about 25 million.

ha. In the past, more than half of private forests (including bamboo plantations). Most of the forest owners are small farmers with up to 1 hectare. forests.

Among the large forest owners are members of the imperial family, monasteries, temples, which own the highest quality forests.

Fisheries are dominated by large monopoly companies.

The main elements of the instrument are fish, cod, salmon, flounder, tuna, flounder, shark, saris, sardines and the like.

They also get seaweed and mussels. The Japanese fishing fleet has hundreds of thousands of ships (mostly small ones). About 1/3 of the catch comes from water in the Hokkaido area.

An important fishing area is the northeast coast of Honsua.

Aquaculture was very common: fish farming in lagoons, mountain lakes and rice paddies, and pearl farming.

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More foreign tourists to agricultural areas of Japan

Some Japanese financial institutions and businesses are joining local communities to attract more foreigners to agricultural areas in Japan, create unique travel experiences, and provide useful information.

For example, on one of these excursions last year, organized by the Japanese company JCB Co, local banks and local governments, about 30 people from Taiwan visited a local fishing cooperative near Kanoya Bay, Kagoshima Prefecture, in southwestern Japan, to try fresh Sashimi.

The tour, sold by JTB Corp., was primarily targeted at JCB credit card holders in Taiwan.

In 2016, the number of foreign tourists in Japan led to a record 24 million, most of whom were from China, South Korea, Taiwan and Hong Kong. The Japanese government wants to increase the number of foreign tourists to 40 million in 2020.

The city of Okayama in western Japan is also working with local financial institutions to increase tourist arrivals by expanding the use of credit cards.

The last notes

Visitors from overseas can now pay by credit cards to visit some of the city's attractions, such as Okayama City. In the city, they want to increase the number of shops and institutions where they will accept credit cards. Insurance companies also support tourism in agricultural regions.

Tokyo Maritime Company Nichido Fire Insurance Co. In July 2016, a 24-hour call center was established to support foreign tourists in case of illness or other problems.

Support is available in 10 languages.

Tokyo-based Geelee Media offers an online travel information service, especially for tourists from Taiwan and Hong Kong, many of whom are frequently visited by Japan. The company offers articles in local areas of Japan from 30 authors from Taiwan and Hong Kong residing in Japan.

The articles cover a variety of topics from the description of the area where popular TV shows, Okinawa Sea activities and Hokkaido bike tours were filmed.

Origin of Japan today

JapanJapanTravel Life in Japan

Agriculture of Japan

Asia is the largest agrarian continent of the Earth. Agriculture in Japan is based primarily on family businesses. An agrarian dwarf Japan is making decisive efforts to switch to industrial development.

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